CONTENTS

S. No. Title Page No.

Executive Summary 8
I Introduction 16
1.1 Background 16
1.2 Main concerns of agricultural sector 17
1.3 Purpose of DAPs 19
1.4 Methodolog 19
II General descrition o! t"e district ##
2.1 !ntroduction 22
2.2 District at a glance 24
2.3 De"elop#ent $ision and %trateg 3&
III S$OT analysis %1
3.1 !ntroduction 31
3.2 %'() analsis of the district 31
3.3 *#erging issues fro# %'() analsis 34
3.4 %ectoral + ,egional gro-th dri"ers of the district 3.
I& 'eveloment o! (gricultural Sector %)
4.1 !ntroduction 37
4.2 /and 0se 37
4.3 %oil 1ealth 37
4.4 'ater ,esources and Manage#ent 4&
4.. Ma2or 3rops and "arieties in the district 41
4.6 !nput Manage#ent 4.
4.7 4ar# Mechani5ation 46
4.6 3onstraint Analsis 49
4.9 !nter"entions proposed .6
4.1& !n"est#ents 67
& (llied (gricultural Sectors 6*
..1 !ntroduction 69
..2 1orticulture De"elop#ent 69
..3 %ericulture De"elop#ent 77
..4 Ani#al 1us7andr 6&
... 4isheries De"elop#ent 6.
..6 'atershed De"elop#ent 9&
..7 !rrigation De"elop#ent 93
..6 %ociet for *li#ination of ,ural Po"ert 8%*,P9 9.
..9 Agricultural Marketing 96
..1& ,ural !ndustries 1&&
..11 Agricultural 3redit and !nsurance 1&2
..12 !n"est#ents and (utco#es 1&4
&I 'istrict Plan 1+6
6.1 !ntroduction 1&6
6.2 :ro-th Dri"ers 1&6
6.3 !nno"ati"e %che#es 1&7
6.4 $ision of ;! Plan 11&
6.. District Plan 112
1
(nnexures
)a7les 11.<214
3on"ergence of %che#es and Acti"ities for Agricultural
De"elop#ent
21.<222
2
,ist o! ta-les
)a7le no =a#e of the ta7le Page no.
1 :eneral !nfor#ation 131
2 Distri7ution of land holdings and land area 7 categor 131
3 /and utili5ation pattern in the district 132
4 /and 1oldings 8Agriculture 3ensus 2&&19 133
. Month<-ise distri7ution of rainfall> 2&&2<&3 to 2&&7<&6 133
6 Area irrigated 7 different sources 134
7 3ontri7ution of agriculture and allied sectors to :DP in %rikakula# district 13.
6 :ro-th rates in su7<sectors of agriculture 8in per cent9 13.
9 /and 0tili5ation %tatistics 82&&.<&69 136
1& %oil fertilit inde?> %rikakula# district ear 2&&&<2&&1 to 2&&6<&7 137
11 Micro nutrient status ear 2&&&<&1 to 2&&6<&7 137
12 %oil testing la7oratories in %rikakula# district ear 2&&6<&7 136
13 Planning of %oil )esting Progra# @ear 2&&7<&6 136
14 ,ecla#ation and De"elop#ent of %aline + Alkali %oils in =e?t 4i"e @ear 139
1. Data on 'eather 139
16 %ource -ise area irrigated in 2&&6<2&&7 in ha Area 81a.9 14&
17 'ater analsis report 82&&&<&1 to 2&&6<&7 14&
16 Description of cropping patterns under different conditions 141
19 Areas under different crop categories 8Area in ha9 141
2& Area under agricultural crops during kharif and ra7i seasons 142
21 )rends in area so-n> production and ields of the #a2or crops fro# 2&&2<&3
to 2&&6<&7
143
22 Area> Production Producti"it of i#portant crops for . ears 14.
23 Area> Production and @ield of Ma2or crops in irrigated + ,ain fed conditions
during Aharif %eason
146
24 Area> Production and @ield of Ma2or crops in irrigated + ,ain fed conditions
during ,a7i %eason
146
2. Area> Production and Producti"it )rend of Main 3rops in %rikakula# district 147
26 Area> production and producti"it of crops during Aharif> 2&&6<&7 146
27 Details of area> producti"it and production of #a2or crops during ,a7i >
2&&6<&7
149
26 Annual area> producti"it and production of principal crops in %rikakula#
district during 2&&6<&7
1.&
29 Planning of Agriculture !nputs in the district 1.1
3& Plan for enhance#ent of %eed ,eplace#ent ,atio 1.1
31 !nfrastructure a"aila7le on %tate %eed 4ar# + )rial cu# De#onstration 4ar# 1.2
32 %eed Production at )%4+)3D 1.2
33 3rop -ise =PA 3onsu#ption 1.3
34 Planning of fertili5er reBuire#ent 7 ADA circle 1.3
3.
Planning of fertili5er reBuire#ent 7 tpe of fertili5er
1.4
36 A"aila7ilit of i#pro"ed 4ar# *Buip#ent and Machineries 1.4
37
4ar# Machiner %tatus and Pro2ection
1..
36 %er"ice 3entres in the District 8Agriculture C Allied %ectors9
1..
39 4ar#ing situations in %rikakula# district and their e?tents 1.6
4& Description of far#ing sste#s 1.7
41 ADA circle -ise @ield :ap Analsis 1.9
42 !nfor#ation on =atural 3ala#ities 16&
3
43 Basic !nfrastructure for Agriculture 8Post 1ar"est Manage#ent9 164
44
4ar# /e"el %torage Plan
164
4. Marketing !nfrastructure Plan 8 in lakhs9 16.
46 Agro Processing unit in the District 16.
47 (rgani5ation and %trength of A)MA Model 166
46 3on"ergence of %che#e through A)MA 166
49 Planning for %trengthening of A)MA 167
.& :roup (rgani5ation *?isting in the District 166
.1 Proposals for suppl of gsu# 166
.2
Details of green #anure seed distri7ution> 2&&2<&3 to 2&&7<&6
169
.3 Proposals for the suppl of green #anure seeds 169
.4 *sti#ates of pesticide consu#ption in the district 169
.. 4ar#ers 4ield %chools Pro2ection in =e?t 4i"e @ear 17&
.6 /ist of far# i#ple#ents+eBuip#ent proposed for suppl on su7sid 171
.7 Proposals for suppl of far# #echani5ation 172
.6 Proposals for strengthening e?tension in ;! plan 172
.9 Proposals for con2uncti"e use of -ater during ;! plan 173
6& Proposals for suppl of sprinklers during ;! plan 173
61 Planning for 4ar#ers )raining Progra# ,elated to Agriculture 174
62 )raining !nfrastructure Proposed for 3apacit Building of Agriculture 17.
63 4acilities A"aila7le in Agro Polclinics 176
64 Proposed Plan to i#pro"e Agril. And Allied )raining 4acilitators for 4ar#ers 176
6. Additional area to 7e 7rought under organic far#ing in ne?t fi"e ears 176
66 )reat#ent +units Proposed for the (rganic 4ar#ing in ne?t 4i"e @ear 179
67 !PM De#onstration in =e?t 4i"e @ear 179
66 !=M De#onstration in =e?t 4i"e @ear 16&
69 $arietal De#onstration in =e?t 4i"e @ear 16&
7& )ools utili5ed for !#pro"ing 3rop Production 161
71 3rop Di"ersification Plan in =e?t 4i"e @ear 162
72 Proposals for i#ple#entation of %ugarcane ,ene-ed !ntensification 162
73 3rop %ector Action Plan under ,astria Arishi $ikas @o2ana 163
74 Area under other enterprises 164
7. Areas under #a2or horticultural crops in %rikakula# district 164
76 4ar#ing situations and horticultural crops -ith areas 16.
77 Area> Production and @ield of Ma2or 1orticulture 3rops 16.
76 Details of rthu 7a5aars in %rikakula# district 16.
79 Details of area> production and producti"it of horticultural crops 166
6& Proposals for suppl of drip irrigation sste#s during ;! plan 166
61 Perspecti"e Micro !rrigation Plan < 8@ear 2&&7<&6 to 2&11<129 166
62 Area *?pansion Plan of 1orticultural 3rops 8Area in ha.9 167
63 ,e2u"enation Plan of 1orticultural 3rops 8Area in ha.9 167
64 Plant Material Production Plan 8Area in ha Production of plants in =u#7ers9 167
6. 3o#prehensi"e plan for horticultural de"elop#ent during ;! plan 166
66 %ericulture infor#ation 169
67 3o#prehensi"e %tate agricultural plan under ,ashtria Aisan $ikas @o2ana 169
66 Proposed phsical and financial targets for sericulture for ;! plan 191
69 *sti#ates of li"estock population in 17
th
and 16
th
li"estock censuses 192
9& /i"estock !nfor#ation 192
91 ADA circle -ise *?istence of $eterinar !nstitutions 193
92 Production Plan of /i"estock during the ne?t 4i"e ears 193
93 Mandal<-ise D.P.(utla for Ani#al 1us7andr during ; Plan period 194
4
94 Proposed Phsical and 4inancial )argets for Ani#al 1us7andr for ;! Plan 194
9. 4unds reBuired for inter"entions for li"estock de"elop#ent 19.
96 !nfor#ation reBuired under fisheries sector in %rikakula# district 19.
