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Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
has been an effective technique to combat multipath fading in
wireless communications. It has been successfully used for HF
radio applications and has been chosen as the standard for
digital audio broadcasting and digital terrestrial TV
broadcasting in Europe and high-speed wireless local areas
networks. In this paper an overview of a multiple carrier
modulation technique known as OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplex) is given and discusses the problems, and
some of the potential solutions, in implementing an OFDM
system.
Judul Asli
Multiple Carrier Modulation Technique OFDM for
High Data Rate Next Generation Wireless Systems
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
has been an effective technique to combat multipath fading in
wireless communications. It has been successfully used for HF
radio applications and has been chosen as the standard for
digital audio broadcasting and digital terrestrial TV
broadcasting in Europe and high-speed wireless local areas
networks. In this paper an overview of a multiple carrier
modulation technique known as OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplex) is given and discusses the problems, and
some of the potential solutions, in implementing an OFDM
system.
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
has been an effective technique to combat multipath fading in
wireless communications. It has been successfully used for HF
radio applications and has been chosen as the standard for
digital audio broadcasting and digital terrestrial TV
broadcasting in Europe and high-speed wireless local areas
networks. In this paper an overview of a multiple carrier
modulation technique known as OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplex) is given and discusses the problems, and
some of the potential solutions, in implementing an OFDM
system.
Multiple Carrier Modulation Technique OFDM for High Data Rate Next Generation Wireless Systems
Vikas #1 , SatnamSingh *2
1 M. Tech Scholar, Department of ECE, SSCET, Badhani, Pathankot, Punjab, India 2 AP, Department of ECE, SSCET, Badhani, Pathankot, Punjab, India
Abstract Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been an effective technique to combat multipath fading in wireless communications. It has been successfully used for HF radio applications and has been chosen as the standard for digital audio broadcasting and digital terrestrial TV broadcasting in Europe and high-speed wireless local areas networks. In this paper an overview of a multiple carrier modulation technique known as OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) is given and discusses the problems, and some of the potential solutions, in implementing an OFDM system.
Keywords OFDM, BER, WLAN, DAB. I. INTRODUCTION Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier transmission technique that has been recently recognized as an excellent method for high speed bi- directional wired/wireless data communication. High capacity and variable bit rate information transmission with high bandwidth efficiency are just some of the requirements that the modern transceivers have to meet in order for a variety of new high quality services to be delivered to the customers. Because in the wireless environment signals are usually impaired by fading and multipath delay spread phenomenon, traditional single carrier mobile communication systems do not performwell. In such channels, extreme fading of the signal amplitude occurs and Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) due to the frequency selectivity of the channel appears at the receiver side. This leads to a high probability of errors and the systems overall performance becomes very poor.
Techniques like channel coding and adaptive equalization have been widely used as a solution to these problems. However, due to the inherent delay in the coding and equalization process and high cost of the hardware, it is quite difficult to use these techniques in systems operating at high bit rates, for example, up to several M bps. An alternative solution is to use a multi carrier system. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an example of it [1].
OFDM is a technique for transmitting data in parallel by using a large number of modulated sub-carriers. These sub- carriers (or sub-channels) divide the available bandwidth and are sufficiently separated in frequency (frequency spacing) so that they are orthogonal. The word orthogonal indicates that there is a precise mathematical relationship between the frequencies of the carriers in the system. In a normal frequency-division multiplex system, many carriers are spaced apart in such a way that the signals can be received using conventional filters and demodulators. In such receivers, guard bands are introduced between the different carriers and in the frequency domain, which results in a lowering of spectrumefficiency.
It is possible, however, to arrange the carriers in an OFDM signal so that the sidebands of the individual carriers overlap and the signals are still received without adjacent carrier interference. To do this, the carriers must be mathematically orthogonal. The receiver acts as a bank of demodulators, translating each carrier down to DC, with the resulting signal integrated over a symbol period to recover the raw data. If the other carriers all beat down the frequencies that, in the time domain, have a whole number of cycles in the symbol period T, then the integration process results in zero contribution fromall these other carriers. Thus, the carriers are linearly independent (i.e., orthogonal) if the carrier spacing is a multiple of 1/T. Due to this, the spectrum of each carrier has a null at the center frequency of each of the other carriers in the system. This results in no interference between the carriers, although their spectra overlap. The separation between carriers is theoretically minimal so there would be a very compact spectral utilization.
