1

CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 CONCRETE-FILLED STEEL TUBES
Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes (CFTs) are composite members consisting of
an steel tube infilled with concrete. In current international practice, CFT columns
are used in the primary lateral resistance systems of both braced and unbraced
building structures. There exist applications in Japan and Europe where CFTs are
also used as bridge piers. Moreover, CFTs may be utilized for retrofitting purposes
for strengthening concrete columns in earthquake zones.







Fig 1.1 Circular CFT Section
1.1.1 Advantages of Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes
The CFT structural member has a number of distinct advantages over an
equivalent steel, reinforced concrete, or steel-reinforced concrete member. The
2



Fig 1.2 Rectangular CFT Section
orientation of the steel and concrete in the cross section optimizes the strength and
stiffness of the section. The steel lies at the outer perimeter where it performs most
effectively in tension and in resisting bending moment. Also, the stiffness of the
CFT is greatly enhanced because the steel, which has a much greater modulus of
elasticity than the concrete, is situated farthest from the centroid, where it makes the
greatest contribution to the moment of inertia.
The concrete forms an ideal core to withstand the compressive loading in
typical applications, and it delays and often prevents local buckling of the steel,
particularly in rectangular CFTs. Additionally, it has been shown that the steel tube
confines the concrete core, which increases the compressive strength for circular
CFTs, and the ductility for rectangular CFTs. Therefore, it is most advantageous to
use CFTs for the columns subjected to the large compressive loading.
In contrast to reinforced concrete columns with transverse reinforcement, the
steel tube also prevents spalling of the concrete and minimizes congestion of
reinforcement in the connection region, particularly for seismic design. Numerous
tests have illustrated the increase in cyclic strength, ductility, and damping by filling
hollow tubes with concrete.
Recent applications have also introduced the use of high strength concrete
combined with high strength thin-walled steel tubes with much success. When high
3

strength concrete and thin-walled steel tubes are used together, the more brittle
nature of high strength concrete is partially mitigated by the confinement from the
steel tube, and local buckling of the thin steel tube is delayed by the support offered
by the concrete. Progress in concrete technology has made it possible to utilize
concrete strengths over 15 ksi in CFT beam-columns.
A number of additional economical benefits stem from the use of CFTs. The
tube serves as formwork in construction, which decreases labor and material costs.
In moderate- to high-rise construction, the building can ascend more quickly than a
comparable reinforced concrete structure since the steelwork can precede the
concrete by several stories.
The cost of the member itself is much less than steel and roughly equivalent
to reinforced concrete on a strength per dollar basis for low to medium strength
concrete (Webb, 1993). When compared to steel moment resisting frames, in
unbraced CFT frames, the amount of savings in steel tends to grow as the number
stories increases (Morino et al., 1996). On the other hand, relatively simple beam-
to-column connection details can be utilized for rectangular CFT members.
This also results in savings for the total cost of the structure and facilitates the
design process. In addition, the steel tube and concrete act together to provide
natural reinforcement for the panel zone, which reduces the material and labor costs
of the connections. With the use of high-strength concrete, CFTs are stronger per
square foot than conventional reinforced concrete columns (Webb, 1993).
In high-strength applications, smaller column sizes may be used, increasing
the amount of usable floor space in office buildings. The smaller and lighter
framework places less of a load on the foundation, cutting costs again. These
advantages have secured an expanding role for this versatile structural element in
modern construction.

4

1.1.2 Limitations of Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes
A primary deterrent to widespread use of CFTs is the limited knowledge
regarding their behavior. A number of factors complicate the analysis and design of
concrete-filled steel tubes. A CFT member contains two materials with different
stress-strain curves and distinctly different behavior.
The interaction of the two materials poses a difficult problem in the
determination of combined properties such as moment of inertia and modulus of
elasticity. The failure mechanism depends largely on the shape, length, diameter,
steel tube thickness, and concrete and steel strengths. Parameters such as bond,
concrete confinement, residual stresses, creep, shrinkage, and type of loading also
have an effect on the CFTs behavior. Axially loaded columns and, in more recent
years, CFT beam-columns and connections, have been studied worldwide and to
some extent many of the aforementioned issues have been reconciled for these types
of members.
However, researchers are still studying topics such as the effect of bond,
confinement, local buckling, scale effect, and fire on CFT member strength, load
transfer mechanisms and economical detailing strategies at beam-to-CFT column
connections, and categorization of response in CFTs and their connections at all
levels of loading so as to facilitate the development of performance-based seismic
design provisions.
It should also be noted that, despite a recent increase in the number of full-
scale experiments, the majority of the tests to date have been conducted on
relatively small specimens, often 6 inches in diameter or smaller (see Tables 1
through 6). This is due to the load limits of the testing apparatus and the need to run
the tests economically. Whether these results can be accurately extrapolated to the
typically larger columns used in practice remains a pertinent and debatable question,
although recent research in Japan has begun to address this important issue (Morino
et al., 1996).
5

CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

SIMPLIFIED DESIGN METHOD FOR ULTIMATE CAPACITIES OF
CIRCULARLY CONFINED HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE COLUMNS
S. Yuping and S. Kenji(Aug 2000)
Confinement of concrete by transverse steels (tubes or spirals) is effective in
improving ductility of high-strength concrete (HSC). While the circular transverse
tubes or spirals can provide much stronger confinement to the compressed concrete
than the rectilinear transverse steels (tubes or ties), and circular reinforced concrete
column is widely used in building and civil structures, studies and information on
the flexural behavior of circularly confined concrete columns are scarce. As a result,
there is not yet a reliable ultimate capacity design method directly applicable to
circular concrete columns in current design codes.
In this paper, a simple ultimate capacity design method is proposed for the
circularly confined HSC columns. This simple method utilizes an equivalent
rectangular stress block for the compressed concrete in circular column section.
Since expressions of the parameters defining the stress block and the ultimate strain
were developed based on an confinement model proposed by the authors, the
proposed design method enables engineers to compute directly ultimate capacities
of a circular column, and to evaluate the confinement effect of circular transverse
steels on the ultimate capacities.
The predicted ultimate moment and curvature agreed well with the
experimental data of HSC columns confined by circular steel tube and circular
concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) columns available

6

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON SQUARE STEEL TUBULAR
COLUMNS FILLED WITH STEEL-REINFORCED SELF-
CONSOLIDATING HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE UNDER AXIAL LOAD
W. Qing-xiang, Z. Mei-chun, and W. Hai-dan(Mar 2006)
A new design model for steel-concrete composite columns, namely square
steel tubular columns filled with steel-reinforced self-consolidating high-strength
concrete, is proposed. In this type of steel-concrete composite columns, steel section
is inserted into square steel tube and self-consolidating high-strength concrete is
filled into the tube. Eighteen composite column specimens were tested under axial
compression. Effects of the concrete strength, the width-to-thickness ratio, the
length-to-width ratio, and the ratio of steel section on the strength and deformation
characteristics of these composite columns are discussed.
The experimental results indicate that the encased steel section can restrain
the generation of diagonal shear cracks in the core concrete thus changing the
failure mode and the post-yield behavior of short composite columns. The behavior
of self-consolidating columns and vibrated columns is almost the same. The
strength of the columns increases but the ductility decreases with the increase of
concrete strength. Both the strength and ductility of the columns decrease with the
increase of width-to-thickness ratio and length-to-width ratio.
Formulas for calculating the ultimate strength of centrally loaded composite
columns are proposed. The calculated values are in good agreement with the test
results.
DESIGN STRENGTH OF SLENDER CONCRETE-FILLED
RECTANGULAR STEEL TUBES
Mark Andrew Bradford
Simplified studies of the short-term behavior of concrete~filledsteel tubes are
described. A procedure is then developed for calculating the axial strength of
concrete-filled steel rectangular columns based on the intersection of the section
strength envelope and the nonlinear loading line. The intersection point may be
7

obtained graphically or by the solution of a polynomial equation. Predictions of
strengths obtained from the numerical model are compared with independent test
results, and good agreement is obtained. By applying appropriate strength reduction
factors for steel and concrete, the procedure may be deployed in a design mode for
calculating design strengths.
STRENGTH OF SHORT AND LONG CONCRETE-FILLED TUBULAR
COLUMNS
Weizi Zhang and Bahram M. Shahrooz
Using experimental data from previous tests and detailed analytical studies,
the applicability of ACI standard techniques for analysis of concrete-filled tubular
columns is evaluated. Both short and slender columns are considered. The focus of
the reported research is on rectangular and square normal or high-strength steel
tubes filled with normal or high-strength concrete. Capacity of short concrete-filled
tubular columns is predicted reasonably well by the ACI method as long as normal
strength tubes are used. However, this procedure tends to significantly
underestimate the capacity for cases with high-strength tubes. In lieu of fiber
analysis, the ACI method should be revised to incorporate full yielding of the steel
tube. The results, as obtained by ACI or its revised method, are fairly close to those
obtained from more refined fiber analysis. Capacity of slender concrete-filled
tubular columns is also computed reasonably well by the ACI moment magnifier
method. The results correspond to those obtained from second-order analyses in
which material and geometric nonlinearities are incorporated. Therefore, the ACI
procedure provides a simple yet reliable method for analysis of short and slender
concrete-filled tubular columns if appropriate measures are made for cases with
high-strength tubes.
TESTS ON HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE-FILLED STEEL TUBULAR
COLUMNS
Andrew E. Kilpatrick and B. VijayaRangan
8

