Teleservices Speech SMS (Short Message Full Rate 13Kbps Point to Point Cell !roa"cast !earer Services #synchronous $ata Synchronous $ata 3%% & '(%%bps 3%% & '(%%bps Supplementary Services Call For)ar" Call !arring Subscriber !usy* +ot Reachable ,nternational ,ncoming Calls
'%% M-./ 0p lin1 Fre2uency 3'%4'15 M-6/ $o)n lin1 Fre2uency '354'(% M-. 13%% M-./ 0p lin1 Fre2uency 171%41735 M-6/ $o)n lin1 Fre2uency 13%54133% M-. 189 carriers/ There are 3 channels in each carrier/ Channel separation is 8%% K-./ Ciphering mo"i:ies the contents o: the eight interleave" bloc1s through the use o: encryption techni2ues to the particular mobile station an" base transceiver station/ T)o types o: ciphering algorithms* calle" #3 an" #5* are use" in GSM to prevent unauthori.e" net)or1 access an" privacy :or the ra"io transmission respectively/ #uthentication is the process o: uni2uely proving an i"entity to a certain service* net)or1 or "evice an" the veri:ication o: the given i"entity/The #uC is associate" )ith the -;R (-ome ;ocation Register< in a GSM or 0MTS net)or1/ ,t provi"es authentication parameters :or the authentication process such as authentication triplets in GSM or authentication vectors )ithin 0MTS A3 - Authentication Algorithm #3 #uthentication algorithm use" in con=unction )ith Ki the authentication 1ey an" R#+$ the ran"om number generate" in the #uC (#uthentication Centre< to pro"uce the SR>S (Signe" Response< This variable is use" by the net)or1 to authenticate a MS (Mobile Station< re2uesting net)or1 resources/ >2uali.ation is the techni2ue use" to improve the re"ial lin1 per:ormance/ That is to minimi.e instantaneous bit error rate (,nter symbol inter:erence</since the mobile :ee"ing channel is ran"om an" time varying* e2uali.ers must trac1 the time varying characteristics o: the mobile channel* an" thus are calle" as a"aptive e2uali.ers/ ,n reality* bit errors o:ten occur in se2uence* as cause" by long :a"ing "ips a::ecting several consecutive bits/ Channel co"ing is most e::ective in "etecting an" correcting single errors an" short error se2uences/ ,t is not suitable :or han"ling longer se2uences/ For this reason* a process calle" interleaving is use" to separate consecutive bits o: a message so that these are transmitte" in a non4consecutive )ay/ The major drawback of interleaving is the corresponding delay: transmission time from the first burst to the last one in a block is equal to 8 TDMA frame $igiti.ation is the process o: converting in:ormation into a "igital :ormat/ ,n this :ormat* in:ormation is organi.e" into "iscrete units o: "ata (calle" bits< that can be separately a""resse" (usually in multiple4bit groups calle" bytes</ The GSM speech co"e trans:orm the analog signal (voice< into a "igital representation* has to meet the :ollo)ing criteria? # /goo" speech 2uality !/ to re"uce the re"un"ancy in the soun"s o: the voice Fre2uency hopping is employe" in :re2uency "ivision sprea" spectrum to hi"e the "ata channels in the noise or to avoi" inter:erence :rom other users o: the common spectrum/ ,t is also employe" in :a"ing channels to improve the 2uality o: the ra"io connection/ The hopping pattern must be 1no)n both by the receiver an" the transmitter/ This pattern is "escribe" using a hopping se2uence an" i"enti:ie" by the -S+/ $iscontinuous transmission is a mechanism that allo)s the ra"io transmitter to be s)itche" o:: "uring speech pauses/ ,n a normal conversation this )ill lea" to a "ecrease in transmission time o: about 5%@/ The primary :unctions o: $TA in the up lin1 an" "o)n lin1 are to save battery in the mobile an" to re"uce the inter:erence levels in both lin1s $iscontinuous Reception ($RA< is a metho" use" in mobile communication to conserve the battery o: the mobile "evice/ The mobile "evice an" the net)or1 negotiate phases in )hich "ata trans:er happens/ $uring other times the "evice turns its receiver o:: an" enters a lo) po)er state $iscontinuous reception is employe" in cellular systems to prolong the mobiles battery li:e/ The mobile station listens only to the paging channels )ithin its $RA group/ Moreover the net)or1 )ill only page the mobile in that