Andersen Power Electronic Solutions Ltd is registered in England No 04868897.

Registered Office 7 Deanshill Close, Stafford, ST16 1BW, UK. VAT Registration Number 831 572534
Costing of Power Electronic Equipment for
Alternative Transmission Augmentation into
Auckland.
Report prepared for the Electricity Commission,
New Zealand, 2
nd
Draft
by Dr B R Andersen, 29
th
December 2005
Andersen Power Electronic Solutions Ltd
(AndersenPES)
7 Deanshill Close
Stafford
ST16 1BW
United Kingdom
Tel: +44-1785-256917
Cell: + 44-7940-873808
Email: Bjarne@AndersenPES.com
Andersen Power Electronic Solutions Ltd 29
th
December 2005
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Cost and Power Loss Estimates prepared for the Electricity Commission, New Zealand
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................2
2. DETERMINATION OF PRICES...........................................................................................................2
3. POWER LOSSES................................................................................................................................4
4. PRICE ESTIMATES FOR EQUIPMENT..............................................................................................4
4.1 COSTS NOT INCLUDED IN BUDGET QUOTES FOR TURNKEY SUPPLY....................................................4
4.2 HVDC CONVERTER PRICES.............................................................................................................5
4.3 SVC EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................................................6
4.4 SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR EQUIPMENT ....................................................................................6
4.5 SERIES CAPACITOR EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................7
5. ESTIMATED POWER LOSSES ..........................................................................................................7
5.1 HVDC CONVERTER ........................................................................................................................7
5.2 SVC EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................................................7
5.3 SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR EQUIPMENT ....................................................................................8
5.4 SERIES CAPACITOR EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................8
6. CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................................................8
7. REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................................8
APPENDIX A EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS.......................................................................................9
Line Commutated HVDC Equipment ................................................................................................10
Transmission SVC Equipment ...........................................................................................................11
Synchronous Compensator Equipment .............................................................................................12
Series Capacitor Equipment...............................................................................................................13
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Preliminary Review of Transpower reports for New Zealand Electricity Commission
1. INTRODUCTION
Andersen Power Electronic Solutions Ltd (AndersenPES), is a UK based independent Consultancy
Company, specialising in High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) and power electronics for application in
ac transmission networks. AndersenPES has been commissioned by the Electricity Commission, New
Zealand to provide estimates for cost and power losses for power electronic and certain other
equipment, which would be required as part of alternatives to the Grid Upgrade project, proposed by
Transpower. The equipment for which information has been requested includes:
HVDC Converter stations
SVCs
Synchronous Compensation
Series Compensation
As part of this assignment AndersenPES has been provided with copies of the following reports:
Alternative Transmission Augmentation into Auckland Preliminary Capital Cost Estimates, version 2,
November 2005, prepared by Parsons Brinkerhoff Associates Ltd, Wellington, NZ. (Reference[1.])
Transmission Augmentations into Auckland: Comparison of Transpowers Proposal and Short-listed
Alternatives, Draft Rev 4, 11 December 2005. (Reference [2.])
Cost estimates have been provided based on information from manufacturers and by reference to other
price information received by AndersenPES in connection with other projects.
2. DETERMINATION OF PRICES
The Electricity Commission provided information to AndersenPES concerning the rating of equipment.
This information was used to produce mini-specifications for the equipment. The mini-specifications are
attached in Appendix 1.
Equipment for seismic areas tends to be more costly than equipment for non-seismic areas. Therefore,
it was felt to be important that a seismic duty was included in the mini-specifications. The Electricity
Commission requested that the equipment specifications were generic, rather than site specific, and
recommended that IEEE 693:1993 be quoted in place of the New Zealand Seismic Standard for
electrical equipment. In view of the high level of seismic activity in New Zealand, it was decided to state
that the stresses would be equivalent to those experienced in the Los Angeles area.
The mini-specifications were sent to manufacturers with a request for submission of budget prices. The
enquiries were sent to 4 manufacturers, three of whom provide HVDC, SVC and Series compensation
equipment, and one of whom provide series compensation and synchronous compensators. The
responses received have been analysed, and compared with other information received earlier in 2005
in connection with other projects.
No responses were received in respect of pricing of synchronous compensators. It seems that
synchronous compensators are provided as specials, and that a price database for budget quotations is
not available. Therefore, prices in this document have been based on information received by
AndersenPES in connection with two projects, one in Scotland and one in Namibia.
