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uk
Lighting planning
Quantities, units and their signicance
For standardised denitions and further clarication of magnitudes, units and concepts, see SS- EN 12 665 - Basic terms and criteria for specifying lighting requirements
Quantity/Concept Symbol Unit Formula Explanation
Luminous intensity candela
(cd)
I=/ Luminous intensity is the intensity in a determined direction. Denition: -
Luminous ux per solid angle ().
Illuminance E
(lx)
Lux
(lm/m
2
)
Illuminance refers to the luminous ux that hits a specic surface.
Denition: - Luminous ux per unit area (m
2
).
Luminance L (cd/m
2
) L=I/A
(L=I/Acos)
This is dened as the luminous intensity in a specic direction from a surface of
a light source, luminaire or lit surface, divided by the projected area.
Luminous ux lumen
(lm)
=I/ Luminous ux refers to the total amount of light emitted from a light source. It is
dened as the amount of light emitted when the light sources radiant luminous
ux, is evaluated against the eyes sensitivity in daylight (l-curve according to CIE).
Design lumen

B
lumen Refers to the light sources luminous ux that is emitted at an ambient tem-
perature of 25 C. The quoted luminous ux may differ from the light sources
maximum luminous ux.
Design efciency

B
The design efciency of the luminaire is used in lighting calculations together
with the design lumen for the light source. The design efciency includes the
correction for BLF when measuring the luminaire and light source in an ambi-
ent temperature of 25 C.
B
=
measured
x BLF.
Ballast Lumen Factor BLF Denes the luminous ux from a light source. It is measured with either a
commercial ballast or a reference ballast, at an ambient temperature of 25C.
Colour temperature kelvin
(K)
CIE 17.4 Colour temperature is the colour impression of a light source. A warm colour
temperature is <4000K and a cold colour temperature is >4000K. A single unit
of Kelvin (K) is equal to 0C e.g. 273.17K= 0C.
Colour reproduction
index
Ra R
a
-index CIE 17.4 Is the measurement of a light sources ability to reproduce colour compared
to a reference light source at a predetermined colour temperature. An Ra
index is used for graduation, which according to CIE, can be at the most 100
and shall for lighting workplaces be a minimum of 80.
Luminous efcacy
- light source
H (lm/W) =/P The luminous efcacy from a light source can be dened as the relationship
between the luminous ux emitted by a light source and the electrical output it
consumes. Luminous efcacy can also be described as a measurement of light
source efciency.
Luminous efcacy
- system (light source
+ ballast)
H (lm/W) =/P The system luminous efcacy from a light source can be dened as the
relationship between the luminous ux emitted by a light source and the
electrical output it consumes including ballast losses.
Glare CIE- 31,
112, 117
Is a visual impairment caused by the extreme contrast or inappropriate
distribution of luminance levels. Glare is normally subdivided into: -discomfort
glare UGR/NB - disability glare TI/GR.
Unformity E
min
/E
ave
L
min
/L
ave
Ratio between the lowest value and the average value of brightness on a
specic surface.
Luminaire luminance - - The average luminance of a luminaires luminous parts measured and/or
calculated in the C-plane at 15 intervals starting at 0, and elevation angles
() of 65, 75 and 85. Usually the manufacturer will provide this data, based
on the light sources total nominal luminous ux in the luminaire.
Shielding angle
(for luminaires light
source)
- - The angle between the horizontal plane and the rst line of sight at which
any part of the luminaires light source becomes directly visible.
Cut-off angle
(for luminaires)
The angle between the luminaires vertical axis & the point at which the light
source & surfaces of high luminance are not visible.
Solid angle steradian
(sr)
=A/r
2
The angle subtended by an area at a point and equal to the quotient of the
projected area on a sphere, centered on the point, by the square of the radius
of the sphere.
Mean mortality rate hours
(h)
Mean mortality rate is the average life span of a light source and is dened as
the time after which 50% of a large number of controlled light sources have
failed (Incandescent lamps, halogen lamps and uorescent lamps).
Service mortality rate hours
(h)
The service mortality rate is dened as the point at which 80% of the lighting
installations original luminous ux remains. The depreciation in luminous ux
depends on the reduced luminous ux and spent light sources.
Economic mortality
rate
hours
(h)
The economic mortality rate is dened as the point at which 70% of the light-
ing installations original luminous ux remains. The depreciation in luminous
ux depends on the reduced luminous ux and spent light sources.
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Lighting planning
European Lighting Standard EN 12464-1
Planning the lighting of indoor workplaces
From May 2003 companies in European CEN-countries, have a mutual
standard for the planning of lighting of indoor workplaces.
According to CEN/CENELECs internal provisions the following
countries have been called upon to adopt the new European stan-
dards: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Iceland,
Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Switzer-
land, Spain, United Kingdom, Sweden, The Czech Republic, Germany
and Austria.
Lighting of indoor workplaces
The following text is an interpretation of the main guidelines in
the new European standard for the lighting of indoor workplaces
EN 12464-1.
The new standard does not cover all aspects of planning a lighting
installation, and reference should also be made to the SLL code for
lighting. The lighting industry in Sweden intends to publish a planning
guide during the year which will replace Ljuskulturs guidelines for
planning indoor lighting. The new planning guide will provide infor-
mation on how the standards can be applied to the lighting of indoor
workplaces.
Workplace lighting
The new European standard EN 12464-1 highlights the minimum
illuminance requirements of an actual working area rather than the
entire room. The guidelines recommend that the lighting outside the
working area should be adapted to the conditions that apply inside
the working area. The values stated in the collection of tables, refer to
the lowest illuminances in the workspace of a visual object, that can
be either horizontal, vertical or placed at an angle. The illuminances
documented consider the lowest average values for working under
normal conditions. However, the illuminances can be adjusted by the
increments set out below if the visual conditions deviate from the
normal conditions.
20-30-50-75-150-200-300-500-750-1000-1500- 2000-3000-5000 lux
The demands on illuminances used in the workplace, should be regu-
larly reviewed to overcome the following situations:
difcult working conditions
activities that demand great accuracy or high productivity
impairment of visual efciency
viewing objects with ne detail or in low contrasts of light
using DSE terminals for long periods of time
In practice, the specied illumination can be reduced under the fol-
lowing conditions:
when visual objects have an abnormally large size and high contrast
when visual work is in progress for short periods
In workplaces with continuous occupancy the illuminance must not
drop below 200 lux. Continuous occupancy refers to work that is per-
formed for more than two hours.
The recommended values assume that the employees have normal
sight. If a greater number of people have some form of sight im-
pairment, this should be taken into consideration when designing a
lighting installation.