group o: paging channels/ Thus the mobile "oes not have to continuously monitor the paging channels GSM4444444444'/( Kbps 8/5 G -igh Spee" Circuit S)itche" $ata (-SCS$< 4444444447(/3 Kbps The >rlang is a measurement o: telephone tra::ic e2uivalent to 3(%% secon"s o: telephone use/ Gra"e o: Service "e:ines the 2uality o: a telephone service in terms o: a user receiving a net)or1 busy signal/ Gra"e o: service is the bloc1ing :or the given tra::ic channels/ Timing a"vance is a solution speci:ically "esigne" to counteract the problem o: time alignment/ ,t )or1s by instructing the misaligne" MS to transmit its burst earlier or later than it normally )oul"/ ,n GSM* the timing a"vance in:ormation relates to bit4 times/ Thus* an MS may be instructe" to "o its transmission by a certain number o: bit4times earlier or later relate" to previous position* to reach its timeslot at the !TS in right time/ MaBimum (3 bit4times can be use" in GSM systems/ This limits GSM normal cell si.e to 351m ra"ius/ # ;ocation #rea is a number o: cells ("e:ine" by the mobile operator< throughout )hich a GSM C 0MTS mobile )ill be page"/ ;ocation in:ormation is maintaine" an" use" by the net)or1 to locate the user :or call routing purposes/ The net)or1 registers the userDs location in a register calle" userDs -;R* )hich is associate" )ith an MSC locate" in a P;M+ to )hich user is subscribe"/ >ach !SS 1eeps broa"casting on perio"ic basis the cell i"entities on Ebroa"cast control channelsD o: the cells un"er its coverage/ The mobiles )ithin each cell 1eep monitoring this in:ormation/ #s changes in location are "etecte" (:rom the last in:ormation recor"e" by them<* they each report the ne) location to the !SS )hich then routes it the F;R o: the MSC to )hich it is connecte"/ The F;R sen"s the location in:ormation to userDs -;R )here it is also recor"e"/ Mean)hile* the -;R "irects the ol" F;R to "elete the ol" visiting location o: the mobile :rom its "atabase an" also sen"s a copy o: the userDs service pro:ile to the ne) F;R/ ;ocation up"ating is per:orme" by the Mobility Management (MM< protocol sub layer/ ,MS, stan"s :or ,nternational Mobile Subscriber ,"entity/ ,t is the uni2ue net)or1 i"entity o: the GSM subscriber/ TMS, stan"s :or Temporary Mobile Subscriber ,"entity/ TMS, is the temporary net)or1 i"entity o: the subscriber in the visite" ;ocation #rea/ MS,S$+ is the international ,S$+ no/ allocate" to the mobile subscriber/ MS,S$+ shoul" comply )ith the countryDs ,S$+ numbering plan/ The MS,S$+ number basically consists o: a Ecountry co"eD (CC<* a Enational "estination co"eD (+$C< )hich speci:ies a P;M+ )ithin that country an" a subscriber number (S+</ The MS,S$+ number is use" :or "ialing by a calling subscriber :rom PST+C,S$+* an" is use" to route the call to a Gate)ay MSC o: the GSM net)or1/ The GSM MSC then uses the MS,S$+ to interrogate the appropriate -;R :or the rerouting in:ormation re2uire" to eBten" the call to the MobileGs visiting MSC/ #RFC+ 4 #bsolute Ra"io Fre2uency Channel +umber Hithin the spectrum allocate" :or cellular mobile communications* the ra"io channels are i"enti:ie" by #RFC+/ ,: the system is operating in F$$ (Fre2uency $ivision $upleB< mo"e then the channel number is associate" )ith both the uplin1 an" "o)nlin1 ra"io channels/ Hithin the GSM'%%spectrum #RFC+ 1 to 189 are use"/ ,n GSM13%%* #RFC+ 518 to 335 are use" an" in GSM1'%% #RFC+ 518 to 31% are use"/ The Po)er Control is sent on the For)ar" Po)er Control Sub channel or Reverse Po)er Control Sub channel to signal the MS (Mobile Station< or base station to increase or "ecrease its transmit po)er/ Fre2uency $ivision $upleB is employe" in ra"io systems to provi"e an up lin1 an" "o)n lin1 ra"io channel bet)een the net)or1 an" the user/ The :re2uencies separate" by a "upleB spacing/ 0sers tune bet)een the up lin1 an" "o)n lin1 :re2uencies to transmit an" receive respectively/ ,n a Time $ivision $upleB system a common carrier is share" bet)een the up lin1 an" "o)n lin1* the resource being s)itche" in time/ 0sers are allocate" one or more timeslot :or up lin1 an" "o)n lin1 transmission/ The main a"vantage o: T$$ operation is that it