97 @ield gap analsis in different -ater sources 196
96 %ource -ise 'ater %pread Area in %rikakula# district 196
99 Pro2ections for 4ish Production> %eed to 7e stocked and 1atcher
,eBuire#ent for ;! Plan in %rikakula# district
197
1&& 4inancial )argets and Achie"e#ents during ; Plan for 4isheries
De"elop#ent in %rikakula# district
196
1&1 Pro2ected outla 8,s. in lakh9 for e?isting sche#es of fisheries de"elop#ent
during ;! plan in %rikakula# district
199
1&2 !n"est#ents proposed for fisheries de"elop#ent during ;! plan 199
1&3 'atershed de"elop#ent progra# for 2&&7<&6 2&&
1&4 Progress of -atershed progra#s under ,!D4< !; and ; 2&&
1&. Details of areas de"eloped and crops gro-n 2&1
1&6 Planning of %oil %ur"e Progra#. 8@ear 2&&7<&6 to 2&11<129 2&1
1&7 Area A"aila7le for 'atershed De"elop#ent and Plan. 8@ear 2&&7<&6 to
2&11<129
2&2
1&6 )echnologies for !n situ Moisture 3onser"ation Plan 8@ear 2&&7<&6 to 2&11<
129
2&2
1&9 'orks sanctioned under =,*:A> %rikakula# district> 2&&7<&6 2&3
11& Details of !rrigation pro2ects in %rikakula# district 2&3
111 Details of irrigation potential after the co#pletion of pro2ects 8in ha9 2&4
112 Protecti"e 83o##unit )anks9 !rrigation Plan 8@ear 2&&7<&6 to 2&11<129 2&4
113 A"erage ields and costs of culti"ation of #a2or crops in %rikakula# district 2&4
114 Pro7le#s and strategies reBuired 7 crop 2&.
11. )he status of )apioca in the tri7al areas of %rikakula# district 2&6
116 )argets for co"erage under =PM during the ;! plan period 2&6
117 /ist of functional #arket ards for additional central assistance 2&7
116 4!3 %ste# 3o#ponents 2&7
119 3o#prehensi"e state agricultural plan under ,ashtria Aisan $ikas @o2ana 2&6
12& Product -ise =o. of %%! units in the district 2&6
121 )a7le Plans for Ahadi and $illage !ndustr Progra# during ;! Plan 2&9
122 Progress during ; Plan under District !ndustrial 3entre 2&9
123 Action Plan of D!3 for ;! Plan 2&9
124 4inancial Achie"e#ents during ; Plan and Pro2ection for ;! Plan for
De"elop#ent of 1andloo#s and )e?tiles 8,s. in lakh9
21&
12. Details of the proposed industries under 1andloo#s and )e?tiles 21&
126 3redit flo- in %rikakula# district> 2&&4<&. to 2&&6<&7 211
127 Details of 3redit !nstitutions in the district> 2&&6<&7 211
126 )he esti#ated credit plan during ;! plan in %rikakula# district 212
129 3rop /oan Distri7ution in district during ;! 4i"e @ear Plan 212
13& /oan Distri7ution for Agriculture De"elop#ent during ;! 4i"e @ear Plan 213
131 Agriculture !nsurance %tatus and Planning for ;! 4i"e @ear Plan 214
.
,ist o! !igures.gra"s
4ig.no )itle Page no.
1 District #ap 22
2 %eason -ise rainfall in the district 27
3 %ource -ise irrigated area 26
4 :DDP in the district 29
. :ro-th rates in the district 29
6 %oils in the district 36
7 Area co"erage under different crops 42
6 Area> production of i#portant kharif crops 44
9 Area> production of i#portant ra7i crops 44
1& Annual area> production of i#portant crops 4.
11 4ar#ing situations in the district 49
12 3onsu#ption of =itrogen fertili5ers .7
13 3onsu#ption of Phosphorous fertili5ers .7
14 3onsu#ption of Potash fertili5ers .6
1. Pesticide consu#ption in the district 6&
6
Comre"ensive 'istrict (griculture Plan
Sri/a/ulam district
Executive summary
)he district is skirted to a distance 7 Aandi"alasa :edda> $a#sadhara> Bahuda at
certain stretches of the courses -hile a line of heights of the great eastern ghats run
fro# =orth *ast. $i5ianagara# district flanks on the south and -est -hile (rissa
7ounds it on its north and Ba of Bengal on the east. )he total area of the district is
.637 %B. k#. !t has a population of 2.37> .93> according to 2&&1 census. )he
district deri"ed its na#e fro# %rikakula#> its headBuarters to-n. %rikakula# district
-as car"ed out in 19.& 7 7ifurcating it fro# $isakhapatna# district. !t re#ained
unaffected in its territorial 2urisdiction for Buite so#e ti#e. But in =o"e#7er> 1969 the
district lost 63 "illages fro# %alur taluk and 44 "illages fro# Bo77ili taluk to the ne-l
constituted :a2apathinagara# taluk of $isakhapatna# district. Again in Ma 1979>
the district had undergone #a2or territorial changes due to ne-l for#ed district> -ith
$i5ianagara# as its headBuarters.
%rikakula# district is the e?tre#e northeastern district in Andhra Pradesh> situated
-ithin the geographical coordinates of 16
&
<2&E and 19
&
<1&E of northern latitude and
63
&
<.&E and 64
&
<.&E of eastern longitude. %rikakula# district has 1616 re"enue
"illages> out of -hich 9. are un<inha7ited. )he 1723 inha7ited "illages are organi5ed
into 1&6& gra# panchaats. )ekkali ADA circle has the highest nu#7er of gra#
panchaats> e"en though Palasa ADA circle has #ore nu#7er of populated re"enue
"illages. %rikakula# ADA circle has the lo-est nu#7er of gra# panchaats and
re"enue "illages. )he population of the district is 2..1 lakh as per 2&&1 census. )he
7
population densit is higher at 436 persons per sB k#. )he fe#ale population is
slightl higher than that of #ale population in the district. )he se? ratio of #ales in
fe#ales is 1F1.&1. Male population is higher than fe#ale population onl in
,anasthala#> %rikakula# and ,a2a# ADA circles. !n all the si? other ADA circles>
fe#ale population is higher than that of #ale population. )he scheduled caste
population for#ed nine percent of the district population> -hile the scheduled tri7esG
population -as a7out si? percent of the total population. )he scheduled tri7esG
population is concentrated in Palakonda> Palasa and %o#peta ADA circles.
!n the district> sand loa#s and sand soils co"er 21H of land area> -hile red soils>
silt cla loa#s and sand cla loa# soils together account for .&H of the area. Black
cotton soils ha"e a share of 29H in the soils of the district. )he #arginal and s#all
far#ers do#inate the nu#7er of holdings> 7ut not in the o-nership of land area. )he
a"erage si5e of holding in the district is onl &.71 ha. =o -onder that the #arginal
far#ers ha"e a 7ig share of 76.6 per cent in the nu#7er of holdings. But their share
in the land area o-ned is onl 41.1 per cent. %#all far#ers for# onl 14.67 per cent
of the land holdings> -hile their share in land holdings is a7out t-ice as that. Mediu#
far#ers constitute onl 6.4. per cent> 7ut their share in land area is nearl four or fi"e
ti#es of that. /arge far#ers ha"e an insignificant share of &.1 per cent in the nu#7er
of holdings> 7ut their share in land area is as high as 1.73 per cent.
)he rainfall of the district is influenced 7 7oth the south<-est and north<east
#onsoons. )he total nor#al rainfall of the district is 1162 ##. )he south-est
#onsoon contri7utes a #a2or portion of 6&.67H 87&.##9 of rainfall> follo-ed 7 the
northeast #onsoon -hich contri7utes 23.64H of 8277##9 of annual rainfall. (ut of
the re#aining> 2.23H 826##9 is recei"ed during the -inter and the 7alance 13.26H
81.4##9 in su##er period. )he area under irrigation in %rikakula# district is a7out
1.672 lakh ha> -hich for#s 63.6H of the total cropped area.
%rikakula# district has fairl high rainfall of 1162 ##. A7out 6& per cent of it is
recei"ed during south<-est #onsoon. )his high rainfall and fairl long gro-ing
season is good enough to support rain fed crops in the district. )he irrigation
co"erage is also fairl high at 64 per cent. )he soils are Buite di"erse -ith 29 per
cent area under 7lack soils and .& per cent of the area under silt cla and sand cla
loa#s. Both these tpes of soils ha"e #ediu# fertilit. (nl 21 per cent of the soils
6
are light soils -ith less -ater retention capacit and fertilit. A di"erse set of crops
can 7e gro-n in the district -ith reasona7l good ields. Most of the far#ers are
personall engaged in culti"ation. )he district has research stations at ,agolu and
A#udala"alasa> 7esides the 3ollege of Agricuture at =aira. )hese research stations
pro"ide the necessar technological support to the far#ers in the district. )he district
also has a lot of area under cashe- and #ango plantations. )he cashe- processing
units at Palasa pro"ide the #arketing support to cashe- far#ers. Padd> groundnut>
sesa#u#> sugarcane and #esta are the i#portant crops in the district. )he area
under horticulture is picking up -ith #ore di"ersification in fa"our of "egeta7les and
fruit crops. )he district has a long coast line and other -ater resources needed to
support 7oth #arine and inland fisheries. 3attle are do#inant producers of #ilk in
the district -ith sste#atic efforts to upgrade the genetic stock ielding 7enefits
alread. !n #ost parts of the district> it is the integrated far#ing sste#s -ith crops>
li"estock and horticulture pro"iding contri7utions to inco#es of the households.
)he district is Buite prone to natural cala#ities> "er often suffering fro# hea" rains>
floods and cclones. Parts of the district also face drought conditions in so#e ears.
