International J ournal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJ CTT) volume 7 number 4 J an 2014

ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page183

MIMO Schemes With Spatial Modulation in Wireless
Communication
Laxminarayanan.G
1
, Jayanthi.S
2

1
(Electronics And Communication Engineering,Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College/Pondicherry
University,India)
2
(Electronics And Communication Engineering,Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College/Pondicherry
University,India)

ABSTRACT : The combination of spatial
modulation (SM) and space-time block coding
(STBC) provides more advantages than other
modulation techniques. In the MA-SM system, the
transmitted symbols are mapped into a high
dimensional constellation space including the
spatial dimension. This provides Inter channel
Interference between the signals while signals are
transmitted by MIMO scheme in which receiver
receives many signals and it also causes high BER
(Bit Error Rate). A general principle for designing
the efficient MA-SM for arbitrary number of
transmits antennas and different modulation
schemes are adopted. Moreover a near optimal
detection scheme with low complexity for MA-SM
is also used and analyzed. This may reduce the
Inter channel Interference and bit error rate
efficiently.


Keywords - Include spatial modulation (SM),
multiple active spatial modulation (MA-SM),
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), space-time
block coding (STBC), V-BLAST systems.
1. INTRODUCTION
MULTIPLE-INPUT multiple-
output (MIMO) scheme designed for wireless
communication is shown to be a good process to
increase the capacity and reliability comparing with
wireless systems .Among the several MIMO
techniques, The diversity and multiplexing gain are
achieved by space time block codes(STBC) and
spatial multiplexing respectively. The STBCs
provides a good way to improve spatial diversity
gain because of the implementation simplicity and
also low decoding complexity. The V-BLAST
scheme can give high multiplexing gain. The most
eligently used V-BLAST scheme can provide a
increased multiplexing gain by allowing continuous
transmission over all antennas. The high capacity is
obtained by joint ML decoding for the data streams
at the receiver, but the complexity grows
exponentially with the number of streams.
However, the available linear sub-optimal decoders
for V-BLAST, such as linear decorrelator,
successive cancellation and linear minimum mean
square error (MMSE) have shown to loss the error
performance of the system .
The transmission of a signal in MIMO
scheme from a transmitter can be received by
various receivers. While transmitting the signals
using this scheme there will be inference occur
between the signals received in the receiver end.
This is due to receiving more than one signal at a
time. In order to avoid this situation, this paper
proposed a design which describes the usage of
multiple modulation techniques like 16QAM,
QPSK, BPSK, 8PSK, etc. For instance the signal
from a transmitter with modulation technique
QPSK can be received only by means of the
receiver with the same modulation technique.
2. PROPOSED SCHEME
The proposed design which describe the
implementation of different modulation techniques
in wireless transmission system as shown in the
block diagram figure 1.
2.1 STBC (Space Time Block Codes)
In STBC scheme both the transmitting
antenna indices and STBC symbols from which
these symbols will be carry information. We
choose Alamoutis STBC, which transmits one
symbol pcu, as the core STBC due to its advantages
in terms of spectral efficiency and simplified ML
detection. In Alamoutis STBC, two complex
information symbols (1 and 2) drawn from an -
PSK or -QAM constellation are transmitted from
two transmit antennas in two symbol intervals in an
orthogonal manner by the codeword
where columns and rows correspond
to the transmit antennas and the symbol intervals,
respectively. For the STBC-SM scheme we extend
the above matrix to the
International J ournal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJ CTT) volume 7 number 4 J an 2014
ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page184


Fig. 1 Block diagram of the proposed Design
antenna domain. An STBC is usually represented
by a matrix. Each row shows a time slot and each
column shows one antenna transmissions over
time.

Here, S
ij
is the modulated symbol to be
transmitted in time slot i from antenna j. There
are to be T time slots and n
T
transmitter antennas
as well as n
R
receiver antennas. This block is
usually named to be of 'length' T.
2.2 QAM MODULATION
The 16-QAM means 16-state
Quadrature amplitude modulation. In which four I
values and four Q values, giving four bits per
symbol, 16 states because row (2,4) = 16.
Theoretical bandwidth efficiency is four
bits/second/Hz .I and Q channels are spitted by
data in which it takes on two phases. However,
two intermediate amplitude values will be
accommodated by 16 QAM. Two bits are routed
to each channel simultaneously. In each channel
the two bits are added and then it is fed to the
channels modulator. Phase modulation (analogue
PM) and phase-shift keying (digital PSK) can be
regarded as a special case of QAM, where the
magnitude of the modulating signal is a constant,
with only the phase varying. This can also be
extended to frequency modulation (FM)
and frequency-shift keying (FSK), for these can
be regarded as a special case of phase
modulation. Table I shows the details regarding
the carrier phase and amplitude corresponding to
the various symbols transmitted. And the
corresponding graphical representation is shown
in the figure 2.

