S. Panchacharam and A.

Belarbi, Torsional Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with

FRP Composites, First F!B Congress, "sa#a, $apan, "ctober %&'%(,)**)
1
Torsional Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Strengthened with FRP Composites
Saravanan Panchacharam
1
+rad,ate Research Assistant
Abdeldjelil Belarbi
1
Associate Professor
-epartment of Civil .ngineering,
1
/niversit0 of 1isso,ri2Rolla,
Rolla, 1isso,ri, 345*(, /SA
ABSTRACT
Fiber Reinforced Pol0mer 6FRP7 as an e8ternal reinforcement is ,sed e8tensivel0 to address the
strength re9,irements related to fle8,re and shear in str,ct,ral s0stems. B,t the strengthening of
members s,b:ected to torsion is 0et to be e8plored. !n this paper, the behavior and performance of
reinforced concrete members strengthened with e8ternall0 bonded +lass FRP 6+FRP7 sheets s,b:ected
to p,re torsion is presented. The variables considered in the e8perimental st,d0 incl,de the fiber
orientation, the n,mber of beam faces strengthened 6three or fo,r7, the effect of n,mber of FRP plies
,sed, and the infl,ence of anchors in /'wrapped test beams. .8perimental res,lts reveal that e8ternall0
bonded +FRP sheets can significantl0 increase both the crac#ing and the ,ltimate torsional capacit0.
Predicted strengths of the test beams ,sing the proposed theoretical models were fo,nd to be in good
agreement with the e8perimental res,lts.
Kewords; Composites, Fiber Reinforced Pol0mer, Reinforced Concrete Beam, Strengthening,
Torsional 1oments, Twist -eformation.
1 !"TR#$%CT!#"
1odern civili<ation relies ,pon the contin,ing performance of its civil engineering infrastr,ct,re
ranging from ind,strial b,ildings to power stations and bridges. For the satisfactor0 performance of the
e8isting str,ct,ral s0stem, the need for maintenance and strengthening is inevitable. Commonl0
enco,ntered engineering challenges s,ch as increases in service loads, changes in ,se of the str,ct,re,
design and=or constr,ction errors, degradation problems, changes in design code reg,lations, and
seismic retrofits are some of the ca,ses that led to the need for rehabilitation of e8isting str,ct,res.
Complete replacement of an e8isting str,ct,re ma0 not be a cost'effective sol,tion and it is li#el0 to
become an increasing financial b,rden if ,pgrading is a viable alternative. !n s,ch occasions, repair and
rehabilitation are the most commonl0 ,sed sol,tions. Reinforcement corrosion and str,ct,ral deterioration
in reinforced concrete 6RC7 str,ct,res are common and prompted man0 researchers to see# alternative
materials and rehabilitation techni9,es. >hile man0 sol,tions have been investigated over the past
decades, there is alwa0s a demand to search for ,se of new technologies and materials to ,pgrade the
deficient str,ct,res. !n this conte8t, strengthening with Fiber Reinforced Pol0mers 6FRP7 composite
materials in the form of e8ternal reinforcement is of great interest to the civil engineering comm,nit0.
.8ternall0 bonded, FRP sheets are c,rrentl0 being st,died and applied aro,nd the world for the repair
and strengthening of str,ct,ral concrete members ?%@. FRP composite materials are of great interest to
the civil engineering comm,nit0 beca,se of their s,perior properties s,ch as high stiffness and strength
as well as ease of installation when compared to other repair materials. Also, the non'corrosive and non'
magnetic nat,re of the materials along with its resistance to chemicals made FRP an e8cellent option for
e8ternal reinforcement.
The method of strengthening str,ct,res with e8ternall0 bonded FRP composite materials gained
significant attention in the last two decades. The addition of e8ternall0 bonded FRP sheets to improve the
fle8,ral and shear performance of RC beams has been activel0 p,rs,ed d,ring the recent 0ears.
)
2
S. Panchacharam and A. Belarbi, Torsional Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with
FRP Composites, First F!B Congress, "sa#a, $apan, "ctober %&'%(,)**)
Research reveals that strengthening ,sing FRP provides a s,bstantial increase in post'crac#ing stiffness
and ,ltimate load carr0ing capacit0 of the members s,b:ected to fle8,re and shear ?)@, ?&@, ?5@. Research
related to the strengthening of torsional members with FRP composites is ver0 limited and meager data
or design g,idelines are available in the literat,re. The lac# of e8perimental and anal0tical st,dies along
with the increasing interest in the ,se of FRP materials in the repair and rehabilitation of concrete
str,ct,res led to this st,d0 on torsional behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with FRP
sheets.