Lighting the visual object
The main objective when lighting
workspaces and objects is that
the light falls in such a manner
that the greatest possible cont-
rast is placed on the visual object.
Under normal conditions the
greatest contrast occurs if the
light falls diagonally from behind
the object.
A work object can have a
horizontal, vertical or inclined
position. It can also consist of varied structures or have different com-
binations of surface characteristics, matt, bright etc, resulting in varied
reective characteristics.
A basic prerequisite for good visual comfort in the workplace, is
that the work objects position and shape, in relation to the direction
of light, does not cause any form of unpleasant glare or glare that
impairs the vision e.g. dazzling luminaires or disturbing reections.
General information about the
Energy directive 2002/91/EC
From January 4, 2006 a new EU directive will enter the statute book
in Sweden and the other EU-countries.
The directive will mean that in future buildings are to be declared
with regard to energy consumption. Energy consumption of the buil-
ding must be calculated and declared in advance. This not only applies
to the lighting installation but also to other energy consuming instal-
lations within the building such as heating, ventilation, cooling, etc.
The directive means that consideration will not only be taken for the
installed output, but also how it is used over time.
Consequently, it will be important to plan for efcient energy usage.
Within the lighting sector the control of lighting will take on greater
signicance, which will result in sensors for daylight and presence
control being utilised on a far larger scale.
The unit for the declaration value will be expressed in kWh/m
2
/year.
The aim of the directive is to reduce energy usage in the future, with
the declaration giving a clear indication of the buildings energy ef-
ciency.
More information will be made available in the near future.
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Lighting planning
Standard EN 12464-1
W
a

= width
l
a


=

l
e
n
g
t
h
l
o


=

l
e
n
g
t
h
w
o

= width
0,5 m
Principles for establishing the working area and surrounding calculation surfaces
Lighting of the working area
Denition of the working area
The working area is dened according to EN 12464-1 as the area of
the workplace in which tasks are performed. For areas where the size
and/or placement of the working area is unknown, the area where the
tasks may be performed is to be considered as the working area.
The working area is usually made up of the entire workplace/worksta-
tion. For example, in an ofce workplace, the working area is made up
of a small surface where paper work is carried out. Work with a mo-
nitor and keyboard usually demands a lower illuminance than when
paper work is performed. The illuminance level needs to be adjustable
for work with monitors and to help achieve a suitable balance with
the surrounding area. Adjust relative to the surrounding areas illumi-
nance. In an ofce where paper work is carried out the workspace can
be made up of an entire work table.
In industry, the size of the working area can be harder to dene e.g.
workplaces for work involving microelectronics or a production line for
assembling cars.
When the exact size of the working area is unknown, it is normally
taken as 0.6 m x 0.6 m for an ofce workplace. In this case the working
area is thought to be located directly in front of the persons normal
position and at the front edge of the desk.
The variation of the illuminance, i.e. the ratio between the lowest il-
luminance in relation to the average illuminance on the working area,
Lighting of the immediate surroundings
The lighting of the immediate surrounding area should relate to the
lighting level within the working area and in addition create the con-
ditions for a well-balanced luminance distribution within the normal
eld of vision. Extensive changes to the lighting level around the
working area can cause visual stress and discomfort.
Denition of the immediate surroundings:
The immediate surrounding area is dened as an area around the
working area with a width of at least 0.5 metres. The size of the im-
mediate surroundings should be determined by the planner and may
need to be increased to a width greater than 0.5 metres, for specic
types of workplaces.
The size of the immediate surroundings can be increased:
when the size of the working area is small.
if the illuminance within the working area is high.
with active work.
The illuminance in the immediate surrounding area can be lower than
within the working area, but should not fall below the values stated in
the table below.
The variation of the illuminance, i.e. the ratio between the lowest
illuminance in relation to the average illuminance in the immediate
surroundings, should be as small as possible and not fall below 0.5.

