Technical guideline No: Page:

TGI-NDE07-00 1 of 31
Expiration
Technical Guideline
None

Supersedes
Technical Guideline
Revision
Nondestructive Examination
Visible Magnetic Particle Examination TGI-NDE07-00 Rev. 0 1
Issuing Department: Approval: Previous Rev. Date Current Revision Date
QA/QC - Houston Gene Nikstad 5-Mar-04 5-Mar-05
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 PURPOSE OF TECHNICAL GUIDELINE........................................................................................3
2.0 TECHNICAL GUIDELINE OBJ ECTIVE ...........................................................................................3
3.0 SCOPE OF APPLICATION..............................................................................................................3
4.0 DEFINITIONS ..................................................................................................................3
5.0 METHOD (PROCESS) ..................................................................................................................3
5.1 PROCESS OVERVIEW......................................................................................................3
5.2 ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES ..........................................................................................4
5.3 PROCESS DETAIL.............................................................................................................5
5.3.1 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS..........................................................................5
5.3.2 MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT...........5
5.3.3 SURFACE PREPARATION...................................................................................7
5.3.4 EXAMINATION APPLICATION.............................................................................8
5.3.5 TECHNIQUE..........................................................................................................9
5.3.6 INTERPRETATION / EVALUATION....................................................................14
5.3.7 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA...................................................................................16
5.3.8 DEMAGNETIZATION ..........................................................................................16
5.3.9 POST EXAMINATION CLEANING......................................................................16
5.3.10 DOCUMENTATION.............................................................................................17
6.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................17
7.0 RECORD ................................................................................................................17




(Table of Contents - Continued on Next Page)

Technical Guideline TGI-NDE07.00 Page 2 of 31
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revision of this document.
8.0 ATTACHMENTS ................................................................................................................17
Attachment 1 - Magnetic Particle Examination Report.....................................................19
Attachment 2 - Pie-Shaped Magnetic Particle Field Indicator ..........................................21
Attachment 3 - Single-Turn & Two-Turn Central Conductor Technique...........................22
Attachment 4 - Determination of Visible Particle Concentration.......................................23
Attachment 5 - Sequence and Time of Examination........................................................24
Attachment A - AWS D1.1 - Acceptance Criteria..............................................................30
Attachment B - ASME Section VIIIDivision 1 - Acceptance Criteria.................................31
Attachment C - ASME B31.1 - Acceptance Criteria..........................................................31
Attachment D - ASMEB31.3 - Acceptance Criteria...........................................................31
Technical Guideline TGI-NDE07.00 Page 3 of 31
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revision of this document.
1.0 PURPOSE OF TECHNICAL GUIDELINE
1.1 The purpose of this technical guideline is to provide the specific requirements, methods,
and techniques to be used when performing, evaluating, and documenting Magnetic
Particle Examinations.
2.0 TECHNICAL GUIDELINE OBJECTIVE
2.1 The objective of this technical guideline is to satisfy all applicable requirements pertaining
to ASME Section V, Article 7, for Magnetic Particle Examinations.
3.0 SCOPE OF APPLICATION
3.1 This technical guideline is applicable to the performance, evaluation, and documentation
of all Visible Magnetic Particle Examinations performed by employees of J acobs
Engineering Group, Inc.
3.2 This technical guideline applies to the detection of discontinuities that are open to or near
the surface on ferromagnetic materials using the visible light, wet or dry continuous
method of examination.
3.3 The techniques described in this technical guideline are appropriate for magnetic particle
examinations of welds and base material (plates and forgings). Sizes and shapes of
items to be examined shall be unrestricted, provided the required magnetic flux can be
proven adequate and maintained for the technique used. Magnetic particle examinations
shall be performed while utilizing one or more of the following techniques:
3.3.1 Yoke technique.
3.3.2 Prod technique
3.3.3 Longitudinal magnetization technique.
3.3.4 Circular magnetization technique.
3.4 This technical guideline has been written to address the specific requirements of the
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, Article 7 in addition to the Standard
Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination, SE-709.
3.5 This technical guideline is intended to allow the examiner the flexibility of applying
whichever method or technique will provide the best examination results, based on the
particular examination conditions encountered at the time of the examination. Once a
method or technique is selected, compliance with the requirements of that method or
technique is mandatory.
3.6 The sequence and time of examination is defined, in Attachment 5 to meet specific
requirements of ASME Section VIII (Division 1), B31.1, B31.3, and AWS D1.1 for
examinations of welds and base material.
4.0 DEFINITIONS
4.1 Magnetic particle examination terminology shall be in accordance with ASME Code
Section V, Article 7, Mandatory Appendix II and Article 30 or SE-1316.
5.0 METHOD (PROCESS)
5.1 PROCESS OVERVIEW
5.1.1 This nondestructive examination technical guideline provides for both visible wet
and dry magnetic particle examination of ferromagnetic materials for the purpose