)he soils are generall light and cannot hold #uch #oisture. )he cannot support
crops -ithout irrigation in #an areas. Marginal and s#all far#ers do#inate the land
holdings and ha"e "er little in"est#ent capacit. 4ar#ers did not #ake adeBuate
in"est#ents for e?ploration of ground -ater and do not ha"e assured capti"e
sources of irrigation. )he irrigation sources are dependent on rainfall and hence
there is "aria7ilit in the irrigation co"erage. )he infrastructure is Buite poor
particularl in the agenc tracts. )he district had de"eloped irrigation sources long
7ack and did not progress #uch in the recent decades. 3ertain stagnation has
reached in the agriculture sectors of the district. Because of e#plo#ent
opportunities in near 7 cities like $isakhapatna#> there is #igration of la7or fro#
rural areas -hich is creating a la7or scarcit and increase in -age rate. 4ar#ers find
it difficult to earn a surplus after #eeting the high input costs and la7or -ages. Mesta
culti"ation as -ell as its processing has reached stagnation due to de#and
constraint for the products. Despite a high proportion of irrigation> agricultural sector
contri7utes onl 24 to 29 per cent to the :DP in the district. )he population pressure
is Buite high due to -hich the holdings are getting di"ided and are 7eco#ing s#aller
and s#aller.
9
)here are se"eral initiati"es -hich 7ring ne- opportunities to the far#ers in
%rikakula# district. 0nder the Ialaagna# pro2ect> t-o phases of $a#sadhara
stage<!! pro2ect> )hotapalli regulator and Maddula"alasa pro2ect are 7eing
constructed. )hese pro2ects -ill 7oth increase as -ell as sta7ili5e irrigated area in
the district. )he aug#entation of irrigation sources -ill help the far#ers to get higher
ields. )he land "alues are going up as a result of the rapid ur7ani5ation happening
around $isakhapatna# cit. Much of the %rikakula# district co#es under
$isakhapatna# Metropolitan De"elop#ent Authorit. 3onstruction of the high-as
has #ade the #o"e#ent of the people and goods Buite fast. )he increase in land
prices has pro"ided an opportunit for those -ho -ant to Buit far#ing and #o"e to
other sectors for their li"elihood. People -ho #ade #one fro# non<agricultural
sectors are in"esting in lands for speculati"e purposes in general and out of genuine
interest in far#ing in so#e cases. )he ne- land o-ners ha"e the capacit to in"est
in land de"elop#ent and i#pro"ed technologies. )his trend #a augur -ell to the
far#ing sector 7ecause of infusion of capital fro# ne- sources. )he output prices>
7oth of food and cash crops> are on the rise and the #a increase the rate of return
on in"est#ents significantl and pro"ide ne- hope to the far#ers. )he de#and for
#ilk> #eat> eggs> fruits and "egeta7les is increasing and the process of
di"ersification in to these high "alue co##odities is likel to intensif further.
4ar#ers are taking up #icro<irrigation in a 7ig -a -hich -ill help in increasing the
-ater<use efficienc and in achie"ing enterprise di"ersification. )he recent loan
-ai"er progra# and the earlier Pri#e MinisterGs relief package ha"e freed s#all and
#arginal far#ers fro# the 7ond of de7t. )he can a"ail fresh credit and in"est it on
their far#s. )he =ational ,ural *#plo#ent :uarantee Act 8=,*:A9 has 7rought
-ork and inco#e to agriculture la7or households. )he product prices are likel to
increase further and #a #ake agriculture and allied enterprises #ore re#unerati"e.
)he threats to agriculture and allied sectors co#e fro# #an sources. Due to
de"iations in rainfall and predo#inance of light soils> the agricultural enterprises are
7eco#ing riskier. )he predictions of cli#ate change point out to decrease in rainfall
and increase in te#peratures. Both these anticipated changes #a further dent the
"ia7ilit of agriculture in the district. )he la7or -ages are going up in real ter#s and
after the i#ple#entation of =,*:%> the -orking hours ha"e reduced. Due to this
1&
increase in real -ages -ithout a co##ensurate increase in producti"it> the
agriculture tends to 7eco#e less profita7le. )he loan -ai"er sche#e has destroed
the credit discipline and far#ers #a not get credit 7oth fro# institutional as -ell as
non<institutional sources of credit. )he increase in fuel prices #a appl 7rakes on
far# #echani5ation trend. )he glo7ali5ation of #arkets -ill put the far#ers fro#
ad"anced countries at an ad"antage 7ecause the are 7acked 7 huge su7sidies
fro# their go"ern#ents. 'ith in the countr> far#ers fro# irrigated areas are
e?pected to do 7etter due to hea" incidence of su7sidies for irrigated crops. A
partiall rain fed district like %rikakula# #a find it an uneBual 7attle to co#pete -ith
the neigh7oring districts -ith higher irrigation co"erage. %o#e of the internal
-eaknesses #a get e?acer7ated 7 the e?ternal threats loo#ing large on the
agricultural sector in the district.
After anal5ing the strengths> -eaknesses> opportunities and threats faced 7
agricultural sector and after anal5ing the ield gaps that can 7e reco"ered in the
district> a co#prehensi"e district agricultural plan -as prepared -ith inter"entions in
agriculture and allied sectors. )he inter"entions in agricultural sector include
#easures such as suppl of green #anure seed> application of gpsu# and suppl
of 5inc sulphate for i#pro"ing the soil health and fertilit. )he inter"entions
suggested also included suppl of far# eBuip#ent and esta7lish#ent of custo#
hiring centers to help the far#ers get o"er the pro7le# of la7or shortage. )here -ere
also proposals on suppl of sprinkler sets for increasing -ater use efficienc>
supporting 4ar#ersG 4ield %chools 844%9 and strengthening e?tension support 7
appointing Agricultural (fficers> technolog facilitators and #odel far#ers>
de"elop#ent of hu#an resources through training etc. )he total in"est#ents on all
the inter"entions proposed in agriculture a#ounted to ,s. 6&73.&& lakh. )he
proposed gro-th rate in the agricultural sector is 4.& per cent per ear.
1orticultural sector -hich attained so#e gro-th in the recent ears -ill 7e
encouraged further 7 esta7lishing ne- nurseries for producing Bualit planting
#aterial> esta7lish#ent of ne- gardens> re2u"enation of the old and senile orchards>
introducing ne- horticultural crops and #ultistor cropping sste#s> h7rid "arieties
of "egeta7les> loose flo-ers> pro"ision of shade nets> plant protection eBuip#ent>
horticultural tools> drip irrigation etc.> organic far#ing> strengthening e?tension 7
11
appointing #ore technical personnel> capacit 7uilding of technical staff and far#ers>
integrated orchard #anage#ent> pro"ision of post<har"est infrastructure> grading
and packing facilities etc.> for the all round de"elop#ent of horticultural sector in the
district. )he total in"est#ents reBuired for the de"elop#ent of horticultural sector
o"er the ne?t fi"e ears period is ,s. 146&..& lakh and the are e?pected to put
horticulture on a higher gro-th tra2ector of 6.. per cent per ear.
%ericulture in $i5ianagara# district has 2ust started to gi"e further 7oost to sericulture
de"elop#ent in the district> a #assi"e in"est#ent of ,s. 1&6.6& lakh is planned o"er
the ne?t fi"e ears to sustain a 12.. per cent gro-th per ear. )he cataltic
de"elop#ent progra# -ill 7e strengthened in all respects to gi"e a further 7oost to
#ul7err culti"ation and silk production.
$i5ianagara# district has su7stantial populations of li"estock and s#all ru#inants. !t
is proposed to induct a large nu#7er of i#pro"ed #ilch ani#als and heifer cal"es to
up grade the Bualit of li"estock. 0ni"ersal co"erage of all li"estock and s#all
ru#inants 7 "accination against foot and #outh disease in case of 7o"ines and
against the co##on diseases in case of s#all ru#inants is planned to reduce the
#ortalit and #or7idit. %uppl of feed to Bualit heifer cal"es> esta7lish#ent of
per#anent fodder units> suppl of chaff cutters> pro"ision of #o7ile disease
diagnostic la7oratories and other #easures reBuired for the de"elop#ent of Ani#al
1us7andr sector are planned -ith a total in"est#ent of ,s. 423..14 lakh o"er the
period of fi"e ears. )he anticipated gro-th rate in the Ani#al 1us7andr sector is
e?pected to reach 9.2 per cent per ear as a result of all the de"elop#ent
in"est#ents planned. %i#ilarl> fisheries sector -ill 7e de"eloped through a set of
initiati"es for strengthening production and #arketing of fish at a cost of ,s. 6.7.&&
lakh o"er the ne?t fi"e ears. )hese in"est#ents are e?pected to the fish production
in the district o"er the ne?t fi"e ears period at the rate of ..2 per cent per ear.