The results of tests conducted on 41 concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST)
columns are reported. The primary test parameters were load eccentricity and
column slenderness. The eccentrically loaded circular columns were bent into single
curvature or double curvature. High-strength steel tubes with a yield strength
exceeding 400 MPa were filled with 58 MPa concrete for the columns in the single
curvature tests and 96 MPa concrete for those subjected to double curvature
bending. The test results demonstrate the influence of column slenderness and load
eccentricity on the strength and behavior of high-strength CFST columns.
BEHAVIOUR OF NORMAL AND HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE-FILLED
COMPACT STEEL TUBE CIRCULAR STUB COLUMNS
EhabEllobody,BenYoung,Dennis Lam(Jul 2006)
This paper presents the behaviour and design of axially loaded concrete-filled
steel tube circular stub columns. The study was conducted over a wide range of
concrete cube strengths ranging from 30 to 110 MPa. The external diameter of the
steel tube-to-plate thickness (D/t) ratio ranged from 15 to 80 covering compact steel
tube sections. An accurate finite element model was developed to carry out the
analysis. Accurate nonlinear material models for confined concrete and steel tubes
were used. The column strengths and loadaxial shortening curves were evaluated.
The results obtained from the finite element analysis were verified against
experimental results. An extensive parametric study was conducted to investigate
the effects of different concrete strengths and cross-section geometries on the
strength and behaviour of concrete-filled compact steel tube circular stub columns.
The column strengths predicted from the finite element analysis were compared
with the design strengths calculated using the American, Australian and European
specifications. Based on the results of the parametric study, it is found that the
design strengths given by the American Specifications and Australian Standards are
conservative, while those of the European Code are generally unconservative.
9

Reliability analysis was performed to evaluate the current composite column design
rules.
NONLINEAR STATIC AND CYCLIC ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE-FILLED
STEEL COLUMNS
Hamid R. Valipour,Stephen J. Foster(June 2010)
This paper presents the formulation of a one-dimensional (1D) composite
frame element for the nonlinear static and cyclic analysis of concrete-filled steel
(CFS) beamcolumns. A two-node frame element is formulated using the force
interpolation concept, and the material nonlinearity at section level is taken into
account by employing a total secant stiffness and modified fibre element approach.
The size effect and steel tube confinement on the concrete strength and ductility are
taken into account. Further, the effect of steel tube local buckling on the member
strength is addressed. Concerning geometrical nonlinearities at the element level,
the equilibrium equations are satisfied for the deformed element to take account of
P effects. The formulation accuracy and efficiency of the model are verified by
some numerical examples of the static and cyclic analysis of CFS members.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED
FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE-FILLED STAINLESS STEEL
TUBULAR COLUMNS
EhabEllobody,Mariam F. Ghazy(Sep 2012)
This paper presents an experimental investigation of axially and eccentrically
loaded plain and fibre reinforced (FR) concrete-filled stainless steel circular tubular
columns. The composite columns were pin-ended subjected to axial and eccentric
loads. The stainless steel tubes were relatively slender having a diameter-to-plate
thickness ratio of 50. The composite columns had different lengths varied from 3D
to 12D. The column ultimate loads, loadaxial shortening relationships, loadstrain
10

relationships, loadmid-height lateral deflection relationships and failure modes of
the concrete-filled stainless steel circular tubular columns were measured from the
tests
The study has shown that FR concrete-filled stainless steel tubular columns
offer a considerable increase in column ductility compared with plain concrete-
filled tubular columns. The test ultimate loads were compared with the design
ultimate loads calculated using the Eurocode 4 for composite columns.
Generally, it has been shown that the EC4 accurately predicted the ultimate
loads of axially loaded concrete-filled stainless steel circular tubular columns, but
were quite conservative for predicting the ultimate loads of the eccentrically loaded
columns. It has also been shown that the conservatism of the EC4 predictions is
increased as the eccentricity is increased. The test results provide useful information
regarding the behaviour of FR concrete-filled stainless steel columns
FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF CONCRETE-FILLED STEEL STUB
COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION
ZhongTao,Zhi-Bin Wang,Qing Yu(Oct 2013)
Due to the passive confinement provided by the steel jacket for the concrete
core, the behaviour of the concrete in a concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) column
is always very challenging to be accurately modelled. Although considerable efforts
have been made in the past to develop finite element (FE) models for CFST
columns, these models may not be suitable to be used in some cases, especially
when considering the fast development and utilisation of high-strength concrete
and/or thin-walled steel tubes in recent times.
A wide range of experimental data is collected in this paper and used to
develop refined FE models to simulate CFST stub columns under axial
11

