Summer 2014 - Psych 251 Bonus Exercise for Learning Assessment One

ame! """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #ate #ue! $on %&'&2014

(our first )earning assessment is *eing constructe+ from among the fo))o,ing items- Pro.i+ing this information
is inten+e+ to assist you to rehearse for the first Learning Assessment on %&'&2014- ot a)) items ,i)) *e use+
B/0 a)) 1uestions ,i)) come from this set of items-
Sim2)y attem2t to create B34E5 ans,er res2onses to the 1uestions *e)o,- $any6 though not a))6 can *e
ans,ere+ using one or t,o ,or+s- (our res2onses +o O0 ha.e to *e in com2)ete6 2erfect sentences7 /sing
a**re.iations an+ *u))et 2oints is 2erfect6 as )ong as you un+erstan+ ,hat you are ,riting6 as this ,i)) *ecome a
.a)ua*)e rehearsa) too)- 4n a++ition6 you can recei.e u2 to % *onus 2oints for su*mitting your res2onses to
these 1uestions 8ust 2rior to com2)eting your first assessment-
1. A professor wants to examine the effectiveness of a new teaching approach. Her 9:00 a.m.
class will be exposed to the new method of viewing teaching tapes while her 10:00 a.m. class
will be exposed to traditional lectures. She will assess the students progress after six sessions.
hat method is the professor using to conduct her experiment!
". A researcher wor#ing with college$age football pla%ers is conducting a longitudinal stud% to
examine an athletes decline in ph%sical performance as the athlete ages. hat t%pe of
development would the researcher most li#el% be stud%ing!
&. 'esearchers in the earl% learning department of a universit% are conducting a long$term
stud% to see how problem$solving s#ills change over time as school$age students move from
elementar% school to high school to college. hat t%pe of development are the researchers most
li#el% stud%ing!
(. hen Allison was completing her medical forms in the doctors office) she was as#ed to
indicate her race. hat ma% be an appropriate reason*s+ for the ,uestion on the forms!
-. A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a*n+
.. /iological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age
group) regardless of where the% are raised) are called 000000influences.
1. /iological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event)
such as the bombing of 2earl Harbor) can be considered
3. A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest conse,uences
and the presence of certain #inds of environmental stimuli is necessar% for development to
proceed normall% is called
9. 4n a 000000) organisms are particularl% susceptible to certain #inds of stimuli in their
environments) but the absence of those stimuli does not alwa%s produce irreversible
conse,uences.
10. According to the textboo#) which statement best reflects how man% researchers view the
nature$nurture ,uestion!
11. /road) organi5ed explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest are
called 00000000000000000 and provide a framewor# for understanding the relationships among
an unorgani5ed set of facts or principles.
1". Advocates of the 0000000000 perspective believe that much of behavior is motivated b%
inner forces) memories) and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control.
1&. Adults demonstrating excessive activities such as eating) tal#ing) or chewing gum ma% be
experiencing a*n+ 0000000000 fixation.
1(. 6ri#sons theor% differs from 7reuds in that 6ri#son believed that development
1-. 0000000000 00000000 suggests that #e%s to understanding development are
observable actions and outside stimuli in the environment.
1.. A t%pe of learning in which an organism responds in a particular wa% to a neutral stimulus
that normall% does not bring about that t%pe of response is called
11. A form of learning in which a voluntar% response is strengthened or wea#ened b% its
association with positive or negative conse,uences is called
13. 8ud% was bitten b% a small brown and white dog when she was a little girl) and now ever%
time she sees a small dog approaching her) she is fearful. atson would sa% that 8ud%s reaction
is a result of 000000000 conditioning.
19. Susan learned at a %oung age that developing good stud% habits) such as doing her
homewor#) brought about good grades) and made her want to wor# harder in school. 9his t%pe
of behavior is called
"0.hat is the learning approach that emphasi5es learning b% observing the behavior of
another person) called modeling!
"1. 0000000000 focuses on the processes that allow people to #now) understand) and thin#
about the world.
"". 000000000 is*are+ a theor% of how human thin#ing is organi5ed into mental patterns that
represent behaviors and actions.
"&. 2iagets two basic principles of growth in childrens understanding of the world are
"(. hat did 2iaget call the process in which people understand an experience in terms of
their current stage of cognitive development and wa% of thin#ing!
"-. hat did 2iaget call the process in which changes occur in the existing wa% a child thin#s
in response to encounters with new stimuli or events!
".. hat has become an important alternative to 2iagetian approaches!
"1. hat learning model see#s to identif% the wa%s individuals ta#e in) use) and store
information!
"3. hich developmental approach loo#s at cognitive development through the lens of brain
processes b% considering internal mental processes focused on the neurological activit% that
underlies thin#ing) problem solving) and cognitive behavior!
"9. hat theor% contends that people have a natural capacit% to ma#e decisions about their
lives!
&0. 9he 00000000 perspective contends that people have a natural capacit% to control their
behavior.