Besides> the in"est#ents in agriculture> horticulture> sericulture> ani#al hus7andr
and fisheries> su7stantial in"est#ents are also planned to esta7lish the "illage
#arkets and #arket infor#ation centers to cut do-n the #arketing costs and
i#pro"e the price reali5ation 7 the far#ers. %i#ilarl> the de"elop#ent in"est#ents
on irrigation> -atershed de"elop#ent and po"ert eradication progra#s -ill also 7e
12
intensified. )he pro"ision of production and de"elop#ent credit -ill keep pace -ith
the reBuire#ents of agriculture and allied sectors. )his district agricultural plan can
7ring dna#is# to the district econo# and raise the inco#es of the rural people. !t
has a potential to re"erse the trends of desertification noted in so#e parts of the
district. !t can #ake a 7ig dent on the rural inde7tedness and #ake the far#ers
opti#istic to look for-ard for a fast pace of de"elop#ent and i#pro"e#ent in their
li"ing standards. !t is hoped that the ,ashtria Arishi $ikas @o2ana 8,A$@9 -ill
support the 3o#prehensi"e District Agricultural Plan 83DAP9 for %rikakula# district
full. %ince %rikakula# district is one of the #ost 7ack-ard districts of Andhra
Pradesh state> such a support is 2ustified 7oth fro# the point of "ie- of increasing
production efficienc as -ell as fro# the angle of 7alanced regional de"elop#ent
and po"ert alle"iation. )he proposed in"est#ents in different su7<sectors of
agriculture are su##ari5ed in the ta7le 7elo-F
Ta-le0 Investments !or develoment o! agriculture and allied enterrises
S.No. Sector Investment
12s.in la/"3
1. Agriculture 6&73.&&
2. 1orticulture 146&..&
3. %ericultue 1&6.6&
4. Ani#al hus7andr 423..14
.. 4isheries 6.7.&&
6. Marketing .69&.7.
7. %*,P 797.66
)otal 2122&.67
)he total in"est#ent reBuired for the de"elop#ent of agriculture and allied
enterprises in %rikakula# district during ;! plan period is esti#ated at ,s.2122&.67
lakh. Agriculture accounts for a7out 36H of the total in"est#ent. Ani#al hus7andr
accounted for 2&H of the total in"est#ent. 1orticulture sector recei"ed a7out 6.9H of
the total in"est#ent. Marketing acti"ities got a share of 27.6H in the total in"est#ent.
4isheries got an allocation of 3.1H> -hile sericulture recei"ed onl &..H of the total
in"est#ent. %*,P got a su7stantial allocation of 3.6H of the total in"est#ent.
)he outco#es e?pected fro# different su7sectors of agriculture as a result of the
in"est#ents that -ill 7e #ade are furnished in ta7le 7elo-F
13
)a7leF Anticipated gro-th rates in different su7sectors of agriculturre
(In per cent)
%.=o. %ector 2&&7<&6 2&&6<&9 2&&9<1& 2&1&<11 2&11<12 A"erage
1. Agriculure 3.6 3.9 4.& 4.1 4.2 4.&
2. 1orticulutre 6.& 6.2. 6.. 6.7. 7.& 6..
3. %ericulture 11.. 12.& 12.. 13.& 13.. 12..
4. Ani#al
hus7andr
6.6 9.& 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.2
.. 4isheries 4.6 ..& ..2 ..4 ..6 ..2
A"erage ..6 6.& 6.4 6.6 7.2 6.4
)he total agricultural sector is e?pected to gro- at an a"erage rate of 6.4H per ear
during the ;! plan period. )he highest gro-th rate of 12..H per ear is e?pected to
result in sericulture sector. Ani#al hus7andr sector is pro2ected to gro- at the rate
of 9.2H per ear during the ;! plan period. 1orticulture sector is e?pected to gro- at
the rate of 6..H per ear. 4isheries sector is targeted to gro- at the rate of ..2H per
ear. )he slo-est gro-th rate of 4.&H per ear is e?pected to occur in case of crop
sector. ("er the plan period> the gro-th rate is e?pected to accelearate> starting fro#
..6H in 2&&7<&6> and going up to 7.2H in 2&11<12.
14
C"ater4I
Introduction
1.1 5ac/ ground
Andhra Pradesh is predo#inantl an Agricultural state. =earl t-o<thrid of the la7or force
in the state depends on it for their li"elihoods. But the share of agriculture in the state
inco#e dropped 7elo- 2& per cent and the indications are that it #a further fall to 1.H
in the ne?t fi"e ears. Due to this> the gap 7et-een those dependent on other sectors
and on agriculture is -idening. )his pheno#enon of JretrogressionG -hich is occurring in
all parts of !ndia is i#pacting the state #uch #ore se"erel. )he rural people are
#igrating ur7an areas and to distant places for li"elihood. )he state -hich -as once
recogni5ed as the Jgranar of the southG is no- finding it difficult e"en to #eet its needs.
)he state is ad"ersel placed -ith respect to 7oth soils and rainfall> -hich are the ke
resources for agriculture. !n !ndia> the allu"ial soils -hich are the #ost fertile tpe of soils
occup a7out 4&H of the land area. Another 4&H of area is co"ered 7 7lack soils -hich
ha"e inter#ediate le"els of fertilit. )he red and sand soils> -hich are poor in fertilit>
occup onl 2&H of the land area. But> in Andhra Pradesh> red and sand soils occup
as #uch as 6.H of the land area and are "er poor in soil fertilit. (nl 2.H of the area
is under 7lack soils> -hile the re#aining 1&H area is under allu"ial soils. )hus> the
fertilit as -ell as producti"it le"els of crops in Andhra Pradesh are generall 7elo- the
all !ndia a"erages. )he a"erage annual rainfall of the state is onl 92. ##> as against
the national a"erage of 11.& ##. Besides the lo- Buantu# of rainfall> there is a high
degree of "aria7ilit in the rainfall across locations and ears.
(nl a7out 36H of the gross cropped area in state is irrigated. !t is slightl higher than
the national a"erage of a7out 3.H. Due to poor soils and lo- rainfall> the need for
irrigation is Buite high in Andhra Pradesh. ,ainfed far#ing gi"es "er poor ields and
contri7utes onl a7out 22H to agricultural production as against 44H -hich is the
1.
esti#ated contri7ution of rainfed far#ing at the national le"el. )he state is freBuentl
affected 7 droughts of #oderate to se"ere intensit. *Buall freBuent are the instances
of da#ages to crops 7 floods> hea" rains and cclones. Agriculture in the state is risk
and less "ia7le -hen co#pared -ith the other parts of the countr.
Andhra Pradesh had the 7enefit of irrigation pro2ects constructed 16& ears ago on
ri"ers> :oda"ari and Arishna. But as the upper riparian states> Maharashtra and
Aarnataka ha"e 7uilt #an pro2ects in the up strea#s of these ri"ers. During drought
ears> -ater flo-s in the ri"ers are Buite scant as it happened during the earl ears of
21
st
centur. )he agricultural production recei"ed a set 7ack and far#ers reeled under
continuous droughts. )he production costs ha"e risen faster than the output prices and
far#ing has 7eco#e non<"ia7le> particularl in the predo#inantl rainfed areas of the
state. )he far#ers ha"e shifted to cash crops 7ecause of non<"ia7ilit of food crops. !t
increased risks and far#ers ended up -ith losses Buite freBuentl. )he tenant far#ers
and s#all far#ers are una7le to access credit fro# institutional sources and had to
depend on #onelenders -ho charge higher rates of interest. )he a"erage de7t per
far#er in Andhra Pradesh -as found to 7e t-ice the a#ount at the all !ndia le"el. Due to
freBuent crop failures and harass#ent of lenders> #an far#ers lost hope and
co##itted suicides. )he relief package of Pri#e Minister helped so#e far#ers in the
chronicall drought hit districts. But> agricultural sector needs #ore in"est#ents 7oth
fro# the go"ern#ent as -ell as fro# the far#ers to face the pro7le#s confronting it.
1.# T"e main concerns o! agricultural sector in t"e state are summari6ed -elo70
1. /and continues to 7e a critical concern fro# #an angles. (n one side> si5e of the
operational holding has 7een co#ing do-n significantl. (n the other side> soil
health has deteriorated significantl in the recent past affecting factor producti"it
especiall of fertilisers. )he reduction of the organic car7on in the soil also led to
#an #icro<nutrient deficiencies> 7esides deterioration in the te?ture and structure
of the soils -hich again ad"ersel i#pacted #oisture retention capacit.
2. 'ide fluctuations in so-n area as -ell as in irrigated area ha"e 7eco#e a co##on
pheno#enon. 'eather changes> #onsoon failures> un<scientific ground -ater
e?ploitation> poor reser"oir<#anage#ent> po-er shortages and in"est#ent<holida
in the 199&s in surface irrigation and drainage> are #ainl responsi7le for this
unfortunate de"elop#ent. )o get o"er these pro7le#s> the state should focus on
con2uncti"e<use of surface and ground -ater> in"est#ents in surface irrigation and
16
drainage> -atershed #anage#ent in rained areas and special effort to 7ring
current fallo-s and culti"a7le -astes under culti"ation.
3. )here is a clear deceleration in crop<sector gro-th in recent past. )his is> on
account of #an factors including failure in #aintaining soil health and inadeBuate
in"est#ents in irrigation. But the #ost nota7le a#ong all the factors responsi7le for
the poor perfor#ance is the failure to 7ridge ield gaps in al#ost all the #a2or
crops. )hese gaps are 7ecause of kno-ledge gaps or lack of skills and a-areness
or due to resource constraints. 3ritical inter"entions are needed to 7ridge the
su7stantial ield gaps.
4. ,ein"igorating e?tension and research sste#s is crucial as in"est#ent in 7oth
these areas is lo- -hen co#pared to the sa#e in neigh7ouring states. 'ithout a
good e?tension sste#> other inter"entions cannot 7e i#ple#ented.
.. %u7stantial inde7tedness in the far#ing co##unit and poor credit co"erage are
other #atters of concern. Due to rise in cost of production> the credit needs ha"e
increased. But due to increase in the oral tenanc contracts> the accessi7ilit to
credit fro# for#al financial institutions has 7eco#e difficult> particularl for the
tenant far#ers. Decline in long<ter# credit for #aking in"est#ents in assets like
-ells has 7eco#e a serious concern. 1igh rate of failures in digging -ells is
another issue a7out -hich the state has to -orr.
6. )here is urgenc to un<7urden agriculture 7 shifting su7stantial #an<po-er to
non<far# sector> as gainful e#plo#ent opportunities are li#ited in agricultural
sector.
