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1

2
nd
Week
(The week of two s)
Inner cytotrophoblast Cells divide.
Distinct cell boundaries .
Outer syncytiotrophoblast No active cell division
No cell boundaries
Multinucleated
Epiblast columnar cells


Hypoblast cuboidal cells
Formation of the amniotic cavity lined by aminioblasts. mnioblasts ori!inate from epiblast.
"lastocele lined by cells ori!inatin! in hypoblast cells #e$oceolomic membrane% forms
primitive yol& sac '
th
day

Day () *rimitive yol& sac E$ocoelomic cysts
+ry yol& sac
,ite of haematopoiesis
-erm cell formation
Formation of e$tra embryonic mesoderm
#"et.een e$ocoelomic membrane and cytotropoblast%
Cavities appear and fuse E$tra embryonic cavity/ chorionic cavity
0ithin the mesoderm
1he only place .here e$tra embryonic mesoderm traverses the chorionic cavity is in the
connectin! stal&
2epeat campai!n +334 /5
Mononucleated.
Inner cell mass
#Embryo proper%
"ilaminar !erm disc
5inin! of cytotropoblast and
the amnion
5ater blood
vessels develop
E$traembryonic mesoderm
1he linin! surroundin! the
yol& sac
E$traembryonic somatopleuric
mesoderm
E$traembryonic
splancnopleuric mesoderm

Connectin! stal&
"ecomes the umbilical cord
1rophoblast
2
Infertility
Assisted reproductive technology (ART)
(. In vitro fertili6ation
+. Intracytoplasic sperm in7ection
Summary of 2
nd
week
Implantation
Implantation be!ins at the end of (
st
.ee& #8th day%. Mucosa of the uterus is at the secretary
phase at the time of implantation.
Decidual reaction
(. !lyco!en and lipid synthesis
+. Edematous tissue
Completes at the end of )
rd
.ee&. #by day (( and (+%
Abnormal implantation
Normal sites anterior and posterior .all of uterus.
(. .ithin the uterus
bnormal site Internal openin! #os% of the cervi$
+. out side of the uterus #ectopic%
E$trauterine or ectopic pre!nancies
bdominal cavity (. peritoneal linin! of pouch of Dou!las.
+. *eritoneal coverin! of intestinal tract
9terine tube #most in ampulla%
Ovary

rd
Week
-astrulation : process by .hich bilaminar disc becomes trilaminar
2epeat campai!n +334 /5
1rophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
,ncytiotrophoblast
Embryoblast
Hypoblast
Epiblast
mniotic cavity
;ol& sac cavity
1.o cavities appear
,omatopleuric
,planchnopleuric
E$traembryonic
mesoderm
3
Onset of !astrulation appearance of primitive strea&
linear structure formed by loosenin! of epiblast cells on the bac& of the
embryo.
*rimitive strea& has the primitive node at its cephalic end.
Epiblast cells inva!inate #move in.ards% from primitive strea& and node.
Cells .hich displace the hypoblast form endoderm.
Cells placed bet.een epiblast and hypoblast mesoderm
Cells that do not mi!rate ectoderm
1he a$is of embryo is revealed by positionin! and polarity of primitive strea&.
Endoderm Ectoderm Mesoderm
!otochord
chordate characteristic.
Function
,erves as basis of a$ial s&eleton
Induces neurulation
*osition e$tends from primitive node to prechordal plate. 1his underlies the neural tube.
Formation (. *rechordal cells mi!rate throu!h primitive stea& and intercalate .ith the
endoderm to form definitive notochord.
+. Notochordal plate detaches from endoderm to form definitive notochord.
). 1hese events occur in a cranio:caudal direction.
2emnants Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc.
"erivatives of ectoderm
Neurulation
2epeat campai!n +334 /5
4
Definition Formation and foldin! of neural plate to form the neural tube. 1his is a dorsal
midline structure.
Formation
,lipper shaped ectodermal thic&enin! neural plate is formed
5ateral ed!es elevates neural folds
Folds fuse in the midline formes the neural tube
Fusion be!ins in the cervical re!ion and proceeds cranially and caudally.
Closure of neuropores Cranial +<
th
day #(4 to ++ somite%
Caudally +=
th
day #+< somite%
"road cephalic part brain
Narro. caudal part spinal cord
Neuoenteric canal connects the amniotic cavity and yol& sac throu!h primitive
Neural crest cells
Cells of border of neural folds detach > mi!rate.

