1.

The Phase Lock Loop:

a) Its role in Communications
Phase Lock Loop is used for synchronous demodulation FM signal
b) Presents the structure and operation principles
The structure of PLL is like this:

It has three major components: a multiplier, a loop filter, and a voltage-
controlled ocsillator (VCO).
Operation principle: The PLL generates a VCO output r(t) that has the same
phase angle as the input FM signal s(t), then the phase-locked loop is said to be
phase-lock. After that is the process of tracking angle variation in the input FM
signal to produce the controlled voltage v(t) that is the estimatation of the
original modulating signal m(t).

2. A the stage switch is structured as follows
a) This switch is the type of block call or not, why
b) Shows an optimal solution by the type of common control switch to be
not happen block calls


a) The nunber of input line: N = 800.
The number of cross point of this switch:

= () ( )
However, the number of optimum cross point for non blocking is:

[()

] ( )

Because

so this switch is the type of block call.

b) For the 3-stage common control switch, we have the general construction:

From the task a) above we get N = 800 and

For avoid block calls, we have to design optimal parameters n and k.
We have

, so there are 40 blocks of 20 input lines and 40

blocks of 20 output lines
k = 2n 1 = 39, so there are 39 (or 39 arrays of size 40x40).

3. a) Why use sector antennas can increase the system capacity.
b) A cellular service provider uses a scheme which can tolerate a signalto-
interference ratio of 15 dB in the worst case. Assume a path loss exponent of
n= 4.
Find the optimal value of N for :
(i) omnidirectional antennas,
(ii) 120 sectoring.
Compare the system capacity of these 2 cases if the provider has 20 MHz of
total spectrum and uses 20kHz for the simplex channel covering the area of
500 cell.

Bi gii:

a. Because use sector antennas lead to decrease co-channel interference.
This allow co-channel cells can be located closer decreases D/R ratio
means decreases size of cluster N or increase the frequency reuse.
Therefore capacity of the system while size of cell (radius R) does not
change.
b. We have:

()

i. With omnidirectional antennas, we have

, so:

N = 4.54. However, N must be a positive integer, so we

choose N = 7 for optimum.

ii. With 120 sectoring we have

, so:

N = 2.62. Therefore we choose N = 3

The spectrum used for full duplex channel:

The number of full duplex channel:

( )
.For N = 7, the number of channel in a cell is:

()
Because the number of cell is 500, so the channel capacity in this case is:

.For N = 3, the number of channel in a cell:

()
The channel capacity is:

So the system capacity of the case use 120 sector antennas has higher than the
case use omnidirectional antennas