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Lecture #17 Lecture #17

Continuous BeamDesign Continuous BeamDesign Continuous Beam Design Continuous Beam Design
CE A433 CE A433 Reinforced Concrete Design Reinforced Concrete Design
T. Bart Quimby, P.E., Ph.D. T. Bart Quimby, P.E., Ph.D.
Spring 2010 Spring 2010
Introduction Introduction
Continuity tends to reduce the maximum Continuity tends to reduce the maximum
moment on a beam and makes it stiffer moment on a beam and makes it stiffer
Indeterminate Analysis is needed to solve Indeterminate Analysis is needed to solve Indeterminate Analysis is needed to solve Indeterminate Analysis is needed to solve
for the internal forces and deflections. for the internal forces and deflections.
Cover Plates can be used to add extra Cover Plates can be used to add extra
moment capacity to a beam in regions moment capacity to a beam in regions
where needed. where needed.
Determining Demand Determining Demand
Building codes require ALL probable Building codes require ALL probable
combinations (ASCE 7 Load Combinations) combinations (ASCE 7 Load Combinations)
and ALL possible load configurations be and ALL possible load configurations be p g p g
considered to make sure that maximum considered to make sure that maximum
effects are considered. effects are considered.
For statically determinate beams, load For statically determinate beams, load
arrangement is often obvious it is not for arrangement is often obvious it is not for
continuous beams. continuous beams.
Moment Envelopes Moment Envelopes
The maximum over the family of moment The maximum over the family of moment
diagrams. diagrams.
Placing Load Placing Load
Some loads are fixed in their location Some loads are fixed in their location
and/or distribution, others can be and/or distribution, others can be
everywhere, somewhere or no where. everywhere, somewhere or no where. y , y ,
Influence lines can be used to determine Influence lines can be used to determine
where to place moveable loads. where to place moveable loads.
Influence Lines for Moment Influence Lines for Moment
Qualitative Qualitative
influence influence
lines can be lines can be
used to used to
identify load identify load
patterns. patterns.
Loading for
Max. Positive
Moment at
2
Influence Lines for Moment Influence Lines for Moment
Qualitative Qualitative
influence influence
lines can be lines can be
used to used to
identify load identify load
patterns. patterns.
Loading for
Max.
Negative
Moment at
All Load Cases All Load Cases
Each case must be analyzed Each case must be analyzed
Envelope Envelope Envelope Envelope
Methods for Developing Methods for Developing
Moment Envelopes Moment Envelopes
Use influence lines to determine all needed Use influence lines to determine all needed
locations of movable loads and develop load locations of movable loads and develop load
combinations that include the fixed loads with combinations that include the fixed loads with
th bl l d i l h th bl l d i l h the moveable loads as previously shown the moveable loads as previously shown
Some computer programs will do envelopes Some computer programs will do envelopes
See influential superposition method shown in See influential superposition method shown in
chapter CB of the text chapter CB of the text
Brief Introduction to Brief Introduction to
Influential Superposition Influential Superposition
This is a method that I devised and is not This is a method that I devised and is not
in general use but works. in general use but works.
The main advantages The main advantages The main advantages The main advantages
substantially reduces the number of substantially reduces the number of
indeterminate analyzes that must be done indeterminate analyzes that must be done
No need for influence lines or worry about No need for influence lines or worry about
missing relevant load arrangements. missing relevant load arrangements.
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Basic Ideas Basic Ideas
Apply a unit load to each span individually Apply a unit load to each span individually
and do an analysis for each and do an analysis for each
Use linear combinations of the results to Use linear combinations of the results to Use linear combinations of the results to Use linear combinations of the results to
put together the envelopes. put together the envelopes.