Lighting of the peripheral surroundings
There are no dened demands on the illuminance within the perip-
heral surrounding areas in the EN 12464-1, i.e. the area outside of the
immediate surrounding area. This area is dened as the area outside
the surrounding areas, to a distance of 0.5 metres from the rooms
walls.
However, within a workroom the relation between the illuminance
on the working area and the lowest illuminance in the workroom in
the zones where there are no workplaces, should not exceed 5:1. For
example, circulation areas.
If, for example, demands on the illuminance within the working
area are 500 lux on the workplace, the lowest illuminance in the
premises should not fall below 100 lux. The lowest illuminance is cal-
culated within a zone outside of the immediate surroundings, to half a
metre (0.5) from the rooms walls.
Uniformity within the peripheral surroundings should not fall
below 0.5.
The lighting around the working area should contribute towards good
visual adaptation, as recommended in the luminance distribution and
luminance limitations section of the report.
As a rule in work areas with bright walls, the relation between the
illuminance within the working area and the average illuminance on
the rooms walls should not exceed 3:1.
Working area (l
a
x w
a
)
Size and position are established by the lightplanner.
Immediate Surrounding area (l
o
x w
o
)
The size to be established by the light planner.
(l
a
+2x0.5m) x (W
a
+2x0.5m)
Outer surrounding area
0.5 metres from the rooms walls.
Example of the workspace for a typical workplace.
Relations between different illuminances and unformity demands
Table of uniformity demands and the relation between illuminances within the
immediate surroundings of the working area.
Illuminance Illuminance within
within the working area the immediate surroundings
750 lx 500 lx
500 lx 300 lx
300 lx 200 lx
200 lx 200 lx
Uniformity (E
min
/E
ave
) 0,7 Uniformity (E
min
/E
ave
) 0,5
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Lighting planning
Standard EN 12464-1
Glare
Glare occurs when part of an interior space, is signicantly brighter
than the rooms luminosity. In this instance the eyes are exposed to
a more intense light than they are normally adapted to. The most
common cause of glare occurs when the luminaire and window can be
seen directly or via reections, within the normal eld of vision. Elderly
people are usually more irritated by glare than young people. This is
mainly due to the increased clouding of the eyes lens experienced
with age as well as a reduction in the ability to adapt.
Glare can be divided into two different types:
Disability glare.
Discomfort glare.
Sight impairment glare and discomfort glare can occur simultaneously
or separately.
Disability glare
Disability glare usually occurs when an object in the vicinity of the
normal line of sight, has a signicantly higher luminosity or luminance
than that wich usually occurs in the eld of vision. If an eye is exposed
to a continuous intense light, the eyes adaptation can be affected
negatively and cause deterioration in visibility, or what is known as
contrast reduction.
This contrast reduction can be sufcient to make words and images
barely visible and in doing so make it difcult to carry out the visual
task. Alternatively, if the light source causing the glare is directly in the
line of sight this can cause noticeable after-images. The most common
source of sight impairment glare internally, is the sun and sky viewed
from a window or a badly sheilded light source observed directly or via
reection.
Disability glare should therefore be prevented through using lumin-
aires that effectively shield the light source (see the table below).
The values in the table do not include indirect luminaires or luminaires that are
installed below normal eye level.
Discomfort glare from
electric light
Discomfort glare is an immediate
occurrence and arises from light
sources or luminaires whose
luminance is greater than the
eye can adapt to, but can also
become noticeable after a period
of time.
The degree of discomfort glare,
depends on several factors; the
luminance and the size of the
glare source, the position of the
glare source in relation to the line of sight and the background lumi-
nance against which the glare source is viewed. These are all factors
that can increase the degree of discomfort glare.
Consequently, when light planning, the luminaires luminance
should always be considered in relation to the background luminance.
The closer the dazzling surface is to the eye, the greater the risk of
discomfort glare. In open luminaires, especially those for compact and
other intense light sources with high luminous ux, it is generally the
light source itself or a mirror image in the specular reector that cau-
ses the glare effect. One way to reduce discomfort glare is to use satin
matt reectors and luminaires with a larger surface area.