7. ,ainfed agriculture continues to 7e less re-arding. More than 7&H of the area
under rained culti"ation is co"ered 7 oil seeds> pulses and cotton. )he poor
perfor#ance in oil seeds sector has caused stagnation in the crop sector. Besides
seed> e?tension and credit -hich are co##on to 7oth irrigated and rainfed
agriculture> special focus on -atershed #anage#ent> di"ersification to tree crops
and good #echani5ation are "ital for rainfed agriculture.
6. !#pro"ing the #arketing efficienc 7 #oderni5ation> e?pansion of infrastructure
and esta7lish#ent of speciali5ed #arkets for co##odities like 7anana> tur#eric>
chillies> onions etc> is the need of the hour.
9. Mini#i5ing production losses> su7stitution of inefficient nati"e 7reeds 7 #ore
input<responsi"e 7reeds and e?pansion of procure#ent net-ork are needed for the
de"elop#ent of li"estock sector.
17
1&. Poor producti"it le"els of fruit crops 7ecause of large e?tents under old and senile
gardens needs earl attention. 0se of h7rid seeds in "egeta7le crops> e?pansion
of areas under #odern and efficient #icro<irrigation sste#s> pol<houses for
Bualit and off<season production and in"est#ents for #oderni5ing #arkets and
processing units are the inter"entions needed in horticultural sector.
11. Poor producti"it le"els of fish in case of reser"oirs and tanks are concerns -hich
need to 7e addressed. )he gap in producti"it le"els across districts needs special
attention. Modern #echani5ed crafts and Bualit infrastructure are also necessar
for e?ploitation of #arine resources.
12. Producti"it le"els in #ul7err 7ased sericulture are Buite lo-er than -hat the are
in neigh7ouring 3hina. ,eeling infrastructure is also "er poor and inefficient in the
state. Both the pro7le#s related to production and processing are to 7e addressed.
1.% Purose o! '(Ps
)he district agricultural plans are 7eing prepared in this 7ackground to ser"e the purpose
of attracting #ore in"est#ents for the de"elop#ent of agriculture. 'hile announcing the
,ashtria Arishi $ikas @o2ana 8,A$@9> Pri#e Minister #entioned that the central
go"ern#ent -ill support the states -hich are increasing their o-n in"est#ents for
agricultural de"elop#ent. )he state go"ern#ent has stepped up in"est#ents on surface
and lift irrigation pro2ects to utili5e the ri"er -aters that are flo-ing in to the sea. (n
se"eral occasions> the political leadership has reiterated its co##it#ent to the -elfare of
the far#ers in the state. !t is suppling po-er to the far#ers -ho lift -ater fro# 7elo- the
ground free of cost. But the #assi"e in"est#ents in"ol"ed in surface irrigation pro2ects
and suppl of free po-er do not nor#all count as e?penditures #eant for agricultural
de"elop#ent. )he state go"ern#ent has 7een pleading -ith the go"ern#ent of !ndia to
consider these critical in"est#ents as agricultural de"elop#ent e?penditures. 'hile the
decisions on these aspects are a-aited> the state go"ern#ent is interested to increase
other in"est#ents #eant for agricultural de"elop#ent. )he district agricultural plans are
7eing prepared in a 7otto#<up #anner to assess the reBuire#ents of funds for
de"elop#ent of agriculture and allied sectors in each of the districts. 'hile seeking
support fro# ,A$@> the state go"ern#ent is interested in #o7ili5ing funds for
agricultural de"elop#ent fro# other sche#es and sources. Although -hen the
de"elop#ent plans are prepared> the a"aila7le funds #a 7e falling short of
reBuire#ents> other opportunities #a arise in due course to access additional funds
needed fro# donors and de"elop#ent in"estors.
16
1.8 9et"odology
)he state go"ern#ent has di"ided the 9 Agro<cli#atic 5ones in the state na#el 1igh
altitude and tri7al area> =orth coastal> :oda"ari> Arishna> %outhern> =orthern )elangana>
3entral )elangana> %outhern )elangana and %carce rainfall 5ones into 322 far#ing
situations 7ased on the cropping pattern> a"aila7ilit of irrigation source> soil class>
te#perature le"els and rainfall data. !n each far#ing situation> careful analsis -as
carried out on the ield gaps for each crop. )he ield gap -as calculated as the
difference 7et-een the 7est far#ersG ield of that crop in that specific far#ing situation
and the representati"e 8a"erage9 far#ersG ield of that crop in the sa#e situation. )he
factors responsi7le for the ield gap -ere identified through discussions -ith the far#ers
and the scientists fro# %A0. )he gap -as #ainl on account of differences in
kno-ledge> skills> a-areness and resources. Ano-ledge> a-areness and skill gaps
could 7e 7ridged onl through strengthening e?tension sste#> training and
de#onstrations. ,esource gaps are planned to 7e 7ridged 7 pro#oting in"est#ents
and su7sidising critical inputs.
)he planning is also done fro# the #icro<le"el. After the setting up of Agricultural
)echnolog Manage#ent Agenc 8A)MA9> there is an e#phasis on #icro le"el planning.
Block le"el technolog tea#s are conducting diagnostic sur"es in different far#ing
situations and are identifing constraints. Al#ost all the "illages are co"ered 7 these
sur"es and the feed7ack is collected fro# a nu#7er of groups of far#ers. 'here"er
possi7le> sarpanches and #e#7ers of the gra# panchaat -ere in"ol"ed -ith the
processes of taking feed 7ack and diagnosing the constraints. )he data collected fro#
the panchaat le"el are aggregated first at the #andal le"el 8co#prising of 1. to 2&
"illages9 and then at the ADA circle le"el 8#ore or less corresponding to taluka le"el in
other states9. )he data on area> production> producti"it> pro7le# soils etc are "alidated
at the #andal le"el. )he data are finall aggregated at the district le"el. )he thrust areas
are decided 7ased on the feed 7ack fro# "illages. )he o72ecti"es and concerns
e?pressed 7 the far#ers also relate to increasing producti"it> 7uilding up of soil fertilit>
#arket oriented production> #echani5ation and #icro<irrigation to i#pro"e precision and
resource producti"it. )he aspirations of the far#ers are reflected in high gro-th rates
targeted for the ;! plan period. Production strategies are planned for different su7<
sectors and the in"est#ent reBuire#ents are esti#ated.
19
After co#pleting ield gap analsis for all the crops in all the far#ing situations> the
attention has turned to ad#inistration of inter"entions at the field le"el. )here are #ore
than 21&&& gra# panchaats in Andhra Pradesh> each co"ering a population of .&& to
1.&&&. )here is no deli"er sste# at present at the :ra#a panchaat le"el for
e?tension purposes. Appointing e?tension -orkers in all gra#apanchaats for all
depart#ents is found to 7e not "ia7le and> hence> it -as decided to cosider #andal
parishad as an ideal ad#inistrati"e unit for i#ple#entation purpose. *ach #andal
co"ers appro?i#atel 1&&&& ha and 1. to 2& "illages. $arious depart#ents ha"e their
field le"el functionaries located at the #andal le"el. After 5eroing on #andal le"el> 322
far#ing situations -ere superi#posed on the 11&4 Mandals. As e?pected> -e ha"e the
#andal le"el far#ing situations co"ering all the crops gro-n in that #andal. 0sing this
7ase data and ield gap analsis carried out alread> #andal le"el crop sector
agricultural plans -ere prepared 7 the %A0 and depart#ental tea#s 2ointl.
1orticultural crops and sericulture -ere also included in the #andal le"el agricultural
plan. (ther allied depart#ents like ani#al hus7andr> fisheries etc ha"e de"eloped the
plans si#ilarl and gi"en their #andal le"el plans separatel -hich -ere integrated in
the District Agricultural Plan. 1o-e"er> reporting data 7 #andal is found to 7e un-ield.
%o#e of the large districts ha"e #ore than 6& #andals and reporting such detailed
infor#ation 7 #andal -as considered to 7e too cu#7erso#e. 1ence> the #andal le"el
infor#ation -as aggregated 7 ADA circle and data -ere reported 7 ADA circle. *ach
district has a7out 1& to 2& ADA circles and the are akin to taluks in other states. %ince
the standard for#ats gi"en 7 the go"ern#ent of !ndia reBuire reporting of results 7
taluk> this le"el of aggregation is considered appropriate.
)he depart#ental plans looked at the a"aila7ilit of resources fro# e?isting sche#es
and the 7alance a#ounts reBuired for the inter"entions -ere sho-n as additional funds
needed for that inter"ention at the district le"el. B integrating all the district plans and
prioritising #a2or inter"entions> the state le"el agricultural plan -ill 7e dra-n. Proposals
under strea#<! of ,A$@ are -orked out 7ased on the #a2or inter"entions proposed. (f
course> plans for research under Achara =.: ,anga Agricultural 0ni"ersit 8A=:,A09>
%ri $enkates-ara $eterinar 0ni"ersit 8%$$09> 1orticultural 0ni"ersit and 7road7and
connecti"it -ill 7e aggregated at the state le"el onl. )here is a Buasi<go"ern#ent
agenc> J%ociet for *li#ination of ,ural Po"ertG 8%*,P9> -hich is i#ple#enting so#e
initiati"es to reduce use of pesticides and to pro#ote #arketing of so#e products.
2&
'here"er possi7le> the acti"ities of %*,P -ere integrated in to the district agricultural
plans.