allo)s asymmetric :lo) )hich is more suite" to "ata transmission/ To provi"e cellular coverage in rural areas )here user "ensity is lo)* the operators ten" to buil" large cells in or"er to re"uce the number o: base station (!S< sites/ This re"uces the total cost o: !S e2uipment* net)or1 installation* an" maintenance/ The cell range eBtension techni2ue is speci:ically targete" to the GSMC$CS13%% :or provi"ing cost4e::ective countrysi"e coverage/ ,t is base" on the use o: the GSM hal:4rate speech co"ec over4the :ull4rate tra::ic channel cross the eBten"e" cell range* so that a""itional channel co"ing can be utili.e" to improve the error rate per:ormance/ The term Multiple #ccess is use" to "escribe a system )here several users can gain access to a common transmission channel/ >Bamples o: Multiple #ccess systems inclu"e T$M# (Time $ivision Multiple #ccess< use" in GSM* C$M# (Co"e $ivision Multiple #ccess< use" in 0MTS an" CSM#CC$ (Carrier Sensing Multiple #ccessCCollision $etection< use" by >thernet/ Fre2uency $ivision Multiple #ccess is a techni2ue in )hich multiple users o: a ra"io system are separate" in the :re2uency "omain Co"e $ivision Multiple #ccess is a metho" :or "escribing physical ra"io channels/ $ata inten"e" :or a speci:ic channel is mo"ulate" )ith that channels co"e/ These are typically pseu"o ran"om in nature* an" posses :avorable correlation properties to ensure physical channels are not con:use" )ith one another/ S$CC- (Stan" #lone Control Channel< )hen not on a call S#CC- (Slo) associate" control channel< Hhen )e are on a call/ Ran"om #ccess Channel (R#C-< The #ccess Grant Channel is use" to assign resources to a user re2uesting access to the net)or1/ These resources )ill inclu"e the "e"icate" channel to be use" along )ith timing a"vance in:ormation/ (IR< Response :or R#C- is #GC-/ Call establishment* location up"ate an" SMS/ S$CC- is a "upleB pt4to4pt channel )hich is use" :or signaling/ ,t carries all signaling bet)een the !TS an" the MS )hen no TC- is allocate"/ ,t is use" :or service re2uest* location up"ates* subscriber authentication* ciphering initiation* e2uipment vali"ation an" assignment to a TC-/ >ach timeslot on a T$M# :rame is calle" a physical channel/ # physical channel may carry "i::erent messages* "epen"ing on the in:ormation that is to be sent/ These messages are calle" logical channels/ T$M# Frame? ,t consists o: 3 bursts* time is 9/(1(ms/ Ine burst is 577microsec/ Multi Frame? 8( T$M# :rames ma1e one multi :rame/ Time o: one multi :rame is 18%ms/ Super :rame? 51 multi :rames ma1e one super :rame/ Time o: one super :rame is 98%ms/ -yper :rame? 8%93 super :rames ma1e one hyper :rame/ Frequency correction channel FCCH continuously transmits in "o)n lin1 "irection unmo"ulate" carrier :re2uency :or :re2uency correction o: MS/ SCH is use" :or :rame synchroni.ation o: MS an" contains in:ormation about RF+ (Re"uce" T$M# Frame +umber< an" !S,C/ !S,C consists o: +CC an" !CC/ BCCH broa"casts general in:ormation about the cell li1e neighboring cells in:ormation* MS transmit po)er maBimum on CC-s an" local area i"enti:ication/ Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) is a GSM signaling channel that provi"es a relatively slo) signaling connection/ The S#CC- is associate" )ith either a tra::ic or "e"icate" channel/ The S#CC- can also be use" to trans:er Short Message Service (SMS< "uring a call/ ,t gives measurement reports/ PCH is use" to page the MS "uring mobile terminate" call setup/ Paging messages are sent to the area )here the recipient MS is locate"/ This is the "o)n lin1 transport channel in 0MTS that carries the PC- (Paging Control Channel</ ,t is use" to broa"cast paging an" noti:ication messages in a cell/ The Cell Broadcast Channel is an a""itional :eature o: the GSM system/ The channel supports part o: the SMS (Short Message Service< group 1no)n as point to multi point an" is inten"e" to be use" :or in:ormation such as tra::ic an" )eather reports/ This is a "o)n lin1 only channel an" is mappe" into the secon" sub slot o: the S$CC- (Stan"alone $e"icate" Control Channel Jes /!CC- is "o)n lin1 mo"e channel Four burst "elay this is use" to avoi" the simultaneous transmission an" reception o: mobile station Tra::ic multi :rame contains 8( bursts/ ;ast burst is the i"le burst/13 th burst is :or S#CC- F#CC- 4 Fast #ssociate" Control Channel The Fast #ssociate" Control Channel appears in place o: the tra::ic channel )hen lengthy signaling is re2uire" bet)een a GSM mobile an" the net)or1 )hile the mobile is in call/ Hhen S#CC- is not available* at that moment a stealing bit is use" :rom the normal burst by F#CC- an" han"over is given / ,n:ormation sent "uring one Time Slot (TS< is calle" a burst/ The burst types in GSM are +ormal !urst (+!