TABLE I
CARRIER PHASE AND AMPLITUDE CORRESPONDING
TO THE VARIOUS SYMBOLS TRANSMITTED
Symbol
transmi
tted
Carrier phase Carrier
Amplitu
de
0000 225 0.33
0001 255 0.75
0010 195 0.75
0011 225 1.0
0100 135 0.33
0101 105 0.75
0110 165 0.75
0111 135 1.0
1000 315 0.33
1001 285 0.75
1010 345 0.75
1011 315 1.0
1100 45 0.33
1101 75 0.75
1110 15 0.75
1111 45 1.0

2.3 QPSK MODULATION
In QPSK, the symbols are grouped and
modulated by data bits and each can take one of
four possible values. In each interval, the
modulator will be shifting the carrier to one of
four possible values corresponding to the symbol
of input values. In the ideal case, the phase shift
will be 90 degree apart and this phase can be
equal selected by it. The structure uses the
trigonometric identity,
I cos ct + Q sin ct = R cos (ct + )
International J ournal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJ CTT) volume 7 number 4 J an 2014
ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page185

Where


Fig. 2, 16 QAM Mapping

The modulated signal for carrier frequency,
x(t) = I (t) + jQ(t)
The trivial model of the modulator will be
requiring the simulation of the idealized signal.
The complex signal x(t) can be created by
simplification using the in phase baseband signal
I(t) as the real part. The schematic diagram for
the representation of QPSK mapping is in figure
3. The transmission of symbols in QPSK
corresponding the various state change and phase
changes are described in Table II.



Fig. 3 QPSK Mapping
TABLE II

PHASE SHIFT DURING STATE CHANGE IN
QPSK

Phase Change
(Degree
s)
State Change Dibit
0 A-to-A 01
90 A-to-B 00
180 B-to-D 10
270 D-to-C 11

2.4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED
SCHEME
The transmission of a signal in MIMO
scheme from a transmitter can be received by
various receivers. While transmitting the signals
using this scheme there will be inference occur
between the signals received in the receiver end.
This is due to receiving more than one signal at a
time. In order to avoid this situation, this paper
proposed a design which describes the usage of
multiple modulation techniques like 16QAM,
QPSK, BPSK, 8PSK, etc. For instance the signal
from a transmitter with modulation technique
QPSK can be received only by means of the
receiver with the same modulation technique.
And also the input signals are split in order to
transmit the segmented input signal at a particular
time slot by means of STBS system.
3.CHANNEL ESTIMATION

Let Ep and Np be the energy transmitted
for each pilot pulse and the number of pilot pulses
used for channel estimation, respectively.
Similarly we can be assuming that channel
estimation is shown by using a Maximum-
likelihood detector,then by obserbing Np pilot-
plus-data symbols,the wireless channel will be
constant. In transmission of one block of pilot
plusdata symbols, the wireless channel is
assumed to be constant, i.e. a quasistatic channel
model is considered. The channel estimation
errors are statistically independent and identically
distributed, as well as statistically independent of
the channel gains and the AWGN at the receiver.
4.DETECTION

In MA-SM (Multi Active Spatial
Modulation), the different transmission symbols
are transmitted by means of different
transmission antennas. In the MA-SM system,
the receiver must solve the -
International J ournal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJ CTT) volume 7 number 4 J an 2014
ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page186

hypothesis problem with the proper algorithm.
The optimal ML decoder, which detects the
antenna set together with the symbols, increases
exponentially in complexity for high order
constellation since the exhaustive search space
increases at the speed of as N
P
grows.
We will introduce a near-optimal detection
method with low complexity for MA-SM scheme.
Considering the signal transmission model and
assuming that the indices of active antennas are
a
1
..a
NP
, we could rewrite it following equation
to simplify notation.
This will be giving the linear structure of
the signal space that the received signal y is the
linear combination of the channel vector
corresponding to the active antennas.