The CIGRE document Economic Assessment of HVDC Links, Brochure No 186, published in June
2001 was also used as a reference during this assignment [3.].
It should be noted that budget prices obtained against non-specific project information are subject to a
large margin of uncertainty. Factors that may have a significant impact on the price of equipment, and
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Cost Estimates for New Zealand Electricity Commission
which therefore can make actual tendered prices significantly different from those obtained in response
to a request for budget prices, include:
Whether the specification is functional or prescriptive concerning the detailed implementation. The
prices in this document assume a functional specification for a turnkey project. For other types of
specifications the cost could be up to 5-10% higher depending on the amount of changes the
manufacturer would have to make relative to his standard design.
The local cost level, which impacts the cost of locally supplied equipment and services, and the
cost of local project and site management, commissioning and post contract support services. For
this project average local costs have been assumed. For a high cost area the price increase could
be up to 5%.
The power loss capitalisation figure, i.e. the cost of no-load losses and full load power losses. The
Electricity Commission has provided a loss capitalisation figure of NZ$2700/kW, which is relatively
low compared with the values used in Europe and other places with high reliance on oil, coal or
gas. The power loss capitalisation figure is used by manufacturers to optimise the balance
between capital cost and power losses. With low power loss capitalisation the optimum solution
will tend to have lower capital cost and higher power loss.
The site ground conditions (impacts the cost of the civil works). Ground conditions with poor load
bearing capability would tend to increase the cost. Poor ground conditions could add up to 5% to
the overall cost.
Specific data for the ac network (impacts the design of ac harmonic filters and reactive power
compensation). If the harmonic distortion level in the ac network is already near the permissible
level, then filtering is more difficult, and additional costs would be incurred. Additional costs could
be up to 5% of the overall costs for an HVDC scheme and about 2% for a SVC. If the ac networks
were relatively weak at the point of connection of the equipment additional measures would have
to be taken to reduce the size of switchable reactive power banks or even to provide dynamic
reactive power compensation. Based on the information provided in Ref [2.] the ac networks are
relatively strong and no allowance needs to be made for additional costs.
Environmental constraints (e.g. audible noise, visual appearance of station, including the height of
equipment). The prices provided in this document do not assume stringent environmental
constraints. If the audible noise levels are very low (say 40dB(A) or lower at the boundary fence),
then additional costs would be incurred to reduce the noise level at source and to provide
additional attenuation. The additional cost of noise attenuating measures could be up to 2% or the
overall cost for an HVDC scheme or SC and up to 5% for a SVC. Reducing the visual impact of a
converter station could incur additional cost of 2-5%, depending on the requirements.
Transport constraints (may determine the transformer arrangement, i.e. single-phase or three-
phase design). For the purpose of this report it has been assumed that there are no transport
constraints. The additional cost of subdividing the converter transformers into single-phase, 2
winding units rather than single phase, 3 winding units could be up to 5%.
Spares requirements, in particular whether or not spares are required for large items such as
transformers and reactors. If spares are required for transformers the most economic solution
may be the provision of single-phase units, rather than 3-phase units.
Commercial Terms and Conditions, including special conditions such as Bonds and the penalties
for delays, power loss, Reliability and Availability. For the purpose of the estimates below typical
Terms and Conditions were briefly outlined in the mini-specifications.
The general price level of an equipment will also depend on the competitive situation in the market
place, e.g. during periods of few projects price levels are likely to fall.
Changes in legislation, e.g. tightening of environmental constraints or lowering of impact levels, such as
reducing the acceptable magnitude of magnetic fields, can result in significant increases of prices.
Finally, technological developments can also result in significant changes to prices. Usually, such
developments will result in a reduction in prices.
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Cost Estimates for New Zealand Electricity Commission
3. POWER LOSSES
Typical power loss values for the equipment will normally be provided at the budget phase, since
specific information about the detailed implementation is unlikely to be available. For equipment such as
HVDC converters, synchronous compensators and series capacitor installations, the typical values will
be reasonably representative of those for the ultimate installation, subject to variations caused by the
capitalisation value used for the power loss. As discussed above, high capitalisation values for power
loss tend to result in higher capital costs and lower power loss, than would a lower capitalisation value
for power losses.
