Grammar PDF

Unit VIII
GRAMMAR
I. Practice Exercises on Remedial Grammar Covering:
i. Common Errors in English
ii. Subject-Verb agreement
iii. Use of Articles
iv. Prepositions
v. Tense and aspect
I. COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH
Objective:
To improve the learners ability to understand eight common types of errors found in their spoken
and written English.
1. Subject Verb Agreement:
The verb and subject must agree with each other. If the subject is singular, then the verb must be singular.
If the subject is plural, then the verb must be plural.
i. If a singular subject is separated by a comma then the following sentence remains singular:
1. The child, together with his grandmother and his parents, is going to the beach. (Right)
2. Frank, accompanied by his student, were at the studio. (Wrong)
3. Frank, accompanied by his student, was at the studio. (Right)
2. Collective nouns, such as family, majority, audience, and committee are singular when they act
as one group. They are plural when they act as individuals.
1. A majority of the shareholders wants the merger.
2. The jury were in disagreement.
3. All phrases separated by and are plural; phrases separated by or are singular.
1. Ted, John, and I are going.

2. Mary, Sheela and Peter are waiting at the reception.
4. Neither/nor and either/or are a exceptional case. If two subjects are joined by or or nor, the verb
should agree with the subject that is near to it.
1. Neither the supervisor nor the staff members were able to calm the distressed client.
2. Neither the staff members nor the supervisor was able to calm the distressed client.
5. Choose the right subject in sentences in which the verb comes before the subject.
1. There is many reasons why I can't help you. (Wrong)
2. There are many reasons why I can't help you. (Right)
2. Modifiers:
1. Use of Adjectives and Adverbs in correction of sentences.
An Adjective describes a noun and gives explanations for questions like how many, which one
and what kind
She is a good tennis player. (What kind of tennis player?)
An Adverb describes a verb or an adjective and explains the questions beginning with when,
where, why, in what manner, and to what extent.
i. She plays cricket well. (She plays cricket how?)
ii. This problem is reasonably simple. (How simple?)
Generally adverbs do end with -ly to the adjective, like, "She sang melifluously."
She is a real good swimmer. (Wrong)
She is a really good swimmer. (Right)
"really" is acting as an adverb to modify the adjective "good"
The new student speaks bad. (Wrong)
The new student speaks badly. (Right)
"Badly" changes how the student speaks.
2. Corrections in the use of Adjectives with Verbs of Sense.

The below given is the list of verbs of perception which are described by Adjectives:
look, smell, taste, seem, taste, hear etc.
After the three week vacation, she looked very well. (Wrong)
After the three week vacation, she looked very good. (Right)
Explanation: "She is well" means "She is healthy" or describes a person's well-being.
The strawberry shortcake tastes deliciously. (Wrong)
The strawberry shortcake tastes delicious. (Right)
3. Pronoun Agreement:
It is similar to subject verb agreement rule. Pronoun that is used should agree with its subject. The
following is the list of pronouns used in subject and object positions.
Subject Object
1. I Me
2. We Us
3. You You
4. He Him
5. She Her
6. It It
7. They Them
1. Pronoun Subject/Object.
Depending on pronouns position in a sentence, its form should also be changed.
1. How could she blame you and he for the accident? wrong
2. How could she blame you and him for the accident? right
2. A pronouns agreement of its Subject:
1. Everyone on the project have to come to the meeting. wrong

2. Everyone on the project has to come to the meeting. right
3. The singular forms of "either... or" and "neither...nor" take a singular verb. However, if the noun
near to the verb in the "neithernor" or "either...or" it takes plural.
1. Neither his bodyguards nor he were there. wrong
2. Neither his bodyguards nor he was there. right
4. All Possessive pronouns should agree in person and number.
1. Some of you will have to bear their own responsibility. wrong
2. Some of you will have to bear your own responsibility. right
Some is singular:
3. If anyone seems suspicious over, take their details. wrong
4. If anyone seems suspicious, take his details. right
5. Use of relative pronoun like which, that or who. They link the words before it:
1. The line at the bank was very slow, which made me late. wrong
2. I was late because of the line at the bank. (or) The line at the bank made me late. Right
6. Use of Indefinite pronouns:
1. One should have their teeth checked every six months. Wrong
2. One should have one's/his or her teeth checked six months. (OR) You should have your teeth
checked every six months. Right
1. One should take your responsibilities seriously. wrong
2. One should take one's/his or her responsibilities seriously. (OR)
You should take your responsibilities seriously. Right
4. Similarities / Comparisons:
Irrelevant comparisons lead to errors in sentences. For instance, a person can not be compared to a quality
or an item to a group. Comparison can be made between two individuals, two qualities and two groups
only.
Some common and significant comparisons are made with
Like, as, compared to, less than, more than, other, that of, those of etc.
Some constructions often state ideas in similar form. Their grammatical structure depends on the subjects
being used between them. They are
Eitheror...
Neithernor...
Not only but also...
1. The vision from this building is not nearly as impressive as from that mountain lodge. Wrong
2. The vision from this building is not nearly as impressive as the one from that mountain lodge. Right
EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE
Exercise I
The following passage is not edited. It contains an error in each sentence. Identify the incorrect
word and write the correct form of it.
The city police have decided to taking stern action against drivers which attempt to overtake in the left side
in the city roads. All drivers who violate this rule will be punish. This is a strict order issue by the police
department for safety of all drivers.
Answer:
The city police have decided to take stern action against drivers who attempt to overtake on the left side
on the city roads. All drivers who violate this rule will be punished. This is a strict order issued by the
police department for safety of all drivers.
Exercise II
Correction of Sentences for Practice
1. John has been working on the pilot project since two years.
2. When he entered the classroom the lecture already was beginning.
3. Rama has returned back her book in the library.
4. If Peter works hard he would get distinction in the exam.
5. They turn up with the flying colours if they practiced well.
6. If he told them about the route they would not have missed their way.
7. She would not have sent the mail if you did not instruct her.
8. If I had painted the picture well it would cost a great deal.
9. If the Manager had received your project on time he would not fire you.
The boy, together with his teachers and friends, are going to the ground.
11. A group of people are rushing into the hall.
12. The team is divided in different perspectives on the issue.
13. Neither the party leader nor the party workers was able to calm the distressed people.
14. Data is being collected by the media.
15. She is a real good singer.
16. All Computer science students should learn computer operating, typing, and how to
programme computers.
17. The Lawyer has been warning his clients for the last Sunday.
18. Everybody on the board have to come to the discussion sessions.
19. How could they threaten you and she for this issue?
20. She prefers studying individually than studying collaboratively.
21. He is adept at cricket, badminton, playing basket ball.
22. Neither his followers nor he were welcomed by the society.
23. Some of you will have to get their own id cards for inspection.
24. If anyone peeps into the room, capture their photographs.
25. It must have been him who has sent this mail.
26. One should respect your motherland.
27. It happen only rarely in life.
28. Children is plucking flowers in the garden.
29. They purchased a new air conditioner next month.
30. They is quarrelling over a trifle.
31. It begin to rain as soon as we stepped out of the house.
32. The mother was pray for her ailing child.
33. Among the two sisters, Habiba is a better dancer

34. The officer has given orders to his soldiers yesterday.
35. The girl sat down besides the lake.
36. The two brothers are quarrelling with one another
37. The three business partners are leading their business amicably with each other.
38. Easily, we opened the box.
39. Please write legible.
40. Everyone greatly admired my performance.
41. He did all his work satisfactory.
42. They used to played cricket during their childhood.
43. Varsha saw a lots of swans at the lake.
44. Is there some tea in the flask?
45. The building does not have much windows, and so it is dark and gloomy inside.
46. They did not gave him any ideas for his presentation.
47. Eight kilometers are not a long distance for a man who is an athlete.
48. The transformer we have just installed silently unlike this noisy generators we had earlier.
49. The climate of Ooty is better than Hyderabad.
50. A pair of gloves are lying on the bed.
Answers for Exercise II
1. John has been working on the pilot project for two years.
2. When he entered the classroom the lecture had already begun.
3. Rama has returned her book in the library.
4. If Peter works hard he will get distinction in the exam.
5. They would turn up with the flying colours if they practiced well.
6. If he told them about the route they would not miss their way.
7. She would not send the mail if you did not instruct her.
8. If I had painted the picture well it would have cost a great deal.
9. If the Manager had received your project on time he would not have fired you.
The boy, together with his teachers and friends, is going to the ground.
11. A group of people is rushing into the hall.
12. The team are divided in different perspectives on the issue.
13. Neither the party leader nor the party workers were able to calm the distressed people.
14. Data are being collected by the media.
15. She is really a good singer.
16. All Computer science students should learn computer operating, typing, and computer
programming.
17. The Lawyer has been warning his clients since the last Sunday.
18. Everybody on the board has to come to the discussion sessions.
19. How could they threaten you and her for this issue?
20. She prefers studying individually to studying collaboratively.
21. He is adept at cricket, badminton and basket ball.
22. Neither his followers nor he was welcomed by the society.
23. Some of you will have to get your own id cards for inspection.
24. If anyone peeps into the room, capture his/her photographs.
25. It must have been he who has sent this mail.
26. One should respect ones motherland.
27. It happens only rarely in life.
28. Children are plucking flowers in the garden.
29. They will purchase a new air conditioner next month.
30. They are quarrelling over a trifle.