compression. The simulation is based on the concrete damaged plasticity material
model, where a new strain hardening/softening function is developed for confined
concrete and new models are introduced for a few material parameters used in the
concrete model.
The prediction accuracy from the current model is compared with that of an
existing FE model, which has been well established and widely used by many
researchers. The comparison indicates that the new model is more versatile and
accurate to be used in modelling CFST stub columns, even when high-strength
concrete and/or thin-walled tubes are used.
BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE-FILLED DOUBLE SKIN RECTANGULAR
STEEL TUBULAR BEAMCOLUMNS
ZhongTao,Lin-Hai Han(Jul 2006)
Double skin composite columns are formed from two steel skins filled with
concrete in between. This new form of hybrid column has the potential to be used in
many domains such as high-rise bridge piers and large diameter columns in high-
rise buildings, etc. This paper describes a series of tests carried out on concrete-
filled double skin steel tubular (CFDST) stub columns, beams and beamcolumns.
Both outer and inner tubes are cold-formed rectangular hollow sections (RHS).
The failure modes, and loaddeformation behaviour of CFDST specimens are
compared with those of conventional concrete-filled steel tubular members and
empty double skin tubular members. A theoretical model is developed in this paper
for the CFDST stub columns, beams and beamcolumns. Reasonably good
agreement is observed between the predicted and tested curves. Simplified models
are derived to predict the load-carrying capacities of the composite members.
12

BEHAVIOUR OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED HIGH-STRENGTH
RECTANGULAR CONCRETE-FILLED STEEL TUBULAR COLUMNS
DalinLiu(Aug 2006)
This paper presents an experimental and analytical study of the behaviour of
high-strength rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) columns subjected to
eccentric loading. Four slender and 16 stub CFT columns were tested to investigate
their structural behaviour. The test parameters were material strengths (
), cross-sectional aspect ratio (1.02.0), slenderness ratio (10
and 60) and load eccentricity ratio (e/H=0.100.42). Favourable ductility
performance was observed for all specimens during the tests.
Experimental failure loads are employed to calibrate the specifications in the
design codes EC4, ACI and AISC. Results show that EC4 overestimates the failure
loads of the specimens by 4%. ACI and AISC conservatively predict the failure
loads by 14% and 24%, respectively. An analytical model is developed to predict
the behaviour of high-strength rectangular CFT columns subjected to eccentric
loading. Calibration of the model against the test results shows that it closely
estimates the ultimate capacities of the columns by 3%.
DESIGN FORMULAS OF CONCRETE FILLED CIRCULAR STEEL
TUBES REINFORCED BY CARBON FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC
SHEETS
J.W. Park,Y.K. Hong,G.S. Hong,J.H. Kim,S.M. Choi
Concrete-filled steel tube structure has advantages such as excellent
deformation capacity, energy absorption and fireresistance. However, CFT column
has the drawback of local buckling at steel tube due to the deterioration of
confinement effect after steel tube yield. To solve the problem, CFT column system
13

reinforced by CFRP(Carbon Fiber Sheets) will be introduced and the structural
behaviors of CFRP reinforced columns will be compared with those of the current
CFT columns. The main experimental parameters are diameter-thickness (D/t) and
number of carbon FRP sheet layers. 10 specimens were prepared with the main
experimental parameters. Axial compression test were conducted and axial behavior
maximum strength capacity, and ductility capacity were analyzed between CFRP
reinforced columns and the current CFT columns. To propose of design formula for
FRP reinforced CFT columns, confinement effectiveness coefficient of confined
concrete were proposed based on the experimental results. Finally, base on the
coefficient, the axial design formula for FRP reinforced CFT columns were
proposed and compared the design strength values with the experimental strength
values.












14

CHAPTER-3
STUDY AND COMPOSITION OF MATERIALS
3.1 GENERAL
Cement, Fine aggregate & Coarse aggregate are the various Materials used in
this project. Next chapter contains the physical and chemical properties of the
materials.
3.2 STUDY OF MATERIALS
3.2.1 CEMENT
In the most general sense of the world, cement is a binder, a substance which sets
and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The volcanic ash
and pulverized brick additives which were added to the burnt lime to obtain a
hydraulic binder were later referred to as cementum and cement. Cements used in
the construction are characterized as hydraulic or non-hydraulic. The most
important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete the bounding of
natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong building material which is durable in
the face of normal environmental effects. The most commonly used type of cement
is Ordinary Portland Cement. Portland cement is the basic ingredient of concrete,
mortar and most non-specialty grout. The use of Portland cement is the production
of concrete.





15


INGREDIENT

PERCENTAGE (%)

RANGE

Lime (CaO) 62 62-67
Silica (SiO
2
) 22 17-25
Alumina (Al
2
O
3
) 5 3-8
Cal1cium Sulphate
(CaSO
4
)
4 3-4
Iron Oxide (Fe
2
O
3
) 3 3-4
Magnesium (MgO) 2 0.1-3
Table 3.1 Compostion of Ordinary Cement
3.2.2 FINE AGGREGATE
Fine aggregate is the natural material that fills voids in between the coarse
aggregate.
3.2.3 COARSE AGGREGATE
It gives body to the concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect economy the aggregate
occupy 70-80% of volume of the concrete.
3.3 COMPOSITION OF MATERIALS
The steel tubes of various thicknesses will be considered will be filled
with concrete of M30 grade.