The main ob:ectives of this st,d0 were to investigate the torsional behavior of RC beams
strengthened with e8ternall0 bonded +FRP sheets and to identif0 the infl,ence of the design variables
considered in the effectiveness of strengthening. The variables considered were 6%7 fiber orientation
6parallel and perpendic,lar to the longit,dinal a8is of the beam7, 6)7 access to & faces or 5 faces of the
beam for strengthening, 6&7 one pl0 and two plies orthogonall0 placed, 657 contin,o,s wrap or strips and
647 infl,ence of anchors in /'wrapped strengthening schemes.
& '(P'R!)'"TA* PR#+RA)
Str,ct,ral members c,rved in plan, members of a space frame, eccentricall0 loaded beams, c,rved
bo8 girders in bridges, spandrel beams in b,ildings, and spiral stair'cases are t0pical e8amples of the
str,ct,ral elements s,b:ected to torsional moments as shown in Fig. % and torsion cannot be neglected
while designing s,ch members. Str,ct,ral members s,b:ected to torsion are of different shapes s,ch as
T'shape, inverted A2shape, do,ble T'shapes and bo8 sections. These different config,rations ma#e the
,nderstanding of torsion in RC members a comple8 tas#. !n addition, torsion is ,s,all0 associated with
bending moments and shearing forces, and the interaction among these forces is important. !n order to
improve the level of ,nderstanding of the effectiveness of strengthening of RC beams for torsion and to
simplif0 the torsional characteristics, in the c,rrent st,d0 onl0 s9,are cross sections s,b:ected to p,re
torsional moment were investigated.
P P
B
A
M
V
a7 !nverted ' T beam s,pporting
pre'cast floor slabs
b7 Spandrel beam c7 Bo8 girders
Fig, 1 .8amples of torsion in str,ct,ral members
&,1 Test beam details- materials- and strengthening
schemes
-etails of the reinforcement provided in the beam are e8plained as follows. !n order to avoid the
fail,re of the beams at torsional crac#ing load, each beam was designed to have a steel reinforcement of
% B for each of transverse 6stirr,ps7 and longit,dinal reinforcement, to the vol,me of the concrete. The
percentage of reinforcements provided in the beam was slightl0 higher than the minim,m re9,ired to
maintain the integrit0 of the beam be0ond crac#ing. Also this will represent the case of a deficient beam in
terms of reinforcement. All beams were )C(.5 mm b0 )C(.5 mm s9,are in cross'section and were
reinforced with 5 2 %).C mm and 5 2 (.4& mm bars in the longit,dinal direction, 6A
l
D E** mm 7 and
reinforced with closed stirr,ps in the transverse direction with (.4& mm bars spaced at %4).5 mm on
center, in the test region. !n order to force the fail,re in the mid <one of the test beam, end <ones of *.(%5
m long on each end of the beam were reinforced with (.4& mm stirr,ps spaced at &E.% mm on center.
The test region of ).%&5 m was selected in s,ch a manner that at least two complete spiral crac#s wo,ld
form along the length of the test region. Fence the total length of the specimen was &.(3 m. A constant
concrete cover of )4.5 mm was ,sed for all test beams. Fig. ) shows the details of the test specimen as
well as the steel reinforcement provided in the test region as well as in the end regions, based on the
above considerations.
!n RC torsional members, diagonal crac#s are formed d,e to the same mechanism that is responsible
for the formation of shear crac#s ?4@, ?3@. Since the diagonal tension crac#s are fo,nd to be common in
both shear and torsion, the strengthening schemes considered in the shear strengthening sit,ations ?5@
can be considered as possible options for torsional strengthening of RC beams. The main difference
between shear crac#ing and torsional crac#ing lies in the crac# pattern ?3@. Spiral'li#e crac# pattern are
fo,nd in torsional members.
To st,d0 the most infl,ential strengthening variable on torsional behavior a total of eight beams were
incl,ded in this investigation. ",t of the eight beams tested seven of them were strengthened with
1Brace .+lass FRP sheets and one beam was not strengthened to serve as a reference beam.
Schematic representations of the strengthening schemes are shown in Fig. &. Test beams were identified
based on the following naming s0stem. Since test beams were made from three different batches of
concrete and reinforcing bar 6rebar7 properties, the first character in the name 6A, B or C7 is ,sed to
disting,ish the batch from which the test beam was made. Second character in the name 6* or (*7 is
,sed to specif0 the fiber orientation with respect to the longit,dinal a8is of the beam. Third character is
,sed to specif0 the t0pe of strengthening schemes s,ch as complete wrap 6>7, strips 6S7, /'wrap 6/7 and
longit,dinal la0o,t of fibers 6A7. Fo,rth character was ,sed to specif0 the n,mber of sides strengthened
6three vs. fo,r7 along with the information pertained to the ,se of anchors 6Anch7.