If the noise could be ignored, y
lies in the subspace Gk spanned by ha1 , ...hNP .
Supposing that the dimension of Gk is pk, we can
judge whether the vector is in the subspace or not
via projecting y onto the subspace Gk to derive
the vertical distance between them. Since
projection is a linear operation, we can represent
it using a pk by NR matrix Tk, the rows of which
form an orthogonal basis of Gk. The vector y
Tky should be interpreted as the vertical distance
from the vector y to subspace Tk, but expressed
in terms of the coordinates defined by the basis of
Gk formed by the rows of Tk. Based on Tses
decorrelator described in [8], the decorrelator for
the kth stream Tk is the k-th row of the pseudo
inverse H of matrix H is given by,



4.1 16 QAM DEMODULATION
Three computationally-efficient list-
based soft MIMO demodulators are developed,
each on generates its list using the randomization
procedure associated with the semi-definite
relaxation (SDR) of a particular hard
demodulation problem. The schematic of this
SDR depends on the signalling scheme .Let us
now focus on 16-QAM signalling. The key step
in the development of the first two demodulators
is the derivation of polynomial expressions for
the extrinsic information provided by the decoder.
The decoder will be equally provided with respect
to the corresponding values which will be equally
dependent in its values and this values will show
low dependent values where it does not have
equal ant values with respect to the signalling
data in it.
These expressions enable this information to be
incorporated into the SDR framework.


Fig. 4, 16-QAM Demodulation

The resulting "List-SDR" demodulators
require one semi-definite program (SDP) to be
solved at each demodulation decoding iteration.
In the proposed "Single-SDR" demodulator this
requirement is reduced to one SDP per channel
use by deriving an approximation of the
randomization procedure used by the List-SDR
demodulator and showing that this approximation
enables the decoupling of the processing of the
channel measurement from that of the extrinsic
information from the decoder. Simulation results
show that the proposed demodulators provide
considerable reductions in computational cost
over several existing soft demodulators, and that
these reductions are obtained without incurring a
substantial degradation in performance. The
performance of the 16 QAM Demodulation is
given by the plotting the graph SNR vs BER and
it is shown in the fig.4.

4.2 QPSK DEMODULATION

The original message data stream is
assumed by the QPSK modulator that it was split
into two streams, A and B, at the transmitter,
with each being converted to a PSK signal. The
two PSK signals were then added their carriers
being in phase quadrature .

There are two PSK de-modulators in the
de-modulators , whose outputs, after analog-to-
digital (A/D) conversion, are combined in a
parallel-to-serial converter.so,the recombination
of the two channels to the original single serial
stream is performed by the convertor.
Here it can be done, if the carriers at the
carriers at the demodulator are synchronous ,and
correctly phased, with respect to the transmitter

International J ournal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJ CTT) volume 7 number 4 J an 2014
ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page187


Fig. 5 ,QPSK Demodulation

In this experiment only the
principle of recovering the A and B channels
from the QPSK signal is demonstrated. So neither
the A/D nor the parallel-to-serial converter will
be required. Since you will be recovering these
signals separately only one half of the
demodulator need be constructed. The PHASE
SHIFTER with appropriate adjustment will
recover either A or the B message .The BER
curve for QPSK demodulation is shown in fig.5

5.SIMULATION PERFORMANCE

In order to substantiate the theoretical
derivation as shown in Figure 6, the BER
performance by Monte Carlo simulation
transmission with different numbers of receives
antennas. It could be observed that the derived
BEP bound agrees well with the simulation
results at high SNRs while the mismatch at low
SNRs is because that some approximation
premise in the theoretical derivation cannot be
satisfied.




Fig. 6 BER Vs SNR

6.CONCLUSION

In this paper, we introduced a novel
high-rate, low complexity MIMO transmission
scheme, called MA-SM, as an alternative in
existing techniques in which, STBC, SM,
VBLAST and implementation of different
modulation techniques. It has been shown via
computer simulations that MA-SM offers
significant improvements of system performance
with compared to the different modulation with
an acceptable linear decoding complexity. It can
be concluded that the MA-SM scheme will be
useful in wireless communication. The future
research work is focused on design a system such
that the system itself adopt the modulation based
on the type of input.
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