For SVCs the power loss capitalisation values may have a significant impact on the implementation of
the SVC. In most cases the SVC is operated near its float condition (zero output) during normal system
conditions, and the weighting of the power loss capitalisation over the full operating range is biased
towards applying a higher value to the power loss at float. The design of the SVC can be optimised to
minimise the loss in this area, particularly if the power loss capitalisation value is high. This can be done
by introducing Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC) within the SVC, such that the Thyristor Controlled
Reactor (TCR) part does not need to back off a large ac harmonic filter or shunt capacitor bank in the
float condition. The TSC increases the capital cost of the SVC, compared to a simpler SVC with a fixed
filter/shunt capacitor and a TCR. For the purpose of this report it is assumed that the 100Mvar SVC is
implemented using one filter, one TCR and one TSC. Similarly, the +300Mvar SVC is assumed to be
implemented as one filter, one TCR and two TSCs.
Note that to determine the total power loss at a given operating point it is necessary to add the no-load
and the load power loss.
4. PRICE ESTIMATES FOR EQUIPMENT
The price estimates provided in this report will be given as the range received in response to the mini-
specifications, as well as the price, which AndersenPES suggests should be used for any further
evaluation. The latter price takes into account not only the budget quotes received, but also information
received by AndersenPES in connection with other recent and relevant projects.
In this report the following exchange rates have been used:
1 Euro = 1.74 NZ$
1 US$ = 1.47 NZ$
4.1 COSTS NOT INCLUDED IN BUDGET QUOTES FOR TURNKEY SUPPLY
Budget prices provided by manufacturers for the turn-key supply of equipment do not include costs
such as:
The Owners own engineering and project management costs,
The cost of Public Enquiries and other planning activities,
The cost of the procurement and preparation of the land area,
The cost of access roads,
The provision of services (e.g. auxiliary power, potable water, sewage and surface water
drainage),
The cost of Operation and Maintenance,
Taxes and other duties,
Owners insurance etc.
Some of these costs would also be incurred in case of the implementation of an ac overhead line
project.
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Cost Estimates for New Zealand Electricity Commission
The cost of the above items would vary significantly from project to project and between different
network owners. AndersenPES has no knowledge of the local cost of these activities for projects
undertaken by Transpower in New Zealand. The Electricity Commission has requested that
AndersenPES provide guidance on some of these costs. The estimates below should be treated with
care, as the actual costs and time will depend on the procedures used within Transpower and the
knowledge/experience base from which the work is done. The estimates have been made assuming
that AndersenPES were to undertake the work using skilled associates wherever required.
The Owners cost of engineering and project management should allow for the following activities:
Studies prior to writing the specification. These studies are required to define the rating and design
requirements for the equipment to be specified, and the impact, which the equipment may have on
other parts of the network and its operation. AndersenPES estimates that 4 man-months would be
required for the activities associated with an HVDC, SVC or SC. A shorter time of 2 months may be
sufficient for a SCO project. It should also be noted that if several components are used for the
upgrade project, then the total time required for the studies will be less than the sum of the
individual studies, since set-up time will be reduced and some studies will be common.
Specification writing, management of the Tendering Process, Tender evaluation and Contract
negotiations. AndersenPES estimates that 12 to 18 man-months would be required for this
process for an HVDC project, 9 to 13 man-months for a SVC and 8 to 12 man-months for a SC or
SCO.
Project Implementation. AndersenPES estimates that on average during the project execution the
Owners project manager would spend 75%, 50% and 33% of his time on a HVDC, SVC and
SC/SCO project respectively. This estimate does not include the commercial support for handling of
invoices and payments. The owner would require 2 engineers/representatives at each site full time
during site activities. Engineering support required during project execution would require on
average 2 engineers. During site testing and commissioning the Owners engineering and
maintenance support at each site would be a minimum of 5 people. In the period after project hand-
over the project manager, 1 engineers and 2 maintenance engineers per site should be assumed to
be required for resolving of snagging list and other early issues. The duration for such activities
should be assumed to be 6 months for an HVDC project, 4 months for an SVC project and 2
months for an SCO/SC.
In the opinion of AndersenPES, the cost of Public Enquiries is likely to be similar for each location and
for each installation. Thus the cost of the Public Enquiry is likely to be approximately twice as high for
the two HVDC converter stations, as it would be for a SVC, SC or SCO installation. The cost of the
public enquiry for a HVDC overhead line is likely to be slightly less than that for a HVAC overhead line,
because the HVDC towers would be lower and have less visual impact than a 400kVac line.