&1. hich perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their ph%sical)
cognitive) personalit%) and social worlds!
&". hat is the perspective that suggests that different levels of the environment
simultaneousl% influence individuals!
&&. hich theor% emphasi5es how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social
interactions between members of a culture!
&(.hich perspective see#s to identif% behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance
from our ancestors!
&-.hat is the name of the process of posing and answering ,uestions using careful)
controlled techni,ues that include s%stematic) orderl% observation and the collection of data!
&..hat is the term that means a broad explanation and prediction about phenomena of
interest!
&1.A 0000000 is a prediction stated in a wa% that permits it to be tested.
00000000 research is designed to discover causal relationships between various factors.
&3. hen an investigator t%picall% devises two different conditions and then studies and
compares the outcomes of the participants exposed to those two different conditions in order to
see how behavior is affected) this is called a*n+
&9. 4n an experiment where researchers manipulate the 000000) the variable that the
researchers measure to see if it changes is the 000000.
(0. hat techni,ue ensures that personal characteristics that might affect the outcome of the
experiment are divided proportionall% among the participants in the different groups) ma#ing
groups e,uivalent!
(1. :sing a real$world setting for an experiment is the hallmar# of a*n+
(". hat #ind of research investigation is conducted in a controlled setting explicitl%
designed to hold events constant!
(&. 4f a researcher was interested in learning how childrens moral development changes
between the ages of & and -) the researcher ma% follow them until the% are -) testing them
periodicall%. 9his research strateg% is #nown as 000000000 research.
((. hat is the t%pe of research in which people of different ages are compared at the same
point in time!
(-. hich t%pe of research stud% is a compromise techni,ue that essentiall% examines a
number of different age groups at several points in time) and permits developmental researchers
to tease out the conse,uences of age change versus age difference!
(.. hat is the basic unit of genetic information!
(1. About an hour or so after the sperm enters the ovum) the two gametes suddenl% fuse)
becoming one cell called a
(3. 9he blueprints for creating a person are stored and communicated in our
(9. ;ame the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of each cell in the
bod% and how it will function.
-0. hat is the name of the rod$shaped portions of <;A that are organi5ed in "& pairs!
-1. =enes are arranged in specific locations and in a specific order along 0000 chromosomes.
-". 9he 0000 chromosomes in the new 5%gote contain the genetic blueprint that will guide cell
activit% for the rest of the individuals life.
-&. 9he process of 0000000 accounts for the replication of most t%pes of cells) so nearl% all the
cells of the bod% will contain the same (. chromosomes as the 5%gote.
-(. hen gametes are formed in the human bod%) this is called
--. 4f the child has an >> pairing on the "&rd chromosome) the child will be
-.. hen a child receives different forms of a certain gene from his?her parents) he or she is
said to be
-1. 4n 00000000 inheritance) a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the
production of a particular trait.
-3. Humans have about 000000 genes.
-9. Sometimes genes) for no #nown reason) change their form in a process called
.0. 8ose has an extra chromosome on the twent%$first pair of chromosomes. 9he disorder was
once referred to as mongolism. 9his will cause him to have
.1. Sue has a disorder that is produced b% an in@ur% to a gene on the > chromosome) producing
mild to moderate mental retardation. She has
.". 9era has a disorder that is untreatable and produces blindness and muscle degeneration
prior to death. Her diagnosis would be
.&. hat is the profession that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited
disorders!
.(. hat is the name of the earliest prenatal test that occurs in the 11th to 1&th wee# of
pregnanc% and can identif% chromosomal abnormalities and other disorders) such as heart
problems!
.-. hat is the more invasive prenatal test that can be emplo%ed if blood tests and ultrasound
have identified a potential problem or if there is a famil% histor% of inherited disorders!
... hich infre,uentl% used test is usuall% performed between the 3th and 11th wee# of
pregnanc% but produces a ris# of miscarriage of 1 in 100 to 1 in "00 pregnancies!
.1. hich test is most often performed at 3 to 11 wee#s) and involves inserting a needle
*abdominall%+ or a catheter *cervicall%+ into the substance of the placenta *but sta%ing outside the
amniotic sac+ and removing 10 to 1- milligrams of tissue) which is cleaned of maternal uterine
tissue) and then grown in a culture so that a #ar%ot%pe can be made!
.3. hich test examines the embr%o or fetus during the first 1" wee#s of pregnanc% b% means
of a fiber$optic device inserted through the cervix!
.9. hich test procedure is recommended if either parent carries 9a%$Sachs) spina bifida)
sic#le$cell) <own s%ndrome) muscular d%stroph%) or 'h disease!
10. hich test is used to detect <own s%ndrome b% collecting blood from the umbilical cord
after the 13th wee# of pregnanc%!
11. hich procedure) in combination with ultrasound) can detect more than 30A of all
malformations during the second trimester!