31. It began to rain as soon as we stepped out of the house.
32. The mother was praying for her ailing child.
33. Between the two sisters, Habiba is a better dancer
34. The officer has given orders to his soldiers.
35. The girl sat down beside the lake.
36. The two brothers are quarrelling with one another each other.
37. The three business partners are leading their business amicably with one another.
38. We opened the box easily.
39. Please write legibly.
40. Everyone admired my performance greatly.
41. He did all his work satisfactorily.
42. They used to play cricket during their childhood.
43. Varsha saw lots of swans at the lake.
44. Is there any tea in the flask?
45. The building does not have many windows, and so it is dark and gloomy inside.
46. They did not give him any ideas for his presentation.
47. Eight kilometers is not a long distance for a man who is an athlete.
48. The transformer we have just installed silently unlike those noisy generators we had earlier.
49. The climate of Ooty is better than that of Hyderabad. (OR) The climate of Ooty is better than the
climate of Hyderabad.
50. A pair of gloves is lying on the bed.
II. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

Objective:
To enable the learners to identify some of the possible errors occur in subject verb agreement.
According to grammar, the subject of any sentence has to agree with its verb. The following are some of
the common errors take place in subject verb agreement.
1. If the subject of a sentence has two or more nouns or pronouns, plural verb should be used.
She and her friends are at the fair. (Right)
She and her friends is at the fair. (Wrong)
2. If two or more singular nouns or pronouns are li
nked by or, nor, singular verb should e used.
The book or the pen is in the drawer. (Right)
The book or the pen are in the drawer. (Wrong)
3. If a compound subject has both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun linked by or. nor, the verb
should agree with the subject nearer to the verb.
The boy or his friends run every day. (Right)
His friends or the boy runs every day. (Right)
4. The helping verb Does should be used only for singular subjects like He, She, and it The helping verb Do
should be used for plural subjects like I, You (exception), We, and They.
He doesn't like it. (Right) He don't like it. (Wrong)
They don't like it. (Right) They doesn't like it. (Wrong)
5. The phrase that appears between the subject and the verb should be observed carefully. The verb
goes only with the subject, but not with a noun or pronoun in the sentence.
One of the doors is open (Right)
One of the doors are open (Wrong)
The public who listen to that music are few. (Right)

The public who listen to that music is few. (Wrong)
The team leader, as well as his members, is anxious. (Right)
The team leader, as well as his members, are anxious. (Wrong)
The novel, including all the chapters in the first section, is boring. (Right)
The novel, including all the chapters in the first section, are boring. (Wrong)
The hawker with his food items walks down the street. (Right)
The hawker with his food items walk down the street. (Wrong)
6. Pronouns like each, each one, either, neither, everyone, everybody, anybody, anyone, nobody,
somebody, someone, and no one are singular and take singular verbs.
Each of these machines is noisy. (Right)
Each of these machines are juicy. (Wrong)
Everybody respects Bill Gates. (Right)
Everybody respect Bill Gates. (Wrong)
Either is acceptable. (Right)
Either are acceptable. (Wrong)
7. Some nouns which seem to be plural with S ending are always singular (i.e Economics, Statistics ,
measles, dollars etc,) and ake singular verbs.
Measles is a disease. (Right)
Measles are a disease. (Wrong)
Phonetics is a difficult subject. (Right)
Phonetics are a difficult subject. (Wrong)
Ten dollars is a lot of money.

8. Nouns like pants, scissors, tangs, tweezers, trousers, and shears require plural verbs.
These tangs are not good.
Those scissors s are made of steel.
9. Collective nouns can be used with singular (if referred as group or whole) verb and plural verb (If referred
individually).
The team accepts its defeat. (Group)
The committee are divided into different opinions on the issue. (Individually)
The family has a long history.
My family has never been able to agree.
10. Phrases like, together with, including, accompanied by, in addition to, or as well do not change the
number of the subject. If the subject is singular, the verb should also be singular.
The leader, accompanied by his wife, is traveling to U.K.
All of the clothes, including yours, are in that box.
W
1. The flute as well as the pipe organ ____________ to be tuned for the big concert.
i. HAS
ii. HAVE
2. The speaker together with his two wives____________ going to be invited for the party.
i. ARE
ii. IS
3. Neither of my two bags____________ adequate for this trip.
i. ARE
ii. IS
4. There ____________ a list of committee members on the head-table.

i. ARE
ii. IS
5. Everybody in the class ____________ done the homework well in advance.
i. HAS
ii. HAVE
6. The jury ____________ their seats in the courtroom.
i. TAKE
ii. TAKES
7. Neither the teacher nor the students ____________ to understand this assignment.
i. SEEM
ii. SEEMS
8. ____________ either my father or my brothers made a down-payment on the house?
i. HAS
ii. HAVE
9. Hartford is one of those cities that ____________ working hard to reclaim a riverfront.
i. ARE
ii. IS
10. Some of the grain ____________ gone bad.
i. HAS
ii. HAVE
11. John or his brother ____________ going to be responsible for this.
i. ARE
ii. IS
12. A few of the students ____________ doing so well they can skip the next course.
i. ARE
ii. IS
13. Either the Committee on Course Design or the Committee on College Operations
____________ these matters.
i. DECIDE
ii. DECIDES
14. One of my instructors ____________ written a letter of recommendation for me.
i. HAS
ii. HAVE
15. Dr. Ferndon is one of those professors who ___________ distracted most of the time.
i. SEEM
ii. SEEMS
16. ___________ either Luis or his parents written to Angela?
i. HAS
ii. HAVE
17. Neither Luis nor his parents ___________ the least bit interested in keeping in touch with
her.
i. ARE
ii. IS
18. Everybody on this team ___________ really hard to please the new coach.
i. TRY
ii. TRIES
19. Because there ___________ so many students in that class, I can sometimes sleep in the
back row.
i. ARE
ii. IS
20. Neither traffic light--neither the one on Asylum Avenue nor the one on Farmington Avenue--
___________ working after the storm.
i. WAS
ii. WERE
21. Mr. Bradley, along with his two sisters, ___________ lived in this town for thirty years.
i. HAS ii. HAVE
22. There ___________ no reasons for this horrible development that I can see.
i. ARE
ii. IS
23. Some of the water ___________ already gone bad.
i. HAS
ii. HAVE
24. One of these students ___________ obviously cheated on the exam.
i. HAS
ii. HAVE
25. Either the UConn Women's Team or the UConn Men's Team ___________ going to be
national champion this year.
i. ARE
ii. IS
26. Carlos and his brother Raoul ___________ traveling across the country next summer.
i. ARE
ii. IS
27. Several of the students ___________ decided to withdraw from the course.
i. HAS
ii. HAVE
Answers:
1. I 2. ii 3. ii 4. ii 5. i 6. i 7. ii 8. ii 9. ii 10. ii 11. ii 12. i 13. i 14. i 15. i 16. i 17. i 18. ii 19. i 20. i 21. i 22. i 23. i
24. i 25. ii 26. i 27. ii
III. USE OF ARTICLES

Objective:
To enable the learners to identify some of the common errors pertaining to the use of the articles in
sentences.
A, An and The are articles. Articles A and An are considered to be indefinite articles as they do not imply
anything in particular. Definite article The always refer to specific and definite things.
The Use of A and An:
"A" and "an" mean singular or only one in general.
1. There is a boy on the road. (I do not know who the boy is)
2. I want to buy an apple. (one apple which is not specific/any apple in a group)
An historical event is worth recording.
Sometimes adjectives modify nouns. In such cases, the use of A or AN depends on the intial sound of the
word. If a word begins with a vowel sound, article AN will be used. If it begins with a consonant sound, the
article a will be used.
a one-eyed man
an unexpected situation
a University
The Use of Definite Article:
Definite article THE implies something definite and specific objects or a persons. It is used both for singular
and plural nouns.
1. The boy who sang yesterday was my nephew. (Here it is a specific boy.)
2. The rose which she plucked in my garden was beautiful (Here it is not a general rose but a definite
one)
The use of Countable and Uncountable Nouns:
1. They used to play on the sand in their childhood.
2. They are fond of sand in the beach near their house.
3. The oil that Mary uses to cook food is very less.
4. Mary uses more oil than necessary.
The use of A and AN with count nouns:
1. I had a mug of beer.
2. She wants an iron sheet.
3. They play a wonderful match.

4. I had a glass of mango juice.
Other Common Uses of the Definite Article:
Use of THE:
1. The should be used before the names of the mountain ranges and chains of Islands. For instance:
1. The Himalayas. 2. The Canary Islands.
2. Before names of the musical instruments:
1. The flute. 2. The piano.
3. Before the names of lakes, oceans and seas
1. The Ganges. 2.the Pacific 3. The Red sea
4. Before names of the deserts and directions of the globe
1. the sahara desert 2. the north pole 3. The equator
5. Before geographical areas
1. The north 2. The Middle East
Do not use THE Before:
1. before proper names specific names of the people places and streets. (John, America, Wall
street)
2. Before names of sports (Basket ball, Chess)
3. Before the names of academic subjects (Phonetics, Economics)
4. Before names of the languages and nationalities. (English, Chinese)
Exercises on Articles for Practice

Exercise - I
Use either definite article THE. If THE is not required keep X mark.
1) My mother likes ________sweets very much.
2) John eats _______fruits in your garden.
3) Meet you on _______Sunday.
4) I always listen to ______radio in the morning.
5) Peter sings songs when he travels by _______bus.
6) Don't be late for _______school.
7) Listen! David is playing _______flute
8) They often see their cousin over _______Easter.
9) The family has never been to ______Alps before.
10) What about going to Australia in ______February?
Answers
1) My mother likes x flowers very much.
2) John eats the fruits in your garden.
3) Meet you on x Sunday.
4) I always listen to the radio in the morning.
5) Peter sings songs when he travels by x bus.
6) Don't be late for x school.
7) Listen! David is playing the flute.
8) We often see our cousins over x Easter.
9) The family has never been to the Alps before.
10) What about going to Australia in x February

Exercise II
Use either definite article THE. If THE is not required keep X mark.
1) They visited _____St. Paul's Cathedral and _____Tower last week.
2) _____Mount Abu is one of _____highest mountain on earth.
3) ______Loch Ness is _____most famous lake in Scotland.
4) ______most girls are fond of _____ice creams.
5) ______summer of 1996 was hot and dry.
6) ______Queensland Hotel is on the corner of ______29th Street and _____6th Avenue.
7) My sister often stays at _____Uncle Tim's in Detroit.
8) Our friends _____Millers moved to London last August.
9) _____pollution is a problem in _____metropolitans.
10) Our brother goes to _____school by _____bus
Answer - II
1) They visited x St. Paul's Cathedral and the Tower last week.
2) x Mount Abu is one of the highest mountain on earth.
3) x Loch Ness is the most famous lake in Scotland.
4) x most girls are fond of x ice creams.
5) The summer of 1996 was hot and dry.
6) The Queensland Hotel is on the corner of x 29th Street and x 6th Avenue.
7) My sister often stays at x Uncle Tim's in Detroit.