38.1 mm
152.4 mm
A
2134 mm
A
3960 mm
9.53 mm stirrups
12.70 mm bar
9.53 mm bar
228.6 mm
279.4 mm
Section A-A
Fig, & -etails of test beams and reinforcement la0o,t
114.3 mm 114.3 mm
a7 (* degree complete wrap 6A(*>57 b7 (* degree strips 6A(*S57
c7 (* degree /' wrap 6C(*/&7 d7 (* degree /' wrap with anchors
6B(*/&'Anch7
e7 * degree, 5 sides 6A*A57 f7 * degree, & sides 6A*A&7
114.3 mm
114.3 mm
g7 * degree, 5 sides and (* degree strips
6B*A5=(*S57
h7 Reference beam 6Ref7
Fig, . Schematic representation of strengthening schemes
Table % provides a s,mmar0 of the mechanical properties for steel reinforcing bars and concrete
,sed in the man,fact,ring of the test beams. !n the present st,d0, +FRP 61Brace .+ (** .'+lass
Fibers7 was ,sed to strengthen RC test beams. The design strength and tensile elastic mod,l,s of +FRP
sheets ,sed to strengthen the RC beams were %,4)* 1Pa and C) +Pa, respectivel0 ?C@.
Table 1 1echanical properties of steel reinforcement and concrete
Batch Steel Reinforcement Concrete
(.4& mm diameter bars %).C mm diameter bars
f
0
61Pa7 f
,
61Pa7 f
0
61Pa7 f
,
61Pa7 f
G
61Pa7
c
A 5)* C** 53* C** &5
B 54* 3)* &)* 4%* )3
C 54* 3)* &)* 4%* &%
&,& Test set/0p and instr0mentation
All beams were tested ,nder p,re torsion ,sing the test set,p shown in Fig. 5 ?E@. A F0dra,lic
act,ator of %&*'#H capacit0 was ,sed to appl0 the load on the beam thro,gh a loading arm. The loading
arm denoted b0 6&7 in Fig. 5. is capable of providing an eccentricit0 of ,p to 4*E mm normal to the
longit,dinal a8is of the beam. The test set,p has a torsional moment capacit0 of 34 IH'm and *.& radians
of twist, e8pandable to *.C radians.
f
cp cp
c
P
P
1!
6%7 S,pporting beam, 6)7 Test test
beam 6&7 Aoading arm, 657 !nclined c,t,
647 Spherical bearing seat 637 Concrete
pedestal, 6C7 Steel rollers, 6E7 Aoad cell,
6(7 F0dra,lic $ac#, 6%*7 )4'mm diameter
threaded rod, 6%%7 Reaction arm, 6%)7
Bearing plate, 6%&7 )4'mm diameter
steel roller, 6%57 Reaction floor, 6%47
Steel plates with rollers
Fig, 1 Schematic diagram of the torsion test set',p
The reaction end of the beam was allowed to slide freel0 in the longit,dinal direction to avoid an0
a8ial restraints on the beam. After crac#ing, the beam is e8pected to elongate. Therefore, to allow for this
longit,dinal elongation, the reaction end of the beam was s,pported on rollers. A rotational variable
differential transformer 6RJ-T7 was ,sed to meas,re the twist of the beam. Relative twist of the beam
was also determined b0 meas,ring vertical displacements ,sing two linear variable differential
transformers 6AJ-Ts7 placed at both ends of the test region with one on each opposite side of the beam.
Three other AJ-TGs were ,sed to meas,re the s,rface strain in concrete, which were oriented in the form
of rosette. Additional strain gages were placed on the steel rebars and on FRP sheets in the directions
parallel and perpendic,lar to the fiber orientation for a more comprehensive data collection to be ,sed for
f,rther anal0sis and f,t,re st,dies ?(@.