of detecting discontinuities that are at or near the surface of the part being
examined.
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revision of this document.
5.1.2 This examination method involves the pre-cleaning of the examination surface;
the magnetizing of a ferromagnetic part; the application of visible magnetic
particles; the removal of the excess magnetic particles; and the interpretation of
the patterns formed by the particles as magnetic leakage fields attract them,
thereby creating indications of ether a linear or rounded nature. The indications
are then evaluated and dispositioned, according to the acceptance criteria of the
applicable code or standard.
5.2 ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES
5.2.1 The J acobs NDE level III Examiner/Corporate Level III has the overall
responsibility for administrating the J acobs NDE Program, including this
Technical Guideline. The NDE Level III reports directly to the QA/QC Manager.
Responsibilities shall include, but not be limited to:
5.2.1.1 Develop NDE techniques that are consistent with industry practices
and safety recommendations.
5.2.1.2 Maintain the J acobs NDE program and all Technical Guidelines for
NDE methods and techniques, in compliance with all current
requirements of the latest codes or standards, including applicable
addenda.
5.2.1.3 Develop and administer written and practical examinations in
accordance with J acobs written practice (Technical Guidelines TGI-
NDE-01) for all NDE methods and techniques that the J acobs NDE
program consists of.
5.2.1.4 Provide training and guidance to all J acobs NDE personnel in the
execution of their assigned duties.
5.2.1.5 Develop and administer training programs and classroom instruction,
when application, for J acobs NDE personnel, or others that may
seek such training.
5.2.1.6 Administer the requirements for annual Visual Acuity Examinations
for all J acobs NDE personnel.
5.2.2 QA/QC Administrative Assistant - Responsibilities shall include, but not be limited
to:
5.2.2.1 Maintaining the training, education, qualification and certification
records of all J acobs NDE personnel, in a current and validated
manner.
5.2.2.2 Maintain the NDE Experience Logs and the Visual Acuity
Examination records for all J acobs NDE personnel in a current and
valid manner.
5.2.3 The inspector reports to the QA/QC Supervisor and the Manager QA/QC. The
Inspector is responsible for execution of the requirements of this Technical
Guideline. Responsibilities shall include, but not be limited to:
5.2.3.1 Performing and evaluating NDE Examinations and/or reviewing
documentation for compliance with the criteria of the referencing
code or standard, and this Technical Guideline.
5.2.3.2 Verifying the qualifications and certifications of NDE personnel
engaged in performing and evaluating the NDE examination.
5.2.3.3 Verifying the acceptability of the NDE method and technique and
approval, when required by engineering and/or client specifications.
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revision of this document.
5.2.3.4 Auditing the performance of NDE examinations for compliance with
the requirements of the referencing code or standard.
5.2.3.5 Maintaining the records required by this Technical Guideline.
5.2.3.6 Maintaining current and validated Qualification and Certification
Records.
5.2.3.7 Maintaining current and validated NDE Experience Logs and Annual
Visual Acuity Examination Records.
5.2.3.8 Reporting on the results of NDE Examinations.
5.2.4 The NDE Technician may be an employee, or under the direction of J acobs as a
subcontractor, or may be an employee, or under the direction of the
Vendor/Supplier. When an employee of J acobs, the NDE Technician will report
directly to the QA/QC Supervisor and the Manager of QA/QC. Responsibilities
shall include, but not be limited to:
5.2.4.1 Performing and evaluation the NDE Examination in accordance with
the referencing code or standard, and the written practices governing
the NDE examination technique.
5.2.4.2 Performing the required calibration or technique verifications, to
assure the acceptability and validity of the examination results.
5.2.4.3 Maintaining current and validated Qualification and Certification
Records.
5.2.4.4 Maintaining current and validated NDE Experience Logs and Annual
Visual Acuity Examination Records.
5.2.4.5 Reporting on the results of NDE Examinations.
5.3 PROCESS DETAIL
5.3.1 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
5.3.1.1 Personnel performing, interpreting, and documenting examinations
following this technical guideline shall be qualified and certified in
accordance with J acobs NDE Written Practice, Technical Guideline
TGI-NDE01.00.
5.3.2 MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
5.3.2.1 EXAMINATION MEDIUM
(a) Wet particles, including wet particle suspension vehicles, used
for Dry and wet particles, including wet particle suspension
vehicles, used for the detection of discontinuities shall be in
accordance with ASME Section V, Article 25, SE-709.
(b) Magnetic particles shall be of high permeability and low
retentively and of suitable size and shapes to readily produce
magnetic particle indications. They shall be of a color that will
provide adequate contrast with the background of the surface
being examined.
(c) Reputable manufacturer who produces magnetic particles
specifically for nondestructive testing purposes shall provide the
magnetic particles. Visible or nonfluorescent magnetic particles
approved for use are as follows:
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revision of this document.
Manufacturer Dry Type Manufacturer Wet Type
Magnaflux 8A - Red Magnaflux 7C Black
Magnaflux No. 1 Grey Magnaflux 7HF Black
Magnaflux 3A Black Magnaflux 9C Red
Circle Systems 61 Gray Magnaflux 9CM - Red
Circle Systems 63 Red Circle Systems MI-Glow # 106
Circle Systems 66 - Yellow Circle Systems MI-Glow # 600
Circle Systems 68 - Blue Circle Systems MI-Glow # 850
(d) For the wet particle application, a mixture of particles in a
prepared bath is the preferred medium. However, when the size
of the part to be examined necessitates the use of mixed
suspensions, the wet particle suspension shall be mixed in
accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. The
concentration of the mixed wet bath shall be measured and
maintained in accordance with Attachment 4.
5.3.2.2 MAGNETIZING EQUIPMENT
(a) Magnetizing equipment capable of producing within the material
under examination, a magnetic flux of the density, characteristic,
and duration specified for one or more of the magnetizing
techniques listed in 3.3 may be used. Magnetizing equipment
approved for use is as follows:

Manufacturer Type Manufacturer Type
Magnaflux Y-6 or Y7 Parker Research DA-400
Magnaflux P-90 Parker Research DA-750
Magnaflux P-1500 Parker Research DA-1500
Magnaflux M-500 Magnaflux DSF-100X


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revision of this document.
5.3.2.3 EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION
(a) Visible light intensity meters and magnetizing equipment-
containing ammeters shall be calibrated at least once a year or
whenever the equipment has been subjected to major electric
repair, periodic overhaul, or damage. If equipment has not been
in use for a year or more, calibration shall be done prior to the
first use.
(b) The accuracy of the units meter shall be verified annually by
equipment traceable to a national standard. Comparative
readings shall be taken for at least three different light intensity
levels and current output levels as applicable, encompassing the
usable meter range.
(c) The units meter reading shall not deviate by more than 10% of
full scale, relative to the actual intensity or current value as
shown by the test meter.
5.3.2.4 LIFTING POWER FOR YOKES
(a) AC electromagnetic yokes shall have a lifting power of at least
10 lb. at the maximum pole spacing to be used. DC
electromagnetic yokes, including permanent magnets, shall have
a lifting power of 40 lb. at the maximum pole spacing to be used.
(b) Yokes shall be lift tested at the start and end of each series of
examinations or as a minimum at the start and end of each shift
of use. If the yoke fails the lift test at the end of the
examinations, re-examinations must be performed on all areas
examined since an acceptable lift test was performed. The
magnetizing power of all yokes shall be checked be checked
whenever the yoke has been damaged or repaired.
(c) Each weight shall be weighed with a scale from a reputable
manufacturer and stenciled with the applicable nominal weight
prior to use. A weight need only be verified again if damaged in
a manner that could have caused potential loss of material.
5.3.3 SURFACE PREPARATION
5.3.3.1 Generally, satisfactory results may be obtained when the surfaces
are in the as welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged condition.
However, surface preparation by grinding or machining may be
necessary in some cases when surface irregularities might mask the
indication of discontinuities.
5.3.3.2 Prior to magnetic particle examination, the surface to be examined,
and any adjacent area within at least one-inch of the surface to be
examined, shall be dry and free of any dirt, grease, lint, scale,
welding flux, spatter, oil, or other extraneous matter that would
interfere with the examination.
5.3.3.3 Cleaning may be accomplished by detergents, organic solvents,
descaling solutions, paint removers, vapor degreasing, sand or grit
blasting.
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revision of this document.
5.3.3.4 The temperature of the wet particle suspension and the surface of
the part shall not exceed 135F for the wet particle application. The
temperature of the dry particles and the surface of the part shall not
exceed 600F for the dry particle application.
5.3.4 EXAMINATION APPLICATION
5.3.4.1 Preliminary Examination Before the magnetic particle
examination is performed, a check of the examination surface shall
be conducted to locate any discontinuity surface openings, which
may not attract and hold magnetic particles because of their width.
5.3.4.2 Rectified Current Whenever direct current is required rectified
current may be used. The rectified current for magnetization shall be
three-phase (full-wave rectified) current, or single-phase (half-wave
rectified) current.
(a) The amperage required with three-phase, full-wave rectified
current shall be verified by measuring the average current.
(b) The amperage required with single-phase (half-wave rectified)
current shall be verified by measuring the average current output
during the conducting half cycle only.
(c) When measuring half-wave rectified current with a direct current
test meter, readings shall be multiplied by two.
5.3.4.3 Magnetizing field adequacy should be checked when examination of
welds on lugs, attachments, supports, or other items with geometric
conditions or limitations is required. When necessary, the adequacy
and direction of the magnetizing field shall be verified by positioning
a Pie-Shaped Magnetic Particle Field Indicator (Attachment 2) on
the surface to be examined.
5.3.4.4 When using the Pie-Shaped Magnetic Particle Field Indicator, a
suitable flux or field strength is indicated when a clearly defined line
of magnetic particles forms across the copper face of the indicator
when the magnetic particles are applied simultaneously with the
magnetizing force (i.e. continuous method). When a clearly defined
lined of particles is not demonstrated, or is not formed in the desired
direction, the magnetizing technique shall be changed or adjusted.
5.3.4.5 With dry or nonfluorescent particles, the examination shall be
performed using visible light. A minimum light intensity of 100 fc
(1000 Lx) is required to ensure adequate sensitivity during the
examination and evaluation of indications.
5.3.4.6 Magnetic particle examinations shall be carried out by the continuous
method; that is, the magnetizing current shall remain on during the
period the examination medium is being applied and while the
excess examination medium is being removed.
5.3.4.7 For dry particle applications, the particles shall be applied by lightly
dusting the surface to be examined, enabling the particles to migrate
freely to possible discontinuities. It is essential to carefully observe
the formation of indications while the powder is being applied.
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5.3.4.8 Accumulations of excess dry particles in examinations shall be
removed with a light air stream from a bulb or syringe or other source
of low-pressure dry air. The examination current or power shall be
maintained while removing the excess particles. Care shall be taken
not to disturb or remove lightly held powder patterns
5.3.4.9 For the wet particle applications, the particle suspension or bath shall
be thoroughly agitated prior to application. The suspension or bath
shall be applied at the recommended concentration, by spraying or
flowing over the area(s) to be examined. Care shall be taken to
prevent a high-velocity flow or spray especially where highly polished
examination surfaces are involved.
5.3.4.10 The mechanics and timing of the wet bath application shall be such
that indications will have sufficient time to form. Allow 4 to 5 seconds
for excess particles to be carried away in the suspension or attracted
to flux leakage sites while the magnetizing current remains
energized.
5.3.4.11 Regardless of the manner of producing the magnetic flux, the
greatest sensitivity will be to the linear discontinuities lying
perpendicular to the lines of flux. To ensure the most effective
detection of discontinuities, it is necessary to examine each area
twice with the lines of magnetic flux in one test approximately
perpendicular to the direction used in the other test.
5.3.4.12 A different technique for magnetization may be used for the second
examination, when it is impractical to conduct the second
examination with the same technique as the first examination.
5.3.4.13 Area of Interest: Unless otherwise specified, the examination area for
welds shall be the weld surface plus inch of base material on each
side of the weld, except where physical configuration prohibits such
examination. The examination area for raw materials (plates and
forgings) shall be as defined on the applicable drawing, specification,
or work order.
5.3.4.14 Examination Coverage: Examination shall be conducted with
sufficient overlap to assure 100% coverage at the established test