8) Our friends the Millers moved to London last August.
9) x pollution is a problem in x metropolitans.
10) Our children go to x school by x bus.
Exercise III (Use A, AN Or Nothing)

1. There were many flowers in the park. One flower was ___ Rose.
i. a
ii. An
iii. Nothing
2. Cows and ___ Buffaloes were both herbivorous.
i. a
ii. An
iii. Nothing
3. They purchase___ dark black Scorpio car next week.
i. a
ii. An
iii. Nothing
iv.
4. Hawaii is ___ island in the Pacific Ocean.
i. a
ii. An
iii. Nothing
5. Good Friday comes once ___ year.
i. a
ii. An
iii. Nothing
6. ___ eagle is __ bird.
i. a
ii. An
iii. Nothing
7. The Amazon is ___ river.
i. a
ii. An
iii. Nothing
8. I entered into a milk booth to buy___ milk.
i. a
ii. An
iii. Nothing
iv.
9. He has lost ___ a gold ring while he was playing.
i. a
ii. An
iii. Nothing
10. You have to have ___ umbrella if it rains.
i. a
ii. An
iii. Nothing
Answers- III
1. a 2. Nothing 3. a 4.an 5. a 6. an, an 7. a 8. Nothing 9.a 10.an
Exercise IV (Use A, An, The or No Article)

1. Is she purchasing it for ___ fitness club to join so she becomes lean?
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
2. Buy cleverly or you could end up choosing ___ wrong club and losing more money than pounds.
a. a
b. an
c. the
3. You may find out too late that ___ fitness clubs aren't for you.
a. a
b. an
c. the
4. __ Ostrich is a native of South Africa.
a. a
b. an
c. the
5. I __ Ostrich in my garden.
a. a
b. an
c. the
6. I saw __ orange for my breakfast.
a. a
b. an
c. the
7. I have recently bought _ flat.
a. a
b. an
c. the
8. You may be in ___ market for a full-service health club; then, make sure it offers lots of activities.
a. a
b. an
c. the
9. __ Ganges is considered to be a holy river for Indians.

a. a
b. an
c. the
10. They should be educated in physical education or certified by ___ organization such as the
American Council on exercise.
a. a
b. an
c. the
11. I have some milk and __ slice of cake for you.
a. a
b. an
c. the
12. There is __ ghost again which we saw yesterday. Can you see it?
a. a
b. an
c. the
13. Try to talk to other members of the club. Find out what they believe are ___ advantages and
disadvantages there.
a. a
b. an
c. the
14. I saw __ one eyed man when I was walking on the road.
a. a
b. an
c. the
15. There is no sight of _ University near by.
a. a
b. an
c. the
16. __ Planets revolve round their suns.
a. a
b. an
c. the
Answers- IV
1. a 2.c 3.d 4c 5.b 6.b 7.a 8.c 9.c 10.b 11.a 12.c 13.c 14.a 15. a 16.d
IV. PREPOSITION
Objective:To enable the learners to identify some of the common errors pertaining to use of
prepositions in sentences.
Preposition is one of the parts of speech which means to place something before (pre + position) a noun or
pronoun. The role of preposition in a sentence is to show the relationship between subject and object /
noun and noun / noun and adjective / noun and pronoun etc.
1. The cow is on the field.
2. She is fond of ice cream.
3. She told me about it.
4. They were nice to her.
Although preposition is generally placed before the words it governs, it will also appear in some other
positions.
1. Who are you talking to?
2. The boy wants something to play with.
3. What are you arguing for?
Prepositions are mainly of three kinds. They are
1. Simple (ex: in, on, at, by, which, into, about, across, along, among, between etc.)
2. Complex or Phrasal Prepositions (ex: inspite of, in addition to, along with because of)
3. Prepositions which look like adjectives / verbs (ex: including, following, barring, unlike)
Prepositions have a wide variety of roles to play in the sentences they are used. For instance, they indicate
things like time, place, direction, movement, comparison, means/instrumentality, concession and source of
manner.
The following sentences explain different roles of prepositions in the sentences.
1. Ram confuses to make a choice between mango and apple.(position)
2. The A.P. Express starts from Hyderabad to Delhi.(movement and direction)
3. The programme was over by 3 o Clock.(time)
4. He could not attend the meeting due to his ill health.(reason)
5. They went to hotel for Biryani.(purpose)
6. Mary chops meat with a knife. (instrument)
7. They are traveling by car.(means)
8. Despite of the busy schedule, the chairman turned up to the meeting.(concession)
9. He fights like a lion.(comparison)
10. John does his job with utmost care. (manner)
11. They brought vegetables from market. (source)
Prepositions Exercises for Practice - I
Put in the correct preposition.

1) My friend is good ___playing volleyball.
2) She protests ___discrimination.
3) She is afraid ___cats.
4) The family doesn't feel ___going outing this season. .
5) The company is looking forward ___giving bonus to its workers.
6) She dreams ___becoming a doctor.
7) She apologized ___her misbehavior.
8) Does she agree ___what you explained?
9) Parents often insist ___good manners.
10) Peter reminded me ___ my appointment with doctor
11) The child is allergic __insect stings.
12) Peter reminded me __my appointment with doctor.
13) The patrolling van chased the thieves ___the lanes.
14) The secret __success lies __hard work.
15) She said airily that she had not smoked ___ages.
16) Mr.Sethi lives __an apartment building in Hyderabad.
17) The fathers role was brought to life__ the actor.
18) The P.M. congratulated Indian cricket team __their success in 2011 world cup.
19) Such difficult words are always found __dictionaries.
20) We should not put __with this kind of nuisance.
21) I must apologize you __not recognizing you.
22) She has been working there __two years.
23) Parents often insist __good manners.
24) Mr. John has been the C.E.O. of his company ___ 2005.
25) Why do you lean __ the wall.

Answers - I
1) My friend is good at playing volleyball.
2) She protests against discrimination.
3) She is afraid of cats.
4) The family doesn't feel like going outing this season. .
5) The company is looking forward to giving bonus to its workers.
6) She dreams of becoming a doctor.
7) She apologized for her misbehavior.
8) Does she agree with what you explained?
9) The company is waiting ____its new C.E.O..
10) Peter reminded me of my appointment with doctor.
11) The child is allergic to insect stings.
12) Peter reminded me of my appointment with doctor.
13) The patrolling van chased the thieves through the lanes.
14) The secret of success lies in hard work.
15) She said airily that she had not smoked for ages.
16) Mr.Sethi lives in an apartment building in Hyderabad.
17) The fathers role was brought to life by the actor.
18) The P.M. congratulated Indian cricket team on their success in 2011 world cup.
19) Such difficult words are always found in dictionaries.
20) We should not put up with this kind of nuisance.
21) I must apologize you for not recognizing you.
22) She has been working there for two years.
23) Parents often insist on good manners.

24) Mr. John has been the C.E.O. of his company since 2005.
25) Why do you lean against the wall?
EXERCISE-II (Multiple Choice Questions on Prepositions)

EXERCISES ON PREPOSITIONS
1) _____ the two brothers Peter is the better painter.
I
b. A
c. 8
They left in midnight ____ their village.

b.
c.
d.
Why did she give it _____ you?

b.
c.
d.
4) Mary has been living in Hyderabad ___ten years.

b.
c.
d.
5) The girl sat down ___ the lake.

b.
c.
d.
6) Put the book ____ the table.

b.
c.
d.
7) Do not interfere __ my personal affairs.

b.
c.

I drove _____ Seattle last weekend.

b.
c.
d.
) We insisted __ going for walk.

b.
c.
: The Mega Mall is _____ the building, isn't it?

b.
c.
d.
11) The woman __ the car was my sister.

b.
c.
d.
12) The old building was deserted __ pigeons and mice.

b.
c.
d.
13) I met my old classmate _____ the university.

b.
c.
d.
1

b.
c.
d.
1

b.
c.
d.
1

b.
c.
d.
1

b.
c.
d.
n

b.
c.
d.
1

b.
c.
d.
D C M

b.
c.
d.
Answers - II
1.c 2.b 3.d 4.c 5.a 6.c 7.d 8.c 9.a 10.c 11.a 12.b 13.a 14.b 15.d 16.a 17.c 18.c 19.a 20.c
V. TENSE AND ASPECT
Objective:
To improve students ability to use and construct error free sentences in spoken and written
English.
The following information gives a bird eye view of all the tenses (i.e. present, past and future) and their use
in different time frames besides some signal words for each tense.
1. Present Tense:
1.1 Simple Present Tense: S
Structure: Sub + Verb 1+ S or ES + Object
Helping Verbs Used: Do& Does (to form questions and negative statements)
(He, She & It-------------- Does & I, We, You and They-----------Do)
Two helping verbs Do and Does are used in this tense. Do is used for plural subjects like I (exceptional),
We, You & They. Does is used for singular subjects like He, She & It. If the subject is singular S or ES is
added to the verb ending. This rule does not applicable to plural subjects.
1. She sings excellently.
2. They play very well.
There are some adverbs which are often used in this tense. They are always, every, never, normally, often,
seldom, sometimes, usually.
Simple present tense is used in the following situations:
i. action in the present taking place
ii. facts
iii. actions taking place one after another
iv. action set by a timetable or schedule
v. habitual actions
1. She reads an article. (Affirmative)
2. Does she read an article? (Interrogative)
3. She does not read an article. (Negative)
4. Doesnt she read an article? (Negative Interrogative)
1.2 The Present Continuous / Progressive Tense

Structure: Sub + Verb+ ing form (V4) + Object
Helping Verbs Used: Am, Is & Are (to form questions and negative statements)
(I--------------Am, He, She &It-------------- Is & We, You and They-----------------Are)
Usage in sentences:
1. She is reading an article. 3. I am giving a presentation now.
Is she reading an article? ..?
She is not reading an article. ..
Isnt she reading an article? ..?
The following categories of verbs are not used in the present continuous/progressive form.
a) Verbs denote likes and dislikes (like, love, hate, adore, hate, dislike, abhor and
detest).
b) Verbs of perception (see, hear, smell, taste and feel)
c) Verbs of cognition (know, understand, comprehend)
d) Verbs of possession (have, possess)
1)* I am loving classical music (I love classical music)
2)* I am seeing it now (I see it now)
3)* She is understanding it well (She understands it well)
4)* He is having a problem (He has a problem)
1.3 The Present Perfect Tense:
Structure: Sub + Verb (V3) + Object
Helping Verbs Used: Has & Have (to form questions and negative statements)
(He, She &It-------------- Has & I, We, You and They-------Have)
Usage in sentences:
1. She has written an article. 3. I have given a presentation just now.
Has she written an article? ..?
She has not written an article. ..
Hasnt she reading an article? ..?
Present perfect tense refers to completed actions. They also imply recently finished actions. There are
some adverbs which are often used in this tense. They are already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till
now, up to now
1.4 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
Structure: Sub + Verb ing form (V4) + Object
Helping Verbs Used: Has been & Have been (to form questions and negative statements)
(He, She &It-------------- Has been & I, We, You and They-------Have been)
Usage in sentences:
1. She has been waiting for an hour. 2. I have been speaking since 2pm.
Has she been waiting for an hour ..?
She has not been waiting for an hour. ..
Hasnt she been waiting for an hour? ..?
Present perfect continuous tense refers to actions which started I the past and are continuing till the present
and have chance to continue in the future. There are some adverbs which are often used in this tense.
They are since and for. Since refers to point of time (exact time) eg: 1997, January 5
th
, 2 o Clock,
Wednesday. For implies period of time like two weeks, three hours, fifteen minutes and two years.
2. The Past Tense
2.1 The Simple Past Tense:
Helping Verbs Used: Did (to form questions and negative statements)
(He, She, It, I, We, You and They-------Did + V1)
Usage in sentences:
1. She played yesterday. 2. I drew the picture last week.
Did she play yesterday? ..?
She did not play yesterday. ..
Didnt she play yesterday? ..?
Simple past tense refers to actions occurred in the past. A past tense should be used with past time
reference. They are like yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1950, the other day, last Friday.
2.2 The Past Continuous Tense:
Helping Verbs Used: Was & Were (to form questions and negative statements)
(He, She, It, I ---- Was We, You and They-------Were)
Usage in sentences:
1. She was typing. 2. They were watching cricket.
Was she typing? ..?
She was not typing ..