. T'ST R'S%*TS A"$ $!SC%SS!#"S
The beams were made in three different batches and hence the strength of the concrete was slightl0
different from one batch to another as given in Table %. Also, one beam was slightl0 larger in dimension
compared to other beams, d,e to man,fact,ring defect. To ta#e into acco,nt the variation of concrete
strength and cross sectional variation of the tested test beams, the test res,lts were ad:,sted ,sing
"
and A
2
#P , as correcting parameters ded,ced from the design e9,ations of AC!'&%E'(( design code
?%*@. For the p,rpose of comparing the test res,lts of all test beams, the reference dimension of the test
beam was ta#en as )C(.5 mm b0 )C(.5 mm and the concrete strength was ta#en as &* 1Pa, which is an
average of concrete strength obtained from & batches 6see Table %7. !n this st,d0, eight beams were
tested to investigate the parameters that potentiall0 infl,ence the behavior of RC beams strengthened
with FRP sheets. Table ). Provides the s,mmar0 of the parameters st,died and the corresponding test
beams ,sed for comparison and disc,ssions.
Parameters !nvestigated Test'beams
Fiber orientation A(*>5, A*A5, Ref
Complete wrap vs. strips A(*>5, A(*S5, Ref
Three vs. fo,r sides
longit,dinall0 strengthened
A*A5, A*A&, Ref
Complete wrap vs. /'wrap
A(*>5, B(*/&'Anch,
C(*/&, Ref
Strengthening in longit,dinal
and transverse directions
A(*S5, A*A5,
B*A5=(*S5, Ref
Test'beams Crac#ing
tor9,e
6#H'm7
B of increase
in crac#ing
tor9,e
/ltimate
tor9,e
6#H'm7
B of increase
in ,ltimate
tor9,e
A(*>5 )) )( 54 %5(
A(*S5 )% )4 &5 (*
A*A5 )3 4& )( 3)
A*A& )4 5C )3 5&
B*A5=(*S5 )) )( &4 (3
B(*/&'Anch )% )5 )4 &(
C(*/& )* )* )5 &4
Ref %C ''''' %E '''''
Table & S,mmar0 of investigated parameters and corresponding test beams
Table & provides a s,mmar0 of crac#ing and ,ltimate torsional moments of all test beams along with
their relative increase in crac#ing and ,ltimate torsional moments with respect to reference beam. .ven
tho,gh the crac#ing strength is increased in all the strengthened beams, the Test'beam A*A5 with *'
degree fiber orientation e8hibited a ma8im,m 64& B7 increase in crac#ing tor9,e among all the test
beams as shown in Table &. Fowever the increase in ,ltimate strength is the largest 6%5( B7 for the Test'
beam A(*>5 strengthened with fibers in (*'degree direction.
Table . Test res,lts for crac#ing and ,ltimate torsional moments
.,1 'ffect of fiber orientation
Fig. 4 shows the infl,ence of fiber orientation on the torsional behavior of the RC beams strengthened
with +FRP sheets. Crac#ing strength of the RC beam was increased significantl0 when it was
strengthened with *'degree +FRP fibers. >hereas the ,ltimate strength of the RC beam was increased
significantl0 when it was strengthened with (*'degree +FRP fibers. The beam strengthened with *'
degree +FRP fibers provides considerabl0 higher energ0 absorption capacit0 when compared to the ,n'
strengthened beam. Also, *'degree fibers provide considerabl0 higher d,ctilit0 when compared to the
beam strengthened with fibers in (*'degree orientation. Post'crac#ing stiffness of the beam with fibers in
(*'degree orientation is m,ch higher than the beam with fibers oriented in the *'degree direction. !n Test'
beam A(*>5, fail,re mode of the test beam at ,ltimate was controlled b0 FRP r,pt,re. >hereas, in the
test beam A*A5, the diagonal tensile stresses ind,ced in the beam ca,ses the +FRP sheet to tear off
along the fiber direction 6separation in b,ndles of fibers7. "verall, the (*'degree complete wrapping
scheme provided an efficient confinement and in t,rn a significant increase in ,ltimate strength was
observed, and *'degree fibers provided a higher crac#ing capacit0, larger post'crac#ing twist, and
deformation'softening.
.,& 'ffect of contin0o0s wrapping vers0s strips
Fig. 3 shows that Test'beam A(*>5, strengthened contin,o,sl0 with +FRP fibers in (*'degree
orientation provided higher ,ltimate strength compared to Test'beam A(*S5, strengthened with strips of
%%5.& mm width, and spaced at ))E.3 mm on center. Test'beam A(*>5 e8hibits a higher post'crac#ing
stiffness compared to that of Test'beam A(*S5. This is d,e to the effect of effective confinement in Test'
beam A(*>5. Also, the post crac#ing stiffness of Test'beam A(*S5 is affected b0 the spacing of the
S. Panchacharam and A. Belarbi, Torsional Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with
FRP Composites, First F!B Congress, "sa#a, $apan, "ctober %&'%(,)**)
strips. As the spacing of the strips becomes larger, the post'crac#ing stiffness will decrease d,e to the
T
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ineffectiveness of confinement of the test beam. Fence, one ma0 infer that the effect of confinement,
which is governed b0 both the strip width and spacing, affects the post crac#ing behavior of the test
beams strengthened with fibers in (*'degree orientation. Post'crac#ing deformation and energ0
absorption capacit0 of the test beam strengthened with strips is m,ch higher than the contin,o,sl0
wrapped beam, as shown in Fig. 3, Crac#ing strength was almost same for both Test'beams A(*>5 and
A(*S5, b,t was considerabl0 higher when compared to that of reference beam 6see Fig. 3 and Table &7.