<* #ccess !urst (#!<* Synchroni.ation !urst (S!<* Fre2uency Correction !urst (FC!< $ummy !urst ($!</ # stan"ing )ave may be :orme" )hen a )ave is transmitte" into one en" o: a transmission line an" is re:lecte" :rom the other en" by an impe"ance mismatch/ FSHR is the ratio o: maBimum to minimum voltage in a stan"ing )ave pattern >,RP 4 >2uivalent ,sotropically Ra"iate" Po)er The unit o: measurement o: the strength o: a ra"iate" :iel"/ Typically that :rom a ra"io antenna/ The polari.ation o: an antenna is the polari.ation o: the )ave ra"iate" by the antenna/ #t a given position* the polari.ation "escribes the orientation o: the electric :iel"/ Fertical an" hori.ontal are the simplest :orms o: polari.ation an" they both :all into a category 1no)n as linear polari.ation/ -o)ever it is also possible to use circular polari.ation/ This has a number o: bene:its :or areas such as satellite applications )here it helps overcome the e::ects o: propagation anomalies* groun" re:lections an" the e::ects o: the spin that occur on many satellites/ Circular polari.ation is a little more "i::icult to visuali.e than linear polari.ation/ -o)ever it can be imagine" by visuali.ing a signal propagating :rom an antenna that is rotating/ The tip o: the electric :iel" vector )ill then be seen to trace out a heliB or cor1scre) as it travels a)ay :rom the antenna/ Circular polari.ation can be seen to be either right or le:t han"e" "epen"ent upon the "irection o: rotation as seen :rom the transmitter/ #nother :orm o: polari.ation is 1no)n as elliptical polari.ation/ ,t occurs )hen there is a miB o: linear an" circular polari.ation/ This can be visuali.e" as be:ore by the tip o: the electric :iel" vector tracing out an elliptically shape" cor1scre)/ Fa"ing is the "istortion that a carrier4mo"ulate" telecommunication signal eBperiences over certain propagation me"ia/ # :a"ing channel is a communication channel that eBperiences :a"ing/ ,n )ireless systems* :a"ing is "ue to multipath propagation an" is sometimes re:erre" to as multipath in"uce" :a"ing/ Rayleigh :a"ing is cause" by multi path reception/ The mobile antenna receives a large number* say N* re:lecte" an" scattere" )aves/ !ecause o: )ave cancellation e::ects* the instantaneous receive" po)er seen by a moving antenna becomes a ran"om variable* "epen"ent on the location o: the antenna/ # :orm o: ra"io :a"ing cause" by the eBistence o: t)o or more paths bet)een the transmitter an" receiver/ $elays on the re:lecte" path may a"" to (strengthen< or subtract :rom (:a"e< the main path/ Multi path may be overcome by using multiple receive antennas or :re2uency hopping OTD - Orthogonal Transmit Diversity #n optional metho" o: transmission o: the For)ar" C$M# Channel that utili.es t)o antennas* each transmitting a :raction o: the co"e symbols/ ,t is use" to enhance the per:ormance in the presence o: :a"es "ue to multipath propagation/ Space diersity # metho" o: TA (Transmission< or RA(Reception<* or both* in )hich the e::ects o: :a"ing are re"uce" by the simultaneous use o: t)o or more antennas/ #ntennas shoul" i"eally be separate" by one or more )avelengths/ !ime diersity Transmission in )hich signals representing the same in:ormation are sent over the same channel at "i::erent times/ OTD - Orthogonal Transmit Diversity An optional method of transmission of the Forward CDMA Channel that utilizes two antennas, each transmitting a fraction of the code symols! "t is used to enhance the performance in the presence of fades due to multipath propagation - Au#iliary