Fig.1: Spectraof (a) an OFDM sub-channel and (b) and OFDM signal.
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 9- Sep 2013
OFDM systems are attractive for the way they handle ISI, which is usually introduced by frequency selective multi- path fading in a wireless environment. Each sub-carrier is modulated at a very low symbol rate, making the symbols much longer than the channel impulse response. In this way, ISI is diminished. Moreover, if a guard interval between consecutive OFDM symbols is inserted, the effects of ISI can completely vanish. This guard interval must be longer than the multipath delay. Although each sub-carrier operates at a low data rate, a total high data rate can be achieved by using a large number of sub-carriers. ISI has very small or no affect on the OFDM systems hence an equalizer is not needed at the receiver side. II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Froman historical point of view, the theoretical bases for the development of OFDM systems were laid out by R.W.Chang,1966 [2], where the orthogonality conditions for the perfect recovery of the transmitted signals were derived, while the possibility of efficiently realizing the multicarrier modulators through DFT processors was shown as early as 1970, in [3,4] . Nevertheless it was not until the late 1980s that, thanks to the advances in Digital Signal Processing technology that the implementation of OFDM systems began to appear as feasible [5, 6]. In the last few years, the filter less OFDM systemwith cyclic prefix is chosen, as the modulation format for several digital communication systems throughout the world.
In USA, it was adopted in the ADSL and HDSL standards for high bit rate data transmission over the twisted pair [7,8], whereas in Europe it is used by the standards for the digital terrestrial radio broadcasting of sounds (DAB) [9, 10] and television, first with the dTTb project [11,12,13] and later with the DVB-T standard [14].
In the OFDM system, Inverse Fast Fourier Transform/Fast Fourier Transform(IFFT /FFT) algorithms are used in the modulation and demodulation of the signal. The length of the IFFT/FFT vector determines the resistance of the systemto errors caused by the multipath channel. The time span of this vector is chosen so that it is much larger than the maximum delay time of echoes in the received multipath signal.
OFDM is generated by firstly choosing the spectrumrequired, based on the input data, and modulation scheme used. Each carrier to be produced is assigned some data to transmit. The required amplitude and phase of the carrier is then calculated based on the modulation scheme (typically differential BPSK, QPSK, or QAM). Then, the IFFT converts this spectruminto a time domain signal. The FFT transforms a cyclic time domain signal into its equivalent frequency spectrum. The amplitude and phase of the sinusoidal components represent the frequency spectrum of the time domain signal.
III. DRAWBACKS OF OFDM
There are two main drawbacks: (1) The large dynamic range of the signal, also known as the peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR). Solutions to deal with this problemhave been (and still are) developed and one of the most used ones is clipping. (2) Sensitivity to frequency errors.
Most research centres throughout the world are mainly focusing their work on these two topics in their attempt to optimize OFDM. IV. OFDM GENERATION
To generate OFDM successfully the relationship between all the carriers must be carefully controlled to maintain the orthogonality of the carriers. For this reason, OFDM is generated by firstly choosing the spectrumrequired, based on the input data, and modulation scheme used. Each carrier to be produced is assigned some data to transmit. The required amplitude and phase of the carrier is then calculated based on the modulation scheme (typically differential BPSK, QPSK, or QAM). The required spectrum is then converted back to its time domain signal using an Inverse Fourier Transform. The IFFT performs the transformation very efficiently, and provides a simple way to ensuring that the carrier signals produced are orthogonal.
The Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) transforms a cyclic time domain signal into its equivalent frequency spectrum. This is done by finding the equivalent waveform, generated by a sum of orthogonal sinusoidal components. The amplitude and phase of the sinusoidal components represent the frequency spectrumof the time domain signal.