4* 4*
Reference6Ref7
5*
(* degree complete wrap 6A(*>57
5*
* degree, 5sides 6A*A57
Reference6Ref7
(* degree complete wrap 6A(*>57
(* degree strips 6A(*S57
&* &*
)* )*
%* %*
*
* 4* %** %4* )**
Twist 8 %*
'3
6rad=mm7
*
* 4* %** %4* )**
Twist 8 %*
'3
6rad=mm7
Fig, 2 .ffect of fiber orientation Fig, 3 .ffect of (*'degree complete wrap vs. strips
.,. 'ffect of three vers0s fo0r sides strengthened longit0dinall
!n most practical sit,ations, onl0 & sides of the beam ma0 be accessible for strengthening. The effect
of strengthening on 5 sides vers,s & sides with fibers oriented in longit,dinal direction is disc,ssed
herein. The beams strengthened on 5 sides and & sides with fibers oriented in longit,dinal direction of the
beam e8hibited a similar behavior. Altho,gh the increase in crac#ing strength for both test beams was
almost e9,al 6Fig. C7, the increase in ,ltimate strength was proportionall0 related to the ratio of FRP ,sed.
!n Test'beam A*A5, a total increase of %%IH'm in ,ltimate tor9,e was observed when compared to the
reference test beam. !n Test'beam A*A&, the increase in ,ltimate tor9,e with respect to reference was
abo,t EIH'm, which is appro8imatel0 three'fo,rth of the increase in ,ltimate strength obtained in Test'
beam A*A5. !t was also observed that Test'beam A*A& reaches its ,ltimate strength at a relativel0
smaller twist angle when compared to Test'beam A*A5. This is d,e to the fact that Test'beam A*A& had
one ,n'strengthened side of the beam. As the load increases, the stiffness of Test'beam A*A& red,ces
rapidl0 d,e to cr,shing of concrete in the ,n'strengthened face of the beam. >hen comparing the twist
deformation of Test'beam A*A& at ,ltimate, with that of reference beam the magnit,de of both twists
were almost identical to each other. .ven tho,gh Test'beam A*A& was strengthened with sheets on &
sides the ,ltimate twist was controlled b0 the ,n'strengthened face similar to that of reference beam.
.,1 'ffect of complete wrap vers0s %/wrap
Torsion is well resisted b0 closed'form of reinforcement, d,e to the circ,lator0 nat,re of the torsion'
ind,ced shear flow stresses in a beam. Therefore, it will be more efficient to have strengthening
schemes, which are wrapped in closed form aro,nd the cross section. B,t strengthening with /' wrap
6three sides7 is more practical beca,se of the inaccessibilit0 of the entire cross section d,e to e8tension
of flanges in monolithic beam'slab constr,ction. Since in the case of /'wrap, shear flow is not in the
form of a closed loop, it was e8pected that the strengthening scheme might not be efficient in improving
the ,ltimate torsional strength as shown in Fig. E. Fail,re was governed b0 splitting 6spalling7 of concrete
cover at the corner of the beam after +FRP sheets peeled of premat,rel0. "ne wa0 to improve the
performance of this scheme is to anchor the ends of the wrap to the beam. B0 the ,se of anchors the
premat,re fail,re mode and hence the drastic red,ction in post'crac#ing twist, observed in beam
C(*/&, was prevented Fig. E. Rather than peeling of FRP sheets, cr,shing of concrete and lateral
separation of anchor bars along with FRP sheets was observed in Test'beam B(*/&'Anch. B,t the
increase in ,ltimate strength of both test beams /'wrapped with anchors and witho,t anchors was
S. Panchacharam and A. Belarbi, Torsional Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with
FRP Composites, First F!B Congress, "sa#a, $apan, "ctober %&'%(,)**)
strips. As the spacing of the strips becomes larger, the post'crac#ing stiffness will decrease d,e to the
almost the same. Fig. E shows that
S. Panchacharam and A. Belarbi, Torsional Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with
FRP Composites, First F!B Congress, "sa#a, $apan, "ctober %&'%(,)**)
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the presence of anchors increases the post'crac#ing twist and absorption capacit0 when compared to /'
wrapped test beam witho,t anchors. Strengthening with complete wrap increases the ,ltimate strength of
the beam considerabl0 when compared to beams strengthened with /'wrap with and witho,t anchors.