Transmit Diversity $ilot Channel !he Au"iliary !ransmit #iersity Pilot Channel is associated with the APCH (Au"iliary Pilot Channel)$ that is transmitted %y a C#&A (Code #iision &ultiple Access) BS (Base Station) 'rom the non-primary antenna when orthogonal transmit diersity is employed( FTF$C% - Forward Transmit Diversity $ilot Channel A pilot channel transmitted %y a C#&A (Code #iision &ultiple Access) BS (Base Station) 'rom the non primary antenna when orthogonal transmit diersity is employed The signal is trans:erre" using several :re2uency channels or sprea" over a )i"e spectrum that is a::ecte" by :re2uency4 selective :a"ing/ Mi""le4late 8%th century micro)ave ra"io relay lines o:ten use" several regular )i"eban" ra"io channels* an" one protection channel :or automatic use by any :a"e" channel/ Multiple versions o: the same signal are transmitte" at "i::erent time instants/ #lternatively* a re"un"ant :or)ar" error correction co"e is a""e" an" the message is sprea" in time by means o: bit4interleaving be:ore it is transmitte"/ Thus* error bursts are avoi"e"* )hich simpli:ies the error correction/ The basic mechanisms o: propagation are Re:lection* Re:raction* Scattering an" $i::raction/ $i::raction is the sprea"ing o: )aves aroun" obstacles or s2uee.ing through a small hole/ ,t occurs )ith soun" )aves* light* atoms* an" subatomic particles/ ,n electromagnetic )ave propagation* the 1ni:e4e"ge e::ect or e"ge "i::raction is a re"irection by "i::raction o: a portion o: the inci"ent ra"iation that stri1es a )ell4"e:ine" obstacle such as a mountain range or the e"ge o: a buil"ing/ The 1ni:e4e"ge e::ect is eBplaine" by -uygens4Fresnel principle* )hich states that a )ell4"e:ine" obstruction to an electromagnetic )ave acts as a secon"ary source* an" creates a ne) )ave:ront/ This ne) )ave:ront propagates into the geometric sha"o) area o: the obstacle/ Scattering is where the direction$ 'requency$ or polari)ation o' the wae is changed when the wae encounters discontinuities in the medium$ or interacts with the material at the atomic or molecular leel/ ,n telecommunication* :ree4space path loss (FSP;< is the loss in signal strength o: an electromagnetic )ave that )oul" result :rom a line4o:4sight path through :ree space* )ith no obstacles nearby to cause re:lection or "i::raction/ Free4space path loss is proportional to the s2uare o: the "istance bet)een the transmitter an" receiver* an" also proportional to the s2uare o: the :re2uency o: the ra"io signal/ The Fresnel *one is the area aroun" the visual line4o:4sight that ra"io )aves sprea" out into a:ter they leave the antenna/ Jou )ant a clear line o: sight to maintain signal strength* especially :or 8/9 G-. )ireless systems/ This is because 8/9 G-. )aves are absorbe" by )ater* li1e the )ater :oun" in trees/ Typically* 8%@ Fresnel 6one bloc1age intro"uces little signal loss to the lin1/ !eyon" 9%@ bloc1age* signal loss )ill become signi:icant/ The angle bet)een the "irections* on either si"e o: the aBis* at )hich the intensity o: the ra"io :re2uency :iel" "rops to one4hal: the value it has on the aBis/ Band width+ !an")i"th may be "e:ine" as the "i::erence bet)een the highest an" lo)est :re2uencies available :or net)or1 signals/ ,t is also use" to "escribe the amount o: "ata that can be transmitte" in a :iBe" amount o: time/ 3dB %andwidth? The hal:4po)er ban")i"th is "e:ine" as the interval bet)een :re2uencies at )hich the po)er spectral "ensity has "roppe" to hal: po)er or 3 $b belo) the pea1 value/ -al:4po)er ban")i"th is also calle" the 3$b ban")i"th/ A%solute %andwidth o: a signal is "e:ine" as the range o: :re2uencies over )hich the signal has non4.ero po)er spectral "ensity/ # simpler an" more )i"ely accepte" measure o: ban")i"th is :irst null4to4null ban")i"th/ The null4to4null ban")i"th is e2ual to the )i"th o: the main spectral lobe/ S,- - Signal-to-,oise -atio The S+R or SC+ (Signal to +oise Ratio< o: the amplitu"e o: the "esire" signal to the amplitu"e o: noise signals at a given point in time/ S+R is eBpresse" as 1% times the logarithm o: the po)er ratio an" is usually eBpresse" in dB ($ecibel</ Front-to-Bac. -atio (F/B -atio) Front to !ac1 Ratio o: an antenna is the ratio o: the gain in a speci:ie" "irection* i/e/* a.imuth* usually that o: maBimum gain to the gain in a "irection 13%K :rom the speci:ie" a.imuth/ Hand o'' / Handoer # -an" o::* or -an"over* is the process in )hich a cellular phone is han"e" :rom one cell to the neBt in or"er to maintain a ra"io connection )ith the net)or1/ The variables that "ictate a han"over "epen" on the type o: cellular system/ -an"over "ue to (signalling<tra::ic reasons? Hhen the capacity o: a cell nears its maBimum* mobile stations in the periphery o: the cell may be han"e" over to neighbouring cell )ith lo)er tra::ic loa"/ ,ntra cell 4 ,ntra !SC han"over ,nter cell 4 ,ntra !SC han"over ,nter cell 4 ,nter !SC han"over ,nter MSC -an"over Hhen there is an eBcessive "elay by the MSC in assigning a han"o:: or )hen the threshol" is set too small :or the han" o:: time in the system/ The ability to select bet)een the instantaneous receive" signals :rom a variety o: base stations is calle" so:t han" o::/ Systems that assign "i::erent ra"io channels "uring han" o:: is calle" har" han" o::/ ,n synchronous han"over the mobile has 1no)le"ge o: the base stationDs timing/ ,n synchronous han"over* the han"set tries to :in" both po)er an" synchroni.ation in:ormation :rom the base station/ ,n asynchronous (non4synchronous< the mobile :irst accesses the ne) base station over the ran"om access channel/ These han"over are occurre" )hen re2uest receive" :rom emergency services li1e 1%1*1%3 an" 1%%*then pre:erence is given to them rather than normal subscriber calls/ -an"over "ue to signal 2uality an" strength 1/Hhen a mobile subscriber is moving "uring a call* he may travel :rom one cell to another/ 8/Fre2uency resources o: previous cells can not be use" any more/ 3/The mobile station is han"e" over to the ne) cell/ Mobile assiste" han"over (M#-I< +et)or1 assiste" han"over (+#-I< Fertical han"over? re"istributing mobile stations :rom one access net)or1 to another/ Ping pong e::ect occurs )hen the MS is han"e" over :rom oe cell to another but is 2uic1ly han"e" bac1e" to the original cell/ The !SC controlling the current cell ma1es the "ecision to per:orm a han"over/ The source MSC :in"s that the call nee"s to be han"e" over to a cell controlle" by a "i::erent MSC/ The source MSC an" target MSC interact an" then comman" the 0T to move to the ne) cell/ The target MSC in:orms the source MSC )hen the call has been success:ully han"e" over/ The source MSC releases the ra"io resources :or the call/ +ote that the call is still route" via the source MSC/ The mobile station sen"s the net)or1 a 2uery as to )hether the net)or1 can support the han"over by trans:erring the lin1 "ata :rom the :irst mobile station to the secon" mobile station/ ,: the mobile station is in:orme" that the net)or1 cannot support the han"over the mobile station ma1es the lin1 "ata available to the secon" base station/ GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shi:t Keying</!PSK re2uires )i"e ban" )i"th :or transmission "ue to signal changes phase abruptly/ This can be overcome by GMSK/ PS0 - Phase Shi't 0eying Phase Shi:t Keying is a techni2ue enabling "igital in:ormation to be carrie" over an analogue carrier such as a ra"io lin1/ The process causes the phase o: the carrier )ave to be manipulate" in or"er to signi:y either a logical L%M or L1M/ There are many variations o: PSK allo)ing greater "ata trans:er rates to be achieve"/ FS0 - Frequency Shi't 0eying ,n Fre2uency Shi:t Keying the carrier :re2uency is shi:te" bet)een "istinct :re2uencies/ # common shi:t pattern is bet)een t)o :re2uencies one representing a .ero an" the other a one # NPSK (Nua"rature Phase Shi:t Keying< mo"ulate" signal typically comprises a signal o: constant :re2uency )hich can have one o: :our phases* each phase representing t)o bits/ ,t can be generate" by multiplying t)o binary in:ormation signals* an in4 phase signal ,(t< an" a 2ua"rature4phase signal N(t<* by a carrier signal at a phase o: %/"egree/ an" '%/"egree/ respectively (i/e/ a cosine signal an" a sine signal respectively</ The resulting signals are then summe" to :orm the NPSK signal/ INPSK (I::set NPSK< is another mo"ulation scheme )here the signal N(t< or ,(t< is "elaye" by hal: a symbol )hen the INPSK is mo"ulate"/ ,n the subse2uent transmitte" symbol* phase shi:ts are restricte" to a maBimum o: '%/"egree/ at a time/ This gives INPSK "esirable properties over NPSK )hich can have phase shi:ts o: 13%/"egree/ &S0 - &inimum Shi't 0eying? Minimum Shi:t Keying is a :orm o: FSK (Fre2uency Shi:t Keying< use" to carry "igital in:ormation on a ra"io carrier/ 1A& - 1uadrature Amplitude &odulation Mo"ulation techni2ue using t)o amplitu"e mo"ulate" RF (Ra"io Fre2uency< carriers that are out o: phase by '% "egrees/ ,n:ormation trans:er is achieve" using a miBture o: phase an" amplitu"e changes/ Since noise also appears as amplitu"e variations N#M is prone to inter:erence PA& - Pulse Amplitude &odulation This is a process o: representing a continuous analogue signal )ith a series o: "iscrete analogue samples/ The process is use" in PCM (Pulse Co"e Mo"ulation< "uring the conversion o: an analogue signal into a "igital representation/ PC& - Pulse Code &odulation Pulse Co"e Mo"ulation is a process in )hich an analogue signal is enco"e" into a "igital bit stream/ The analogue is :irst sample"* then 2uanti.e" an" :inally enco"e" into a bit stream/ The most common version o: PCM enables one voice circuit to be represente" by a (9Kbps stream/ Ither versions o: PCM eBist such as #$PCM (#"aptive $i::erential PCM< )hich enables lo)er bit rates to be achieve"/ F#& - Frequency #iision &ultiple"ing Fre2uency $ivision MultipleBing is a techni2ue in )hich the available transmission ban")i"th o: a circuit is "ivi"e" by :re2uency into narro)er ban"s* each use" :or a separate voice or "ata transmission channel/ F$M enables multiple user channels to be carrie" on one physical circuit/ !#& - !ime #iision &ultiple"ing $igital MultipleBing techni2ue in )hich t)o or more apparently simultaneous channels can be combine" to :orm a bit stream by interleaving bits or bit )or"s :rom "i::erent channels/ 2F#& - 2rthogonal Frequency #iision &ultiple"ing IF$M is a multi carrier transmission techni2ue capable o: supporting high spee" services )hilst still being ban")i"th e::icient/ ,t achieves this by L:orcingM multiple sub4carriers together thereby re"ucing the ban")i"th re2uire" )hen compare" to more tra"itional F$M (Fre2uency $ivision MultipleBing< metho"s/ -o)ever* to ensure these a"=acent sub4carriers "o not cause eBcessive inter:erence* they must be LorthogonalM or '%K to one another GPRS 444444444GMSK an" 3PSK >$G> 4444444443PSK Cellular net)or1s are more o:ten limite" by problems cause" by inter:erence rather than by signal strength problems/ Co4 channel inter:erence is cause" by the use o: a :re2uency close to the eBact same :re2uency/ The :ormer )ill inter:ere )ith the latter* lea"ing to the terms inter:ering :re2uency (,< an" carrier :re2uency (C</ The GSM speci:ication recommen"s that the carrier4to4inter:erence (CC,< ratio is greater than ' "ecibels ("!</ #"=acent :re2uencies (#<* that is :re2uencies shi:te" 8%% 1-. :rom the carrier :re2uency (C<* must be avoi"e" in the same cell an" pre:erably in neighboring cells also/ #lthough a"=acent :re2uencies are at "i::erent :re2uencies to the carrier :re2uency they can still cause inter:erence an" 2uality problems/ The GSM speci:ication states that the carrier4to4a"=acent ratio (CC#< must be larger than 4'"!/ >ric1son recommen"s that higher than 3 "! be use" as planning criterion -314A5 - -eceied Signal 1uality ,n a ra"io system RAN0#; in"icates the average signal 2uality receive"/ ,ts range is % to 7/ ,n the GSM system the conventional 2uality measure (RB Nuality< is base" on the pseu"o bit4error rate (pseu"o !>R< or an estimate o: the !