The IFFT performs the reverse process, transforming a spectrum(amplitude and phase of each component) into a time domain signal. An IFFT converts a number of complex data points, of length which is a power of 2, into the time domain signal of the same number of points. Each data point in frequency spectrumused for an FFT or IFFT is called a bin [15].
The orthogonal carriers required for the OFDM signal can be easily generated by setting the amplitude and phase of each bin, then performing the IFFT. Since each bin of an IFFT corresponds to the amplitude and phase of a set of orthogonal sinusoids, the reverse process guarantees that the carriers generated are orthogonal.
.A block diagramshowing a simplified configuration for an OFDM transmitter and receiver is given in Figure 2.2.
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 9- Sep 2013
The OFDM signal generated by the systemin Figure 2 is at base-band; in order to generate a radio frequency (RF) signal at the desired transmit frequency filtering and mixing is required. V. CONCLUSIONS OFDM allows for a high spectral efficiency as the carrier power and modulation scheme can be individually controlled for each carrier. Therefore OFDM can be considered as promising technique to reduce the effects of multipath fading in wireless communications. There is a wide scope of OFDM in data transmission because it is one of the best way of transmitting Multipath signal by controlling the effect of channel fading. REFERENCES [1] R. van Nee, and R. Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications. London: Artech House Publishers, 2000. [2] R. W. Chang, \Synthesis of Band {Limited Orthogonal signals for Multichannel DataTransmission", Bell Systems Technical J ournal, vol. 45, n. 10, pp. 1775{1796, December 1966. [3] S. B. Weinstein, P. M. Ebert, \Data Transmission by Frequency{Division Multiplexing Using the Discrete Fourier Transform", IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology, vol. 19, n. 5, pp. 628{634, October 1971. [4] S. Darlington, \On Digital Single-sideband Modulators", IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, vol. 17, n. 3, pp. 409{414, August 1970. [5] L. J . Cimini, \Analysis and Performance Evaluation of a Digital Mobile Channel Using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing", IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 33, n. 7, pp. 665{675, J uly 1985. [6] J . A. C. Bingham, \Multicarrier Modulation for Data Transmission: an Idea WhoseTime Has Come", IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 28, n. 5, pp. 5{14, May 1990. [7] P. S. Chow, J . C. Tu, J. M. Cio_, \Performance Evaluation of a Multichannel Transceiver Systemfor ADSL and VHDSL Services", IEEE J ournal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 9, n. 6, pp. 909{919, August 1991. [8] American National Standards Institute, Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Metallic Interface, ANSI Standard T1.413, 1995. [9] European Telecommunications Standard Institute, Radio Broadcasting Systems; Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) to Mobile, Portable and Fixed Receivers, Standard ETS 300 401, ETSI, Geneva, February 1995. [10] B. Le Floch, R. Halbert-Lassalle, D. Castelain, \Digital Sound Broadcasting to Mobile Receiver", IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 35, n. 3, pp. 493{503, August 1989. [11] Y.Wu, B.Caron, \Digital Television Terrestrial Broadcasting", IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 32, n. 5, pp. 46{52), May 1994. [12] P. G. M. de Bot, B. Le Floch, V. Mignone, H.-D. Sch utte, \An Overview of the Modulation and Channel Coding Schemes Developed for Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting within the dTTb Project", International Broadcasting Convention, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 16{20 September 1994. [13] dTTb Module 3, System specification for the second dTTb Demonstrator, dTTb/M3/284, version 2.2, February 1996. [14] European Telecommunications Standard Institute, Digital Video Broadcasting: Framing Structure, Channel Coding and Modulation for Digital Terrestrial Television (DVBT), Standard ETS 300 744, ETSI, Geneva, March 1997. [15] Sanjeev Kumar, BER Improvement of Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11 Standard using Wavelet Packet Transforms, ICTACT J ournal on Communication Technology, September 2012, Volume: 03, Issue: 03.