University of

Tampere
Triangulation
Department
of Computer
Sciences
in Ethnography
e HAT
T j Ti i
e-HAT
e-Business:
Human
Aspect to
Technology
Tarja Tiainen
Ph.D. Research Professor
Technology
e-Business
Content
University of
Tampere
Content
Ethnographical studies
Department
of Computer
Sciences
Ethnographical studies
Multiple triangulation
Triangulation in data gathering
Collaborative work
e HAT
Collaborative work
Multiple disciplines and frameworks
L l d
e-HAT
e-Business:
Human
Aspect to
Technology
Lessons learned
Conclusions
Technology
Conclusions
24.6.2010
Tarja Tiainen
tarja@cs.uta.fi
2
Ethnographical Study
University of
Tampere
g p y
Department
of Computer
Sciences
Villagers ICT use
LOCAL SITUATION Researchers LOCAL SITUATION
Informants
* telling
Researchers
* interviews
* participatory
observations
e HAT
telling
(presentational data)
* actions
(operational data)
observations
* interpretations
e-HAT
e-Business:
Human
Aspect to
Technology
(ope ato a data)
THEORETICAL
UNDERSTANDING
Technology
UNDERSTANDING
24.6.2010
Tarja Tiainen
tarja@cs.uta.fi
3
The aim of ethnographical study
University of
Tampere
Dimensions:
- Origin of concepts
d bl
DISSENSUS
Department
of Computer
Sciences
and problems
- Target of the study
DIALOGIC
CRITICAL
STUDIES
LOCAL /
EMERGENT
ELITE /
A PRIORI
STUDIES
STUDIES
e HAT
INTERPRETIVE
STUDIES
NORMATIVE
STUDIES
e-HAT
e-Business:
Human
Aspect to
Technology
CONSENSUS
Technology
Reference: Deetz S. (1996), Describing differences in approaches to
organization science: Rethinking Burrell and Morgan legacy,
Organizational Science 7(2): 191-207
24.6.2010
Tarja Tiainen
tarja@cs.uta.fi
4
Organizational Science, 7(2): 191 207.
Principles for conducting and
University of
Tampere
evaluating interpretive field studies
Department
of Computer
Sciences
Fundamental Principle of the Hermeneutic Circle
Principle of Contextualization p
Principle of Interaction between the Researchers
and the Subjects
e HAT
Principle of Abstraction and Generalization
Principle of Dialogical Reasoning
P i i l f M lti l I t t ti
e-HAT
e-Business:
Human
Aspect to
Technology
Principle of Multiple Interpretations
Principle of Suspicion
Technology
Reference: Klein, H.K. and Myers, M.D. (1999) A Set of Principles
for Conducting and Evaluating Interpretive Field Studies in
InformationSystems. MIS Quarterly 23(1): 67-94.
24.6.2010
Tarja Tiainen
tarja@cs.uta.fi
5
Information Systems. MIS Quarterly 23(1): 67 94.
Multiple triangulation
University of
Tampere
Multiple triangulation
Variation in
Department
of Computer
Sciences
Variation in
Data
Investigators
Theories
e HAT
Methodologies
e-HAT
e-Business:
Human
Aspect to
Technology
Reference: Denzin, N.K (1975; first edition 1970),
The Research Art The Theoretical Introduction to Sociological
Technology
The Research Art. The Theoretical Introduction to Sociological
Methods. Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago.
24.6.2010
Tarja Tiainen
tarja@cs.uta.fi
6
Triangulation in data gathering
University of
Tampere
Triangulation in data gathering
Combination of various data gathering
Department
of Computer
Sciences
Combination of various data gathering
techniques
Checking everything so that evidence does Checking everything, so that evidence does
not rely on a single voice
T h i f ll h h
e HAT
To ensure that informants tell the truth
eHAT used:
e-HAT
e-Business:
Human
Aspect to
Technology
Official statistics and history
Local newspapers and villages internet pages
Technology
p p g p g
Interviews (2003-2004; 60 interviews)
24.6.2010
Tarja Tiainen
tarja@cs.uta.fi
7
Data gathering: interviews
University of
Tampere
Data gathering: interviews
Interviewsituation affects what people
Department
of Computer
Sciences
Interview situation affects what people
say and how they say it.