21
C"ater4II
General descrition o! t"e district
#.1 Introduction
)he district is skirted to a distance 7 Aandi"alasa :edda> $a#sadhara> Bahuda at
certain stretches of the courses -hile a line of heights of the great eastern ghats run
fro# =orth *ast. $i5ianagara# district flanks on the south and -est -hile (rissa
7ounds it on its north and Ba of Bengal on the east. )he total area of the district is
.637 %B. k#. !t has a population of 2.37> .93> according to 2&&1 census. )he
district deri"ed its na#e fro# %rikakula#> its headBuarters to-n. %rikakula# district
-as car"ed out in 19.& 7 7ifurcating it fro# $isakhapatna# district. !t re#ained
unaffected in its territorial 2urisdiction for Buite so#e ti#e. But in =o"e#7er> 1969 the
district lost 63 "illages fro# %alur taluk and 44 "illages fro# Bo77ili taluk to the ne-l
constituted :a2apathinagara# taluk of $isakhapatna# district. Again in Ma 1979>
the district had undergone #a2or territorial changes due to ne-l for#ed district> -ith
$i5ianagara# as its headBuarters.
#.1.1 9a o! t"e district
:ig 1. 'istrict ma
22
#.1.# General statistics
#.1.#.1 (dministrative divisions and lanning unit
%rikakula# district is di"ided in to 36 #andals and 1&6. panchaats. )he gra#
panchaat is too s#all a unit to 7e considered as a planning and #onitoring unit. %o>
the #andal has 7een considered as a planning unit for "arious agricultural and allied
acti"ities.)herefore> in this report> constraints> strategies and sche#es rele"ant to
each #andal ha"e 7een -orked out and are aggregated at ADA circle or di"ision
le"el. An ADA circle is si#ilar to a taluk in other states in ter#s of geographical
co"erage. )he data are e"entuall con"erged to district le"el and state le"el for
planning and reporting purposes.
#.1.#.# Poulation details
)he details a7out "illages and population in the district are gi"en in ta7le 1.
%rikakula# district has 1616 re"enue "illages> out of -hich 9. are un<inha7ited. )he
1723 inha7ited "illages are organi5ed into 1&6& gra# panchaats. )ekkali ADA circle
has the highest nu#7er of gra# panchaats> e"en though Palasa ADA circle has
#ore nu#7er of populated re"enue "illages. %rikakula# ADA circle has the lo-est
nu#7er of gra# panchaats and re"enue "illages. )he population of the district is
2..1 lakh as per 2&&1 census. )he population densit is higher at 436 persons per
sB k#. )he fe#ale population is slightl higher than that of #ale population in the
district. )he se? ratio of #ales in fe#ales is 1F1.&1. Male population is higher than
fe#ale population onl in ,anasthala#> %rikakula# and ,a2a# ADA circles. !n all
the si? other ADA circles> fe#ale population is higher than that of #ale population.
)he scheduled caste population for#ed nine percent of the district population> -hile
the scheduled tri7es population -as a7out si? percent of the total population. )he
scheduled tri7es population is concentrated in Palakonda> Palasa and %o#peta ADA
circles.
#.1.#.% (grarian structure
)he #arginal and s#all far#ers do#inate the nu#7er of holdings> 7ut not in the
o-nership of land area. )he categor -ise nu#7er of holdings and areas o-ned 7
the# in the district are detailed in ta7le 2. )he a"erage si5e of holding in the district is
onl &.71 ha. =o -onder that the #arginal far#ers ha"e a 7ig share of 76.6 per cent
23
in the nu#7er of holdings. But their share in the land area o-ned is onl 41.1 per
cent. %#all far#ers for# onl 14.67 per cent of the land holdings> -hile their share in
land holdings is a7out t-ice as that. Mediu# far#ers constitute onl 6.4. per cent>
7ut their share in land area is nearl four or fi"e ti#es of that. /arge far#ers ha"e an
insignificant share of &.1 per cent in the nu#7er of holdings> 7ut their share in land
area is as high as 1.73 per cent.
#.1.#.8 :arming situations
)he district is di"ided into 13 far#ing situations 7ased on rainfall> soil tpe> cropping
seBuence> -ater a"aila7ilit and producti"it le"els. 4ield pro7le#s and producti"it
gaps differ significantl fro# situation to situation. )herefore> it is felt necessar to
identif the "arious far#ing situations and identif the factors responsi7le for the gaps
7et-een potential and e?isting ields in each case and tr to 7ridge the# in a
sste#atic #anner. !n each situation> infor#ation -as collected on the si5e of
producti"it gap along -ith factors responsi7le for the gaps. Detailed far#ing
situation 7ased action plans are prepared in consultation -ith %cientists of A=:,A0
to 7ridge the gaps 7et-een present and potential le"els of producti"it.
#.# 'istrict at a glance
#.#.1 ,ocation and geogra"ical units
%rikakula# district is the e?tre#e northeastern district in Andhra Pradesh> situated
-ithin the geographical coordinates of 16<2&E and 19<1&E of northern latitude and 63<
.&E and 64<.&E of eastern longitude. )he district co#prises of 36 #andals and is
di"ided into three re"enue di"isions> "i5.> %rikakula#> )ekkali and Palakonda> 9
Agricultural su7<di"isions and 166. re"enue "illages. )he district is ha"ing 193 k#
long coast line> co"ering 13 #andals.
#.#.# 'emogra"ic !eatures
)he total population of the district is 2..37 lakh. /iterac percentage is ...31.
47.33H of the total population is -orking population> out of -hich 69H is e#ploed
in Agricultural %ector. )he share of scheduled 3astes population in the district
population is 9.&.H and that of scheduled tri7es is ..96H.
24
#.#.% Toogra"y and agro4climatic c"aracteristics
#.#.%.1 2ivers
)he i#portant ri"ers in the district are =aga"ali> $a#sadhara> %u"arna#ukhi>
$ega"athi> :o#ukhi> 3ha#pa"athi> Mahendratanaa> Bahuda and
Au#7hikota gedda. )he $a#sadhara arises in the eastern ghats of (rissa
state and enters %rikakula# district in Bha#ini #andal and finall falls into the
Ba of Bengal near 3alingapatna#. )he =aga"ali and %u"arna#ukhi ri"ers
also originate in easternghats. 'hile =aga"ali enters in $angara #andal> it
2oins the Ba of Bengal at Aallepalli near %rikakula#. Arising in Pachipenta
hills> the $ega"athi ri"er flo-s fro# -est to east and ulti#atel 2oins the ri"er
%u"arna#ukhi. :o#ukhi 2oins %u"arna#ukhi at %irla# "illage of
$i5ianagara# district. Mahendratanaa> -hich is a tri7utar of $a#sadhara>
2oins the later at Ao#anapalli "illage in 1ira#andala# #andal.
#.#.%.# ;ills
)he hill areas are located at %eetha#apeta and Mahendratanaa hills. )he
!ntegrated )ri7al De"elop#ent Agenc is situated at %eetha#peta -hich prepares a
su7<plan -ith a 2urisdiction of 22 #andals in the district.
#.#.%.%. Sea4coast
)he district is ha"ing 193 k#s of long coast line> co"ering 13 #andals. )he #andals
ha"ing sea<coast are ,anasthala#> /a"eru> %rikakula#> :ara> Polaki>
%antha7o##ali> )ekkali> Palasa> $.Aothuru> Aa"iti> %o#peta> Aanchili> !chapura#.
#.#.%.8 :orest
)he total forest area in the district is &.664 lakh ha> -hich accounts for 11.76H of the
total geographical area. )he forests in the district e?hi7it a "ariet of local changes in
Bualit co#position and densit. )he forests are of "aring tpes> greatl differing in
nature> inter#i?ed and interrupted 7 superior and inferior tpes. )hese sho- #uch
di"ersit in representation and co#7ination of the #ain species. )he %outh !ndian
#oist deciduous -hich includes #i?ed forests> %al forests and hill sa"annas> the
%outh<!ndia dr e"er green #iscellaneous forests. )he orchards #ainl co#prising of
2.
#ango> cashe- and coconut are in the coastal #andals. )he social forestr is
popular a#ong far#ers and the are raising casuarina and eucalptus.
#.#.%.< Climate
)he district falls under tropical cli#atic 5one and e?periences e?tre#e hot su##er
and se"ere -inter. %u##er te#peratures go e"en up to 4.
o
3> -hile cold -a"es in
the uplands of the district cause as lo- te#peratures as 12<1.
o
3 in -inter. )he
a"erage rainfall of the district is 1162 ##. )he south-est #onsoon contri7utes
#a2or portion of annual rainfall> -ith 6&.67H share> follo-ed 7 the northeast
#onsoon -ith 23.64H. )he re#aining 1..49H of the rainfall is recei"ed during the
-inter and su##er periods. 4reBuent cclones of different intensities and tidal
stor#s cause natural cala#ities> affecting the central tracts of %rikakula#>
particularl causing deterioration of ground -ater in the coastal aBuifers.
#.#.8 ,and use attern and land "oldings
#.#.8.1 ,and utili6ation
)he total geographical area of the district is ..367 lakh ha 8ta7le 39. A7out 46H of the
total geographical area is so-n to crops. 4orest area for#s onl 12H of the total
area. A7out 16H area is put to non<agricultural uses. 3urrent fallo-s are su7stantial
at 13.7H of geographical area.
#.#.8.# ,and "oldings
)he distri7ution of land holdings and land area 7 different categories of far#s is
gi"en in ta7le 4. )he #arginal holdings account for 79H of the total holdings in the
district. But the ha"e onl 4&H of the land area under the#. %#all far#ers had a
share of 14H in the holdings> 7ut the had a 27H share in the land area. %e#i
#ediu# far#ers -ith holdings ranging 7et-een t-o and four ha had a fi"e per cent
share in the nu#7er of holdings. But the share in land area -as a7out four ti#es
their share in land holdings. Mediu# si5ed far#s constituted onl one per cent of the
holdings> 7ut the had as #uch as 1&H of the land area -ith the#. )here are onl
466 large far#ers -ho for#ed onl &.1H of the land holdings 7ut the share in land
area is as high as 3H. )hus> the distri7ution of land 7et-een different si5e groups of
far#ers -as Buite un<eBual.