sensitivity.
5.3.5 TECHNIQUE
5.3.5.1 YOKE TECHNIQUE (LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIZATION)
(a) Alternating current (AC) electromagnetic yokes shall be used to
detect surface discontinuities only. Direct current (DC)
electromagnetic or permanent magnetic yokes shall be used to
detect surface discontinuities and, to some extent, near surface
discontinuities.
(b) When the poles of a yoke are placed on the surface of a part,
lines of force travel through the part from one pole to the other.
This magnetic field extends outward, on either side beyond an
imaginary line drawn connecting the poles. These regions may
be considered part of the acceptable examination area for a
distance not to exceed of the pole spacing.
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revision of this document.
(c) The adequacy and direction of the magnetizing current should be
verified by using a Pie-Shaped Magnetic Particle Field Indicator
for each pole spacing that will be used.
(d) Larger areas may be considered after demonstrating adequate
magnetic flux at the extremes to be examined, using a Pie-
Shaped Magnetic Particle Field Indicator as described in 5.3.4.3.
(e) Magnetic particle examinations using the yoke technique shall be
conducted using the following sequential procedure:
(1) Ensure that the poles are free of foreign material.
(2) The area to be examined shall be magnetized locally by
pressing the contact poles against the material.
(3) Turn on magnetizing current after placement of the poles.
Pole spacing shall be between 3 inches and maximum
spacing used during weight lift test.
(f) For the dry particle application, dust the indicating powder lightly
upon the examination surface between the poles. Carefully
observe the examination surface, while the current is on, for the
formation of indications during both application and removal of
dry particles. Remove excess dry particles in a manner that
does not remove lightly held particle patterns.
(g) For the wet particle application, apply the properly agitated wet
particle bath upon the examination surface between the poles.
Carefully observe the examination surface, while the current is
on, for the formation of indications.
(h) Turn off magnetizing current. Remove poles. Record and mark
any relevant indications.
(i) Reposition the poles approximately 90 and follow the same
procedure as above, as applicable.
Note: The requirement to turn off the magnetizing current is
not applicable for permanent magnetic yokes.
(j) Where geometric configuration causes limitations, pole spacing
less than three inches may be used provided the adequacy and
direction of magnetization are verified in accordance with
paragraph in 5.3.4.3.
5.3.5.2 PROD TECHNIQUE (DISTORTED CIRCULAR MAGNETIZATION)
(a) This technique shall be used to detect surface discontinuities
and to some extent, near surface discontinuities. Only the dry
particle application method shall be used with the prod
technique.
(1) Direct or rectified magnetizing current shall be used.
(2) The prod technique shall not be used on machined surfaces.
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(b) Magnetization is accomplished by the use of portable prod-type
electrical contacts pressed against the part surface in the areas
to be examined. A remote control switch, which may be built into
the prod handles, shall be provided to prevent arcing by
permitting the current to be turned on after the prods have been
properly positioned, and turned off before the prods are
removed.
(c) Maximum prod spacing shall be eight inches. Shorter spacing
may be used to meet the geometry of the area being examined
or to increase sensitivity. The area to be examined shall be
restricted to the space between the prods, except for one-inch
closest to each prod. Prod spacing generally shall not be less
than three inches since banding of the indicating medium may
occur around the prod tips.
(1) The area subject to examination is also limited to a
maximum distance of one-fourth of the spacing to either side
of an imaginary line connecting the prods.
(2) Larger areas may be considered after demonstrating
acceptable magnetic flux at the extremes to be examined,
using the Pie-Shaped Magnetic Particle Field Indicator in
5.3.4.3.
(d) The prod tips shall be kept clean and dressed, and the contact
areas of the test surface free from dirt, scale, oil, etc., to
minimize electrical arcing.
(e) The adequacy and direction of the magnetizing current should be
verified by using a Pie-Shaped Magnetic Particle Field Indicator
for each prod spacing that will be used. The amount of
magnetizing current shall be based on the prod spacing and part
section thickness. The following requirements shall be used to
calculate the required amperage values:
(1) For section thickness less than 3/4-inch, the magnetizing
current shall be 90 minimum to 110 maximum amp/inch of
prod spacing. Therefore, for a 1/2-inch section thickness,
using 6-1/2-inch prod spacing, the required magnetizing
current (amperage) would be 585A minimum to 715A
maximum.
(2) For section thickness 3/4-inch and greater, the magnetizing
current shall be 100 minimum to 125 maximum amp/inch of
prod spacing. Therefore, for a one-inch section thickness,
using 6-1/2-inch prod spacing, the required magnetizing
current (amperage) would be 650A minimum to 812A
maximum.
(f) Magnetic particle examinations using the prod technique shall be
conducted using the following sequential procedure:
(1) The area to be examined shall be magnetized locally by
pressing the electrical contact prods against examination
surface.
(2) Turn on magnetizing current.
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revision of this document.
(3) Dust the dry particles lightly upon the examination surface
between the poles.
(4) Carefully observe the examination surface, while the
current is on, for the formation of indications during both
application and removal of dry particles. Remove excess
dry particles in a manner, which does not remove lightly
held particle patterns.
(5) Turn off magnetizing current. Remove prods. Record and
mark any relevant indications.
(6) Reposition the prods approximately 90 and follow the
same procedure as above.
(7) Care shall be taken to prevent local overheating of the
surface being examined. Special attention must always be
given to the turning on of current after placement of the
prods, and the turning off the current before removing prods
to avoid arcing.
5.3.5.3 LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIZATION TECHNIQUE
(a) For this technique, magnetization is accomplished by passing
current through a multi-turn fixed coil (or cables) that is wrapped
around the part or section of the part to be examined. This
produces a longitudinal magnetic field parallel to the axis of the
coil.
(1) If a fixed, pre-wound coil is used, the part shall be placed
near the side of the coil during inspection. This is of special
importance when the coil opening is more than 10 times the
cross-sectional area of the part.
(b) Magnetic Field Strength. - Direct or rectified current shall be
used to magnetize parts examined by this technique. The
required field strength shall be calculated based on the length L
and the diameter D of the part in accordance with 5.3.5.3 (c),
5.3.5.3 (d), and 5.3.5.3 (e). Long parts shall be examined in
sections not to exceed 18-inches, and 18-inches shall be used
for the part L in calculating the required field strength. For non-
cylindrical parts, D shall be the maximum cross-sectional
diagonal.
(c) Parts with L/D Ratios Equal to or Greater Than 4. The
magnetizing current shall be within 10% of the Ampere-turns
value determined as follows:
2 ) / (
000 , 35
+
=
D L
Turns Ampere
(1) For example, a part 10-inch long and 2-inch diameter has an
L/D ratio of 5. Therefore,
turns Ampere =
+
000 , 5
) 2 5 (
000 , 35