Wasnt she typing? ..?
Past continuous tense refers to actions continuing from one period of time to another in the past. Generally
it is used to refer two actions in a sequence. Some adverbs are used to describe such actions. They are
while, when & as long as.
1. When I entered the room the telephone was ringing.
I met with accident while I was walking on the road.
2.3 The Past Perfect Tense:
Helping Verbs Used: Had (to form questions and negative statements)
(He, She, It, I, We, You and They-------Had)
Usage in sentences:
1. She had finished it. 2. They had settled the issue.
Had she finished it? ..?
She had not finished it ..
Hadnt she finished it? ..?
Past perfect tense refers to actions took place in the past. Generally it is used to refer two actions in a
sequence. The first happened action in the past should always be in the past perfect and the second
happened action in the past should be in the simple past. Some adverbs are used to describe such actions.
They are already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day.
1. When I entered the hall the programme had already begun.
The train had already left when I reached the station.
2.4 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
Helping Verbs Used: Had been (to form questions and negative statements)
(He, She, It, I, We, You and They-------Had been)
Usage in sentences:
1. She had been cleaning it. 2. They had been preparing it.
Had she been cleaning it? ..?
She had not been cleaning it ..
Hadnt she been cleaning it? ..?
Past perfect continuous tense refers to actions took place in the past. Generally it is used to refer two
actions in a sequence. One action in the past should be continuing till another action began. Some adverbs
are used to describe such actions. They are when and before.
1. They had been playing before the coach called them.
2. I had been reading the article before my friend invited me for a movie.
3 The Future Tense:
3.1 The Simple Future Tense:
Helping Verbs Used: Will & Shall (to form questions and negative statements)
(He, She, It, You and They-------Will I, We -------- Shall)
Usage in sentences:
1. She will finish it tomorrow. 2. I shall purchase a T.V. next week.
Will she finish it tomorrow? ..?
She will not finish it tomorrow ..
Wont she finish it tomorrow? ..?
Simple future tense refers to actions take place in the future. Generally it is used to refer actions scheduled
in the near future. There should be a future reference in this tense. Some adverbs are used to describe
such actions are in a year, next, tomorrow.
3.2 The Future Continuous Tense:
Helping Verbs Used: Will be & Shall be (to form questions and negative statements)
(He, She, It, You and They-------Will be I, We -------- Shall be)
Usage in sentences:
1. She will be going abroad next year. 2. We shall be celebrating a party tomorrow.
Will she be going abroad next year? ..?
She will not be going abroad next year ..
Wont she be going abroad next year? ..?
Future Continuous tense refers to actions taking place in the future. Generally it is used to refer actions
continuing from one time frame to another in the near future. There should be a future reference in this
tense. Some adverbs are used to describe such actions are by this time next year, by this time tomorrow.
3.3 The Future Perfect Tense:
Helping Verbs Used: Will have & Shall have (to form questions and negative statements)
(He, She, It, You and They-------Will have I, We -------- Shall have)
Usage in sentences:
1. She will have finished her degree by 2012. 2. We shall have done it tomorrow.
Will she have finished her degree by 2012? .?
She will not have finished her degree by 2012 ..

Wont she have finished her degree by 2012? ..?
Future perfect tense refers to actions that are expected to be finished at some time in the future.
3.4 The Future Perfect Continuous Tense:
Helping Verbs Used: Will have been & Shall have been (to form questions and negative statements)
(He, She, It, You and They-------Will have been I, We -------- Shall have been)
Usage in sentences:
1. She will have been doing her degree next year.
2. We shall have been traveling by this time tomorrow.
Future perfect continuous tense refers to actions that are expected to be continuing from one time frame to
another in the future.
(Exercises - I)
1. John (construct) ______ three apartments in this part of the town in 1990.
2. By the time the project completed she (know) _______ intricacies of it.
3. All of a sudden, Ram understood that he (lose) ______ his valet.
4. (you see) _______ Mary in the meeting last week?
5. Rani said that she (write) _______ three exams.
6. Peters uncle (not want) ______to stay at the flat the entire day.
7. The workers were dog-tired as they (work) ______ continuously a week without a holiday. .
8. The insurance company (extend) _______ her assistance for her new house.
9. The boys told their teacher all what they (do) ________ the night before.
10. The two unemployed youth (get) ________ an opportunity in their desired media yesterday.
11.Martin said that he (never be) ______ so delighted.
12. I wanted to purchase this painting but the shop-keeper (already sell) _______it to another.
13. Mary (see) _________ John at the university last week.
14. How many years (you study) _________ English when you applied for that job?
15. I (cant paint) ________ when I was a child.
16. When I went to the concert the programme (already begin) _________.
17. After a heated argument with her brother Sharon (forget) _________ to post the letter.
18. I didn't go to the marriage because nobody (tell) __________ me about it.
19. She asked him if he (ever swim) __________ in the ocean.
20. The boy said: '' he (sleep) __________ until his mom came''.
Answers Part I
1. built 2. had known / knew 3. lost 4. did you 5. had written / wrote
6. did not want 7. worked 8. has extended 9. did 10. found 11. was never
12. had already lent 13. saw 14. did you study 15. could not paint
16. had already begun 17. forgot 18. told 19. had ever swum 20. slept
Exercises for Practice - II
I
P S C
1
8 A
1 A

Part - II Answers
1. say
2. make
3. their
4. say
5. have
6. tells
7. is
8. do
9. do
10. do not
11. walks
Part III
Choose the right verb for the following objective type of questions on Tenses.
1 (offer, always) _____

b.
c.
d.
l (be, not) _____l A

b.
c.
d.
S

b.
c.
d.
l

b.
c. has been raining
d.
5) P !

b.
c.
d.
6) 1

b.
c.
d. are
7) 8

b.
c.
d. runs
8) l

b.
c. are
d. studied
9) l

b.
c. won
d. win
10) l !

b.
c. will not have left
d. would not have left
11) 1 l

b.
c.
d. is locating
12) M

b.
c. has worked
d. works
13) 1 CLC

b.
c. presents
d. would present
14) 1

b.
c. will have completed
d. would complete
15) !

b.
c. was presented
d. had presented
16) 1

b.
c. was already begun
d. is already begun
17) 1 M

b.
c. was ringing
d. is ringing
18) A

b.
c. was waiting
d. are waiting
19) A u

b.
c. was performing
d. performed
20) The boy

b.
c. finishes
d. has just finished
21) ____ Mary just (go)____ outside?
P M
b. P M
c. Did Mary just go
d. was Mary just going
Part III Answers

1. b 2.d 3.a 4.c 5.a 6.a 7.d 8.b 9.a 10.d 11.c 12.b 13.b 14.c 15.b 16.a 17.c 18.a 19.b 20.d 21.a
Unit - VIII
II. Vocabulary Development Covering
i. Synonyms & Antonyms
ii. One-word substitutes
iii. Prefixes & Suffixes
iv. Idioms & Phrases
v. Words often confused
I Synonyms
(Text book)
Heavens Gate
a. Impromptu (h) a feeling of excitement or mystery
b. pristine (i) a situation that seems impossible with two
opposite facts
c. surreal (o) existing or happening now
d. forage (f) to climb somewhere with difficulty, using hands
and feet
e. dramatic (n) to find and bring back something
f. clamber (l) a large powerful force that can not be
stopped
g. aromatic (j) leaving someone or something forever
h. romance (p) the biggest or longest street that goes
through a town
i. paradox (k) to grow well
j. abandoning (d) to go from place to place searching for food
k. flourish (e) very sudden or full of excitement
l. juggernaut (c) like a dream
m. chic (a) done or said with out earlier planning or
preparation
n. retrieve (b) fresh, in a very good condition
o. contemporary (g) having a pleasant smell
p. drag (m) stylish and fashionable
Sir C.V.Raman
a. voracious (e) very famous and admired
b. pore over (m) very new or different
c. welter (g) a sound that id deep, clear and loud, continues
for some time
d. fabulous (j) to state officially that a rule can be ignored

e. legendry (o) a feeling that something true and will happen
f. fascinated (k) to officially give someone a title, etc, especially
for an achievement
g. resonant (c) a large and confusing number of something
h. full-fledged (p) very important, that is recorded for future
i. brusquely (r) the period of time when someone has an
important position
j. waive (q) praise or prize given for someones work
k. confer (d) extremely good, wonderful
l. intently (s) cremated
m. radical (a) having a very strong desire to do a lot of
something
n. speculate (t) to do something with out any preparation
because you are forced to do so by an
unexpected situation
o. hunch (i) using very few words in a way that seems rude
p. historic (l) giving all your attention to something
q. accolade (f) extremely interested in something
r. tenure (b) to read something very carefully for a long time
s. consigned to flames(n) to guess
t. improvise (h) completely established
The Connoisseur
a. frenetic (t) a kind of heart disease that causes pains in the
chest
b. pathetically (e) confused and dazed
c. spry (q) having a tendency to control other people
d. perversely (k) used to say what you think is likely
e. bemusedly (m) to make suggestions as a way of quietly finding
out other peoples views on something
f. impel (g) express extreme pleasure and excitement
g. go into raptures (l) to make continuous small movements that
annoy others
h. fluted (p) spreading untidily
i. petit-point (s) a comforting remedy or cure
(Pronounced/ peti point)
j. array (r) a very small amount of money
k. presumably (d) not what one would expect
l. fidget (a) hyperactive, with a lot of nervous energy
m. send/ put out feelers (o) turn red in the face because of strong emotions,
heat, ect.
n. manuscript (j) a large group of things
o. flush (f) to make someone feel they must do something
p. straggling (h) wavy around the edge
q. domineering (c)
r. active and able to move quickly
s. pittance (b) causing sadness or pity
t. panacea (n) the original copy of a book before it is printed
u. angina (i) finely embroidered
Disaster Management
a. be prone to something (f) to organize or prepare something
b. fury (l) a detailed list of all items in a place
c. wreak havoc (p) making land suitable for building or farming
d. mammoth (k) the body of a dead animal
e. bereaved (h) to watch and check a situation carefully for a
period of time
f. mobilise (a) tending to show a particular negative feature
g. onerous (q) certain to happen
h. monitor (n) responsibility
i. potable (b) extremely anger
j. semblance (o) very shocked and upset for a long time
k. carcass (r) able to be easily hurt or influenced
l. inventory (d) extremely large
m. equitable (t) helping poor people, by giving them money
n. accountability (e) having someone close who has recently died
o. traumatised (s) suffer the worst of something bad
p. reclamation (i) water fit for drinking
q. inevitable (g) very difficult to do
r. vulnerable (c) to cause damage in a violent and uncontrolled
way
s. bear the burnt (j) a situation similar to but not exactly as desired
t. philanthropy (m) fair
Bubbling Well Road
a. hamlet (t) the wooden or metal frame of a bed
b. plumed (s) happiness and laughter
c. halter (p) a short low sound made in the throat
d. sounder (q) a dirty substance that forms on the surface of
the water
e. proceeding (l) not serious or sensible
f. tushes (b) decorated with feathers, here featherlike
g. terrier (k) the measurement of someone or something
around them
h. countenance (j) to walk towards someone or something slowly and
quietly, as if you do not want to be noticed
i. devoutly (e) an event
j. sidle (h) face or expression
k. girth (g) a small dog originally used for hunting
l. frivolous (i) strongly
m. chuckling (d) a herd of wild pigs