Discomfort glare can also be reduced by increasing the luminosity on
walls and ceiling of a room. This can be achieved in different ways:
Using luminaires with an uplight component.
Luminaires can be positioned closer to the room walls.
The walls can be lit separately or the luminosity increased by choo-
sing higher reection factors on the wall surfaces.
Walls that appear brighter in relation to the visual object can create
adaptation problems. The luminosity of the room surfaces should the-
refore be adapted to the visual conditions and be limited as described
in the Luminance distribution and luminance limitations chapter of
the EN 12464-1.
Calculation of the glare index
The degree of discomfort glare for indoor installations can be estima-
ted by calculating the glare index according to the UGR method. The
method will, through the introduction of the new standard EN 12464-1,
replace the previous European calculation method (NB-method). The
demands on the glare index documented in EN 12464-1 refer to the
highest average value for the lighting. The UGR-method (Unied Glare
Rating) is described in CIEs publication no 117-1995.
The UGR glare index for discomfort glare is ranked on a scale, which
in practice runs from 13 to 28 where the higher the glare index the hig-
her the level of glare. The smallest change in the glare index denoting a
signicant difference is 3.
The glare number should be calculated according to the table met-
hod to check whether the recommended glare index in the standards
tables is met by a specic lighting installation. (The method is described
in CIEs publication no 117-1995). However, this method assumes that
the luminaires in the room are positioned symmetrically and feature
symmetrical light distribution across and along the luminaire.
Luminaire manufacturers provide information/table data as a part of
the luminaires photometric data to calculate the lighting installations
glare index.
Discomfort glare from windows
An awkward and unpleasant glare
arises when a person looks out of
a window in the direction of the
sun, or when direct sunlight falls
against surfaces within the normal
eld of vision. In these situations
even discomfort in the form of
increased heat radiation can also
occur. Sun screens can be used in
these instances. Screening can be
achieved through the design of the
building, external sun screens, low
transmitting glass (sun glass win-
dows) or through Venetian blinds or curtains. Glare can also occur from
a diffuse sky viewed through a window. This form of glare can usually be
reduced by choosing lighter colours for the walls near the window or by
increasing the luminosity of the walls with separate lighting.
Examples of discomfort glare from a window:
Reective glare.
Reections on visual objects or their surroundings can completely
impair sight.
Even if glare does not occur from a luminaire or other highly reective
surfaces, it can occur in the form of reection. Polished and reective
materials should not be placed in areas where glare can arise, especially
in work areas. If polished surfaces cannot be avoided lighter surfaces are
more preferable than darker surfaces. An example is a computer monitor
screen surface where reections are usually perceived as more disturbing
on monitors with dark backgrounds and light text, than on monitors
with light backgrounds and dark text.
Reections from reective materials or reective glare can usually be
prevented with the following actions:
Suitable luminaire positioning.
Selecting luminaires with low luminous intensity and effective
screening.
Selecting matt materials for reective surfaces.
Selecting luminaires with a larger surface area.
Select light colours for ceilings and walls.
Lowest shielding angle for the light sources luminance
Light sources luminance Minimum shielding angle
20 to < 50 15
50 to < 500 20
500 30
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Lighting planning
Standard EN 12464-1
Luminance distribution and luminance limitations
The distribution of light around the workplace and inside the area is
extremely important for the perception of a room and its appearance.
Luminance distribution within the general eld of vision determines
the eyes adaptation i.e. its ability to adapt to different luminous
intensities.
A well-balanced luminance for adaption is essential to increase:
The visual clarity.
Contrast sensitivity (ability to detect small differences in luminance).
The effectiveness of the eyes ocular functions (e.g. accommodation,
convergence, pupillary contraction, eye movements, etc.).
Luminance should be considered in the increments set out below:
5-10-20-30-50-75-150-200-300-500-750-1000-1500-2000-3000-5000 cd/m
2
.
Luminance distribution within the normal eld of vision also affects
the visual comfort.
The following should be avoided:
High luminances that can cause glare.
Large luminance contrasts that cause visual tiredness where the eye
tries to continuously adapt.
Low luminance contrasts, which result in a staid atmosphere that
does not stimulate.
Contrast can be calculated or measured as a relation between different
luminances. The luminance of all surfaces is important and is determi-
ned by the reective characteristics and illuminance of the surfaces.
The lighting of workplaces with DSE should be designed for all tasks
that may take place at the workplace i.e. reading from the monitor,
working on the monitor, paper work and using a keyboard.
For these tasks, the choice of
lighting system should cor-
respond to; the size of the wor-
king area, the type of visual tasks,
and the condition of the room ac-
cording to the standards criteria.
Working with DSE and in some
situations the keyboard, can be
hindered by reective glare and
discomfort glare. Therefore it is
important that the choice and
positioning of the luminaires in
workplaces with DSE is conside-
red to prevent this type of glare.
The vertical illuminance on the DSE with a dark background (negative
polarity) should not exceed 200 lux.
Limitation of the luminaire luminance with DSE work
In premises where increased amounts of work is performed with com-
puters, the luminaires luminous intensity should be limited around
the normal lines of sight, to prevent distracting reections from the
screen.
Note: In special conditions, for example, when screens that are especially sensitive
to reections are used or when the screens angle of incline is greater than normal,
the table should be used with a lower elevation angle (e.g. 55) from the luminaire.
Other factors
Colour reproduction
It is important for the visual experience and comfort of the sur-
roundings, that such things as colours of objects and peoples skin,
are rendered in a natural and attractive manner. Therefore the light
sources colour rendering index within work premises should not fall
below an Ra value of 80 and for working premises with especially high
demands, the Ra value should not fall below 90.