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(d) Parts With L/D Ratios Less Than 4 but Not Less Than 2. - The
magnetizing ampere-turns shall be within 10% of the ampere-
turns value determined as follows:
D L
turns Ameeree
/
000 , 45
=
(e) If the area to be magnetized extends beyond 6-inches on either
side of the coils, field adequacy shall be demonstrated using the
magnetic field indicator per in 5.3.4.3.
Note: If the coil is in direct contact with the part being
examined, the next adjacent examination shall include,
within the 6-inches to the side of the coil, the area that
was previously restricted from view.
(f) For large parts due to size and shape, the magnetizing current
shall be 1200 ampere-turns to 4500 ampere-turns. The field
adequacy shall be demonstrated using the magnetic field
indicator in accordance with in 5.3.4.3.
(g) Magnetizing Current - The current required to obtain the
necessary magnetizing field strength shall be determined by
dividing the ampere-turns, obtained in paragraphs 5.3.5.3 (c) and
5.3.5.3 (d) above, by the number of turns in the coil as follows:
turns
turns ampere
reading meter Amperes

= ) (
(1) For example, if a 5-turn coil is used and the ampere-turns
required are 5000, use:
) 10 ( 000 , 1
5
000 , 5
% = ampers
5.3.5.4 CIRCULAR MAGNETIZATION TECHNIQUE
(a) Direct Contact Technique - For this technique, passing current
through the part to be examined produces magnetization. This
produces a circular magnetic field that is approximately
perpendicular to the direction of current flow in the part.
(b) Direct or rectified (half-wave rectified or full-wave rectified)
magnetizing current shall be used.
(1) The current shall be 300 amp/in. to 800 amp/in. of outer
diameter.
(2) Parts with geometric shapes other than round with the
greatest cross-sectional diagonal in a plane at right angles to
the current flow, shall determine the inches to be used in
5.3.5.4 (b) (1), above.
(3) If the current levels required for 5.3.5.4 (b) (1) cannot be
obtained, the maximum current obtainable shall be used and
the field adequacy shall be demonstrated in accordance with
in 5.3.4.3.

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5.3.5.5 CENTRAL CONDUCTOR TECHNIQUE
(a) For this technique, a central conductor is used to examine the
internal surfaces of cylindrically or ring-shaped parts. The central
conductor technique may also be used for examining the outside
surfaces of these shapes.
(b) Where large diameter cylinders are to be examined, the
conductor shall be positioned close to the internal surface of the
cylinder.
(c) When the conductor is not centered, the circumference of the
cylinder shall be examined in increments. Field strength
measurements in accordance with the requirements of the first
paragraph under 5.4 shall be used to determine the extent of the
arc that may be examined for each conductor position. Bars or
cables, passed through the bore of a cylinder, may be used to
induce circular magnetization.
(d) Magnetizing Current. The field strength required shall be equal to
that determined by the 300-amp/in. to 800-amp/in rules, for a
single-turn central conductor. The magnetic field will increase in
proportion to the number of times the central conductor cable
passes through a hollow part.
(1) For example, if 6000 amperes are required to examine a part
using a single central conductor, then 3000 amperes are
required when 2 turns of the through-cable are used, and
1200 amperes are required if 5 turns are used (See
Attachment 3).
(e) When the central conductor technique is used, magnetic field
adequacy shall be verified using a Pie-Shaped Magnetic Particle
Field Indicator in 5.3.4.3.
5.3.6 INTERPRETATION / EVALUATION
5.3.6.1 Discontinuities on or near the surface are indicated by retention of
the examination medium. However, localized surface irregularities
due to machining marks, magnetic permeability variations or other
surface conditions may produce false indications.
5.3.6.2 The interpretation shall identify if an indication is false, nonrelevant,
or relevant. False and nonrelevant indications shall be proven as
false or nonrelevant. Interpretation shall be carried out to identify the
locations of indications and the character of the indication.
5.3.6.3 Any indication that is believed to be non-relevant shall be regarded
as a defect until the indication is eliminated by surface conditioning
and reexamined, evaluated by other nondestructive means and
demonstrated to be nonrelevant, or reexamined to verify whether or
not actual detects are present.
5.3.6.4 Broad areas of particle accumulation, which might mask indications
from discontinuities, are prohibited and such areas shall be cleaned
and reexamined.


5.3.6.5 AWS D1.1 - MAGNETIC PARTICLE INDICATION EVALUATIONS
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(a) The magnetic particle acceptance criteria in Attachment 3 are
based on the size of the actual discontinuity and not the size of
the discontinuity as indicated by the magnetic particle-indicating
medium. When surface discontinuities are revealed by
magnetic-particle means, acceptance shall be based on a direct
visual measurement of the actual discontinuity.
(b) Where the discontinuity cannot be visually seen (with
magnification if required) after removal of the indicating medium,
evaluation shall be based on the size and nature of the magnetic
particle indications.
(c) For subsurface discontinuities, the evaluation must be based on
the size of the discontinuity indication because the discontinuity
is not accessible.
5.3.6.6 ASME SECTION VIII, DIV. 1 - MAGNETIC PARTICLE INDICATION
EVALUATIONS
(a) Except as otherwise stated for Appendix 26 in 5.3.6.6 (g)
below, magnetic particle indications shall be evaluated per the
criteria in paragraph 5.3.6.6 (b):
(b) An indication is the evidence of a mechanical imperfection. Only
indications, which have any dimension greater that 1/16-inch,
shall be considered relevant.
(c) A linear indication is one having a length greater than three times
the width.
(d) A rounded indication is one of circular or elliptical shape with a
length equal to or less than three times its width.
(e) An indication of an imperfection may be larger than the
imperfection that causes it; however, the size of the indication is
the basis for acceptance evaluation.
(f) Any questionable or doubtful indications shall be reexamined to
determine whether they are relevant.
(g) Appendix 26 - Pressure Vessel and Heat Exchanger Expansion
J oints, paragraph 26-5 (Base Metal and Welds)
(1) Indications shall be evaluated based on paragraph 5.3.6.6
(b), except, any linear indication found by examination shall
be considered relevant if the dimension exceeds t
m
/4, but not
less than 0.010-inch, where t
m
is the minimum bellows wall
thickness before forming in inches.
5.3.6.7 ASME B31.1 AND B31.3 - MAGNETIC PARTICLE INDICATION
EVALUATIONS
(a) Relevant indications are those, which result from mechanical
discontinuities.
(b) ASME B31.1 Only Indications, which have any, dimension
greater than 1/16-inch, shall be considered relevant. ASME
B31.3 indications are not limited on size.
(c) A linear indication is one having a length equal to or greater than
three times the width.
(d) A rounded indication is one of circular or elliptical shape with a
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length less than three times its width.
(e) An indication of an imperfection may be larger than the
imperfection that causes it; however, the size of the indication is
the basis for acceptance evaluation.
5.3.7 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
5.3.7.1 Unless otherwise stated in the governing work instructions,
acceptance criteria shall be per the applicable code or standard as
follows:
(a) AWS D1.1 - Attachment A
(b) ASME Section VIII, Division 1 - Attachment B
(c) ASME B31.1 - Attachment C
(d) ASME B31.3 - Attachment - D
5.3.8 DEMAGNETIZATION
5.3.8.1 When required by design, drawing or when residual magnetism in
the part could interfere with subsequent processing or usage, the
part shall be demagnetized after completion of the examination. One
of the following techniques shall be used:
(a) Withdrawal from an AC field: Items are inserted into an AC coil
that has a field strength, equal to or greater than that used for
magnetizing the item. The part shall be slowly and completely
withdrawn from the influence of such a field prior to be field being
turned off.
(b) Alternatively, the coil may be moved with respect to the part in a
manner that each portion of the part experiences a maximum AC
field gradually decreasing to zero field strength.
(c) Decreasing AC Field: The item shall be demagnetized by
magnetizing in an AC field, equal to or greater than that used for
the examination. The AC current shall be reduced in small
increments to a negligible (near zero) value. This decrease in
current shall be accomplished in at least 25 small, nearly equal
steps.
(d) Reducing, Reversing DC Field: The item shall be demagnetized
by magnetizing in a DC field, equal to or greater than that used
for the examination. The polarity of the field shall then be
reversed, and the field strength reduced in increments, the
polarity being reversed for each increment. At least 25 small,
nearly equal increments shall be used.
(e) Withdrawal From an AC Field (Yoke): To demagnetize local
areas of large parts, place the poles on the part surface and
apply current. Move the yoke around the surface area and then
slowly withdraw while the yoke is still energized.


