ANAT1014

Cardiovascular system and cardiac cycle

Dr Abigail Rickard
26
th
September 2011
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Overview
What is the cardiovascular system?

What are the features of the heart?

What does the heart do?

How does the heart function?
Components of the cardiovascular system

Heart

Aorta

Vena Cavae

Capillaries

Venules


Systemic circulation
Cardiac cycle - Blood flow through the heart
Superior & inferior vena cave

Pulmonary artery/vein

Aorta

Bicuspid and tricuspid valves

Right/Left atrium/ventricle

Diastole/Systole
Valves
Valves in action
The bicuspid valve is between...
1 2 3
57%
0%
43%
1. The left atrium &
left ventricle
2. The right atrium &
right ventricle
3. The left ventricle &
systemic arch
Coronary circulation
Coronary ostia

Left coronary artery

Right coronary artery

Coronary sinus

Myocardial energy metabolism
High dependence on
aerobic metabolism
(70-80% available O
2
at rest)


Primary metabolic
substrates are fatty acids

Glycogen and lactate
Heart muscle types
Purkinje Fibres Atrial Cells Ventricular cells
Shape Long and broad Elliptical Long and narrow
Length (m) 150-200 ~ 20 50-100
Diameter (m) 35-40 ~ 5 10-25
Intercalated disc/
gap-junctions
Very prominent;
abundant gap
junctions; fast end-
to-end transmission
Side-to-side as well
as end-to-end
transmission
Prominent end-to-
end transmission
Ventricular myocyte features
Cross-striations (myofibrils)

Thick myosin filaments

Thin actin filaments

Cross bridge formation
(cycling)

Mitochondria
What features allow for the rapid
electrical conductance in purkinje
fibres?
1 2 3 4
0% 0%
50% 50%
1. Mitochondria
2. Myosin and actin
filaments
3. Intercalated discs
and gap junctions
4. I dont know, I
wasnt listening
Cardiac cycle - Electrical activity across the heart
Sinoatrial node (SAN)

Atrioventricular node (AVN)

Purkinje fibres

Wave of depolarisation

Repolarisation/
Hyperpolarisation

Resting membrane
potential

ECG- P, QRS, T waves
Cardiac electrical activity
Pacemaker Cell (SA node)
Intrinsic depolarisation
known as automaticity

N.B. Membrane potential is
never flat

Ca
2+
- induced Ca
2+
release
from intracellular Ca
2+
storage organelle called
endoplasmic reticulum
- 65 mV
- 40 mV
Cardiac electrical activity
Ventricular Cell
Phase 0 - RAPID inward Na
+
current
(Upstroke, depolarisation)

Phase 1 Transient outward K
+
current
(Notch)

Phase 2 Outward Ca
2+
current
(Plateau)

Phase 3 Fast and Slow outward
rectifier K
+
currents (repolarisation)

Phase 4 Resting membrane potential
N.B. Notice upstroke of action potential is
FLAT
- 80 mV
The movement of which ions are
responsible for the upstroke of the
ventricular action potential (Phase 1)?
1 2 3 4
25%
0%
13%
63%
1. Na
+
2. Ca
2+
3. K
+
4. Mg
2+
Cardiac electrical activity
Whole heart
P wave - Atrial depolarisation

PR interval - AV nodal conduction

QRS complex - Ventricular
Depolarisation

T Wave - Ventricular
repolarisation

QT interval - Ventricular
depolarisation and repolarisation


P
R
Q S
T
PR
interval
QT
interval
Which of the following represents the
time for conduction across the AV
node?
1. P-R interval

2. Q-T interval

3. R-R interval

4. T wave

Summary
Features of the cardiovascular
system

Location and morphology of the
heart

Cardiac cycle

Electrical activity of the heart

Next time.....
Regulation of cardiac cycle
Blood flow and pressure
Malfunctions and their consequences