Establishing the maintenance factor
As the values stated in the standards tables are to be considered as
maintained values, the light planner must establish the installations
maintenance factor for the lighting calculation. The value of the main-
tenance factor should be based on the maintenance schedule of the
lighting installation e.g. cleaning periods.
The designer has been given greater planning responsibility and must
present the following:
A guideline of the conditions used to produce the nal value for the
maintenance factor.
The selected maintenance factor.
A list of equipment to suit the installation conditions.
Draw up and present a comprehensive maintenance schedule, which
applies to the chosen maintenance factor. The maintenance sche-
dule should include relamping intervals as well as instructions and
times for cleaning and maintaining the luminaires as well as which
cleaning methods to employ.
Flicker and stroboscopic effects
Flicker can cause disturbances and in some cases cause headaches.
Stroboscopic effects can result in an increased accident rate where
rotating machines appear to be moving in reverse. This effect can be
prevented by powering the luminaires light sources with HF-ballasts.
Energy usage
The lighting installation should conform to the lighting demands for
the workplace without compromising energy efciency and visual
comfort. This requires a suitable lighting system, with appropriate
equipment, controls and the use of daylight.
Daylight
The benets of daylight should be utilised during light planning.
Lighting controls can be employed to utilise the natural daylight and
to promote interaction between the daylight and the articial lighting
in the room.
Luminance limitations for luminaires with downward light
The following table states the limitations of the luminaires average lumi-
nous intensity at an elevation angle (radiant angle) of 65 or more from
the downward vertical, radially around the luminaire, for a workplace
with a vertical screen, or with an inclination up to 15 from the vertical.
Appropriate reectance factors for common room surfaces
Lighting of workplaces with display
screen equipment (DSE)
Room surface Reectance
Ceiling 0,6-0,9
Walls 0,3-0,8
Workspaces 0,2-0,6
Floor 0,1-0,5
Monitor classication in
accordance with ISO 9241-7
I II III
Monitor quality good average normal
Highest average luminance
for luminaires that may
reect in the monitor
1000 cd/m
2
200 cd/m
2
407
L
max
< 1500 cd/m
2
L
ave
< 500 cd/m
2
L
max
< 1000 cd/m
2
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Lighting planning
Instructions for planning and calculations
The luminance from the rooms surfaces must be
relative to the luminance from the working plane,
in order to conform to EN 12464-1 demands. For
example, when using low luminance luminaires and
downlights, there is a risk that the tops of the walls
and the ceiling, may be too dark.
The difference in luminance can be calculated or
measured as a relation between different surface
luminances.
The following luminance conditions are recommen-
ded for the workplace:
the working area (inner eld of vision) - immediate
surroundings (the near eld) 3:1.
the working area (inner eld of vision) - surroun-
dings (adjacent walls within the eld of vision) 5:1.
the working area (inner eld of vision) - periphery
wall surfaces (background) 10:1.
Luminance conditions with indirect lighting
With indirect lighting the average luminance on
the ceiling should not exceed 500 cd/m
2
, with a
maximum acceptable luminance of 1500 cd/m
2
.
The luminance transition should vary gradually
across the surface being lit to avoid the lighting
from being distracting and uneven. The luminance
balance (L
min
/L
ave
) should not exceed 1:10.
For the background lighting on the walls the
maximum luminance should be limited to 1000
cd/m
2
.
Flow chart for light planning
1. Analysis of the planning objective
Dene the activities and different
visual work that may be perfor-
med in the premises at different
times of the day.
Dene the lighting demands with
regard to safety, visual needs and
the visual experience.
Examine the need for emergency
lighting. Dene the aims for en-
ergy consumption, environment
and maintenance of the lighting
installation.
2. Analysis of planning conditions
Dene applicable provisions,
standards, recommendations as
well as special demands from the
client and users.
Dene the conditions for lighting
the room, the type of workplace
and its working area, etc.
Investigate the conditions for the
premises design, furnishings, type
of monitors, exibility, daylight
and the character of the premises.
Establish the economic prerequi-
sites for the installation and the
maintenance conditions for the
lighting installation.
3. Overall planning
Investigate the conditions for
interaction between electric light
and natural daylight. Check the
possibility of daylight screening.
Investigate which light sources,
luminaires and lighting systems
best satisfy the demands aims and
conditions.
Investigate the control possibilities
for the lighting to increase com-
fort and improve energy usage.
Investigate the overall co-ordina-
tion with other installations,
colour setting and furnishings.
4. Detailed planning
Evaluate the different lighting
systems; technically, visually and
economically.
Establish the lighting systems op-
timal maintenance factors taking
the maintenance conditions into
consideration.
Make a nancial evaluation by cal-
culating the life cycle costs based
on the investment, operation and
maintenance.
Compare the selected lighting sys-
tems with regard to other instal-
lations, colour setting, furnishings
and the chosen equipment.
5. Documentation
Should be prepared as shown be-
low with supplements according
to the clients wishes.
Include Installation drawings,
control and assembly instructions
as well as associated lists of light
sources and luminaires.
Lighting calculations and visua-
lisations that verify under which
conditions the system operates
to the specied demands. Present
calculation prerequisites and the
lighting systems maintenance
plan.
Present calculation prerequisites
and the lighting systems mainte-
nance plan (see instructions in the
Lighting template).
Recommended luminance conditions between the
working area and the rooms surfaces
1)
The values apply in daylight - without daylight the relative
illuminance should not exceed 0.2 provided that the glazed
surfaces do not have bright curtains.
Room surface Recommended Relative
reectance illuminance
Ceiling 0,6-0,9 0,2-0,9
Walls 0,3-0,8 0,2-0,6
Window wall >0,6 0,3-0,6
1)
Workspaces 0,2-0,6 1,0-
Floor 0,1-0,5
In order to achieve good visual comfort within an
area, the average luminance on the rooms walls, as
a general rule, should not fall below 30 cd/m
2
. It is
normal practice to translate luminance conditions
to relative illuminance, as illuminances are used as
guide values in light planning. Nevertheless, in this
context it should be pointed out that todays com-
puterised calculation programs allow the calculation
and documentation of different luminances for room
surfaces. The table below provides information about
recommended relative illuminances between the
workspace and room surfaces for a typical area.
The luminance ratio between the working area and the wall is less than 5:1.
Limitations of luminaire luminance at
workplaces with monitors classied in
accordance with in ISO 9241-7
Luminaires maximum average luminance cd/m
2
(applies to luminaires that can be reected on the monitor)
Negative monitor polarity
(dark background)
Positive monitor polarity
(light background)
Monitor class I and II direct lighting
Good, average or normal reection treatment
1000 cd/m
2
1500 cd/m
2
Monitor class III direct lighting
Inferior screen quality without reection treatment
200 cd/m
2
500 cd/m
2
Monitor class III dir./indir. (10% uplight)
Inferior screen quality without reection
treatment
500 cd/m
2