n. tussock (f) tusks (old use)
o. waggle (r) to make short soft sounds like very small
explosions
p. grunt (c) a rope or leather band round a horses neck
q. scum (m) laughing quietly
r. sputter (o) to move something quickly up and down or
from side to side
s. mirth (a) a very small village
t. bedstead (n) a small thick mass of grass
The Odds Against Us
a. conflagration(e) a set of musical notes
b. epic (g) naturally existing in a place
c. predilection (j) forming a dark shape against a light background
d. spectacle (k) lacking intelligence and imagination
e. cadence (l) existing since the beginning of the world
f. dirge (b) a long film, book. usually on a historical subject
g. indigenous (o) wishing to fight or argue
h. greenhorn (a) a large violent or destructive event
i. brand (n) an unfair opinion formed with out enough thought or
knowledge
j. silhouetted (r) greatly respected or praised because of age
k. vapid (f) a slow sad song or music played when someone has
died
l. primordial (c) a strong liking
m. snide (q) to search a place very carefully in order to find
something
n. prejudice (s) to make someone less confident and frightened
o. belligerent (h) a person who is not experienced
p. doddering (t) a lack of basic things needed for an acceptable
standard of living
q. scour (i) to say what you think someone is like
r. hallowed (p) old weak and unable to walk properly
s. unnerving (d) a splendid public show
t. privation (m) containing unpleasant, indirect criticism
II. ONE WORD SUBSTITUTES
(From Textbook and Non-detiled)
Objective of this Section:
To enhance students vocabulary with a selected list of one word substitutes.
List - I
1. Abdicate To give up a throne voluntarily

2. Autobiography Life story of a man written by himself.
3. Aggressor A person who attacks first
4. Amateur One who pursues some art or sport as hobby
5. Arbitrator A person appointed by parties to settle the disputes between them
6. Adolescence The period between childhood and adulthood
7. Bibliophile A great lover of books
8. Botany The branch of biology dealing with plant life
9. Bilingual A person who speaks two languages
10. Catalogue A list of books
11. Centenary Celebration of a hundredth year, once a-century
12. Colleague A co-worker or a fellow-worker in the same institution
13. Contemporaries Persons living in the same age
14. Credulous A person who readily believes whatever is told to him/her.
15. Callous A man devoid of kind feeling and sympathy
16. Cosmopolitan A man with a broad and international outlook
17. Celibacy Abstinence from sex
18. Deteriorate To go from bad to worse
19. Democracy Government of the people, for the people, by the people
20. Monarchy A political system in which a state is ruled by one person
21. Draw A game in which neither party wins
22. Egotist A person who always thinks of himself; somebody who is selfish or self-centered
23. Epidemic A contagious disease which spreads over a huge area
24. Extempore A speech or a presentation made without previous preparation
25. Etiquette Established rules of conduct; rules of acceptable behavior
26. Epicure Somebody who has refined taste for food; somebody who loves sensual pleasure and
luxury
27. Exonerate Free somebody from blame or guilt; free somebody from an obligation
28. Eradicate Destroy or get rid of something completely; root out an evil or bad practice
29. Fastidious A person difficult to please
30. Fatalist A person who believes that all events are pre-determined
31. Honorary A post which doesnt carry any salary
32. Illegal That which is against law
33. Illiterate A person who cannot read or write
34. Hostility Intense aggression or anger; state of antagonism
35. Incorrigible Impossible to change
36. Irritable A man who is easily irritated
37. Irrelevant Not applicable
38. Invisible That which cannot be seen
39. Inaudible That which cannot be heard
40. Incredible That which cannot be believed

41. Impracticable That which cannot be practiced
42. Invincible That which cannot be conquered
43. Indispensable Something that is essential and cannot be dispensed with
44. Inevitable That which cannot be avoided
45. Irrevocable That which cannot be changed
46. Illicit That which is considered wrong or unacceptable by prevailing social standards
47. Insoluble Incapable of being dissolved in a liquid
48. Inflammable Something that quickly catches fire
49. Infanticide The act of killing an infant
50. Matricide Killing of ones own mother; killer of ones own mother
51. Patricide Killing of ones own father; killer of ones own father
52. Kidnap - To take somebody away by force and hold him or her prisoner, usually for ransom
53. Medieval Belonging to the Middle Ages
54. Matinee A cinema show which is held in the afternoon
55. Notorious A person with an evil reputation
56. Manuscript Handwritten book
57. Namesake Somebody or something with the same name as somebody or something else
58. Novice One who is new to a trade or profession
59. Omnipotent All-powerful; possessing complete power and authority
60. Omnipresent One who is present everywhere
61. Optimist One who looks at the bright side of things; somebody positive
62. Panacea A supposed cure for all diseases or problems
63. Polyandry The custom of having more than one husband at a time
64. Polygamy The custom of having more than one wife at a time
65. Postmortem Medical examination of a dead body
66. Pessimist Very negative person; somebody who always expects the worst to happen
67. Postscript A short message added on to the end of a letter after the signature
68. Synonyms Words which have the same meaning
69. Smuggler A person who imports or exports goods into or from a country secretly because they
are illegal or in order to avoid paying duty on them
70. Vegetarian Somebody who doesnt eat meat or fish
71. Venial A pardonable offense
72. Veteran Somebody who is considerably experienced in something
73. Zoology The branch of biology dealing with the study of animals
List II
1. Anarchist: a person who rejects the need for a system of government in society and proposes its
abolition
2. Ambidextrous: a person who is able to use both hands with equal skill
3. Alimony: financial support to ex-wife
4. Amateur: a person who does something for pleasure rather than for pay
5. Aborigines: original inhabitants of a place
6. Arbitrator: somebody designated to hear both sides of a dispute and make a judgment
7. Autocracy: rule by one person who holds unlimited power
8. Aristocracy: people of noble families or the highest social class. Also, government of a country by
a small group of people, especially hereditary nobility
9. Atheist: a person who does not believe in God or deities
10. Amphibian: a land animal that breeds in water
11. Ambiguity: an expression or statement that has more than one meaning
12. Autobiography: an account of somebody's life written by that person
13. Biography: an account of somebody's life written by another person
14. Belligerents: nations engaged in war
15. Cannibal: somebody who eats human flesh
16. Circumlocution: the indirect way of saying something
17. Convalescence: the gradual return to good health after a period or illness or medical treatment
18. Egoist (also Egotist): a person who is selfish, self absorbed and self centered
19. Epitaph: inscription on a tombstone
20. Epicure: somebody who is dedicated to sensual pleasure and luxury
21. Epidemic: an outbreak of a disease that spreads among a group of people quickly and extensively
22. Endemic: a disease that occurs within a specified area, region or locale
23. Edible: fit for eating
24. Fanatic: somebody who has extreme and sometimes irrational enthusiasms or beliefs, especially in
religion or politics
25. Feminist: a believer in women's rights
26. Fratricide: the crime in which somebody kills his or her own brother
27. Fatalist: one who believes in the philosophical doctrine of fatalism
28. Fastidious: a person who is concerned that even the smallest details should be just right
29. Herbivorous: an animal that eats only grass or other plants
30. Honorary: holding an office awarded as an honour and receiving no payment for services provided
in that office
31. Impervious: a person who remains unmoved and unaffected by other people's opinions, arguments
or suggestions
32. Illiterate: a person who cannot read or write
33. Infallible: incapable of making a mistake
34. Infanticide: the killing of an infant
35. Idolatry: the worship of idols or false gods
36. Inflammable: something that is quickly and easily set on fire and burned
37. Mercenary: somebody who works or serves only for personal profit. Also, a professional soldier
paid to fight for an army other than that of his or her country
38. Misogynist: a person who hates women
39. Misogamist: a person who does not believe in the institution of marriage
40. Matricide: the act of murdering one's own mother
41. Omniscient: a person who knows everything
42. Omnivorous: an animal or a human being that eats any kind of food
43. Omnipotent: a person who has power over all
44. Panacea: a supposed cure for all diseases or problems
45. Parasite: a person supported by another and giving him/her nothing in return
46. Patricide: the act of murdering one's own father
47. Potable: fit for drinking
48. Polygamy: the custom of having more than one spouse at the same time
49. Polyandry: the custom of having more than one husband at the same time
50. Prosecute: take legal action against somebody
51. Pugnacity: inclined to fight or be aggressive
52. Philanthropist: a person who helps others, especially those who are poor and in trouble
53. Plutocracy: the rule of a society by its wealthiest people
54. Somnambulism: sleepwalking
55. Stoic: a person who is unaffected by emotions
56. Soporific: a drug or other substance that induces sleep
57. Triennial: taking place once every three years
58. Theist: a person who believes in the existence of God
59. Transparent: a substance that allows light to pass through with little or no interruption so that
objects on the other side can be clearly seen
60. Usurer: somebody who loans money to other people and charges them exorbitant or unlawful
interest on it
61. Usurper: a person who seize something without the right to do so
62. Verbatim: corresponding word for word translation
63. Valetudinarian: somebody who is excessively concerned with his or her own health
64. Widower: a man whose wife has died
65. Widow: a woman whose husband has died
Exercises for Practice ON One Word Substitutes - I
1. To change people from one place to another because of dangerous situations
A. Evade
B. Evacuate
C. Avoid
D. Exterminate
2. One who has belief that people are insincere
A. Egoist
B. Fatalist
C. Stoic
D. Cynic
3. People who are ready to fight with others
A. Bellicose
B. Combative
C. Belligrant
D. Militant
4. A Teetotaler is someone who
A. abstains from theft
B. abstains from meat
C. abstains from taking wine
D. abstains from malice
5. One who possesses many talents.
A. Versatile
B. Nubile
C. Exceptional
D. Gifted
6. State in which the few govern the many
A. Monarchy
B. Oligarchy
C. Plutocracy
D. Autocracy
7. A solution for all problems.
A. Solution
B. phenomenon
C. Panacea
D. Recompense
8. A prima facie case is such
A. As it seems at first sight
B. As it is made to seem at first sight
C. As it turns out to be at the end
D. As it seems to the court after a number of hearings
9. The condition of being old, weak and can not be moved
A. Imbecility
B. Senility
C. Second childhood
D. Superannuation
10. List of the business or subjects to be considered at a meeting
A. Schedule
B. Timetable
C. Agenda
D. Plan
11. A person pretending to be somebody he is not

