Bisnis Kelistrikan

TEE 314
 DAFTAR ISI

1 Model Perkuliahan

2 Definisi Bisnis Kelistrikan

3 Ruang Lingkup Mata Kuliah

4 Isu-isu Terkini dalam Bisnis Kelistrikan

5 Referensi

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Model Perkuliahan
 IPP ( LISTRIK SWASTA)
– Higher cost of funds due to no sovereign guarantee and sourcing
of funds.
– Funds obtained through ECA (EDC, JEXIM, USEXIM, etc.) and
commercial banks.
– Non Recourse Financing is typical of all IPPs to limit sponsor
risk.
 UTILITY
– Sovereign guarantee results in better terms and conditions on
funds.
– Funds are sourced through development banks, ECA and
commercial banks.
– Project are recourse, or limited recourse funded, I.E. PLN
responsible for repayment regardless of project viability
– Social and economic considerations may result in less than
optimal operating conditions.
Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314
Model Perkuliahan
 Student centre learning
 Penugasan individu dan kelompok
 1 kelompok 4 orang, bersifat permanen
 Materi penilaian :
– Tugas kecil
– Tugas besar
– Ujian mid
– Ujian akhir
 Semua tugas melalui “Papirus2”
 Dispensasi keterlambatan hanya karena :
– Tugas “negara”
– Papirus error saat upload (dlm interval 1 jam sebelum deadline
dan dibuktikan dg screenshoot). Tanpa bukti tidak diterima
– File tidak bisa dibuka

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Dilarang Keras !!!

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314
 Rasio Elektrifikasi Nasional Rasio Elektrifikasi Nasional 2009 : 65%
NAD Category :
74,91%
> 60 %
Sumut
69,32% 41 - 60 %
Kaltim 20 - 40 %
Kalteng Gorontalo
Riau + Kepri 68,37%
44,33% 48,70% Sulut
54,66% 66,62%
Kalbar Malut
45,65% 47,81%

Sumbar Sumsel
68.72% 49,80% Sulteng
Babel 47,64%
Jambi Sulsel
48.85% 72,45%
54,90%
Jakarta Sultra
Bengkulu Kalsel
100% 38,21% Maluku
50.08% 71,39% Bali 55,36%
Lampung 74,42%
47,66%
Banten Jabar Jatim
72,11% Jateng
64,95% 71,08% NTT
70,60% NTB Papua + Irjabar
Jogya 31.99% 24.24%
32,05%
79,64%
Sumber: ESDM
Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314
Proyeksi Kebutuhan Energi Listrik : 2010-2019
54 TWh Tumbuh rata-rata : 9,2 % per tahun
21 TWh
HP: 12.055 MW
IB : 10,2%

28 TWh
11 TWh
HP: 25.670 MW
IT : 10,6%

252 TWh
115 TWh
HP: 850 MW
JB : 8,97%

HP: Hydropower Potential ( 38.515 MW ), 3rd screening Kondisi 2010 Proyeksi 2019

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Projection on Additional Generation Capacity

9000
8000 IPP PLN

7000
Mega Watt (MW)

4945
6000 1921
1390
1252
5000
2353
4000 531
2501
3191

3000 3028
4985 5175
4686
2000 3625 3698
2302 3242
2384 2299
1000 1558
306
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Total additional of Generation Capacity 2010 - 2019 is 55.210 MW consist of

• 23.252 MW from IPP
• 31.958 MW from PLN Source : RUPTL 2010 - 2019

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

 Projection on Total Investment Cost
14000.0
Power Distribution Power Transmission
12000.0 956.0
1014.0 Power Generation
1509.7 999.9
10000.0 1577.0
1087.4 1836.1 1183.6
Million USD

1210.5 1330.1
8000.0 781.2 2045.9 1371.7
2239.0 1310.1 971.0
878.0 1340.3
1987.7
6000.0 840.7

9230.0 9687.6
4000.0 8054.9
6605.8 6744.4 7025.9
6070.6 6301.8
5353.3 5559.5
2000.0

0.0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Total investment cost (PLN + IPP) is approximately 97.1 Billion USD :

• 70.6 Billion USD for power generation
• 15.1 Billion USD for power transmission
• 11.2 Billion USD for power distribution Source : RUPTL 2010 - 2019

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

 Peluang Bisnis

Sektor Pekerjaan
Pertumbuhan yang Luas
Permintaan
yang Sangat Tinggi

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Peluang Bisnis

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Why Study Power Market Management?

