Chapter1

Introductiontogeologicalmodelingandreservecalculation
Thescienceofgeologicalmodelingandreservecalculationwasbornwhenthehumanstartedtoaskthe
howicancalculatewhatihaveinplace,themoresophisticatedpublicationwerestartedtoappearedat
thebeginningof20century.
Iwillsimplifyandgivejustbackgroundifyouneeddetailyoucanfindbooksinthisfolderforalmostany
disciplineiwillmention
Sowhatdataareusedcalculatewhatisinplace???
1.Interpretationofseismic2Dlinesor3Dsurvey.
Theapproachofforseismicinterpretationisthefollowing
thewaveinmediumaretravelingwithcertainspeedthemoredensityofmediumthefasterwave
passingthemedium.Ontheboarderof2mediumwithdifferentdensitiesspeedofwaveischanging
thisiskeyprincipalinseismicacquisitionandinterpretationprocess.
Togetorwriteseismic,onsurfaceyouneedsourceofwave(vibratorordynamite)andreceiver
Youproducewavesandreadwhattimeeachproducedwavetraveltogroundreflectsandbeenredby
receiver.Thenyoustarttoprocessseismic.Thefinalresultisseismicintime.Toconvertyouseismicto
depthyouneedtobuildvalidvelocitymodelbasedonmeasurementsinwells.
Soresultsofseismiccangiveyouboundaryoftwomediawithdifferentdensitythismaybehorizon
orfault.
Theotherthingyoucandowith3Dseismicidstodefinedifferentgeobodiesandattributes,basedon
themyoucanpredictsomeparametersininnerwellspacelikepseudoporosity.
2.WellData
Thedatayouuseishorizonsboundariesandloginterpretation.
Duringwelldrilling,wellloggingprocesstakingplace
Thepurposeofthisprocesstomakemeasurementsindrillingholetodothefollowing
1.Definelitology
2.Defineporosity
3.Defineresistivity

Severalloggingtoolsareavailablenow,butallofthemareworkingbasedonphysicaleffectsandthe
sourceoftheymeasurementsare
AHMED AL-HEETY
1.Radioactivity
2.Wavetimetravel
3.Resistivity
Theboundaryofhorizons
Iwillpassinterpretationofthehorizonprocessasthisisprocesswherepersoninterprethorizon
boundariesbasedonlyonhisexperienceandvisionandifforexampleyouput2geologistinto1data
setyouwillgetattheendtwodifferentresultsitisnotajoke.
Loginterpretation
Theloggingtoolswritesdatavsdepthonstepbasisitmeanthereisnodatabetweensteps,andas
usualthisdataareresultsoflinearinterpolationoftwopoints.ThestandardfornowisLas2.0
Sointerpreterusesseveralsetofcurvesandhistaskistocalculatefollowingsetofcurves
1.Pay
2.Porosity
3.Sw
4.Ressumtable
Sothis3setofcurvesareamusttocalculatereservesinmodel
Reservoirsummationtableistablewhereyouputaveragesvaluesforeachwellforeachhorizon.
3.Coredata
Duringdrillingalsoyouneedtotakecoresampletheandforrunningfollowinganalysis
1.RCA
2.SCAL
RCA(routinecoreanalysis)
Onthisanalysisyougetfollowingdata
1.Porositymeasurements(tomatchcalculatedvsfactporosity)
2.Densitymeasurements(togetconstantswhencalculatingporosityfromdensitylogs)
1.Permeabilityverticalhorizontal(neededforpermeabilitycalculationandcutoff)
2.Corestructureanalysis(forlitologypurposes)
3.Litologyanalysis(forfaciesmodelpurposes)
4.Resistivityanalysis(coresamplesaturatedwithbrinetogetresistivityvaluesforSwcalculationby
Archieformula)

SCAL(specialcoreanalysis)
1.Capillarypressure(definingthevaluesofpressureandirreduciblewatersaturationSwi)
2.Definingresidualoilsaturation(Imbibitiondrainageprocess)
3.Relativepermeability(Imbibitiondrainageprocess)
Relativepermeabilitydirectlynotarenotusedingeologicalmodelingbutcanbehelpfulduringdefining
Swcutoff
Welltestdata
Todefinepositionofyouoilwatercontactorgasoilcontactorgaswatercontactyouneedtodata
1.Swbylogs
2.Welltestdata
Welltestdata
Afterwellfinishedyouneedtoperforateandtestitsoeachwellhavethisfollowingdataduringtesting
1.Dateoftesting
2.Intervaloftesting
3.Whatbeenproducedfrominterval
YouwillneedallthisdatawhenyouwilldefineyouinitialletsayOWC.SometimesOWCtendtogoup
duringproductionandforthisyouneedtoanalysisdatesandifneedtrashthecertaindataasYOU
CULCULATERESERVESATTIMEWHENNOPRODUCTIONTOOKPLACE
Fluiddata
Togetthisdatasamplesoffluidsforreservoirtaketolaboratorywhererunsseveraltest
theresultofthistestseveralbutyouneedfollowing
1.InitialFormationVolumeFactorofoil(Bosayswhatfractionofoilinreservoirconditiontostandard
conditions)
2.InitialFormationVolumeFactorofgas(Bgsayswhatfractionofoilinreservoirconditiontostandard
conditions)
3.InitialGasoilRatio(GoRsayshowmuchgassolvedin1volumeofoilinreservoirconditions)
4.Initialcondensate(Rvsayshowmuchcondensatesolvedingas)

Reservecalculationformulae
Sohowdowecalculatereservesinplaceinstandardconditions.
BeforeweneedtocalculateHSPVhydrocarbonsaturatedporevolume
Bulk=Allvolumeofyoureservoirwhichlaysaboveowc
NTG=Rationofnetthicknesstogrossthicknessinwells
NET=NTG*Bulk
PORO=average(weightedonnet)porosityvalues
PV=Poro*Net
Sw=average(weightedonPV)Swvalues
Soil=1Sw
Sgas=1SwSor
whereSoroilresidualoilsaturation
HSPV=Bulk*NTG*Poro*(1Sw)
forgas
HSPV=Bulk*NTG*Poro*(1SwSor)

OILinstandardm3
OIP=HSPV*(1/Bo)
Gasfreeinstandardm3
GIP=HSPV*(1/Bg)
Gassolvedinstandardm3
GIP=OIP*GOR
Condensate
Condensate=GIP*Rv

Onelyricstepout
Duringmylongpracticeiheardalotoftimethatoldfashionreservecalculationormanualandmodern
3Dsystemsaredifferentintheyapproach(1).Myopinionisthattheyimplementsamealgorithmsand
thedifferentbetweenthemisthat3Dmodelsgivemorepreciseresultsthanhandcalculation,keepthis
inmindwhenyouwillworkwitholdpeoplewhofarfrom3dmodels,andtrynottoharmthemwiththe
expression(1)whichisnotcorrect