The land area for an HVDC converter station would be approximately 7 times as large as the land area
for a 100Mvar or +300Mvar SVC, and approximately 10 times as large as an SCO or SC installation.
The price estimates also assume that Terms and Conditions will be reasonable, based on FIDIC or other
similar internationally recognised Conditions, with relatively few modifications.
4.2 HVDC CONVERTER PRICES
The turnkey price for two converter stations are estimated to be:
For a monopolar 500MW, 350kVdc scheme budget prices ranged from NZ$ 122 to 200 Million,
Suggested average NZ$150 Million.
For a monopolar 700MW, 350kVdc scheme budget prices ranged from NZ$ 151 to 231 Million,
suggested average NZ $180 Million.
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Cost Estimates for New Zealand Electricity Commission
In both cases, two of the budget prices were relatively close near the bottom end of the range.
Therefore, it seems justified to suggest an average price closer to the lower end, a suggestion which is
also supported by other information available to AndersenPES.
The price included in CIGRE Brochure 186, Reference [3.], for a monopolar 500MW, 500kVdc HVDC
scheme is US$ 180/kW, resulting in a price of NZ$ 132 Million, using todays exchange rate (1US$ =
1.47NZ$). For a scheme voltage of 350kVdc a slightly lower price would be expected, reflecting the
fewer thyristor levels required in the thyristor valves. The price reduction would be up to 5%. However,
the price should also be adjusted for inflation in the 5 years between 2000 and 2005, and for the change
in this period of the exchange rate of the US$ compared to the Euro, which is now the base currency for
the HVDC manufacturers.
The costs quoted for the HVDC options in Reference [1.] are inclusive of the costs of the HVDC
overhead line and/or cables, and cannot be compared with the above estimate. It is believed that the
Electricity Commission has a breakdown of the estimates in Reference [1.], which may enable a further
check on the estimates provided in this current report.
When expanding the system to a bipolar scheme, it is necessary to add not only an additional
monopole, which is similar to the existing monopole, but also the following equipment:
Bipole control equipment (to co-ordinate the operation of the two monopoles, minimising the
current in the metallic return and improving performance in the event of a failure of one of the
monopoles.)
Additional dc switchgear to enable various operating modes, e.g.
temporary earth return operation (if a permanent metallic return is not provided),
transfer of operation from earth return mode to metallic return mode,
rapid bypass of converters, to enable bipolar operation to be transferred immediately to
monopolar metallic return operation,
Additional dc switchgear to enable maintenance of one pole with the other in service.
The cost of the equipment required to create a bipolar system from two monopolar systems is estimated
to be NZ$ 3.5 Million.
4.3 SVC EQUIPMENT
It is assumed that the 100Mvar SVC is implemented as one TCR, one TSC and one ac harmonic filter.
It is assumed that the +300Mvar SVC is implemented as one TCR, two TSCs and one ac harmonic filter.
The turnkey price for the two SVC ratings are estimated to be:
100Mvar SVC connected at 220kVac substation: budget prices ranged from NZ$ 12.2 to 14.6
Million, Suggested average NZ$14 Million.
0/+300Mvar SVC connected to 220kVac substation: budget prices ranged from NZ$ 19.1 to 24.4
Million, Suggested average NZ$ 20.5 Million.
These prices can be seen to be lower than those given in Reference [1.]
4.4 SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR EQUIPMENT
The turnkey price for a 100MVA Synchronous Compensator is estimated to be NZ$ 18 Million. This price
can be seen to be lower than that given in Reference [1.]
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Cost Estimates for New Zealand Electricity Commission
4.5 SERIES CAPACITOR EQUIPMENT
The range of turnkey prices for a 272MVar Series Capacitor were from NZ$ 7 to NZ 7.3$ Million. The
suggested average is NZ$ 7.25 Million.
5. ESTIMATED POWER LOSSES
5.1 HVDC CONVERTER
The power loss in HVDC overhead lines and cables are not included in the following figures.