Luminance limitation for luminaires that can be reected in the monitor

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Lighting planning
Planning and calculation tips
Fagerhult can help you communi-
cate your lighting ideas through
different types of visualisation
services.
DIALux
Effective, modern and compre-
hensive tool for lighting plan-
ning, intended for the calculation
of outdoor and indoor areas,
including room surfaces.
Interpretation of the calculation result.
1. Scrutinize carefully
To prevent glare - check the luminance
conditions in the room.
2. Maintenance factor
Has the maintenance factor been
adapted to a maintenance plan for the
lighting installation?
NOTE - the maintenance factor affects
the lighting systems energy consump-
tion.
3. Calculation conditions
Have the conditions for the lighting
calculations been checked?
Has the size of the working area and im-
mediate surroundings been established?
Has the calculation area for the periph-
eral area been dened?
Have the room surfaces reectance
values been checked?
Has the luminaires average luminance
been checked in rooms used for monitor
work?
4. Uniformity demands.
When calculating the illuminance
uniformity i.e. the ratio between the
minimum value and the average value
in the working area and the immediate
surroundings, it is important that the
distance between the calculation points
is documented. For normal working ar-
eas a maximum spacing of 0.25 metres
between calculation points applies.
5. Graduation implication
Use the scales for illuminances and
luminances stated in the standard
EN 12464-1.
6. UGR-glare index.
Check, where appropriate, that the
systems average glare index conforms
to the value stated in the standard. To
calculate the glare number, see page
405.
Checking the lighting installation
1. Scope
What should be evaluated?
electric lighting, emergency lighting,
daylight conditions, functionality and
control, maintenance plan, electrical
efciency, etc ...
2. Conditions
Regarding the control of new systems,
which conditions applied when plan-
ning?
Evaluation of existing systems?
Evaluation with or without daylight?
Are the measured values new values or
maintained values?
3. Implementation/checks with light
measurement
Illuminances - mean value/uniformity
for the working area, immediate sur-
roundings and the lowest illuminance
within peripheral areas.
Luminaires mean luminances.
Calculate where appropriate the UGR-
glare index.
Luminance conditions in the premises.
Luminaires cut-off angle.
Light sources colour reproduction and
colour temperature.
Perform visual evaluation and interview
personnel.
Perform a functional check.
Check the calibration, burn-in time and
prevailing operating conditions before
light measurement.
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1,00 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,50
43%
18%
Relative power output (%)
Maintenance factor
The maintenance factor affects energy consumption.
The new standards give light planners greater responsibility for the
system, as the installations maintenance factor has a direct effect on
the energy consumption. To select a high maintenance factor a great
deal of care must be exercised when choosing light sources, luminai-
res and the lighting system.
The choice of T5 luminaires gives the best conditions for achieving a
high maintenance factor.
Energy efciency in lighting installations
A lighting installation needs to conform to lighting demands for a
specic area without wasting energy and sacricing good lighting
comfort. This requires careful consideration regarding appropriate
lighting systems, equipment, control systems and the use of daylight.
A measurement of efciency in a lighting installation is the installed
output, in W/m
2
, that is required to meet dened demands.
Example of installed lighting outputs
Installation type Installed lighting
output.
Required
illuminance while
operational. (lux)
Notes.
Corridors 5-10 W/m
2
100 lux
Corridors 10 W/m
2
200 lux
General public areas 10-12 W/m
2
300 lux
Workplaces 10-12 W/m
2
300 lux *
Workplaces 10-15 W/m
2
500 lux *
Workplaces 15-30 W/m
2
1000 lux *
* Required illuminance within the working zone according to applicable Swedish
Standard SS-EN 12464-1. The lower value normally presupposes a localised ligh-
ting system adapted to the working area in the workplace.

