I. INTRODUCTION
As shown in Fig. 1, and are the radius and the height of the
th conductor and
is the horizontal separation between the
th and the th conductor. The -by- matrix , whose entries
are obtained by (1) and (2), is the ground-return impedance
matrix of the transmission line.
Since the quasi-TEM assumption made for deriving (1) and
(2) is valid approximately up to 10 MHz, which is sufcient for
most power engineering applications, an accurate approximation of (2) is of importance.
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(9)
where
(10)
A. Matching the Limiting Value at 0 Frequency
and
When is approaching zero (at zero frequency),
in (8) are also approaching zero. Thus, the asymptotic form of
is expressed by
(7) for
(11)
where
is Eulers constant. On the other
hand, the asymptotic form of (9) for
is
(4)
where
(5)
(12)
Comparing this equation with (11), we obtain the condition
(13)
Frequency
(6)
,
,
, and
where the constants
are determined by a least-squares process using the
Prony algorithm [11].
and
(14)
is
(15)
(7)
where
(8)
(16)
For the derivations of (14) and (15), see Appendix B.
C. Practical Ranges of Parameter Values
In (2), if the integration variable
, we obtain
is replaced with
(17)
From this expression, it is understood that the shape of the integrand is fully characterized by the two parameters
and
. We rst examine the range of values which
can
or
take in practical usages. Since
, it consists of the element parameters , , , and
. Table I summarizes the ranges of the element parameters
that may cover almost all practical usages. From these values,
the double logarithmic approximation being applied should give
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TABLE I
PRACTICAL RANGES OF PARAMETER VALUES
D. Additional Variable
are sampled at a logarithmically
One-hundred points of
equidistant interval in the range (18), and the integral in (2) is
evaluated at these points by the numerical integration scheme
described in Appendix C. In this paper, the results obtained by the
numerical integration scheme are considered to be exact values.
is also calculated at the same samples of using the double
logarithmic approximation (9), where a value of
is given
and corresponding values of , , and are determined using
(10), (13), and (16). Since (10), (13), and (16) to be solved are
nonlinear, the algorithm described in Appendix D is used. Fig. 2
and
. These
plots the calculated values of when
parameter values of and are chosen just for an example.
Fig. 2(a) compares the variations with respect to of
obtained by the numerical integration and the double logarithmic
approximation, and Fig. 2(b) shows the corresponding deviation
of the approximated from the exact values. In the same way,
.
Fig. 2(c) and (d) shows the variations and the deviation of
If a maximum error is dened as the maximum absolute value
of the complex deviation of in the range (18), the maximum
error in the case of Fig. 2 is calculated to be 0.0146. Fig. 3 shows
the maximum-error versus curves for the following values of
: from 0 to 85 at an interval of 5 (in degrees). The entire range
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Fig. 4. (a) Values of A that minimize the maximum errors with respect to .
The corresponding values of B , , and are also superimposed. (b) Comparison
of the maximum-error versus curves with and without the condition (13). (c)
Piecewise linear approximations of A and with respect to by (21) and (22).
In (a) and (b), the open and the solid circles, respectively, show the results with
and without the condition (13).
(21)
(22)
(25)
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where
the return current below the ground surface. This concept can
also be applied to the proposed double logarithmic formula (25).
Compared with (4), (25) consists of two terms. The rst term
represents a component of the ground-return current owing on
the complex return plane placed at , and the second term, the
rest of the ground-return current owing on the other complex
return plane placed at . The total ground-return current is
distributed into the two complex return planes in the ratio of
to
. This is illustrated in Fig. 5(b). It should be noted that
the proposed double logarithmic formula gives better accuracy
than the single logarithmic formula by using a pair of complex
ground-return planes, rather than one, for better approximation
of current distribution below the ground surface. The current
distribution can be represented by a pair of image conductors
dened by the complex ground-return planes.
V. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
A. Distribution Line
(26)
Fig. 7. Distribution line case. (a) Relative error versus frequency curves of the
proposed formula for different values of . (b) Relative error versus frequency
curves of Pizarros formula for different values of . In (a) and (b), the numbers
are the values of in degrees. (c) Maximum relative error versus curves of the
proposed and Pizarros formulas.
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B. Transmission Line
For numerical validation of the proposed formula, another
example, a 500-kV transmission-line conguration is used. In
the conguration, a bundle of six TACSR 410 conductors is
placed at a height of 50 m. The equivalent radius of the conductor bundle is calculated to be 41.8 cm using the concept of
geometrical mean distance (GMD), and the conductor bundle
is represented by a single conductor with the equivalent radius.
The ground resistivity is assumed to be 100 m.
The same calculations as the previous distribution line case
are carried out for this transmission-line case. The results are
shown in Fig. 8. A similar result to the distribution line case
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In the case of Bessels function of the second kind and the rst
, the power series in [14, eq. 9.1.11] gives the asymporder
totic form for
(28)
Substituting (27) and (28) into (7), gives (11).
Algebraic manipulations of (9) lead to
(29)
and if
and
obtained.
Fig. 10. Maximum relative error versus curves of the proposed, Pizarros,
Alvarados, and the single logarithmic formulas for the transmission-line case.
APPENDIX B
DERIVATIONS OF (14) AND (15)
for a large
Using the asymptotic expansion of
argument [14, eq. 12.1.31], the following asymptotic form for
is obtained
(30)
(31)
Since
and
approach
(32)
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper has proposed a simple closed-form formula
of the ground-return impedance of horizontal parallel wires
above a lossy ground plane by applying a double logarithmic
approximation to the integral term in Carsons ground-return
impedance expression. The proposed double logarithmic approximation gives a better accuracy compared with the similar
one proposed by Pizarro and Eriksson. This has been achieved
by determining the coefcients in the double logarithmic formula using an advanced optimization technique and also by
incorporating an additional variable which minimizes errors.
In this paper, it has been shown that the double logarithmic
approximation can be graphically interpreted as a pair of
perfectly-conducting return planes placed at different complex
(33)
is given. We start
(34)
using an adaptive Gauss/Lobatto quadrature rule [15] with (the
becomes
quadl subroutine of Matlab is used). Until
,
is increased by ten times and (34) is
smaller than
re-evaluated. Since (33) is a rough estimation,
is used rather
than . In fact, the adaptive Gauss/Lobatto quadrature rule requires an absolute tolerance rather than a relative one, and abcalculated
solute tolerance is obtained by multiplying by
at the previous iteration step.
.
In this paper, all calculations are carried out with
APPENDIX D
ALGORITHM TO SOLVE (10), (13), AND (16)
Substituting (10) and (16) into (13) gives
(35)
For a given value of , the equation above is solved by the
NetwonRaphson algorithm.
REFERENCES
[1] J. R. Carson, Wave propagation in overhead wires with ground return,
Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 5, pp. 539554, 1926.
[2] F. Pollaczek, Uber das Feld einer unendlich langen wechselstromdurchossenen Einfachleitung, E.N.T., Band 3 (Heft 9), pp. 339360, 1926.
[3] P. C. Magnusson, G. C. Alexander, V. K. Tripathi, and A. Weisshaar,
Transmission Lines and Wave Propagation, 4th ed. Boca Raton, FL:
CRC, 2001.
[4] E. D. Sunde, Earth Conduction Effects in Transmission Systems. New
York: Van Nostrand, 1949.
[5] J. R. Wait and K. P. Spies, On the image representation of the quasistatic
elds of a line current source above the ground, Can. J. Phys., vol. 47,
pp. 27312733, 1969.
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