The total No Load power loss for two converter stations are estimated to be:
For a monopolar 500MW, 350kVdc scheme: 0.25% of rating or 1.25MW
For a monopolar 700MW, 350kVdc scheme: 0.25% of rating or 1.75MW
The total Full Load power loss for two converter stations are estimated to be:
For a monopolar 500MW, 350kVdc scheme: 1.7% of rating or 8.5MW
For a monopolar 700MW, 350kVdc scheme: 1.7% of rating or 11.9MW
5.2 SVC EQUIPMENT
It is assumed that the 100Mvar SVC is implemented as one TCR, one TSC and one ac harmonic filter.
It is assumed that the +300Mvar SVC is implemented as one TCR, two TSCs and one ac harmonic filter.
The no load loss (i.e. the power loss when the SVC is operating at the float, i.e. 0Mvar) condition for the
100Mvar SVC is estimated as 200kW.
The no load loss (i.e. the power loss when the SVC is operating at the float, i.e. 0Mvar) condition for the
+300Mvar SVC is estimated as 650kW.
The full load power loss when operating in lagging (absorption) mode for the 100Mvar SVC is
estimated as 1000kW.
The full load power loss when operating in lagging (absorption) mode is not relevant for the +300Mvar
SVC.
The full load power loss when operating in leading (generation) mode for the 100Mvar SVC is
estimated as 800kW.
The full load power loss when operating in leading (generation) mode for the +300Mvar SVC is
estimated as 2400kW.
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Cost Estimates for New Zealand Electricity Commission
5.3 SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR EQUIPMENT
The no load power loss for a 100MVA Synchronous Compensator is estimated to be 1.3MW, assuming
that the machine is operated at synchronous speed for this condition.
The full load power loss for a 100MVA Synchronous Compensator is estimated to be 1.8MW
5.4 SERIES CAPACITOR EQUIPMENT
The no load power loss (i.e. the power loss at no through current) for a series capacitor installation is
very small, consisting primarily of the auxiliary power requirement for control and protection. The no
load power loss for a 272Mvar series capacitor is estimated to be less than 2kW.
The full load power loss (i.e. the power loss at rated throughput current) for the series capacitor is
estimated to be less than 100kW.
6. CONCLUSIONS
This report has provided cost and power loss estimates for HVDC schemes, SVCs, Synchronous
Compensators and Series Capacitors, that may be required for alternative transmission augmentations
into Auckland.
It should be noted that the price estimates are subject to relatively large tolerance, expected to be 15%,
as a detailed design of the equipment has not been carried out. Such a detailed design would result in
an optimised solution, taking into account the specific performance requirements and the loss
capitalisation factors applicable to the project.
Dr B R Andersen
Director,
Andersen Power Electronic Solutions Ltd.
7. REFERENCES
[1.] Alternative Transmission Augmentation into Auckland Preliminary Capital Cost Estimates, version
2, November 2005, prepared by Parsons Brinkerhoff Associates Ltd, Wellington, NZ.
[2.] Transmission Augmentations into Auckland: Comparison of Transpowers Proposal and Short-listed
Alternatives, Draft Rev 4, 11 December 2005.
[3.] Economic Assessment of HVDC Links, CIGRE Brochure 186, June 2001
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Cost Estimates for New Zealand Electricity Commission
APPENDIX A EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
HVDC Equipment
SVC Equipment
Synchronous Compensator Equipment
Series Capacitor Equipment
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Cost Estimates for New Zealand Electricity Commission
Line Commutated HVDC Equipment
General Information
AC Connection Voltage: 220kV
AC System Minimum Short Circuit Level at point of connection: 1500MVA (2000MVA for
700MW option)
AC System Maximum Short Circuit Level at point of connection: 12,000MVA
Maximum Ambient Temperature: 35C
Minimum Ambient Temperature: -10C.
The equipment will be installed in a seismically active area. The equipment should be
designed according to IEEE 693 and as if it were to be installed in the Los Angeles area.
Terms and conditions shall be assumed to be FIDIC. Special Terms and Conditions will
include Reliability & Availability guarantees, Power Loss guarantee, guarantees for reactive
power capacity. Penalties will be applied to late deliveries. The total cap for all damages shall
be assumed to be 10%. Cashflow shall be assumed to be neutral.
HVDC System Specification:
Overhead line HVDC scheme with a transmission distance of 200km. HVDC filters shall be
supplied. The HVDC line is not included in the scope of supply.