Expectations of what an interview Expectations of what an interview
situation is
e HAT
Relationship between the interviewee
and the informant
e-HAT
e-Business:
Human
Aspect to
Technology
Research is not independent of people:
both researchers and informants affect
Technology
both researchers and informants affect
the process and the results
24.6.2010
Tarja Tiainen
tarja@cs.uta.fi
8
Research group eHAT
University of
Tampere
Research group eHAT
Information system science:
Department
of Computer
Sciences
Tarja Minna Tero Tarja Taina
Tiainen Paakki Saarenp Katajamki Kaapu
e HAT
Tiainen Paakki Saarenp Katajamki Kaapu
Other back grounds: Cooperation with:
e-HAT
e-Business:
Human
Aspect to
Technology Technology
Kysti Pennanen
Consumer studies
Emma-Reetta Koivunen
Social and cultural anthropology
Deirdre Hynes
Manchester Metropolitan
University U K
24.6.2010
Tarja Tiainen
tarja@cs.uta.fi
9
University, U.K.
Collaborative work
University of
Tampere
Collaborative work
The researcher him-/herself is the most
Department
of Computer
Sciences
The researcher him-/herself is the most
important scientific instrument used
Professional bias lead ethnographers to see Professional bias lead ethnographers to see
only those parts of social reality that makes
sense in terms of earlier experiences
e HAT
sense in terms of earlier experiences
Multiple investigators: alternative voices
e-HAT
e-Business:
Human
Aspect to
Technology
Reference: Eriksen, T.H. (2001; first edition 1995), Small Places,
Technology
Big Issues. An Introduction to Social and Cultural
Anthropology. Pluto Press, London, UK.
24.6.2010
Tarja Tiainen
tarja@cs.uta.fi
10
M lti l di i li
University of
Tampere
Multiple disciplines
Department
of Computer
Sciences
Information systems:
Human being in relation to ICT
Consumer studies:
e HAT
Consumer studies:
Human being is a consumer and buyer
S i l th l
e-HAT
e-Business:
Human
Aspect to
Technology
Social anthropology:
Human being is a member of a social group
Technology
g g p
24.6.2010
Tarja Tiainen
tarja@cs.uta.fi
11
M lti l f k
University of
Tampere
Multiple frameworks
Department
of Computer
Sciences
Technology shaping:
Social shaping of technology (Bijker)
Diffusion of innovations (Rogers)
e HAT
( g )
ICT domestication (Silverstone & Hirsch)
Gender &IT studies:
e-HAT
e-Business:
Human
Aspect to
Technology
Gender & IT studies:
Gender as social construction (Gill & Grint)
Technology
24.6.2010
Tarja Tiainen
tarja@cs.uta.fi
12
Lesson 1:
University of
Tampere
Importance of writing
Department
of Computer
Sciences
Presenting research results
Constructing research results
Fieldnotes - individual for him/herself
e HAT
Working papers - individual for others
Final papers cooperation possible
e-HAT
e-Business:
Human
Aspect to
Technology
Final papers - cooperation possible
For memory of the work, process
Technology
Knowledge warehouse
24.6.2010
Tarja Tiainen
tarja@cs.uta.fi
13
Lesson 2:
University of
Tampere
Members personality
Department
of Computer
Sciences
Individual researchers
i fi ld k i t i i b i in fieldwork: interviewing, observing
in analysis: theoretical lens
e HAT
Researchers in teams
Cooperation
e-HAT
e-Business:
Human
Aspect to
Technology
Cooperation
Knowledge sharing
Technology
24.6.2010
Tarja Tiainen
tarja@cs.uta.fi
14
Lesson 3:
University of
Tampere
Places of collaboration
Department
of Computer
Sciences
One geographical place
l ti t
SOUTH
OSTROBOTHNIA
a location at a map
Members actual
OSTROBOTHNIA
e HAT
place varied
Cooperation via
e-HAT
e-Business:
Human
Aspect to
Technology
ICT
as e-mails and
videoconferencing
Technology
videoconferencing
Marratech
24.6.2010
Tarja Tiainen
tarja@cs.uta.fi
15
Conclusion
University of
Tampere
Conclusion
The principle of multiple interpretations
Department
of Computer
Sciences
The principle of multiple interpretations
1. consensus = finding the dominant view
Improves the quality as the basis for the shared
view is thoroughly discussed by the researchers
e HAT
2. alternative voices = finding others views
Multiple researchers and frameworks support
e-HAT
e-Business:
Human
Aspect to
Technology
finding pf alternatives
The principle of suspicion
Technology
p p p
For informants or researchers
24.6.2010
Tarja Tiainen
tarja@cs.uta.fi
16