Example from Text Example from Text
Consider the three span, constant EI, Consider the three span, constant EI,
beam shown beam shown
DL = 4 kN/m
LL = 6 kN/m
DL = 4 kN/m
LL = 8 kN/m
DL = 4 kN/m
LL = 7 kN/m
Find Values at the Points Shown Find Values at the Points Shown The Analysis Cases The Analysis Cases
Do an
indeterminate indeterminate
beam analysis for
each case to
determine the
end moments on
each span
Moment Distribution Moment Distribution
Many cycles later
Find Moment Values at Points Find Moment Values at Points
DUE TO A UNIT LOAD ON EACH SPAN DUE TO A UNIT LOAD ON EACH SPAN
For each:
-Can find V
1
& V
2
knowing M
1
and M
2
fromthe moment
distribution
C th V M th -Can then V
x
, M
x
on the
second FBD
-Note that w=1 on Span 1
and w=0 for spans 2 and 3
for this analysis case
V
1
= (M
1
+M
2
)/L + wL/2
M
x
= -wx
2
/2 + V
1
x M
1
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Summary of End Summary of End
Moments and Shears Moments and Shears
Moments at Intermediate Points Moments at Intermediate Points
Due to Unit Loads Due to Unit Loads
Moment Diagrams for Moment Diagrams for
Unit Load Cases Unit Load Cases
The Dead Load Case The Dead Load Case
Notation: Notation: M M
point point, Load Case , Load Case
MM
i,DL i,DL
= 4 = 4 kN kN/m*(M /m*(M
i,LC1 i,LC1
) + 4 ) + 4 kN kN/m*(M /m*(M
i,LC2 i,LC2
) )
+4 +4 kN kN/m*(M /m*(M
i LC3 i LC3
)) + 4 + 4 kN kN/m (M /m (M
i,LC3 i,LC3
))
Example: Point 8 Example: Point 8
M
8,1
= -2.26
M
8,2
= 1.96
M
8,3
= -0.79
4 kN/m
4 kN/m
4 kN/m
M
8,DL1
= -9.03
M
8,DL2
= 7.70
M
8,DL1
= -3.18
Finallythe DL at Point 8 due
to 4 kN/mon each span is:
M
8,DL
= (-9.03+7.70-3.18) N-m
M
8,DL
= -4.51 N-m
Finding the Upper Bound Finding the Upper Bound
of the Envelope of the Envelope
Live load moments will either add or Live load moments will either add or
subtract from the moment due to dead subtract from the moment due to dead
load which is already there load which is already there yy
MM
i,upper i,upper
= = M M
i,DL i,DL
+ w + w
11
*max[0,M *max[0,M
i,1 i,1
] + ] +
ww
22
*max[0,M *max[0,M
i,2 i,2
] + w ] + w
33
*max[0,M *max[0,M
i,3 i,3
]]
This equation automatically only includes This equation automatically only includes
the loads that cause positive moment at the loads that cause positive moment at
point point ii. .
Example: Upper Bound at Point 8 Example: Upper Bound at Point 8
M
8,1
= -2.26
6 kN/m
M
8,upper
= 0
M
8,2
= 1.96
M
8,3
= -0.79
8 kN/m
7 kN/m
M
8,upper
= 15.39
M
8,upper
= 0
M
8,upper
= -4.51 kN-m + 15.39 kN-m = 10.9 Kn-m
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Example: Lower Bound at Point 8 Example: Lower Bound at Point 8
M
8,1
= -2.26
6 kN/m
M
8,lower
= -13.54
M
8,2
= 1.96
M
8,3
= -0.79
8 kN/m
7 kN/m
M
8,lower
= 0
M
8,lower
= -5.56
M
8,lower
= -4.51 kN-m 13.54 kN-m 5.56 kN-m = -23.6 kN-m
Final Envelope Values Final Envelope Values
Advantage of Method:
Only three indeterminate analyses
All possible load combinations
considered
Go directly to envelope values Go directly to envelope values
ACI Coefficient Method ACI Coefficient Method
ACI 318 ACI 318--08 8.3: Methods of Analysis 08 8.3: Methods of Analysis
usual types of construction, usual types of construction,
spans and story heights spans and story heights
Must meet all Must meet all
five criteria five criteria
Positive Moment Coefficients Positive Moment Coefficients
M = w
u
l
n
2
/11
Unrestrained end
M = 0
Positive Moment Coefficients Positive Moment Coefficients
M = w
u
l
n
2
/14
Restrained end
M < 0 M = w
u
l
n
2
/16
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Negative Moment Coefficients Negative Moment Coefficients
Exterior Face of First
Interior Support
Other Faces of
Interior Supports
M = w
u
l
n
2
/9 or w
u
l
n
2
/10
M = w
u
l
n
2
/11
More Negative Moments More Negative Moments
Slab L
n
< 10 ft

beams
columns
L
I
L
I
M = w
u
l
n
2
/12
Even More Negative Moments Even More Negative Moments
M = w
u
l
n
2
/24 M = w
u
l
n
2
/16
Spandrel Beam
Column
Shear Shear
V = w
u
l
n
/2
V = 1.15w
u
l
n
/2
Making Moment Envelopes from Making Moment Envelopes from
the Coefficients the Coefficients
See text pages 299 See text pages 299--302 302
Author has derived the shear and moment Author has derived the shear and moment
diagrams from each possible span and end diagrams from each possible span and end g p p g p p
support condition. support condition.
You can write equations for shear and You can write equations for shear and
moment from the FBDs that are given. moment from the FBDs that are given.
ACI ACI
Moment Moment
Diagrams Diagrams
Wang, Salmon, Pincheira, Reinforced Concrete Design, 7
th
ed.
Can write equations for
Shear and Moment
using the load
diagrams and principles
of Statics.