Fowever, the crac#ing strength was the same for all test beams of this gro,p as shown in Fig. E.
4* 4*
R e fe re n c e6R ef7
* d e gre e, 5 s id es 6A * A 57
5*
* d e gre e, & s id e s 6A *A & 7
5*
R efe renc e6R e f7
(* degre e c o m p le te w rap 6A (* >
57 / '> rap w ith anc h ors 6B (*/ &
'A nc h7 / '> rap w ith o,t anc hors
6C (*/ & 7
&* &*
)* )*
%* %*
*
* 4 * % ** %4 * )
**
Twis t 8 % *
'3
6ra d=m m
7
*
* 4 * % ** %4 * )
**
Twis t 8 % *
'3
6ra d=m m
7
Fig, 4 .ffect of n,mber of sides strengthened
longit,dinall0
Fig, 5 .ffect of complete wrap and /'wrap 6with
and witho,t anchors7
.,2 'ffect of strengthening in both longit0dinal and transverse directions
Test'beam B*A5=(*S5 was strenthened with longit,dinal sheets on all fo,r sides and with wrapped
strips similar to Test'beam A(*S5. !n a sense, this beam combines the strengthening schemes of Test'
beams A(*S5 and A*A5. To ,nderstand the individ,al contrib,tion of the *'degree and (*'degree la0ers
in Test'beam B*A5=(*S5, tor9,e'twist c,rves of Test'beams A*A5 and A(*S5 are provided along with
that of Test'beam B*A5=(*S5 and reference beam, as shown in Fig. (. The Post'crac#ing strength and
similar to that of Test'beam A(*S5, e8cept in the
post'pea# region, Test'beam B*A5=(*S5 showed
5*
contin,ing gain in strength. Fence, Test'beam
B*A5=(*S5 inherits both strength and d,ctilit0
from its constit,ent la0ers and provided a
&*
considerable strength increase and energ0
absorption capacit0, over all the other
)*
strengthened beams. Post'crac#ing stiffness of
this beam was controlled mainl0 b0 the presence
of +FRP reinforcement in the form of strips with
%*
fibers in (*'degree orientation since e8perimental
Reference6Ref7
(* degree strips 6A(*S57
* degree, 5sides 6A*A57
* degree, 5 sides and (* degree strips 6B*A5=(*S57
in *'degree direction shows that fibers in *'degree
wo,ld not contrib,te to post crac#ing stiffness.
Therefore, test res,lts reveals that strengthening
,sing FRP sheets arranged longit,dinall0 and
* 4* %** %4*
)**
Twist 8 %*
'3
6rad=mm7
Fig, 6 .ffect of strengthening in both directions
wrapped with transverse FRP strips will not enhance the crac#ing strength b,t will increase both the
,ltimate strength and post'crac#ing torsional twist and d,ctilit0 of the beam.
1 A"A*7T!CA* PR'$!CT!#"
The increase in crac#ing torsional moments of the strengthened test beams was modeled as
reinforced concrete beams s,b:ected to prestress. The strain in the FRP is grad,all0 var0ing d,e to the
tensile stresses in s,rface of the beam. The resistance of FRP to the tensile stresses and strains at the
s,rface of the beam can be considered as appl0ing a passive prestressing force acting in the direction of
S. Panchacharam and A. Belarbi, Torsional Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with
FRP Composites, First F!B Congress, "sa#a, $apan, "ctober %&'%(,)**)
fibers on the RC beams. -,e to the grad,al variation of strain in the FRP, the effective prestress is
cr 1 t
f
T = 2 E
t b
T = E
t b
ke,f
fu
T =
0
t
yv
T = T + T 637
determined based on average strain in the FRP sheets at the instant of crac#ing as given in .9,ation 6%7.
The calc,lation of strain in FRP is based on the 1ohrGs circle of strains as detailed in ?3@ and ?(@.
E
effective prestress =
f f
2
6%7
Crac#ing tor9,e can be determined ,sing the effective prestress as given in .9,ation 6)7. -etailed
disc,ssion on .9,ation 6)7 is provided in Reference ?3@.