A. Magician
B. Rogue
C. Liar
D. Imposter
12. A person who knows many languages
A. Linguist
B. Grammarian
C. Polyglot
D. Bilingual
13. The mistake that can never be corrected.
A. deficiency
B. ineffaceable
C. scrawled
D. Incorrigible
14. A person who persists firmly on something
A. authoritarian
B. Stickler
C. Instantaneous
D. bragger
15. Words inscribed on tomb
A. Epitome
B. Epistle
C. Epilogue
D. Epitaph
16. Someone who is not easily satisfied by anything.
A. Maiden
B. Mediaeval
C. wobbly
D. Fastidious
17. A person interested in collecting, studying and selling of old things
A. Antiquarian
B. Junk-dealer
C. Crank
D. Archealogist
18. The custom or practice of having more than one husband at same time
A. Polygyny
B. Polyphony
C. Polyandry
D. Polychromy
19. Tending to move away from the centre or axis
A. Centrifugal
B. Centripetal
C. Axiomatic
D. Awry
20. Somebody who has quick grasping and reasoning power
A. specialist
B. Intellectual
C. Snob
D. Literate
21. Malafide case is one
A. Which is undertaken in a good faith
B. Which is undertaken in a bad faith
C. Which is undertaken after a long delay
D. Which is not undertaken at all
22. A drawing on transparent paper
A. Red print
B. Blue print
C. Negative
D. Transparency
23. Somebody who consumes everything
A. Omnivorous
B. Omniscient
C. Irrestible
D. Insolvent
24. A particular use of style which is a display of a writers knowledge
A. Pedantic
B. wordy
C. Pompous
D. figurative
25. The study of earliest societies
A. Anthropology
B. Archaeology
C. History
D. Ethnology
Answers - I
1.b 2. d 3.c 4.c 5.a 6.b 7.c 8. a 9.B 10. c 11. D 12.C 13.D 14.b 15.D 16. d 17. a
18.C 19. A 20.b 21. b 22. D 23. a 24. a 25.b
III. Prefixes and Suffixes
Objective of this Section:
To enhance students vocabulary with a selected list of prefixes and suffixes.
A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. A suffix is placed at the
ending of a word to modify or change its meaning. There are many common prefixes and suffixes in
English, together with their basic meaning and some examples. Some of the most commonest list of
suffixes and suffixes provided below.
Prefix Meaning Examples

1. a- also an- not, without atheist, anaemic
to, towards aside, aback 2. a-
in the process of, in a
particular state
a-hunting, aglow
of anew 3. a-
completely abashed
4.Ab- also abs- away, from abdicate, abstract
5.ad- also a-, ac-, af-,
ag- al-, an-, ap-,
at- as-, at-
movement to, change
into, addition or increase
advance, adulterate, adjunct, ascend, affiliate,
affirm, aggravate, alleviate, annotate, apprehend,
arrive, assemble, attend
6. ante- before, preceding antecedent, ante-room
7.anti- also ant- opposing, against, the
opposite
anti-aircraft, antibiotic, anticlimax, Antarctic
all over, all around bespatter, beset
completely bewitch, bemuse
having, covered with bejewelled
affect with (added to
nouns)
befog
8. be-
cause to be (added to
adjectives)
becalm
9.com- also co-, col-,
con-, cor-
with, jointly, completely combat, codriver, collude, confide, corrode
10.contra- against, opposite contraceptive
11. counter- opposition, opposite
direction
counter-attack, counteract
down, away descend, despair, depend, deduct
completely denude, denigrate
12. de-
removal, reversal de-ice, decamp
13.dia- also di- through, across diagonal
14.dis- also di- negation, removal,
expulsion
disadvantage, dismount, disbud, disbar
put into or on engulf, enmesh 15.en- also em-
bring into the condition
of
enlighten, embitter
intensification entangle, enrage

out exit, exclude, expand
upward exalt, extol
completely excruciate, exasperate
16.ex- also e-, ef-
previous ex-wife
17.extra- outside, beyond extracurricular
18.hemi- half hemisphere
19.hyper- beyond, more than,
more than normal
hypersonic, hyperactive
20.hypo- under hypodermic, hypothermia
also il-, im- not, without infertile, inappropriate, impossible 21.in-
also il-, im-, ir- in, into, towards, inside influence, influx, imbibe
22.infra- below infrared, infrastructure
23.inter- between, among interact, interchange
24.intra- inside, within intramural, intravenous
25.non- absence, negation non-smoker, non-alcoholic
26.ob- also oc-, of-, op- blocking, against,
concealing
obstruct, occult, offend, oppose
surpassing, exceeding outperform 27.out-
external, away from outbuilding, outboard
excessively, completely overconfident, overburdened, overjoyed 28.over-
upper, outer, over,
above
overcoat, overcast
29.peri- round, about perimeter
30.post- after in time or order postpone
31.pre- before in time, place,
order or importance
pre-adolescent, prelude, precondition
favouring, in support of pro-African
acting for proconsul
motion forwards or away propulsion
32. pro-
before in time, place or
order
prologue
33. re- again repaint, reappraise, reawake
34. semi- half, partly semicircle, semi-conscious

at a lower position submarine, subsoil
lower in rank sub-lieutenant
35.sub- also suc-, suf-,
sug-, sup-, sur-,
sus-
nearly, approximately sub-tropical
36.syn- also sym- in union, acting together synchronize, symmetry
across, beyond transnational, transatlantic 37.trans-
into a different state translate
beyond ultraviolet, ultrasonic 38.ultra-
extreme ultramicroscopic
not unacceptable, unreal, unhappy, unmanned 39.un-
reversal or cancellation
of action or state
unplug, unmask
beneath, below underarm, undercarriage
lower in rank undersecretary
40.under-
not enough underdeveloped
List of Suffixes
List of Suffixes
Common Suffix
Word Ending
Examples & List of Common Suffixes
-able
-ad
-ade
-age
-agogy
-al
-al
-ality
-an
-ance
-ancy
-ant
-ant
-ar
-ar
-ard
-ary
-ary
-arch
Comfortable
Triad
Blockade
Garage
Pedagogy
Focal
Appraisal
Sexuality
Urban
Annoyance
Vacancy
Relevant
Assistant
Linear
Liar
Wizard
Military
Dictionary
Monarch
-archy
-ate
-ate
-ate
-athlon
-ation
-ative
-atory
-bound
-cide
-city
-cy
-cycle
-dom
-ectomy
-ed
-ee
-eer
-eme
-en
-en
-ence
-ency
-ent
-ent
-eous
-er
-ergy
-ern
-ery
-ese
-esque
-ess
-etic
-fare
-ful
-gon
-gry
-holic
-hood
-ia
-iable
-ial
-ian
-iant
-iate
-ible
-ibly
-ic
-ical
-ics
-id
-ier
ify
-ile
-illion
-ious
-ing
-ing
Anarchy
Fortunate
Certificate
Concentrate
Decathlon
Concentration
Lucrative
Laboratory
Outbound
Suicide
Atrocity
Diplomacy
Hydrocycle
Kingdom
Vasectomy
Bored
Employee
Privateer
Morpheme
Leukemia
Golden
Independence
Frequency
Different
Resident
Courteous
Writer
Energy
Southern
Machinery
Chinese
Picturesque
Actress
Sympathetic
Warfare
Hopeful
Pentagon
Angry
Alcoholic
Brotherhood
Mania
Sociable
Special
Italian
Defiant
Deviate
Incredible
Responsibly
Historic
Historical
Economics
Candid
Cashier
Clarify
Tactile
Million
Ambitious
Playing
Action
-ion
-ish
-ism
-ist
-ite
-itive
-itude
-ity
-ium
-ive
-ization / isation
-ize / ise
-land
-less
-like
-ling
-ly
-man
-ment
-meter
-metry
-mony
-most
-nesia
-ness
-ocracy
-ography
-ologist
-ology
-onomy
-or
-ory
-ose
-ous
-phone
-scope
-ship
-shire
-sion
-some
-ster
-t
-th
-tion
-ty
-uary
-ulent
-ward
-wise
-wright
-y
Foolish, Tallish
English
Buddhism
Dentist
Socialite
Sensitive
Attitude
Formality
Calcium
Aggressive
Organization/Organisation
Idolize/Idolise
Finland
Careless
Childlike
Duckling
Monthly
Fireman
Government
Thermometer
Geometry
Testimony
Innermost
Polynesia
Kindness, Darkness
Democracy
Photography
Archaeologist
Biology
Astronomy
Governor
History
Glucose
Nervous
Telephone
Telescope
Friendship
Oxfordshire
Decision
Awesome
Gangster
Burnt
Growth
Introduction
Loyalty
January
Fraudulent
Inward
Clockwise
Playwright
Sunny
Provide the following suffixes to their respective word ENDINGS.
i. ache
ii. age
iii. dom
iv. ful
v. kind
vi. ledge
vii. let
viii. ment
ix. ness
x. ship
xi. y
1. careful _____
2. jealous _____
3. king _____
4. book _____
5. head _____
6. spoon____
7. polite ______
8. relation _____
9. man ______
10. drain _____
11. punish _____
12. free ______
13. crude _____
14. know _______
ANSWERS ( , )
1. careful _____NESS
2. jealous _____Y
3. king _____DOM
4. book _____LET
5. head _____
6. spoon_____FUL
7. polite ______ESS
8. relation _____SHIP
9. man ______KIND
10. drain _____AGE
11. punish _____MENT
12. free ______DOM
13. crude _____ NESS
14. know _______LEDGE
IV. IDIOMS AND PHRASES
Objective:
To enrich students vocabulary and expression with a selected list of idioms and phrases.
1. The wheels are turning

To become effective or lead to success.
2. To put something to bed
To achieve something one hopes to
3. Skate on thin ice
A bad situation or failure
4. Ace in your hand
Something works for your advantage
5. Bird In The Hand Is Worth Two In The Bush:
Something which is sure is better than risky options.
6. Blessing In Disguise:
Something good that isn't identified initially.
7. Dime A Dozen:
Common and simple to get.
8. A Drop in the Bucket:
small part of something huge or whole.
9. Lick somebodys boots
To praise someone
10. A hard act to follow
Seems to be effective but difficult to follow
11. A Penny Saved Is A Penny Earned:
Saving money penny by penny in little amount.
12. A Picture Paints a Thousand Words:
A picture is better than words.
13. Turn A Blind Eye:
Refuse to acknowledge something you know is real or legit.
14. A Toss-Up:
An uncertain result.
15. A Piece of Cake:
A job which van be done easily.
16. Save someones bacon
Try to save someone from a danger
17. Against The Clock:
Rushed and short on time.
18. Actions Speak Louder Than Words:
It's better to actually do something than just talk about it.
19. To add Fuel To The Fire:
to make a bad situation even worse.
20. All Bark and No Bite:

When someone seems to be aggressive but not ready to fight.
21. In The Same Boat:
When everyone has common problems.
22. All Greek to me:
Meaningless and incomprehensible like someone who cannot read, speak, or understand any of the
Greek language would be.
23. An Arm and A Leg:
Very expensive. A large amount of money.
24. On the ball
To be alert
25. Scapegoat:
Someone else who takes the blame.
26. Back To The Drawing Board:
When an attempt fails and it's time to start all over.
27. Barking Up The Wrong Tree:
A mistake made in something you are trying to achieve.
28. Copy cat
Not original
29. Beat A Dead Horse
To force an issue that has already ended.
30. Beating Around The Bush:
Speaking indirectly about the issue.
31. Not miss a bite
Able to use every opportunity
32. Bite Off More Than You Can Chew:
To take on a task that is way to big.
33. Bite Your Tongue:
To avoid talking.
34. Break A Leg:
A superstitious way to say 'good luck' without saying 'good luck', but rather the opposite.
35. Buy A Lemon:
To purchase a vehicle that constantly gives problems or stops running after you drive it away.
36. Sweep the board
To grab all the prizes
37. To Chew someone out:
Verbally scold someone.
38. Chip on his Shoulder:
Being angry today for what was happened in the past.
39. Pass The Buck:

Avoid responsibility by giving it to someone else.
40. Cock and Bull Story:
An unbelievable tale.
41. To Cross Your Fingers:
To hope that something happens the way you want it to.
42. To Cry Over Spilt Milk:
When you complain about a loss from the past.
43. A Wolf Cry
Intentionally raise a false alarm.
44. A Cup Of Joe
A cup of coffee.
45. Curiosity Killed The Cat:
Being Inquisitive can lead you into a dangerous situation.
46. Cut to the Chase:
Leave out all the unnecessary details and just get to the point.
47. A Dark Horse:
One who was previously unknown and is now prominent.
48. Rock the boat
To create troubles
49. Don't count your chickens before they hatch:
Don't rely on it until your sure of it.
50. Down To The Wire:
Something that ends at the last minute or last few seconds.
51. Drastic Times Call For Drastic Measures:
When you are extremely desperate you need to take extremely desperate actions.
52. To Drink like a fish:
To drink very heavily.
53. Drive someone up the wall:
To irritate and/or annoy very much.
54. Dropping Like Flies:
A large number of people either falling ill or dying.
55. A Body blow
Great difficulty and disappointment
56. Have a shot your bolt
To do everything to be successful
57. Ethnic Cleansing:
Killing of a certain ethnic or religious group on a massive scale.
58. Every Cloud Has A Silver Lining:
Be optomistic, even difficult times will lead to better days.
59. Dropping like flies

To give up something easily
60. Great Minds Think Alike:
Intelligent people think like each other.
61. Wear Your Heart On Your Sleeve:
To openly and freely express your emotions.
62. Everything But The Kitchen Sink:
Almost everything and anything has been included.
63. Excuse my French:
Please forgive me for cussing.
65. In The Heat Of The Moment:
Overwhelmed by what is happening in the moment.
67. Fixed In Your Ways:
Not willing or wanting to change from your normal way of doing something.
68. Flesh and Blood:
This idiom can mean living material of which people are made of, or it can refer to someone's family.
69. Fools' Gold:
Iron pyrites, a worthless rock that resembles real gold.
70. From Rags To Riches:
To go from being very poor to being very wealthy.
71. Get Your Walking Papers:
Get fired from a job.
72. Give Him The Slip:
To get away from. To escape.
73. Funny Farm:
A mental institutional facility.
74. Good Samaritan:
Someone who helps others when they are in need, with no discussion for compensation, and no
thought of a reward.
75. Green Room:
The waiting room, especially for those who are about to go on a tv or radio show.
76. Keep body and soul together:
To earn a sufficient amount of money in order to keep yourself alive .
77. Gut Feeling:
A personal intuition you get, especially when feel something may not be right.
78. Haste Makes Waste:

Quickly doing things results in a poor ending.
79. Out Of The Blue:
Something that suddenly and unexpectedly occurs.
80. Have an Axe to Grind:
To have a dispute with someone.
81. He Lost His Head:
Angry and overcome by emotions.
82. Head Over Heels:
Very excited and/or joyful, especially when in love.
83. Hell in a Handbasket:
Deteriorating and headed for complete disaster.
84. High Five:
Slapping palms above each others heads as celebration gesture.
85. High on the Hog:
Living in Luxury.
86. Hit The Books:
To study, especially for a test or exam.
87. Hit The Hay:
Go to bed or go to sleep.
88. Hold Your Horses:
Be patient.
89. In Your Face:
An aggressive and bold confrontation.
90. Wine and Dine:
When somebody is treated to an expensive meal.
91. It Takes Two To Tango:
A two person conflict where both people are at fault.
92. It's A Small World:
You frequently see the same people in different places.
93. Its Anyone's Call:
A competition where the outcome is difficult to judge or predict.
94. Keep An Eye On Him:
You should carefully watch him.
95. Knock On Wood:
Knuckle tapping on wood in order to avoid some bad luck.
96. Know the Ropes:
To understand the details.
97. Let Bygones Be Bygones:
To forget about a disagreement or arguement.
98. Let Sleeping Dogs Lie:

To avoid restarting a conflict.
99. Let The Cat Out Of The Bag:
To share a secret that wasn't suppose to be shared.
100. The Ball Is In Your Court:
It is your decision this time.
IDIOMS FOR PRACTICE - I
1. To face the music means
a. to enjoy life
b. to accept punishment
c. to face easy things
2. ants in one's pants means
a. hilarious
b. pathetic
c. Nervousness
3. Once in a blue moon means
a. very rare
b. very often
c. now and then
4. "All along" means
a. all the time
b. to agree
c. altogether
5. "Along in years" means
a. getting old
b. getting tired
c. becoming successful
6. A man "after my own heart" means
a. liking the same things as me
b. looks like me
c. follows me
7. To "call it a day" means
a. to quit
b. it becomes evening
c. to say good morning
8. Across the board" means
a. everyone or everything is included
b. to travel between countries
c. uninteresting
9. All hours" means
a. at regular times
b. at irregular times
c. every hour
10. To "act up" means

a. to share an idea
b. to behave badly
c. to pretend to be rich
11. And then some" means
a. not many
b. and only a few
c. and a lot more
12. A bit" means
a. some thing to eat
b. to help someone
c. a small amount
13. To "back down" means
a. to give up a claim
b. to sit down
c. to fight for something
14. Against the clock" means ___.
a. a new record
b. a test of speed or time
c. an impossible task
15. To "call the tune" means
a. to sing a song
b. to give orders
c. to give advice
16. I "dare say" means
a. I don't know at all
b. I definitely know
c. I suppose
17. To "dash off" means
a. to do, make, or draw something quickly
b. to be deeply asleep
c. to be precise
18. "Easy does it" means
a. let's do it later
b. let's do it carefully
c. let's do it quickly
19. To "eat your words" means
a. to apologise
b. to shout loudly
c. to be quiet
20. About time" means
a. at the right time
b. soon
c. at last
Answers:
1. B
2. C
3. a
4. B
5. A
6. A
7. A
8. A
9. A
10. B
11. C
12. C
13. A
14. B
15. B
16. C
17. A
18. B
19. A
20. C
21. " turn up with flying colours" means
a. To succeed
b. To loose
c. to be honest
22. To pay a deaf ear is.
a. To listen attentively
b. To ignore
c. To pay unusual attention
23. To "hit the buffers means
a. To overcome problems
b. to face difficulties
c. to create problems
24. If you are "in the family way", you are ___.
a. shy
b. popular
c. pregnant
25. An apple of ones eye means
a. dear person
b. looks like an apple
c. a handsome person
26. To "Make Fanfare" means to
a. go quicker
b. make jubilation
c. make a party
27. To "join forces" means to ___.
a. fight
b. be strong
c. unite
28. To "go for broke" means to ___.
a. To risk
b. To take it easy
c. look for something
29. To "kick the bucket" means to ___.
a. get a job
b. lose something
c. die
30. To "lash out" means to ___.
a. shout at someone
b. relax
c. kick or punch someone
31. A "close call" means to
a. A secret call
b. A close accident
c. A hoax call
32. If it takes a "month of Sundays", it ___.
a. happens quickly
b. won't happen
c. feels like a long time
33. A death blow means
a. A situation which comes to an end
b. celebration
c. A gory accident
34. To "nail it down" means to ___.
a. start it
b. finalize it
c. talk about it
35. In this "neck of the woods" is ___.
a. the way we do something
b. around here
c. the way things were
36. "Never mind" means ___.
a. don't worry about it
b. pardon
c. why
37. "Box clever" means.
a. capable of everything
b. Being cunning in difficult situation
c. old enough
38. To "jazz up" means to ___.
a. go faster
b. make something more exciting
c. make a lot of noise
39. To "keep your chin up" means.
a. put away
b. to stay calm
c. send away
40. A "pain in the neck" means something is ___.
a. unusual
b. bothersome
c. difficult to see
41. If you are in "a catch 22 situation", you are ___.
a. brave
b. Extremely frustrating
c. confident
ANSWERS - I
21. A
22. B
23. B
24. C
25. A
26. B
27. C
28. A
29. C
30. A
31. B
32. C
33. A
34. B
35. B
36. A
37. B
38. B
39. B
40. B
41. B
PHRASES
Exercises on Phrases for Practice - I
1. When the accident took place, many people ___.
a. came out
b. set out
c. crowded around
2. Despite of being tired, they ___marching ahead.
a. kept on
b. continually
c. stopped
3. She must be an octogenarian. She is really ___.
a. getting on
b. bringing up
c. bringing forward
4. The man was ___ of jail early for good behavior.
a. let out
b. bent down
c. sent down
5. Can you ___ all right or should I get a ladder?
a. fall through
b. climb down
c. barge in
6. I am sorry that I am late. I got ___ in traffic.
a. lifted off
b. held down
c. caught up
7. I was so angry that I ___ in protest.
a. gave up
b. walked out
c. ran over
8. At the last everything ___ OK.
a. turned out
b. wore out
c. climb up
9. How did John ___ her eccentric manner.
a. come to
b. account for
c. jot down
10. The music show was ___ because of the bad weather.
a. called off
b. blacked out
c. turned off
ANSWERS - I
1. c 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. b 8. a 9. b 10. a
Exercises on Phrases for Practice - II
Fill the blanks with Phrasal Verbs "Make/Pull"
1. Today we have scorching sun. Do you excuse if I pull ___ the roller blinds.
a. in
b. over
c. down
2. A celebrated gentleman like him always pulls ___ the masses.