26
#.#.< Irrigation and ground7ater
#.#.<.1 (gro4climate
)he district falls under tropical cli#atic 5one and e?periences e?tre#e hot su##er
and se"ere -inter. %u##er te#peratures go e"en up to 4.K3> -hile cold -a"es in
the uplands of the district cause as lo- te#peratures as 12K3 to 1.K3. )he
Agricultural season co##ences -ith the onset of south<-est #onsoon #ostl during
2
nd
-eek of Iune e"er ear. )he district is di"ided into three re"enue di"isions i.e.
%rikakula#> )ekkali and Palakonda. )he agro cli#atic conditions are si#ilar in
%rikakula# and )ekkali di"isions> 7ut the Palakonda di"ision falls under high
altitude and high rainfall 5one.
#.#.<.# 2ain!all
)he rainfall of the district is influenced 7 7oth the south<-est and north<east
Monsoons. )he total nor#al rainfall of the district is 1162 ##. )he south-est
#onsoon contri7utes a #a2or portion of 6&.67H 87&.##9 of rainfall> follo-ed 7 the
northeast #onsoon -hich contri7utes 23.64H of 8277##9 of annual rainfall. (ut of
the re#aining> 2.23H 826##9 is recei"ed during the -inter and the 7alance 13.26H
81.4##9 in su##er period.


:ig # 9onsoon 7ise 2ain!all

61H
24H
2H
13H
%outh<'est Monsoon
=orth<*ast Monsoon
'inter
1ot 'eather Period
27
)he rainfall pattern during the last si? ears is gi"en in ta7le .. 4reBuent cclones of
different intensities and tidal stor#s are natural cala#ities affecting the sea<coast
#andals and causing deterioration of ground -ater Bualit in the coastal aBuifers.
#.#.<.% Irrigation
)he area under irrigation in %rikakula# district is a7out 1.672 lakh ha> -hich for#s
63.6H of the total cropped area. )he area irrigated 7 different sources is gi"en in
ta7le 6. 3anals are the chief source of irrigation> follo-ed 7 tanks. 'hile canals
account for .9.6 per cent of the total irrigated area> tanks ha"e a share of 33H in it.
)u7e -ells + filter points and other sources ha"e relati"el s#aller shares in the
irrigated area.
#.#.6 'istrict income
#.#.6.1 Contri-ution o! su-4sectors o! agriculture to district G'P
Agriculture sector plas an i#portant role in the econo# of the district. )he share of
agriculture and allied sectors in :ross Do#estic Product 8:DP9 of the district ranges
7et-een 24 and 29H. )he contri7ution of agriculture and allied sectors to the :DP of
the district during the ears> 2&&&<&1 to 2&&4<&. is gi"en in ta7le 7. )he share of field
crops sector ranged 7et-een a lo- of 16.34 per cent in 2&&2<&3 and 21.7. per cent
in 2&&3<&4. )he contri7ution of li"estock sector -as #ore sta7le 7et-een . and 6 per
cent till 2&&3<&4 7efore increasing to 7.19 per cent in 2&&4<&..)he contri7ution of
fisher sector is also sta7le 7et-een 2.&1 and 2... per cent in these ears. )he
contri7ution of the total agricultural sector touched a lo- of 24.64 per cent during the

:ig % Source 7ise area irrigated 1,a/" ;a.3
1.12
&.616
&.117
&.&17
3anals
)anks
)u7e -ells> 4ilter points
(thers
26
drought ear of 2&&2<&3> 7ut other-ise centered round 29 per cent in the other four
ears.
.
#.#.6.# Gro7t" rate
)he gro-th rate in field crop sector -as negati"e in the drought ear of 2&&2<&3 and
that in the o"erall agriculture sector -as also negati"e in that ear. )he gro-th rate
-as negati"e for li"estock sector in 2&&1<&2 and for fishing sector in 2&&3<&4.)he
a"erage gro-th -as a7out 9.6 per cent in field crop sector> a7out 26 per cent in
li"estock sector and 9.3 per cent in the fisher sector. )he o"erall gro-th in the total
agricultural sector a"eraged a7out 11H. )he gro-th rates of different su7<sectors of
agriculture during 2&&&<&1 to 2&&4<&. are gi"en in ta7le 6.

26.29
26.76
24.64
29.16 29.16
22
23
24
2.
26
27
26
29
3&
2&&&<&1 2&&1<&2 2&&2<&3 2&&3<&4 2&&4<&.
:ig 8 G''P4Sri/a/ulam 'istrict
%eries1
:ig < Gro7t" rate o! Sri/a/ulam 'istrict
2..62
3.63
<11.29
3&.76
9..2
<1.
<1&
<.
&
.
1&
1.
2&
2.
3&
3.
2&&&<&1 2&&1<&2 2&&2<&3 2&&3<&4 2&&4<&.
%eries1
29
#.% 'eveloment vision and strategy
)he 7road "ision and strateg ha"e 7een de"eloped at the state le"el. )he i#portant
o72ecti"e is to accelerate the production of different co##odities #ainl through
i#pro"e#ents in producti"it. )here is also e#phasis on recla#ation of pro7le#
soils and putting fallo- lands under plantations like si#arou7a> 2atropha> ponga#ia
etc to contri7ute to the production of 7io<fuels. But the planning is also done fro# the
#icro<le"el. After the setting up of Agricultural )echnolog Manage#ent Agenc
8A)MA9> there is an e#phasis on #icro le"el planning. Block le"el technolog tea#s
are conducting diagnostic sur"es in different far#ing situations and are identifing
constraints. Al#ost all the "illages are co"ered 7 these sur"es and the feed7ack is
collected fro# a nu#7er of groups of far#ers. 'here"er possi7le> sarpanches and
#e#7ers of the gra# panchaat -ere in"ol"ed -ith the processes of taking feed
7ack and diagnosing the constraints. )he data collected fro# the panchaat le"el are
aggregated first at the #andal le"el 8co#prising of 1. to 2& "illages9 and then at the
ADA circle le"el 8#ore or less corresponding to taluka le"el in other states9. )he data
on area> production> producti"it> pro7le# soils etc are "alidated at the #andal le"el.
)he data are finall aggregated at the district le"el. )he thrust areas are decided
7ased on the feed 7ack fro# "illages. )he o72ecti"es and concerns e?pressed 7 the
far#ers also relate to increasing producti"it> 7uilding up of soil fertilit> #arket
oriented production> #echani5ation and #icro<irrigation to i#pro"e precision and
resource producti"it. )he aspirations of the far#ers are reflected in high gro-th
rates targeted for the ;! plan period. Production strategies are planned for different
su7<sectors and the in"est#ent reBuire#ents are esti#ated. A part of the support to
i#ple#ent these plans -ill> hopefull> co#e fro# ,A$@. )he district and state le"el
officials of different depart#ents -ill ha"e to find the 7alance of resources fro# other
sche#es> -hich are operational in the district.
,eflecting the peopleGs concerns and aspiration> the plan -ill -ork to-ards achie"ing
the district "ision of infusing the rural econo# -ith in"est#ents in agriculture and
other allied sector for generating the enterprise profita7ilit and sustaina7ilit for -ell
7eing of fa#ilies and 7usinesses of %rikakula# district.
3&
C"ater4III
S$OT analysis
%.1 Introduction
Before preparing an de"elop#ent plan for a geographical entit like a district> it is
necessar to assess its %trengths> 'eaknesses> (pportunities and )hreats. )he
strengths and -eaknesses refer to the internal forces> so#e of -hich like a good
resource 7ase are referred to as strengths and so#e others like "ulnera7i lit to
natural cala#ities are categori5ed as -eaknesses. (pportunities and threats refer to
e?ternal forces> -hich are #ore dna#ic and those forces -hich ena7le the
de"elop#ent of an area are opportunities and those that hinder the de"elop#ent or
threaten the e?istence of so#e econo#ic acti"it are classified as threats. )he
i#pact of e?ternal forces can so#eti#es> con"ert a -eakness in to an opportunit or
transfor# strength in to a threat.
%.# S$OT analysis o! t"e district
%.#.1 Strengt"s
%rikakula# district has fairl high rainfall of 1162 ##. A7out 6& per cent of it is
recei"ed during south<-est #onsoon. )his high rainfall and fairl long gro-ing
season is good enough to support rain fed crops in the district. )he irrigation
co"erage is also fairl high at 64 per cent. )he soils are Buite di"erse -ith 29 per
cent area under 7lack soils and .& per cent of the area under silt cla and sand cla
loa#s. Both these tpes of soils ha"e #ediu# fertilit. (nl 21 per cent of the soils
are light soils -ith less -ater retention capacit and fertilit. A di"erse set of crops
can 7e gro-n in the district -ith reasona7l good ields. Most of the far#ers are
personall engaged in culti"ation. )he district has research stations at ,agolu and
A#udala"alasa> 7esides the 3ollege of Agricuture at =aira. )hese research stations
pro"ide the necessar technological support to the far#ers in the district. )he district
also has a lot of area under cashe- and #ango plantations. )he cashe- processing
units at Palasa pro"ide the #arketing support to cashe- far#ers. Padd> groundnut>
sesa#u#> sugarcane and #esta are the i#portant crops in the district. )he area
under horticulture is picking up -ith #ore di"ersification in fa"our of "egeta7les and
fruit crops. )he district has a long coast line and other -ater resources needed to
support 7oth #arine and inland fisheries. 3attle are do#inant producers of #ilk in
31
the district -ith sste#atic efforts to upgrade the genetic stock ielding 7enefits
alread. !n #ost parts of the district> it is the integrated far#ing sste#s -ith crops>
li"estock and horticulture pro"iding contri7utions to inco#es of the households.