T = c b
2
hf 1 +
effective prestress
t
6)7
where c
1
is St. JenantGs constant, which is based on elastic theories, b and h are the dimensions of the
beam as shown in Fig. %*,
f
and E
f
are the tensile strain and tensile elastic mod,l,s of the FRP sheets,
respectivel0, and f
t
is the tensile strength of concrete at
r,pt,re.
/ltimate tor9,e calc,lations are based on the fiber orientation and the mode of fail,re. >hen the
fail,re of the test beam is controlled b0 FRP r,pt,re and the fibers are oriented in the (*'degree direction,
the contrib,tion of FRP sheets to ,ltimate strength is determined b0 ,sing the effective strain in the fibers.
The effective strain in the fibers is determined b0 ,sing the empirical e9,ations proposed in F!B 6C.B'
F!P7 Technical Report ?%%@. !f the r,pt,re of fibers does not govern the fail,re mode, design approach
based on effective bond length is ,sed to calc,late the ,ltimate strength ?%)@. >hen the fibers are
oriented in *'degree direction, the ,ltimate strength was not m,ch greater than its crac#ing strength.
Fence, the crac#ing tor9,e calc,lated is ta#en as the predicted ,ltimate tor9,e.
For Complete wrap and strips,
u,frp ke,f fu
f f
bhcot ( )
s
6&7
For /'wrap with anchors
u,frp ke,f fu
f
f f
bhcot ( )
s
657
f
where is the characteristic val,e of effective FRP strain 6corresponding e9,ation to calc,late the
effective strain in FRP is available in Reference ?%%@7, E is the elastic mod,l,s of FRP in the principal
fiber orientation, t
f is the thic#ness of the FRP sheet, s
f
is the center'to'center spacing of FRP strips, b
f
is the minim,m width of the cross section over the effective depth of the cross section, b and h are the
cross sectional dimensions of the beam as shown in Fig. %*, and is the angle of diagonal crac# with
respect to the member a8is, ass,med e9,al to 45

based on the reinforcement of the test beams.
The design e9,ations to calc,late the ,ltimate torsional strength of a reinforced concrete beam,
recommended b0 AC! &%E'(( ?%*@ is
u,RC
2A A f
0 t yv
cot ( )
s
647
where,
A is the cross sectional area bo,nded b0 the center line of the shear flow, A is the area of the
transverse steel reinforcement 6stirr,ps7 provided, f is the 0ield strength of transverse steel
reinforcement, s is the spacing of stirr,ps, and is the angle of diagonal crac# with respect to member
a8is. Fence, the ,ltimate torsional strength for the FRP strengthened test beams can be obtained b0
adding the contrib,tion d,e to fibers and d,e to reinforced concrete beam as follows;
u u,RC u,frp
Test'beams
Crac#ing Tor9,e 6#H'm7 /ltimate Tor9,e 6#H'm7
.8perimental
6.87
Anal0tical
6An7
.8=An
.8perimental
6.87
Anal0tical
6An7
.8=An
Reference %C.% %4.C %.*( %E.) %3.( %.*C
A(*>5 )).( )*.E %.%* 5C.% 54.5 %.*5
A(*S5 )).% %C.C %.)4 &3.* &3.5 *.((
A*A5 )C.* )(.( *.(* &*.C )(.( %.*&
A*A& )3.& )E.E *.(% )C.E )E.E *.(C
B*A5=(*S5 )*.% )5.5 *.E) &).3 &4.( *.(%
B(*/&'Anch )).* %E.) %.)* )3.& )E.% *.(5
C(*/& )*.3 %(.% %.*E )5.3 )3.5 *.(&
%.*5 1ean
C"J
*.(E
*.%5 *.*3
The crac#ing and ,ltimate torsional moments predicted ,sing the anal0tical model are presented in
Table 5. The anal0tical models ,sed to calc,late the crac#ing and ,ltimate torsional moments are
e8plained in detail in Reference ?(@.
F
f, %
F
f, )
F
f, )
h
F
f, )
F
f, )
h
F
f, %
b
b
a7 Complete wrap and strips b7 /'wrap with anchors
Fig, 18 Forces in FRP sheets in torsional cross'section
Table 1 Comparison of e8perimental and anal0tical crac#ing and ,ltimate torsional moments
1ean
C"J
2 C#"C*%S!#"S
The concl,sions drawn from the e8perimental and anal0tical program are s,mmari<ed below;
Torsional reinforced concrete beams strengthened with +FRP sheets e8hibited significant
increase in their crac#ing and ,ltimate strength as well as ,ltimate twist deformations.