Neural crest derivatives
ll !an!lia
C cell of the thyroid !land
Conotruncal septum
Melanocytes
Mid facial s&eleton
drenal medulla
#linicals
Caudal neuropores ,pina bifida #cystica%
Failure of closure
Cranial neuropores nencephaly

,pina bifida occluta not a N1D
2educe the ris& of N1Ds by ta&in! folic acid #every female of child bearin! a!e%
2epeat campai!n +334 /5
Neural tube
defects
5

2epeat campai!n +334 /5
Derivatives of mesodermal !erm layer
Intra embryonic mesoderm
Dermatome
#s&in%
Dermis and
subcutaneous
tissue
*ara a$ial mesoderm
Divides in to se!ments
,omatomeres
5ater on?.
,omatomeres ,omites
Myotome
#muscle%
,&eletal muscle
,omites
@ertebral column
"ones of s&ull
2ibs
,clerotome
#cartila!e and
bone%
ppear cranio caudally
) pairs a day
From day +3 to day )3
bout AA appear but later become )= due to disappearance of
( occipital and < to = coccy!eal somites
Intermediate mesoderm
uro!enital structures #upper parts%
&idney
corte$ of supra renal !land
!onads
5ateral plate mesoderm
Formation of intraembryonic coelom
,omtopleuric
mesoderm
@isceral serous
membrane
-ut .all linin!
,planchnopleuric
mesoderm
5ateral and ventral body
.allB
*arietal serous
membranes
#*arietal layers of pleural
pericardium > peritoneum
6
Di6y!otic t.ins
#+/)%
2esults from simultaneous sheddin! of
t.o oocytes fertili6ed by different
spermato6oa.
1.o 6y!otes have totally different
!enetic constitutions.
May or may not be of same se$
Implant individually in the uterus.
Develops its o.n amnionB placentaB
chorionic sac
May Cve fused placenta > chorian
Mono6y!otic t.ins
#(/)% #Identical%
Develops from a sin!le fertili6ed ovum.
2esults from splittin! of 6y!otes at
various sta!es.
(. separation at t.o cell sta!e
+ separate 6y!otes develop
"lastocysts implant separately
Each embryo has its o.n
placentaB chorionic sac. 5i&e
di6y!otic
+. ,plittin! at early blastocyst sta!e
Inner cell mass splits into +
separate cell !roups .ithin the
same blastocyst cavity. Common
placenta and chorionic cavity
separate amniotic cavities.
). t bilaminar !erm disc sta!e
before the appearance of the
primitive stea&.
,in!le placenta and common
chorionic and amniotic cavities.
2epeat campai!n +334 /5
Fetal membranes in t.ins
1.in Defects
(. Con7oined t.ins
*artialsplittin! of the primitive node > stea& formation of con7oined t.ins
Classified accordin! to nature and de!ree of union
1horacopha!ous from the thora$
Craniopha!ous 7oined in the sacral re!ion
*y!opha!ous from the head
+. Fetus papyraceus
One t.in lar!er
Other has been compressed and mummified
). 1.in trousfusion syndrome
*lacental vascular anastomoses produse unbalanced blood flo. to the t.o
fetuses.
7
*lacenta formation
Day '
i.e. +
nd
.ee&
@acuoles in syncytiotropoblast
Fusion
5ar!er lacunae lacunar sta!e
,yncytial cells penetrate the stroma
Erode maternal capillary endothelium
sinosoids formed
Maternal blood enters lacunae
Day ((
i.e. second
.ee&
*rimitive uteroplacental circulation be!ins
Day ()
*rimitive villi
#cytotrophoblastic core covered by syncytial
layer%
Day (8
,econdary villi
#part from above has a mesodermal core%
Day +(
1ertiary villi
#Establishment of vilous capillary system%
Functions of placenta D: E$chan!e !asesB nutrientsB maternal antibodies.
Hormone production
Fetal component D: Chorion Frondosum
*lacenta
Maternal component D: Desidua "asalis
9mbilical cord D: Connects fetus to placenta
Has + umbilical arteriesB ( vein E 0hartonFs Gelly
2epeat campai!n +334 /5
8
2epeat campai!n +334 /5
9
2epeat campai!n +334 /5
10
2epeat campai!n +334 /5

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