16

CHAPTER-4
TESTING OF MATERIALS AND CASTING
4.1 TESTING THE MATERIALS
4.1.1 Tests for cement
4.1.1.1 Fineness test
The fineness test of cement has an important on the rate of hydration and hence on
the rate of gain of strength. To find the fineness of the given cement, the equipment
required is IS Sieve: 90 micron
Procedure:
100g of the given cement is weighed accurately and is placed on IS 90 micron sieve
and is sieved continuously for 15 minutes by circular and vertical motion. The
underside of the sieve is lightly brushed with the given brush after every 5 minutes
of sieving. The weight of the residue is found accurately and thus the fineness of the
cement is found out by the ratio of weight of residue and weight of sample taken
which is expressed in percentage. The experiment is repeated with fresh samples
and results are tabulated.
Table 4.1 Fineness test for cement
Sl.no Wt of sample
taken (w1)g
Wt of residue
(w2)g
Percentage
weight of residue
(w2/w1)x100
1 100 6 6


17

Analysis of results
Thus from the results we infer that the fineness of the cement is 5.5% and the
fineness requirement of cement as a residue should not exceed 10% for ordinary
Portland cement.
4.1.1.2 Consistency test
Objectives:
The basic aim to find out the water content required to produce a cement paste of
standard consistency as specified by the IS specifications. The principle is that
standard consistency of cement is that consistency at which the Vicat plunger
penetrates to a point %-7 mm from the bottom of Vicat mould.
Table 4.2 Consistency test for cement
Sl.No Wt of cement(g) Quantity of water added
in mL
Penetration of
plunger
1 300 74 32

4.1.1.3 SETTING TIME TEST:
Objectives:
The basic aim is to calculate the initial and final setting time per IS specifications
using Vicat apparatus.
Procedure:
Prepare a cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency. Start a stop-watch, the moment
water is added to the cement. Fill the Vicat mould completely with the cement paste
gauged as above, the mould resting on a non-porous plate and smooth off the
18

surface of the paste making it level with the top of the mould. The cement block
thus prepared in the mould is the test block. Allow the needle to penetrate the block
and find the initial and final setting times of the specimen.
Table 4.3 Initial setting time for cement
S.No Wt of cement
in gms
% of water
added
Volume of
water
added in ml
Initial
setting time
in min
Depth of
penetration
1 300 0.7 79 35 38

4.1.1.4 Specific gravity test:
Objectives:
This test is done to determine the specific gravity of the cement by density bottle
method. Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a given volume of a
material at a standard temperature to the weight in air of an equal volume of
distilled water at the same stated temperature.
Table 4.4 Specific gravity test for cement:
Description Sample
Wt of empty bottle (gm) 420
Wt of bottle+cement
(gm)

1519
Wt of bottle +water
+cement (gm)
2656
Wt of bottle +water 1458
Specific gravity 3.15

19

4.1.2 TEST FOR FINE AGGREGATE:
4.1.2.1 Specific gravity test:
Objectives:
This test is done to determine the specific gravity of fine-grained sand by density
bottle method. Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a given volume of
a material at a standard temperature to the weight in air of an equal volume of
distilled water at the same stated temperature.
Table 4.5 Specific gravity test for fine aggregate:
Description Sample
Wt of empty bottle (gm) 629
Wt of bottle+fine aggregate (gm)

1609
Wt of bottle +water +fine
aggregate (gm)
2123
Wt of bottle +water 1510
Specific gravity 2.67

Analysis of results:
Specific gravity of cement is found to be 2.67
4.1.2.2 Sieve analysis test:
Objectives:
The standard grain size analysis test determines the relative proportions of different
grain sizes as they are distributed among certain size ranges. The grain size analysis
20

is widely used in classification of soil. The data obtained from grain size
distribution curves is used in the design of filters for earth dams and to determine
the suitability of soil for road construction, air field, etc. Information obtained from
grain size analysis can be used to predict soil water moment although permeability
test are more generally used.
Table 4.6 Sieve analysis test for fine aggregate:
Sl
No.
IS
sieve
size
(mm)
Weight retained (q) Cumulative
weight (kg)
Cumulative
% retained Empty
weight of
sieve
(kg)
Retained
weight of
sieve (kg)
Weight of
retained
soil (kgm)
1 4.75 0.400 0.416 0.016 0.016 1.6
2 2.36 0.378 0.434 0.056 0.072 7.2
3 1.18 0.348 0.842 0.494 0.566 56.6
4 0.600 0.320 0.450 0.130 0.696 69.6
6 0.300 0.348 0.404 0.056 0.930 93.0
7 0.150 0.326 0.382 0.056 0.086 98.6
9 0.75 0.282 0.286 0.004 0.994 99.4
10 Pan 0.270 0.276 0.006 1.000 100