Strengthening schemes with complete wraps in (*'degree fiber orientation with respect to beam
a8is provided an effective confinement and therefore res,lted in a significant increase 6abo,t
%4*B7 in the ,ltimate torsional strength.
S,bstantial increase in crac#ing strength was observed when RC beams were strengthened with
FRP sheets oriented in the longit,dinal direction of the beam, where the FRP provided passive
prestress forces.
Strengthening with FRP sheets in the longit,dinal direction of the beam on three faces or fo,r
faces of the cross'section provided similar behavior.
/'wrapped strengthening showed the least twist capacit0 d,e to peeling of FRP sheets along the
side of the beam. Fowever, anchoring the wraps to concrete enhanced the twist capacit0 and
fail,re was mainl0 d,e to cr,shing of concrete and lateral separation of anchor bars along with
FRP sheets.
>hen combining FRP sheets in the longit,dinal direction of the beam followed b0 all'aro,nd
wrapped strips, the res,lts showed that there was an increase in both the ,ltimate strength and
post'crac#ing torsional twist and d,ctilit0 of the beam.
The proposed design e9,ations for both crac#ing and ,ltimate torsional moments seemed to
predict ver0 closel0 the e8perimental res,lts.
R'F'R'"C'S
?%@ 1eier, /. ; Post'strengthening b0 contin,o,s fiber sheets in .,rope. Proceedings of Third
!nternational S0mposi,m, Hon'1etallic 6FRP7 Reinforcement for Concrete Str,ct,res, Jol. %, $apan
Concrete !nstit,te, To#0o, pp. 5%243, %((C.
?)@ Triantafillo,, T.C. and Plevris, H. ; Strengthening of RC Beams with .po80'Bonded Fibre'
Composite 1aterials, 1aterials and Str,ct,res, Jol. )4, pp. )*%')%%, %(().
?&@ Cha:es, 1. $., $an,s#a, T.F., 1ert<, -.R., Thomson, T.A., and Finch, >.>. ; Shear Strengthening
of Reinforced Concrete Beams /sing .8ternall0 Applied Composite Fabrics. Str,ct,ral $o,rnal of
the American Concrete !nstit,te, Jol. (), Ho. &, pp. )(4'&*&, %((4.
?5@ Ihalifa, A., Belarbi, A., and Hanni, A. ; Shear Performance of RC 1embers Strengthened with
.8ternall0 Bonded FRP >raps. Proceedings 6C-'R"17 of Twelfth >orld Conference on
.arth9,a#e, A,c#land, Hew Kealand, $an,ar0 &* ' Febr,ar0 5, E pages, )***.
?4@ 1itchell, -. and Collins, 1.P. ; -iagonal Compression Field Theor0 2 A Rational 1odel for
Str,ct,ral Concrete in P,re Torsion. Str,ct,ral $o,rnal of the American Concrete !nstit,te, Jol. C%,
Ho. E, pp. &(3'5*E, %(C5.
?3@ Fs,, T.T.C. ; Torsion of Reinforced Concrete. Jan Hostrand Reinhold, !nc., Hew Lor#, H.L., 4%3
pages, %(E5.
?C@ 1aster B,ilders Technologies ; 1Brace Composite Strengthening S0stem'.ngineering -esign
+,idelines. Second .d., Cleveland, "F, %5* Pages, %((E.
?E@ Io,tcho,#ali H. and Belarbi, A. ; Torsion of Figh'Strength Reinforced Concrete Beams and
1inim,m Reinforcement Re9,irements. Str,ct,ral $o,rnal of the American Concrete !nstit,te, Jol.
(E, Ho. 5, pp. 53)'53(, )**%.
?(@ Panchacharam, S. ; Torsional Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with +FRP
Aaminates. 1.S. Thesis, -epartment of Civil .ngineering, The /niversit0 of 1isso,ri 2 Rolla, %)&
Pages, )**).
?%*@ AC! &%E'(( ; B,ilding Code Re9,irements for Str,ct,ral Concrete 6&%E'((7 and Commentar0
6&%ER'((7. American Concrete !nstit,te, Farmington Fills, 1!., &(% pages, %(((.
?%%@ F!B 6C.B'F!P7 Technical Report ; .8ternall0 Bonded FRP Reinforcement for RC Str,ct,res.
B,lletin %5, pp. 4('3E, )**%.
?%)@ Ihalifa, A., +old, >.$., Hanni, A. and A<i<, A. ; Contrib,tion of .8ternall0 Bonded FRP to Shear
Capacit0 of Fle8,ral 1embers. ASC. $o,rnal of Composites for Constr,ction, Jol. ), Ho. 5, pp.
%(4')*&, %((E.