General advice
The following points should be
considered in order to create low
energy usage in a lighting instal-
lation:
selection of light sources with
optimal luminous efcacy for the
required colour reproduction.
energy efcient lighting system
with installed lighting output suita-
ble for the required task.
efcient luminaires with the correct
light distribution and good cut-off
properties.
efcient utilisation of daylight.
efcient utilisation of articial and
natural light through the selection
of a light interior colour scheme.
control of lighting through presence
detection.
possibility of localised control by the
individual.
high frequency operation with dim-
ming.
well planned maintenance of the
lighting installation to obtain a high
maintenance factor.
Energy usage
In addition to a low installed output, energy usage should be limited
in an installation with the help of different control systems.
A better method to assess the energy efciency of a lighting system
is to evaluate the annual energy consumption per square metre.
(kWh/m
2
/year). This gure will also form the basis of the new energy
declarations dened in the EU directive concerning a buildings energy
performance.
Fagerhult light design centre
The maintenance factor affects energy consumption
DIALux facts
Adaptable menus
Help functions
Displays light distribution and
aiming point for easier luminaire
alignment
Transfer of DXF
Calculation planes and points can
be freely set in the room
Built-in object library
Material symbols linked to furniture
and room surfaces
High quality 3D-visualisation with
texture handling
A luminaire database is available
from Fagerhults website
Luminaire databases from Europes
major manufacturers available for
the program
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Visual ergonomic aspects of the
workplaces design are important
for a stimulating working environ-
ment. There is an excellent method
called visual evaluation available
to review and assess a room with an
installed lighting system, which is
simply based on describing what you
see in the room. This allows you to
evaluate the room visually through
its lighting system, colours and de-
sign. These factors affect each other
and are difcult to assess individu-
ally. The room colours should not be
distorted, and visual work should be
possible without the discomfort of
glare or reections.
The rooms visual quality governs,
to a large extent, your health and
your performance capacity. It is
therefore important that you do not
completely rely on computer calcu-
lated results. Try to make a visual
evaluation of your own workplace
using the tables below.
Rank the evaluation results on a
scale of 1-5.
Visual evaluation of lighting systems in work areas
Lighting planning
Light and stimulation
Light or light radiation does not only affect our visual centre but also
the whole bodys alertness, well-being and performance.
Our diurnal rhythm and seasonal variations together form the
chronobiological system, which is linked to, among others, the pineal
body gland, pituitary gland and hypothalamus region. The rhythms
are genetically anchored, yet to a certain degree are regulated by sur-
rounding factors, primarily light, which via the nerve paths from the
eyes retina to the suprachiasmatic nerve bundle in the hypothalamus
and on to the pineal body gland, signals to the melatonin producing
cells to stop secreting the melatonin hormone which in turn happens
to control our diurnal rhythm.
Disturbances to our diurnal rhythm due to a lack of daylight during
the period from October to March are considered to be mainly caused
by the pattern of symptoms known as Seasonal Affective Disorder
(SAD) (Rosenthal et al, 1984; Magnusson and Boivin, 2003).
New research carried out by David M Bensson and others at the
Brown University and George Brainard at the Texas University, USA
have indicated that light also affects a new third receptor over and
above the earlier known cones and rods.
This receptor affects different hormones in the brain where the
pineal body gland is extremely important for the secretion of the
sleep hormone melatonin, which is produced at low light levels or in
darkness. In contrast, at high light levels the stress hormone cortisol is
produced by the adrenal medulla.
Lighting and health
Concept Description Evaluation
Light level - whether it is dark or light in the room or at the
workplace?
dark - light
Light
distribution
- how is the light distributed in the room or at the
workplace?
varied - equally
Light
colour
- is the light colour experienced as warm or cold? warm - cold