How to deal with the transition/transformation?

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Why Competitive Electricity Market?
 Monopolies are inefficient!
o No incentive to operate efficiently
• Costs are higher than they could be
o No penalty for mistakes
• Unnecessary investments
 Benefits of introducing competition
o Increase efficiency in the supply of electricity
o Lower the cost of electricity to consumers
• More customer choices
o Support economic growth

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Customer’s Choices

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

How Price for Electricity is Determined?

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

How price for Electricity is Determined?

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Changes that are Required?
 Privatization
o Government-owned organizations become
private, for-profit companies
 Competition
o Remove monopolies
o Wholesale level: generators compete to sell
electrical energy
o Retail level: consumer choose from whom they
buy electricity
 Unbundling
o Generation, transmission, distribution and retail
functions are separated and performed by
different companies

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Wholesale Competition

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Retail Competition

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Fundamental Underlying Assumption

 Treat electricity as a commodity

 Examples of commodities
o A ton of wheat
o A barrel of crude oil
o A cubic meter of natural gas

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

How Do We Define the Electricity Commodity?

 A volt of electricity?
 An ampere of electricity?
 A MW of electricity?
 A MWh of electricity?

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Effect of Cyclical Demand

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Effect of Cyclical Demand
 Electrical energy can not be stored economically
 Electrical energy must be produced when it is
consumed
 Demand for electrical energy is cyclical
 Cost of producing electrical energy changes with the
load
 Value of a MWh is not constant over the course of a
day
 A MWh at a peak time is not the same as a MWh at
off-peak time

Commodity should be ‘MWh at a given time’

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Effect of Location

 Price of electricity at A = marginal cost at A

=$50/MWh
 Price of electricity at B = marginal cost at B
=$100/MWh
 Transmission constraint segments the market

Commodity should be ‘MWh at a given time and a given

location’

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Effect of Security of Supply

 Consumers expect a continuous supply of electricity

 Need to study how we can achieve this security of
supply

Commodity should be ‘MWh at a given time and a

given location, with a given security of supply’

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Effect of the Law of Physics, Counter Intuitive Flows

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Effect of the Laws of Physics

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Unbundling
 Competitive market will work only if it is fair
 One participant should not be able to prevent
others from competing
 Management of the network or system should
be done independently from sales of energy
o Open Access to the transmission network
o Separation of energy businesses from wires
businesses
 Energy business become part of a
competitive market
 Wire businesses remain monopolies

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Consequences
 Monopoly vertically-integrated utility
o One organization controls the whole system
o Single perspective on the system
 Unbundled competitive electricity market
o Many actors, each controlling one aspect
o Different perspectives, different
objectives/benefits
o New market rules and regulations

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Challenges
 How to make the system work so that all
participants are satisfied (i.e. achieve their
objectives)?
 Government commitments in integrating
renewable energy in the power systems
o Increased demand for power balancing
o Forecasting production, forecasting electricity
prices more difficult
o More bottlenecks, more work for network
management
o Increased international trading

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Challenges
Wind power in Sweden

National planning target set to facilitate (In2020):

30 TWh (20 TWh on-shore, 10 TWh off-shore)
12000 MW

Potential for wind power is in excess of the proposed

planning target

Present installed capacity

Hydro 16000 MW
Nuclear 9000 MW

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Challenges

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

California in 2000/1

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Referensi
 Handout Seminar dan Pameran Nasional
Teknologi dan Bisnis Ketenagalistrikan
2011 Institut Teknologi Bandung
 Tuan A. Le, Power Market Management,
Chalmers University of Technology

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314

Nuwun

Bisnis Kelistrikan TEE 314