>R ma"e be:ore channel "eco"ing* )hich is an estimate o: the bit errors over the air inter:ace/ Measurements ta1en over a :ull set o: T$M# :rame/ Measurements ta1en over a subset o: T$M# :rame/ ,: even one :rame is not transmitte" in the measurement perio"* then it is consi"ere" as a sub set SN, stan"s :or speech 2uality in"eB/ ,ts range is 488 to O3%/ SN, is measure" by the F>R/ BS6C - Base Station 6dentity Code This is a co"e in GSM )hich is broa"cast on the SC- (Synchroni.ation Channel< in or"er to i"enti:y the +CC (+et)or1 Colour Co"e< an" the !CC (!ase Station Color Co"e</ A&- - Adaptie &ulti -ate # co"ec o::ering a )i"e range o: "ata rates/ The #MR is use" to lo)er the co"ec rate as the inter:erence increases an" thus enabling more error correction to be applie"/ The #MR co"ec is also use" to harmoni.e the co"ec stan"ar"s amongst "i::erent cellular systems/ -an"over :ailure* S$CC- "rop TC- "rop Ra"io lin1 time out counter #:ter completion o: RF survey )e go :or "rive test :or measuring ra"io parameters* assess speech 2uality* an" "eco"e air inter:ace messages/ Monitors the air inter:ace bet)een the base station an" the test mobile station/ Hhen campe" on a cell* the mobile shall regularly search :or a better cell accor"ing to the cell reelection criteria/ ,: a better cell is :oun"* that cell is selecte"/ This process is i"enti:ie" as the C8 in the GSM system/ C1 is the path loss criterion* )hich is use" to estimate the balance bet)een up lin1 an" "o)n lin1 C8 measurements are use" to optimi.e an" prioriti.e cell reelections/ GSM call re4establishment service allo)s a mobile station to resume a call in )hich the ra"io lin1 has been temporarily interrupte" "ue to inter:erence or ba" signal ()hich is re:erre" to as an interrupte" call</ This service increases en" user satis:action an" net)or1 2uality perception
Short call "rive test is :or #CC>SS,!,;,TJ an" ;ong call "rive test is :or R>T#,+#!;,TJ/ Call Setup Success -ate? +umber o: the unbloc1e" call attempts (setup< "ivi"e" by the total number o: call attempts 789( :hat is -SS6; -SS6 - -eceied Signal Strength 6ndication is the measured power o' a receied signal( -35<= - -eceied Signal 5eel ,n a ra"io system RA;>F in"icates the average signal strength receive"/ -314A5 - -eceied Signal 1uality ,n a ra"io system RAN0#; in"icates the average signal 2uality receive"/ ,n "igital transmission* the 2uality o: the transmitte" signal is o:ten eBpresse" in terms o: how many of the received bits are incorrect/ This is calle" !it >rror Rate (!>R</ !>R "e:ines the percentage o: the total number o: receive" bits )hich are incorrectly "etecte"/ Channel co"ing is use" to "etect an" correct errors in a receive" bit stream/ ,t a""s bits to a message/ These bits enable a channel "eco"er to "etermine )hether the message has :aulty bits* an" to potentially correct the :aulty bits/ B<- - Bit <rror -ate !his a aria%le indicating the ratio %etween the total num%er o' %its receied to those that were errored during transmission( !his ratio is typically employed when e"pressing the 1oS !uality of "ervice# of a particular bearer/ F>R is use:ul to estimate 2uality un"er :re2uency hopping con"itions/ !>R is ma"e be:ore channel "eco"ing )here as F>R ma"e a:ter channel "eco"ing/ The mobile station is use" :or storing in:ormation on at least one subscriber4speci:ic base station* the cell serve" by the base station being the mobile subscriberGs home cell* o::ice cell or the li1e* an" the mobile station is use" :or changing the "etermine" level o: the signal o: at least one selecte" ra"io channel on the basis o: in:ormation on the subscriber4speci:ic base station # metho" :or han"ing over a lin1 bet)een a mobile station an" a net)or1 :rom a :irst base station to a secon" base station o: the net)or1/ ,n the case o: an eBisting lin1* lin1 "ata :or the lin1 are store" in the base station in 2uestion an" resources o: the base station are hel" in reserve :or the lin1/ Hhen a lin1 is han"e" over* the lin1 "ata initially remain store" in the :irst base station an" the resources o: the :irst base station initially remain hel" in reserve/ #t a later time point the lin1 "ata are "elete" an" the resources are :ree" up. The mobile station sends the network a query as to whether the network can support the handover by transferring the link data from the first mobile station to the second mobile station. If the mobile station is informed that the network cannot support the handover the mobile station makes the link data available to the second base station.