Turnkey supply of converter stations, including 220kV double circuit ac busbars, which shall be
connected to the double circuit busbars of an existing ac substation. Scope of supply includes
system studies and design to final commissioning and hand over for all electrical and
mechanical plant from the HVDC line terminating tower to the existing ac substation busbars
and all associated civil works and services.
The scheme shall be capable of operating at approximately unity power factor. It shall be
assumed that 4 breaker switched filter banks will be necessary in order to meet reactive power,
harmonic performance and voltage step requirements
The scheme rating as measured at the inverter ac busbar shall be 500MW, 350kVdc
monopolar metallic return.
Or
The scheme rating as measured at the inverter ac busbar shall be 700MW, 350kVdc
monopolar metallic return.
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Cost Estimates for New Zealand Electricity Commission
Transmission SVC Equipment
General Information
AC Connection Voltage: 220kV
AC System Minimum Short Circuit Level at point of connection: 800MVA
AC System Maximum Short Circuit Level at point of connection: 12,000MVA
Maximum Ambient Temperature: 35C
Minimum Ambient Temperature: -10C.
The equipment will be installed in a seismically active area. The equipment should be
designed according to IEEE 693 and as if it were to be installed in the Los Angeles area.
Terms and conditions shall be assumed to be FIDIC. Special Terms and Conditions will
include Reliability & Availability guarantees, Power Loss guarantee, guarantees for reactive
power capacity. Penalties will be applied to late deliveries. The total cap for all damages shall
be assumed to be 10%. Cashflow shall be assumed to be neutral.
Transmission SVC Specification:
Turnkey supply of SVC, including switchgear for connection to the double circuit busbars of an
existing ac substation. Scope of supply includes system studies and design to final
commissioning and hand over for all electrical and mechanical, and associated civil works and
services.
Two different Transmission SVCs are envisaged:
100Mvar SVC connected at 220kVac substation.
0/+300Mvar SVC connected to 220kVac substation.
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Synchronous Compensator Equipment
General Information
AC Connection Voltage: 220kVac busbar.
AC System Minimum Short Circuit Level at point of connection of Synchronous Compensator:
500 MVA
AC System Maximum Short Circuit Level at point of connection of Synchronous Compensator:
12,000 MVA
Maximum Ambient Temperature: 35C
Minimum Ambient Temperature: -10C.
The equipment will be installed in a seismically active area. The equipment should be
designed according to IEEE 693 and as if it were to be installed in the Los Angeles area.
Terms and conditions shall be assumed to be FIDIC. Special Terms and Conditions will
include Reliability & Availability guarantees, Power Loss guarantee, guarantees for reactive
power capacity. Penalties will be applied to late deliveries. The total cap for all damages shall
be assumed to be 10%. Cashflow shall be assumed to be neutral.
Synchronous Compensator Specification:
Turnkey supply of Synchronous Compensator, including switchgear and transformer for
connection to the 220kV double circuit busbars of an existing ac substation. Scope of supply
includes system studies and design to final commissioning and hand over of all electrical and
mechanical plant, and associated civil works and services. The Synchronous Compensator
shall be equipped with a Variable Speed Drive to enable bumpless start up.
The rating of the Synchronous Compensator shall be 100 Mvar.
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Series Capacitor Equipment
General Information
AC Connection Voltage: 220kVac busbar.
AC System Maximum Short Circuit Level at point of connection of series capacitor: 12,000
MVA
Maximum Ambient Temperature: 35C
Minimum Ambient Temperature: -10C.
The equipment will be installed in a seismically active area. The equipment should be
designed according to IEEE 693 and as if it were to be installed in the Los Angeles area.
Terms and conditions shall be assumed to be FIDIC. Special Terms and Conditions will
include Reliability & Availability guarantees, Power Loss guarantee, guarantees for reactive
power capacity. Penalties will be applied to late deliveries. The total cap for all damages shall
be assumed to be 10%. Cashflow shall be assumed to be neutral.
Series Capacitor Specification:
Turnkey supply of a fixed impedance Series Capacitor, including bypass switches and other
switchgear for connection to a 220kV single circuit ac line. The Series Capacitor shall be
equipped with all necessary protection, as required. Scope of supply includes system studies
and design to final commissioning and hand over of all electrical and mechanical plant, and
associated civil works and services.
Two Series Capacitors, each with a rating of 272 Mvar will be required. The series capacitors
will be installed at the same site in the lines of a double circuits 220kV ac overhead line.