Analysis of results:
The sieve analysis shows the soil belongs to zone 2 of soil classification.
21

4.1.2.3 Bulk density of fine aggregate:
Table 4.7 Test for bulk density of fine aggregate
Description Sample
Wt of empty cylinder w1 (kg) 10.024
Wt of cylinder fine aggregate
w2(kg)

20
Net wt of the aggregate w2-w1 (kg) 9.376

Bulk Density V=

Capacity of cylinder= 5 litres
So, Bulk density v= 1.75 kg/litre
4.1.3 Test for Coarse aggregate:
4.1.3.1 Specific gravity test:
Objectives:
This test is to determine the specific gravity of coarse aggregate by density bottle
method. Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a given volume of a
material at a standard temperature to the weight in air to the equal volume of
distilled water at the same stated temperature.
Table 4.8 Specific gravity test for coarse aggregate:
Description Sample
Wt of empty pycnometer (gm) 673
Wt of pycnometer+coarse aggregate (gm)

1537
Wt of pycnometer +water +coarse aggregate (gm) 2085
22

Wt of pycnometer +water 1550
Specific gravity 2.74
4.1.3.2 Bulk density for coarse aggregate:
Table 4.9Test for bulk density of coarse aggregate
Description Sample
Wt of empty cylinder w1 (kg) 10.024
Wt of cylinder+coarse aggregate
w2(kg)

18.9
Net wt of the aggregate 8.276

Bulk Density V=

Capacity of cylinder= 5 litres
So, Bulk density v= 1.655 kg/litre







23

CHAPTER 5
MIX DESIGN
5.1 General
The grade of concrete to be adopted for this project work has to be
similar to M
30
. Since comparison is to be made with the standard M
30
mix.
Tests are done with constant strength for conventional Mix of strength = 30
Mpa N/mm
2

Mix design calculation was done as per IS 10262 : 1982
5.1.1 Design data
Characteristic compressive strength required in the field at 28 days - 30 Mpa
Maximum size of the aggregate -20mm
Degree of workability - 0.9
Specific gravity of fine aggregate - 2.79
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate - 2.73
Specific gravity of cement - 3.15
Degree of quality control - Good
Type of exposure - Mild
5.1.2 Determination of target mean strength
The target mean compressive strength at 28 days = f
ck
+ tS
= 30 + (1.65x5)
= 38.25 Mpa
24

5.1.3 Determination of water cement ratio
Strength of concrete primarily depends upon the strength of cement paste. The
strength of paste increases with cement content decreases with water content.
Various parameters like types of cement, aggregate, maximum size of aggregate,
surface texture of aggregate etc and influencing the strength of concrete, when
water cement ratio constant. Hence it is desirable to establish a relation between
concrete strength and free water cement ratio with materials and condition to be
used. Here the water cement ratio adopted is 0.38.
5.1.4 Determination of water and sand content
Required sand content as percentage of total aggregate by absolute volume
= 35+0.5
= 35.5%
Required water content = 186 Kg/ m
3

5.1.5 Determination of cement content
The cement content per unit volume of concrete may be calculated from free water
cement ratio. And the quantity of water per unit volume of concrete (cement by
mass= water cement /water cement ratio)
W/C ratio = 0.38
Water = 191.6 L
Cement = 504.21 Kg/m
3

5.1.6 Determination of fine aggregate
Aggregate content can be determined from the following equation.
V = W +

+ [

25

0.98 = 191.6 +

+ [

f
a
= 622.3 Kg/m
3

5.1.7 Determination of coarse aggregate content
V = [ W +

0.98 = [ 191.6 +

= 1106.41 Kg/m
3
The mix proportion then becomes
Table 5.1 Mix Proportion
Water Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
191.6 (L) 504.21 Kg 622.3 Kg 1106.41 Kg
0.38 1 1.23 2.19
For the above mix the fresh concrete properties and the harden concrete
properties are tested.
Fresh concrete tests include the following.
Slump test
Compaction factor test
Harden concrete properties studies include
Compression test
Compression strength for R.C short column confined with
steel tube
26














ANALYSING CONCRETE PROPERTIES



27

CHAPTER 6
ANALYSING OF CONCRETE PROPERTIES
6.1 General
Concrete specimens are tested to fine its compressive strength, for 7 days
and 28 days and split tensile strength for 28 days.
6.2 Fresh Concrete Properties
Some of the tests measure the parameters very close to workability and
provide useful information. The following tests are commonly employed to
measure workability.
Slump cone test
Compacting factor test
6.2.1 Slump Cone test