5.3.9 POST EXAMINATION CLEANING
5.3.9.1 The residual examination medium shall be removed from surfaces by
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means of approved liquid cleaning agents, wiping with towels or
cloths, brushing, or a combination of such methods
5.3.10 DOCUMENTATION
5.3.10.1 Recording of Indications
(a) Nonrejectable Indications. Nonrejectable indications shall be
recorded as specified by the referencing Code Section.
(b) Rejectable Indications. Rejectable indications shall be
recorded. As a minimum, the type of indications (linear or
rounded), location and extent (length or diameter or aligned)
shall be recorded.
5.3.10.2 Examination Records
(a) For each examination, the following information shall be
recorded:
(1) technical guideline identification and revision;
(2) magnetic particle equipment and type of current;
(3) magnetic particles (visible or fluorescent, wet or dry);
(4) examination personnel identify and qualification level;
(5) map or record of indications per the above Recording of
Indication Criteria;
(6) material and thickness;
(7) lighting equipment; and
(8) date and time examinations were performed.
6.0 REFERENCES
6.1 J acobs NDE Written Practice, Technical Guideline TGI-NDE01.00
6.2 ASME Section V, Latest Edition and Addenda.
6.3 ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Latest Edition and Addenda
6.4 AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code, Latest Edition and Addenda
6.5 ASME B31.1 and B31.3 Piping Codes, Latest Edition and Addenda
7.0 RECORD
7.1 The Site QA/QC Supervision or the Project QA/QC Coordinator shall be responsible for
maintaining the NDE records, if required, in accordance with the specific site or project
requirements.
8.0 ATTACHMENTS
8.1 Attachment 1 - Magnetic Particle Examination Report.
8.2 Attachment 2 - Pie-Shaped Magnetic Particle Field Indicator
8.3 Attachment 3 - Single-Turn & Two-Turn Central Conductor Technique
8.4 Attachment 4 - Determination of Visible Particle Concentration
8.5 Attachment 5 - Sequence and Time of Examination
8.6 Attachment A - AWS D1.1 - Acceptance Criteria
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8.7 Attachment B - ASME Section VIII Division 1 - Acceptance Criteria
8.8 Attachment C - ASME B31.1 - Acceptance Criteria
8.9 Attachment D - ASME B31.3 - Acceptance Criteria

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ATTACHMENT 1 - MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION REPORT

Report No.: Client:
Job Location: Project No.:
Procedure No.: Rev. No.: Drawing No.: Rev. No.:
Part Status:
Base Material Weld Prep. Weld Root Partial Weld Final Weld Repair
Surface Preparation: Application:
Ground As-Welded Residual Continuous Part-Temperature
Machined Other Magnetic Field Strength Adequacy Check with Pie Gauge Yes No
Material Type: Material Thickness:
Magnetic Particles
Manufacturer: Batch No.: Particle Type:
Non-Fluorescent Dry Particles Wet Particles Dry Particles
Non-Fluorescent Wet Particles Prepared Bath Batch #: Red Gray
Fluorescent Dry Particles Mixed/Concentration (ml) Yellow Black
Fluorescent Wet Particles Suspension Vehicle: Other:
Magnetizing Equipment
Manufacturer: Model: Serial No.: Meter Calibration Date:
Technique /Method
Prods: DC Rectified AC Prod Spacing Amps/Inch
L/D Ratio: 4 > 4 to 2 Other Ampere-Turns
Coils: DC Half Wave Rectified Full Wave Rectified AC Amperes
Direct Contact:: DC Half Wave Rectified Full Wave Rectified AC Amperes
Central Conductor: AC DC Half Wave Rectified AC Full Wave Rectified AC Amperes
Amps/Inch Extent of Coverage Per Conductor Position
Yoke: AC DC Permanent Magnet Date Lift Test Performed:
Manufacturer: Model: Pole Spacing: Weight Amt
Lighting Light Meter
Visible Light Light Intensity at the Examination Surface: (fc) Manufacturer:
Ultraviolet Light Light Intensity at the Examination Surface: W/cm
2
Model:
Lighting Equipment Used:
Acceptance Criteria
ASME B31.1 Normal Fluid Service AWS Statically Loaded Non-Tubular Connections ASME Section I, Appendix A-260.4
ASME B31.1 Severe Cyclic Conditions AWS Cyclically Loaded Non-Tubular Connections ASME Section VIII, Art. 8 & App. 9-2
ASME B31.1 Category D Fluid Service AWS Tubular Connections ASME Section IX, QW-195.2
ASME B31.1 High Pressure ASME B31.3 Par. 136.4,4,B Other:
Demagnetization Performed Yes No
Method Used:
Examination Results
Part/Weld Identification Accept Reject Linear Length Aligned Rounded Dia. Comments