a. out
b. over
c. in
3. Would you mind to pull ___ these shoes?
a. off
b. our
c. in
4. Linda was sure she had just seen Johns car pull ___ the driveway.
a. into
b. over
c. by
5. I hope they would not make ___ stories of that kind.
a. for
b. up
c. over
6. It took three decades for the couple to make ___ after their clash.
a. up
b. over
c. out
7. The cardiologist announces that Mr.Nelson can't pull ___ one more heart attack.
a. back
b. through
c. out
8. The man made ___ with all her money.
a. for
b. off
c. up
9. It was so foggy that she couldn't make ___ the road ahead.
a. out
b. over
c. up
10. If there is a quake, we should make ___ the park.
a. out
b. up
c. for
ANSWERS - II
1. c
2. c
3. a
4. b
5. b
6. a
7. b
8. a
9. a
10. c
Exercises on Phrases for Practice - III

Fill the blanks with Phrasal Verb "Put"
1. The two lazy friends do not exercise so they have put ___ weight.
a. on
b. off
c. in
2. Mary has put ___ for relocation, but it was not accepted.
a. on
b. in
c. by
3. My parents put ___ the money to purchase a plot.
a. up
b. in
c. on
4. Income tax will be put ___ coming year.
a. in
b. up
c. over
5. Peters back is really painful, as he put it ___.
a. out
b. on
c. down
6. I told her she couldn't come down until all her clothes were put ___.
a. off
b. in
c. away
7. The entire team members frequently put ___ team leaders views.
a. down
b. in
c. out
8. The match between two teams was put ___ till next week.
a. over
b. off
c. away
9. Could you mind to put ___ this poster?
a. over
b. through
c. up
10. Will the last one to leave please put ___the candles?
a. out
b. in
c. by
ANSWERS-III
1. a
2. b
3. a
4. b
5. a
6. c
7. a
8. b
9. c
10. a
V. Words Often Confused
Objective:
To develop vocabulary of the students with a selected list of words often confused.
There are many English words which have close resemblance in spelling but do have different meanings.
Some of the most confused pair of words given below.
1. ADEPT Somebody who has expertise or good at something. ex: Stephen Hawking was an
adept Astro Physicist.
ADOPT - To adopt a child or to practice something. ex: The couple adopted two orphans last
week.
2. ACCEPT-to get or to agree. ex: Linda accepts Edwards proposal for their marriage.
EXCEPT-to leave something. ex: Take any fruit you want except mangoes.
3. AFFECT - to influence. ex: Working late hours affects the quality of your sleep.
EFFECT-n., result, v., to bring about ex: The government effected the change in its existing tax system.
4. ALLUSION - not direct reference. ex: The priest made an allusion to the Bible stories.
ILLUSION-a false notion or perception. ex: They saw an oasis in the desert but thought it could be a small
pond: that is a type of illusion one could find in the desert.
5. ASCENT- to go up. ex: John ascended his career ladder and became G.M. of his firm.
ASSENT- agreement. ex: The two rivals made an assent to maintain peace.
6. AMONG Used to refer more than two. Ex: The movie on an Orphan is the best among all the movies.
BETWEEN used when referred two objects. Ex. The father divided his property
between his two sons.
6. FEWER - Used for countable nouns Ex: The guests were fewer than expected.
LESS - Used for uncountable and abstract nouns. Ex: Peter has less anger than Mary.
7. HANGED: Means to put somebody to death. The gruesome criminals are generally hanged to death
HUNG to hang a picture or something to the wall. I hanged my photo to the wall.
8. COMPLEMENT- to finish. ex: a fine wine is a perfect complement to the dinner.

COMPLIMENT- to praise. ex: The teacher complimented students for their hard work.
9. CONSCIENCE discretion power. Although he did not confess his mistake, the
accused felt bad about his conscience.
CONSCIOUS alert, circumspect. ex: I was conscious when the thief entered into the
house.
10. COUNCIL-a group that consults or advises. ex: The members of the council
unanimously voted in favor of a new leader.
COUNSEL-to advise. ex: The doctors counseled the traumatized people.
11 ELICIT - to draw or bring out. Ex: The teacher elicited the correct response from the student.
ILLICIT-illegal. ex: The Nigerian drug lord was arrested for his illicit activities.
12. EMINENT-famous. Ex: The eminent scientists were awarded.
IMMANENT-inherent. ex: The content of this article is immanent and not easily
understood
IMMINENT- ready to happen. Ex: Freedom from tyrant was imminent for the Libyans.
14. ITS- of or belonging to it. ex: The baby will scream as soon as its mother goes out.
IT'S-contraction for it is ex: It's a beautiful to look at dawn.
15. LEAD- a kind of metal ex: The vessel made of steel.
LED- past tense of the verb "to lead"
ex: She led the campers on an over-night hike.
16. LIE-to sleep or to tell lies (a person or animal)
ex: I have a stomachache, so I'm going to lie down on the bed.
The boy lied to his mother that he did not eat fast food.
LAY-to lay an object down.
ex: "Lay down your arms!" The Major demanded terrorists.
ex: The hamlet lay at the foot of the mountain.
17. LOSE--verb, not win or loose something ex: If our team drops this match we will be
disqualified for the semi-final match next week.
LOOSE - - adjective, to not be tight - to release
ex: Be careful my boy, the cap of your bottle is loose.
18. PRECEDE-to come before
ex: Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify
PROCEED-to go forward
ex: He proceeded to pass back the failing grades on the exam.
19. PRINCIPAL- vital
ex: The teacher sent unruly pupils to see the principal.
ex: The principal ingredient of this juice is mango.
PRINCIPLE-a general truth

ex: Newtons study was based on the principle of gravity.
20. QUOTE-verb, to cite
ex: I would like to quote Shakespeare in my next paper.
QUOTATION-noun, the act of citing
ex: The book of famous quotations inspired us all.
21. STATIONARY-standing still
ex: The car remained stationary with the engine running".
STATIONERY-writing paper
ex: My mother bought me stationery that was on recycled paper.
22. SUPPOSED TO- to be obligated to or presumed to. Ex: When is the meeting
supposed to begin?
SUPPOSE-to guess. ex: Do you suppose we will get to the airport on time?
23. THAN - use with comparisons. ex: I eat fruits more than anything.
THEN- at that time, or next. ex: I waited for two hours and then I left.
24. THEIR - possessive form of they. ex: Their house is elegant.
THERE- Means location. Ex: There your office bus comes!
THEY'RE - contraction for "they are"
ex: They're in Europe for the summer--again!
25. WHO - used as a subject or as a subject complement. ex: The boy who sang yesterday was my
brother.
WHOM - used as an object
ex: Whom did Mary choose as her life partner?
Words often Confused Exercises for Practice - I
1. Adept or Adopt
The ministry of telecom has recently ______ a policy from a foreign country to wire up remote places
of India.
2. Allude or Elude
The young man _____ to the problem but did not mention it.
3. Complement or Compliment
The professor______ his students on their success.
4. Accept or Except
The players __________ their defeat in the finals.
5. Affect or Effect
The new university stringent rules will certainly _____ all those irregular students.
6. Floundered or Foundered
The proposed project was _____ because of the internal crooked politics of the team members.
7. Incredible or Incredulous
The movie's unlikely happy ending came to pass as the result of an incredulous series of lucky
accidents
8. Later or Latter
Tom and Dick were both heroes but only the ____ is remembered today
9. Pored/porous or Poured
Our unfenced and largely unpoliced border inevitably has been very ______.
10. Principal or Principle
A man of principle"; "he will not violate his _______
11. Shear or Sheer
In this ct throat competitive world, One could only get a job through ____persistence
12. Stationary or Stationery
The train passengers spent the night in the makeshift hotels of ____ carriages parked on railway
sidings.
13. Who or Whom
I am the only one _____ could survive in this ghastly earthquake.
14. Allusion or Illusion
They have the _____ that I am very wealthy and could influence anyone in society.
15. Aural or Oral
While visual learners prefer to learn information through charts and graphs, _____ learners prefer to
hear information.
16. Eminent or Imminent
All the _____ members of the community are going to appear on the screen tomorrow.
17. Fair or Fare
As how much________ we are supposed to pay to get a ticker.
18. Lead or Led
"We can chart our future clearly and wisely only when we know the path which has _____ to the
present.
19. Than or Then
The temperature of Africa is more _____ that of Asia.
20. There or Their
The two brothers divided _____ property equally.
21. Loose or Lose
Although she left her purse unattended on her seat she did not _____ it.
22. Miner or Minor
In spite of the gory accident they suffered only ______ injuries.
23. Dazed or Dazzled

The player was _____ by intense and bright headlights.
24. Ingenious or Ingenuous
He was very well known for his ______ solutions any kind of tricky problems
25. Leach or Leech
In the olden days, doctors used to _____ patients as part of the treatment
Answers (Exercise - I)
1. adopt
2. elude
3. complement
4. accept
5. affect
6. foundered
7. incredulous
8. latter
9. porous
10. principles
11. sheer
12. stationary
13. who
14. illusion
15. aural
16. eminent
17. fare
18. led
19. than
20. their
21. lose
22. minor
23. dazed
24. ingenious
25. leech

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Unit VIII

1. Ted, John, and I are going.

2. Corrections in the use of Adjectives with Verbs of Sense.

1. Everyone on the project have to come to the meeting. wrong

33. Among the two sisters, Habiba is a better dancer

30. They are quarrelling over a trifle.

II. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

The public who listen to that music are few. (Right)

Ten dollars is a lot of money.

4. There ____________ a list of committee members on the head-table.

III. USE OF ARTICLES

3. They play a wonderful match.

Exercises on Articles for Practice

10) What about going to Australia in x February

7) My sister often stays at x Uncle Tim's in Detroit.

Exercise III (Use A, AN Or Nothing)

Exercise IV (Use A, An, The or No Article)

9. __ Ganges is considered to be a holy river for Indians.

Put in the correct preposition.

25) Why do you lean __ the wall.

23) Parents often insist on good manners.

EXERCISE-II (Multiple Choice Questions on Prepositions)

13) I met my old classmate _____ the university.

1.2 The Present Continuous / Progressive Tense

She was not typing ..

She will not have finished her degree by 2012 ..

Part III Answers

d. fabulous (j) to state officially that a rule can be ignored

m. chuckling (d) a herd of wild pigs

1. Abdicate To give up a throne voluntarily

40. Incredible That which cannot be believed

11. A person pretending to be somebody he is not

Prefix Meaning Examples

intensification entangle, enrage

34. semi- half, partly semicircle, semi-conscious

1. The wheels are turning

20. All Bark and No Bite:

39. Pass The Buck:

59. Dropping like flies

78. Haste Makes Waste:

98. Let Sleeping Dogs Lie:

10. To "act up" means

2. A celebrated gentleman like him always pulls ___ the masses.

Exercises on Phrases for Practice - III

8. COMPLEMENT- to finish. ex: a fine wine is a perfect complement to the dinner.

PRINCIPLE-a general truth

23. Dazed or Dazzled

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