1". hich testing procedure uses high fre,uenc% sound waves and is used as an ad@unct to
other procedures) such as amniocentesis!
1&. hat is the procedure where cells are ta#en from an embr%o and then replaced after the
defective genes the% contain have been repaired!
1(. 2atterns of arousal and emotionalit% that represent consistent and enduring characteristics
in an individual are called
1-. hat is the term for the determination of traits b% a combination of both genetic and
environmental factors) in which a genot%pe provides a range within which a phenot%pe ma% be
expressed!
1.. <uring the germinal stage) the fertili5ed egg is now called a*n+ 00000000000) and travels
toward the uterus) where it becomes implanted in the uteruss wall.
11. 4n the embr%onic stage) what is the term for the outer la%er that will form s#in) hair) teeth)
sense organs) the brain) and the spinal cord!
13. 4n the embr%onic stage) what is the term for the inner la%er that produces the digestive
s%stem) liver) pancreas) and respirator% s%stem!
19. 9he hormone 0000000000 is produced in 00000000) which some scientists speculate ma%
lead to differences in male and female brain structure and later variations in gender$related
behavior*s+.
30. hat is the term for the process of fertili5ation in which a mans sperm is placed directl%
into a womans vagina b% a ph%sician!
31. hat is the term for the procedure in which a womans ova are removed from her ovaries
and a mans sperm are used to fertili5e the ova in a laborator%!
3". hat is the term for an environmental agent that produces birth defects!
3&. 4t is the @ob of the 0000000 to #eep teratogens from reaching the fetus.
3(. omen who give birth over the age of 000 are at a greater ris# for a variet% of pregnanc%
and birth complications.
3-. Blder mothers are considerabl% more li#el% to give birth to children with
3.. About 00000000000 babies born to mothers over (0 have 00000000.
31. About 0000000 babies born to mothers over -0 have 000000.
33. omen who become pregnant during 00000000 are more li#el% to have premature
deliveries.
39. hat sexuall% transmitted disease can be transmitted directl% to the fetus) and will cause
the fetus to be born suffering from the disease!
90. Cothers who are carriers of 0000000000 ma% pass the disease on to their fetuses through
the blood that reaches the placenta.
91. 4f mothers who carr% the A4<S virus are treated with antiviral drugs) such as AD9 during
pregnanc%) less than 00000 of infants are born with A4<S.
9". hat was fre,uentl% prescribed b% ph%sicians to pregnant women in the 1910s to prevent
miscarriages) but was later found to cause the daughters of the women who too# the medication
to develop a rare form of vaginal or cervical cancer and to have more difficult pregnancies!
9&. hat illegal drug) when used during pregnanc%) can restrict the ox%gen that reaches the
fetus and lead to infants who are irritable) nervous) and easil% disturbed!
9(. 0000000000 reduces the ox%gen content and increases the carbon monoxide of the
mothers blood. 9his ,uic#l% reduces the ox%gen available for the fetus. 7urther) the nicotine
and other toxins in cigarettes slow the respiration rate of the fetus and speed up its heart.
9-. 9he attending nurse tells the expectant mother that her contractions are approximatel% -
minutes apart. hat hormones are high enough in the mother to cause the uterus to begin
periodic contractions!
9.. <uring the final part of the first stage of labor) the contractions increase to their greatest
intensit%. 9his period is #nown as
91. hen the bab% is in the process of leaving the mothers bod%) this is considered the
00000 stage of labor.
93. At what stage of labor are the childs umbilical cord *still attached to the neonate+ and the
placenta expelled from the mothers bod%!
99. <uring childbirth) the obstetrician decides that there is a need for an episiotom%. 9hat
means
100. A standard measurement s%stem that loo#s for a variet% of indications of good health in
newborns is called
A newborn bab% scores under (
101. A restriction of ox%gen lasting a few minutes that produces cognitive defects) such as
language dela%s and mental retardation due to brain cell death) is called
10". A restriction of ox%gen lasting a few minutes that produces cognitive defects) such as
language dela%s and mental retardation due to brain cell death) is called
10&. hich childbirth method is ,uite controversial because it discourages the use of
traditional medical interventions!
10(. hat is a doula!
10-. Bther than a ph%sician?obstetrician who is licensed) what other person involved in
childbirth re,uires an additional %ear or two of training!
10.. 9he American Academ% of 2ediatrics and the :.S. Eongress agree that women should
sta% in the hospital no less than 0000000 hours after giving birth.
101. ;ewborns who are born prematurel% and who have a low birthweight ma% experience
respirator% distress s%ndrome *'<S+ and re,uire
103. hich of the following best describes the Fage of viabilit%)G or the point at which an
infant can survive prematurel%!
109. hat is the term for a period of deep depression following the birth of a child that affects
approximatel% 10A of all new mothers for months or even %ears!
110. A neonate enters the world with unlearned) organi5ed) and involuntar% responses that
occur automaticall% in the presence of stimuliH these responses are called