Sketch
(See continuation page for additional information, if required)
I II III
Examiner/Technician (Print Name) & (Signature) (Level) (Date) (Time)

Client Representative (Print Name) & (Signature)
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Report No.: Client:

Examination Results Continued
Part/Weld Identification Accept Reject Linear Length Aligned Rounded Dia. Comments










Sketch

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ATTACHMENT 2 - PIE-SHAPED MAGNETIC PARTICLE FIELD INDICATOR






When placed on the part, in the area being examined, a suitable flux or field strength is indicated
when a clearly defined line of magnetic particles forms across the copper face of the indicator when
the magnetic particles are applied simultaneously with the magnetic force. When a clearly defined
line of particles is not formed, or is not formed in the desired direction, the magnetizing technique
shall be changed or adjusted.
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ATTACHMENT 3 - SINGLE-TURN & TWO-TURN CENTRAL CONDUCTOR TECHNIQUE





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ATTACHMENT 4 - DETERMINATION OF VISIBLE PARTICLE CONCENTRATION

The following tests for wet magnetic particle suspensions should be conducted at startup and at regular
intervals, not to exceed eight hours, to assure consistent performance for non-prepared bath materials:
1.0 DETERMINING BATH CONCENTRATION
1.-1 Bath concentration is determined by measuring its settling volume through the use of a
Test Method D 96 pear-shaped centrifuge tube with a 1-mL stem (0.05-mL divisions) for
fluorescent particle suspensions.
2.-1 The magnetic particle suspension shall be thoroughly mixed to ensure that there is no
settle out of particles in the bath on the sides or bottom of the container.
3.-1 Take a 100-mL portion of the suspension from the hose or nozzle, demagnetize and
allow it to settle for approximately 60 minutes with petroleum distillate suspensions or 30
minutes with water-based suspensions before reading. The volume settling out at the
bottom of the tube is indicative of the particle concentration in the bath.
2.0 SAMPLE INTERPRETATION
2.1 If the bath concentration is low in particle content, add a sufficient amount of particle
materials to obtain the desired concentration. If the suspension is high in particle
content, add sufficient vehicle to obtain the desired concentration.
2.1.1 If the settled particles appear to be loose agglomerates rather than a solid layer,
take a second sample. If still agglomerated, the particles may have become
magnetized; replace the suspension.
3 SETTLING VOLUMES
3.1 For wet visible particles, the recommended settling volume is from 1.2 to 2.4 mL in a 100-
mL bath sample, unless otherwise specified by the particle manufacturer.
4 CONTAMIATION
4.1 Non-fluorescent suspensions shall be checked periodically for contaminants such as
dirt, scale, oil, lint, water (in the case of oil suspensions), and particle agglomerates which
can adversely affect the performance of the magnetic particle examination process. The
test for contamination shall be performed at least once per week, during examination
periods.
4.2 Particle Contamination. The graduated portion of the tube shall be examined under
visible light for striations or bands, differences in color or appearance. Bands or striations
may indicate contamination. If the total volume of the contaminates, including brands or
striations exceed 30% of the volume magnetic particles, or if the liquid is noticeably
fluorescent, the bath shall be replaced.

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ATTACHMENT 5 - SEQUENCE AND TIME OF EXAMINATION

1.0 In addition to the requirements to examine the weld and -inch of base material on each side of
the weld, the following specific criteria shall be considered when performing examinations to the
various referencing codes covered by this technical guideline.
Note: Unless otherwise specifically addressed herein, Magnetic Particle examinations should
be performed at the last feasible stage of the manufacturing process.
2.0 AWS D1.1 - Structural Welding Code
2.1 When welds are subject to Magnetic Particle Examination in accordance with AWS D1.1,
the testing may begin immediately after the welds have cooled to ambient temperature,
however, acceptance criteria for ASTM A514 and A517 Steels shall be based on
examinations performed not less than 48 hours after completion of welds.
3.0 ASME Section VIII, Divisions 1
3.1 Part UG - Inspection of Materials, paragraph UG-93 (d)(3) (Base Material)
3.1.1 When specified by engineering specification(s) or drawing(s), pressure parts
welded to a flat plate thicker than inch to form a corner joint under the
provision of UW-13 (e), the weld joint preparation in the flat plate shall be
examined before welding as specified in 3.1.3 below by the appropriate
magnetic particle examination methods.
3.1.2 After welding, both the peripheral edge of the flat plate and any remaining
exposed surface of the weld joint preparation shall be reexamined by the
appropriate magnetic particle examination method as specified in 3.1.3 below.
3.1.3 For Figure UW-13.2 the weld joint preparation and the peripheral edges of flat
plate forming a corner joint shall be examined as follows:
3.1.3.1 The weld edge preparation of typical weld joint preparations in the
flat plate as shown in sketches (b), (c), (d), (f), and (n);
3.1.3.2 The outside peripheral edge of the flat plate after welding as shown
in sketches (a), (b), (c), and (d);
3.1.3.3 The outside peripheral edge of the flat plate after welding, as shown
in sketches (e), (f), and (g) if the distance from the edge of the
completed weld to the peripheral edge of the flat plate is less than
the thickness of the flat plate such as defined in UG-34 (b);
3.1.3.4 The inside peripheral surface of the flat plate after welding as shown
in sketches (m) and (n);
3.1.3.5 No examination is required on the flat plate as shown in sketches (h),
(i), (j), (k), and (l).