Fig 6.1Slump Cone Test Fig 6.2 Compacting Factor Test
Slump cone test is the most commonly used method of measuring consistency. It
doesnt measure all factors contributing to workability. It is used as a control test
and gives an indication of uniformity of batches.
28

Table- 6.1 Slump Cone Test Result Table- 6.2 Compacting Factor Test


Mix
Slump in mm
1 60

The slump test results given in Table 6.1 shows the slump for control mix.
6.2.2 Compacting Factor Test
Compacting factor test is more precise and sensitive than the slump cone
test. This test gives an idea for degree of compaction and adopted to find the
workability of concrete where aggregate size does not exceed 20mm and the mixes
are comparatively dry.
6.3 Casting of specimen
The concrete after workability will be used for casting test specimens.
Moulds were used to cast the specimen. Since the maximum size of the aggregate
is 20 mm, cube moulds of size 150x150x150 mm were used. The cube moulds
were used for compression test specimens. The inner surface of the mould was
coated with a thin layer of waste oil in order to help the demoulding easy and to
have sharp corners. Before applying oil, the inner surface was thoroughly cleaned
and freed from moisture. The concrete was filled in three layers. Each layer was
compacted with the standard tamping bar and the strokes of the bar were uniformly
distributed across the cross section of the mould. The strokes were given such that
it penetrated the underlying layer and the bottom layer was tamped throughout it its

Mix
Compaction
factor
1 0.97
29

depth. The tamping bar of 16mm diameter and 60 cm long was, the lower end was
butted pointed. After the top layer was compacted, the surface of the concrete was
finished in level with top of the mould using a trowel.
6.4 Compressive strength test
Compressive Strength of Concrete cube Specimens is tested after 7
th
and 28
th

days. The test is done using Compression Testing Machine.
As per IS456:2000 and IS516:1959 the compressive strength value of cube
specimen should not less than 30 N/mm
2


















30

CHAPTER - 7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7.1 RESULTS FOR COMPRESSION TEST
Table 7.1 Compression Test result
Mix 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
Specimen 1 28.26 31.53 35.78
Specimen 2 28.39 32.77 37.86
Specimen 3 27.03 31.12 37.04
Average 27.89 31.80 36.89




Fig 7.1 Compression Test results


0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
Specimen 1
Specimen 2
Specimen 3
Average
31

CHAPTER 8
STEEL PIPE FILLED CONCRETE
8.1. STEEL PIPE (TATA COLD FORMED STEEL SECTION)
Multi-purpose Structural Hollow Section Hybox 355 is a cold formed,
high grade, multi-purpose structural hollow section. It is perfect for projects where
you require guaranteed minimum strength and mechanical properties. It can be
used in a wide range of structural and engineering applications, including all those
where specific properties and compliance with design codes are required.
Table 8.1 Specimen details
Inside
Diameter
D
(mm)
Thickness

T
(mm)
Mass

M
(kg/m)
area

A
(cm2)

63.5
2 1.67 4.1
3 2.2 6.2

8.2 RESULTS
The following tables give the result for the specimens tested under compression.
The axial load is given to the specimens by UTM. Since there is no availability of
LVDT and electrical strain gauges to measure the lateral buckling and internal
32

strain, the failure load for the particular cross sectional area alone is calculated.
These results are noted down carefully
Table 8.2 Test Results for the tested steel specimens
Diameter
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
No of Winding length(m) Trial 1
(kgf)
trial 2
(kgf)

63.5

2

0

0.8

13150

13200

0

0.6

13400

13380

0

0.4

14700

14550

63.5

3

0

0.6

20500

20400


63.5


2




2

0.6


17450

17400

4

0.6

21250

21200

.
33

8.3 RESULT COMPARISION
The strength comparison was done between the following parameters.
- Comparison of strength based on varying thickness
- Comparison of strength based on varying length
- Comparison of strength based on varying CFRP winding.
8.3.1 Graphical Representation based on Thickness
Table 8.3. Comparison of strength based on varying thickness

Diameter
(mm)

Thickness
(mm)

Height
(mm)

Load (kgf)
Trails

Load
(kgf)
Avg



63.5

2
0.6
0.6
13400
13380

13390

3

0.6
0.6

20500
20400

20450


34


Chart 8.1 Comparison of strength based on varying thickness

Discussion
The experimental result shows that the load carrying capacity of the
specimen increases by 52% with increase in 1mm of thickness.