Colour - how are the colours and objects viewed? distorted - natural
Glare - does unpleasant glare occur? troublesome - not noticeable
Shadows - whether they are hard or soft? hard - soft
Reections - whether they are intense or diffuse? intense - diffuse
How is lighting planning affected?
Within healthcare, light has been used for some time for the medical
treatment of skin diseases and to reduce the effects of SAD (Seasonal
Affective Disorder).
The discovery that some parts of light radiation also affect our well-
being will in future affect the design and appraisal of lighting in our
rooms.
We will, probably more than we do today, focus on lighting our sur-
rounding surfaces but also varying the lighting and light colour over
time. This will be especially important in rooms that do not receive
daylight.
Sufcient application research has not been carried out yet to
establish recommended values; however, comprehensive studies are
currently in progress to enable suitable guidelines to be produced, not
least for our work premises.
24 24 24 12 12 06 06 06 18 18
Alertness
Body temperature
Melatonin
Cortisol
410
1. C-plane angles: 0 C
x
< 360
2. -angle: 0 180
71 W/12V
HRGI (QR-CBC 51)
Half beam angle 42
Shielding angle 35
107
108
435
385
234
217
2500
2000
1500
1000
1,0 0,5 0,0
7485
1871
832
299
208 (cd)
lx
468
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
(m)
88
27
7
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Illuminance (lx)
Half beam intensity angle
Cut-off angle
Luminous intensity [cd]
The light distribution curve drawn in a polar diagram denotes the
luminaires luminous intensity in different directions as a function of
viewing angle in one or more planes. It is usually represented by an
unbroken line that indicates the light distribution perpendicular to the
light sources longitudinal axis and with a dashed line that indicates
the light distribution in direction of the longitudinal axis. The values of
the light distribution curves are scaled to correspond to 1000 lm from
the light source (cd/1000 lm, cd/klm). This is why it is often possible to
show luminaires with different outputs on a common polar diagram.
Symmetrical light distribution
A 28W uorescent lamp (2600 lm)
gives, in a straight down direction,
approximately 375 cd/klm.
Asymmetrical light distribution
At a maximum luminous intensity
angle of 25 a 28W uorescent lamp
gives approximately 580 cd/klm.
The luminaires light distribution is measured on several C-planes around the
luminaire, at least every 15 degrees around the luminaire. First measurement
plane (C=0-180) the plane is across the lamps longitudinal axis. -angles several
angles are measured, at least every 5 degrees.
Light distribution curve
Isolux diagram Combined diagram for spotlights
The diagram shows, using curves (or scales) a predened area, inside
which the horizontal illuminance exceeds the curves lux value. The
position of the luminaire is usually indicated on the diagram.
Alternatively, the isolux diagram can be represented by a 3D dia-
gram, which is best suited for showing the unformity of the lighting
installation. The calculation points illuminance values can be introdu-
ced onto the premises layout drawing and the results given in table
form. The results are available in all the above mentioned forms in the
DIALux and F-plan programs.
Example:
The isolux diagram shows Apollo Beta 3x28W in an ofce module.
The calculations have been made using our light calculation pro-
gram F-plan with the following conditions:
Room dimensions: 2.4x3.7 m
Ceiling height: 2.7 m
Luminaire height: 2.1 m (underside to the oor)
Reectance: Ceiling 80%
Walls 50%
Floor 20%
Window 10%
Luminous ux (per lamp): 2600 lm
Maintenance factor: 0.85
Calculation plane: 0.75 m above the oor.
A combined diagram shows the light distribution curve and the cal-
culation result in the same gure. The combined diagram is primarily
used for directional luminaires, which have rotational symmetric light
distribution.
The right-hand side of the diagram shows half the light distribu-
tion curve, as all curve halves are the same due to the symmetry.
The light distribution curve is not scaled, graduation is directly in
candelas (cd).
The left-hand side of the diagram contains the illuminances directly
under the luminaire. The distance from the luminaire is stated on
the vertical axis and the horizontal distance from the luminaires
centre, on the horizontal axis. The illuminance at each co-ordinate
on the horizontal plane is stated in lux (lx) at each intersection.
Lighting planning
Technical information
Light measurement