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3.2 ASME Section VIII Part UHT - Ferritic Steel Vessels, paragraph UHT-57 (Nozzle
Attachment Welds, Overlay Welds, and all other Welds including welds for
attaching non-pressure parts to heat treated steels)
3.2.1 When specified by engineering specification(s) or drawing(s), welds shall be
examined by the appropriate magnetic particle method, as follows:
3.2.1.1 Nozzle Attachment Welds. Figure UHT-18.2 type nozzles having an
inside diameter of 2 in. or less shall be examined. For nozzle
attachments illustrated as sketches (a), (b), and (f) of Figure. UHT-
18.2, the exposed cross section of the vessel wall at the opening
shall be included in the examination.
3.2.1.2 All ferromagnetic welds, including welds for attaching non-pressure
parts to heat treated steels covered by Part UHT, shall be examined
after the hydrostatic test, except that those surfaces not accessible
after the hydrostatic test shall be examined at the last feasible stage
of vessel fabrication. A magnetization method shall be used that will
avoid arc strikes.
3.3 ASME Section VIII Part UHT - Ferritic Steel Vessels, paragraph UHT-85 (Structural
and Temporary Weld)
3.3.1 When specified in the engineering specification(s) or drawing(s), temporary
welds and weld repairs shall be inspected as follows:
3.3.1.1 Temporary welds shall be removed and the metal surface shall be
restored to a smooth contour. The area shall be inspected by the
appropriate magnetic particle method for the detection and
elimination of cracks.
3.3.1.2 If repair welding is required, the finished weld surface shall be
inspected by the appropriate magnetic particle method for the
detection and elimination of cracks.
3.4 ASME Section VIII Appendix 26 - Pressure Vessel and Heat Exchanger Expansion
Joints, paragraph 26-5 (Base Metal and Welds)
3.4.1 When specified in the engineering specification(s) or drawing(s), all expansion
joint flexible elements and welds shall be examined as follows:
3.4.1.1 All expansion joint flexible elements shall be visually examined for
and shall be free of injurious defects, such as notches, crevices,
material buildup or upsetting, weld spatter, etc., which may serve as
points of local stress concentrations. Suspect surface areas shall
be further examined by the appropriate magnetic particle
examination method.
3.4.1.2 All full penetration butt-type welds shall be examined 100% on the
inside and outside surfaces by the appropriate magnetic particle
methods before forming. This examination shall be repeated after
forming to the maximum extent possible considering the physical
and visual access to the weld surfaces after forming.
3.4.1.3 The circumferential attachment welds between the bellows and the
weld ends shall be examined 100% by the appropriate magnetic
particle examination method.


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4.0 ASME Standard B31.3
4.1 Chapter VI Inspection, Examination, and Testing, paragraph 341.4.3 (Socket and
Branch Connection Welds in Sever Cyclic Service)
4.1.1 When specified in the engineering specification(s) or drawing(s), socket welds
and branch connection welds, which are not radiographed, shall be examined by
the appropriate magnetic particle method.
4.2 Chapter VI Inspection, Examination, and Testing, paragraph 345.9.1 (Examination
of Welds in lieu of Hydrostatic or Pneumatic Leak Testing)
4.2.1 When engineering determined the hydrostatic, pneumatic or a combination
hydrostatic-pneumatic leak test to be impracticable, piping welds shall be
examined as follows:
4.2.1.1 All welds, including structural attachment welds, not covered by
100% radiography, shall be examined by the appropriate magnetic
particle method.




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SEQUENCE AND TIME OF EXAMINATION

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ATTACHMENT A - AWS D1.1 - ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR STATICALLY LOADED NONTUBULAR CONNECTIONS
Welds that are subject to Magnetic Particle Examination shall have no cracks and shall be
acceptable if:
(a) Thorough fusion exists between adjacent layers of weld metal and between weld metal and the
base metal.
(b) Complete joint penetration groove welds in butt joints transverse to the direction of computed
tensile stress shall have no visible piping porosity. For all other groove welds and for fillet
welds, the sum of the visible piping porosity 1/32 inch or greater shall not exceed 3/8 inch in
any linear inch of weld and shall not exceed inch in any 12-inch length of weld.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR CYCLICALLY LOADED NONTUBULAR CONNECTIONS
Welds that are subject to Magnetic Particle Examination shall have no cracks and shall be
acceptable if:
(a) Thorough fusion exists between adjacent layers of weld metal and between weld metal and the
base metal.
(b) The frequency of piping porosity in fillet welds shall not exceed one in each 4 inches of weld
length and the maximum diameter shall not exceed 3/32 inch. Exception: for fillet welds
connecting stiffeners to web, the sum of the diameters of piping porosity shall not exceed 3/8
inch in any linear inch of weld and shall not exceed inch in any 12-inch length of weld.
(c) Complete joint penetration groove welds in butt joints transverse to the direction of computed
tensile stress shall have no piping porosity. For all other groove welds, the frequency of piping
porosity shall not exceed one in 4-inch of length and the maximum diameter shall not exceed
3/32 inch.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR TUBULAR CONNECTIONS (ALL LOADS)
Welds that are subject to Magnetic Particle Examination shall have no cracks and shall be
acceptable if:
(a) Thorough fusion exists between adjacent layers of weld metal and between weld metal and the
base metal.
(b) The sum of diameters of piping porosity in fillet welds does not exceed 3/8 inch in any linear
inch of weld and does not exceed inch in any 12-inch length of weld.
(c) Complete joint penetration groove welds in butt joints transverse to the direction of computed
tensile stress shall have no piping porosity. For all other groove welds, piping porosity shall not
exceed 3/8 inch in any linear inch of weld and shall not exceed inch in any 12-inch length of
weld.

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ATTACHMENT B - ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 - ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
All surfaces to be examined shall be free of:
(a) relevant linear indication;
(b) relevant rounded indication greater than 3/16 inch;
(c) four or more rounded indications in a line separated by 1/16 inch or less (edge to edge).
Part UHT, paragraphs UHT-57 and UHT-58. In additions to the requirements of paragraph 1.0,
magnetic particle indications detected and evaluated as cracks, are unacceptable regardless of
length, if detected on Ferritic Steel Vessel Welds.
ATTACHMENT C - ASME B31.1 - ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
The following relevant indications are unacceptable:
(a) Any crack or linear indication;
(b) Rounded indication with dimensions greater than 3/16 inch;
(c) Four or more rounded indications in a line separated by 1/16 inch or less (edge to edge);
(d) Ten or more rounded indications in any 6 square inches of surface with the major dimension of
this area not to exceed 6 inches. This measurement is to be taken in the most unfavorable
location relative to the indications being evaluated.
ATTACHMENT D - ASME B31.3 - ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
The following relevant indications are unacceptable:
(a) Cracks are not acceptable in welds.