0
10000
20000
30000
2mm 3mm
L
O
A
D

(
k
g
f
)

Thickness (mm)
COMPARISION BASED ON THICKNESS
T1
T2
AVG
35

8.3.2 Graphical representation based on number of CFRP winding
Table 8.3 Comparison of strength based on varying CFRP winding
Diameter
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Number
of CFRP
layer
Height (m) Load kgf
Trail
I
Trail
II
Avg



63.5



2


2

0.6


17450

17400

17425

4

0.6

21250

21200

21225


Chart 8.2 Comparison of strength based on varying CFRP winding
0
10000
20000
30000
2 W 4 W
L
O
A
D

(
k
g
f
)

No of Winding
COMPARISION BASED ON NO OF CFRP
WINDING
T1
T2
AVG
36

Discussion
The experimental result shows that the load carrying capacity of the
specimen increases by 21% with increase in 2 numbers of winding.
8.3.3 Graphical representation based Length
Table 8.4 Comparison of strength based on length
Diameter
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Length
(m)
Load
(kgf)
Avg Load
(kgf)


63.5 mm


2

0.8
0.8

13150
13200

13175

0.6
0.6

13400
13380

13390

0.4
0.4

14700
14550

14625

37


Chart 8.3 Comparison of strength based on varying Length
Discussion
The experimental result shows that the load carrying capacity of the
specimen increases with decrease in length.







12000
13000
14000
15000
0.4 0.6 0.8
L
O
A
D

(
k
g
f
)

Length (m)
COMPARISION BASED ON LENGTH
T1
T2
AVG
38

CHAPTER 9
COMPARISON OF RESULT

9.1 THEORETICAL RESULT
Rankin critical load
P =
c
A
1 + a (Le/k)
2

Where, k = I/A
CASE (i)
L = 0.8 m, t = 2 mm
GIVEN DATA:


External diameter D = 67.5 mm


Internal diameter d = 63.5 mm


cursing stress c = 350
N/mm2


Rankines constant a = 0.00014285


Effective length l = 800 mm
Since Both end hinged.
Area

= 411.34 mm2
Moment of inertia = 220800 mm4

39



stiffness k = 23.1685



P = 123016 N


= 123.016 kN

CASE (ii)
L = 0.6 m, t = 2 mm
GIVEN DATA:


External diameter D = 67.5 mm


Internal diameter d = 63.5 mm


cursing stress c = 350
N/mm2


Rankines constant a = 0.000142857

Effective length l = 600 mm
Since Both end hinged.
Area

= 411.34 mm2
Moment of inertia = 220800 mm4



stiffness k = 23.1685







40

P = 131181 N

= 131.181 kN

CASE (iii)
L = 0.4 m, t = 2 mm
GIVEN DATA:


External diameter D = 67.5 mm


Internal diameter d = 63.5 mm


cursing stress c = 350
N/mm2


Rankines constant a = 0.000142857

Effective length l = 400 mm
Since Both end hinged.
Area

= 411.34 mm2
Moment of inertia = 220800 mm4



stiffness k = 23.1685




P

=

138089 N


= 138.089 kN


41


CASE (iv)
L = 0.6 m, t = 3 mm
GIVEN DATA:


External diameter D = 69.5 mm


Internal diameter d = 63.5 mm


cursing stress c = 350
N/mm2


Rankines constant a = 0.000142857

Effective length l = 600 mm
Since Both end hinged.
Area

= 626.43 mm2
Moment of inertia = 346983 mm4



stiffness k = 23.5352



P = 200623 N


= 200.623 kN



42

9.2 DISCUSSION BETWEEN EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORITICAL
VALUES
9.2.1 Graphical Representation based on Thickness
Table 9.1 Comparison of strength based on varying thickness

Diameter
(mm)

Thickness
(mm)

Height (mm)

EXP Load
(kgf)
Avg

TH Load
(kgf)
Avg



63.5

2

0.6
0.6


13390

13358

3

0.6
0.6


20450

20400


43


Chart 9.1 Comparison of strength based on varying thickness
9.2.2 Graphical representation based Length
Table 9.2 Comparison of strength based on length
Diameter
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Length
(m)
EXP Avg
Load
(kgf)
TH Load
(kgf)
Avg


63.5 mm


2

0.8
0.8

13175

12542

0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
2mm 3mm
LOAD (kgf)
Thickness (mm)
COMPARISION BASED ON THICKNESS
EXP
TE
44

0.6
0.6
13390 13358

0.4
0.4

14625

14072


Chart 9.3 Comparison of strength based on varying Length




11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
0.4 0.6 0.8
LOAD (kgf)
Length (m)
COMPARISION BASED ON LENGTH
EXP
TE
45

CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
The experimental result shows that the load carrying capacity of the specimen
increases by 52% with increase in 1mm of thickness.
The experimental result shows that the load carrying capacity of the specimen
increases by 21% with increase in 2 numbers of winding.
The experimental result shows that the strength of the specimen increases with
decrease in length.














46

11. FUTURE INVESTIGATION

Steel tubes with different thickness will be taken of 0.6m height and filled with
concrete
The filled specimens will be taken to testing under compression
Parameters like support stability and lateral buckling will be investigated in
future.










47

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