%.#.# $ea/nesses
)he district is Buite prone to natural cala#ities> "er often suffering fro# hea" rains>
floods and cclones. Parts of the district also face drought conditions in so#e ears.
)he soils are generall light and cannot hold #uch #oisture. )he cannot support
crops -ithout irrigation in #an areas. Marginal and s#all far#ers do#inate the land
holdings and ha"e "er little in"est#ent capacit. 4ar#ers did not #ake adeBuate
in"est#ents for e?ploration of ground -ater and do not ha"e assured capti"e
sources of irrigation. )he irrigation sources are dependent on rainfall and hence
there is "aria7ilit in the irrigation co"erage. )he infrastructure is Buite poor
particularl in the agenc tracts. )he district had de"eloped irrigation sources long
7ack and did not progress #uch in the recent decades. 3ertain stagnation has
reached in the agriculture sectors of the district. Because of e#plo#ent
opportunities in near 7 cities like $isakhapatna#> there is #igration of la7or fro#
rural areas -hich is creating a la7or scarcit and increase in -age rate. 4ar#ers find
it difficult to earn a surplus after #eeting the high input costs and la7or -ages. Mesta
culti"ation as -ell as its processing has reached stagnation due to de#and
constraint for the products. Despite a high proportion of irrigation> agricultural sector
contri7utes onl 24 to 29 per cent to the :DP in the district. )he population pressure
is Buite high due to -hich the holdings are getting di"ided and are 7eco#ing s#aller
and s#aller.
%.#.% Oortunities
)here are se"eral initiati"es -hich 7ring ne- opportunities to the far#ers in
%rikakula# district. 0nder the Ialaagna# pro2ect> t-o phases of $a#sadhara
stage<!! pro2ect> )hotapalli regulator and Maddula"alasa pro2ect are 7eing
constructed. )hese pro2ects -ill 7oth increase as -ell as sta7ili5e irrigated area in
the district. )he aug#entation of irrigation sources -ill help the far#ers to get higher
ields. )he land "alues are going up as a result of the rapid ur7ani5ation happening
around $isakhapatna# cit. Much of the %rikakula# district co#es under
32
$isakhapatna# Metropolitan De"elop#ent Authorit. 3onstruction of the high-as
has #ade the #o"e#ent of the people and goods Buite fast. )he increase in land
prices has pro"ided an opportunit for those -ho -ant to Buit far#ing and #o"e to
other sectors for their li"elihood. People -ho #ade #one fro# non<agricultural
sectors are in"esting in lands for speculati"e purposes in general and out of genuine
interest in far#ing in so#e cases. )he ne- land o-ners ha"e the capacit to in"est
in land de"elop#ent and i#pro"ed technologies. )his trend #a augur -ell to the
far#ing sector 7ecause of infusion of capital fro# ne- sources. )he output prices>
7oth of food and cash crops> are on the rise and the #a increase the rate of return
on in"est#ents significantl and pro"ide ne- hope to the far#ers. )he de#and for
#ilk> #eat> eggs> fruits and "egeta7les is increasing and the process of
di"ersification in to these high "alue co##odities is likel to intensif further.
4ar#ers are taking up #icro<irrigation in a 7ig -a -hich -ill help in increasing the
-ater<use efficienc and in achie"ing enterprise di"ersification. )he recent loan
-ai"er progra# and the earlier Pri#e MinisterGs relief package ha"e freed s#all and
#arginal far#ers fro# the 7ond of de7t. )he can a"ail fresh credit and in"est it on
their far#s. )he =ational ,ural *#plo#ent :uarantee Act 8=,*:A9 has 7rought
-ork and inco#e to agriculture la7or households. )he product prices are likel to
increase further and #a #ake agriculture and allied enterprises #ore re#unerati"e.
%.#.8 T"reats
)he threats to agriculture and allied sectors co#e fro# #an sources. Due to
de"iations in rainfall and predo#inance of light soils> the agricultural enterprises are
7eco#ing riskier. )he predictions of cli#ate change point out to decrease in rainfall
and increase in te#peratures. Both these anticipated changes #a further dent the
"ia7ilit of agriculture in the district. )he la7or -ages are going up in real ter#s and
after the i#ple#entation of =,*:%> the -orking hours ha"e reduced. Due to this
increase in real -ages -ithout a co##ensurate increase in producti"it> the
agriculture tends to 7eco#e less profita7le. )he loan -ai"er sche#e has destroed
the credit discipline and far#ers #a not get credit 7oth fro# institutional as -ell as
non<institutional sources of credit. )he increase in fuel prices #a appl 7rakes on
far# #echani5ation trend. )he glo7ali5ation of #arkets -ill put the far#ers fro#
ad"anced countries at an ad"antage 7ecause the are 7acked 7 huge su7sidies
fro# their go"ern#ents. 'ith in the countr> far#ers fro# irrigated areas are
33
e?pected to do 7etter due to hea" incidence of su7sidies for irrigated crops. A
partiall rain fed district like %rikakula# #a find it an uneBual 7attle to co#pete -ith
the neigh7oring districts -ith higher irrigation co"erage. %o#e of the internal
-eaknesses #a get e?acer7ated 7 the e?ternal threats loo#ing large on the
agricultural sector in the district.
%.% Emerging issues !rom S$OT analysis
Despite so#e -eaknesses and threats> %rikakula# district has a lot of potential for
the gro-th of agricultural and allied enterprises. )he high #ini#u# support price of
,s.6.& per Btl of padd #a instill ne- confidence and enthusias# a#ong the rice
far#ers to intensif their in"est#ents for achie"ing higher ields. )he proposal to
increase it further to ,s.1&&& per Btl of padd> if #ateriali5ed> -ill put #ore
enthusias# in the far#ers to produce #ore. %i#ilarl> the prices of sugarcane>
groundnut and sesa#u# are also increasing and it -ill pa rich di"idends to far#ers
due to attracti"e prices. )he prices of other pulses and oilseed crops are also
increasing and the #a result in higher returns to in"est#ent in agriculture. )hus>
all the #a2or field crops are ha"ing a fa"ora7le en"iron#ent for increasing
production. )he full potential for horticulture de"elop#ent is not et full utili5ed. )he
Agricultural ,esearch %tations at ,agolu and A#udala"alasa are addressing the
pro7le#s of agriculture and horticulture in the district. )here are so#e pro7le#s of
soil salinit in so#e parts of the district> 7ut these can 7e o"erco#e through
appropriate in"est#ents and sche#es. /a7or scarcit is an issue 7ut selected
#echani5ation of far# operations can relie"e pressure in the long run. )he li"estock
and fisheries sectors #a see acceleration in their rates of gro-th due to 7urgeoning
de#and for li"estock and fisher products. %o#e co#panies ha"e co#e for-ard for
contract far#ing in case of seed production and 7roiler production. )hese sste#s
#ini#i5e risk to far#ers and are hence attracting #an far#ers. %ericulture is also
poised for gro-th due to the initiati"es of the depart#ent and fa"ora7le -eather for
#ul7err culti"ation and silk-or# rearing. )he district is leading in far# forestr
enterprises -hich are Buite profita7le. )hus> the pro7le#s faced 7 agricultural
sector in the district can 7e o"erco#e through appropriate policies and in"est#ents.
)he prices of agricultural co##odities are no- ruling high and the are sure to
attract #ore in"est#ents in to agricultural sectors to o"erco#e pro7le#s and
34
achie"e higher le"els of production in 7oth agriculture and allied sectors in the
district.
%.8 Sectoral . 2egional gro7t" drivers o! t"e district
'ith reasona7l good resource endo-#ents and progressi"e nature of the far#ers>
all the su7<sectors of agriculture can 7e good gro-th dri"ers in the district. A#ong
the field crops> rice> sugarcane> groundnut and sesa#u# are all poised for gro-th
7ecause of the fa"ora7le price and de#and situation on one hand and ne-
technologies a"aila7le for increasing producti"it on the other hand. )he scope for
ne- areas recei"ing irrigation facilities #akes it possi7le to increase areas under
these crops. !t should not 7e difficult to achie"e a production gro-th of #ore than .
per cent per ear in case of the field crops. 1orticulture is definitel a gro-th dri"er
-ith a possi7ilit to gro- at 7 to 6 per cent per ear. 4ruit crops like cashe- nut>
7anana> coconut and po#egranate etc ha"e a good scope for area e?pansion. )he
de#and for "egeta7les is increasing and higher prices can attract #ore far#ers to
#ake in"est#ents in "egeta7le culti"ation. 'ith the go"ern#ent -illing to su7sidi5e
the suppl of h7rid seeds> far#ers can easil increase the ields of "egeta7le crops
7 3& to 4& per cent. )he gro-ing de#and for flo-ers #a attract #ore far#ers
to-ards it to reali5e higher profits. (rganic far#ing is 7eco#ing popular> particularl
in case of tur#eric and ginger in the tri7al areas. Besides horticulture> aBua culture
can continue to 7e a good gro-th sector. 'ith "irtuall no de#and constraint for fish
and pra-ns> there is a good scope for increasing the area under ponds as -ell as to
increase their producti"it. B stocking the reser"oirs like )hotapalli reser"oir -ith
adeBuate fish seed> the fish production can 7e increased at a fast pace. !t should not
7e difficult to achie"e #ore than 6 per cent gro-th in fisheries sector. Ani#al
hus7andr has #ade rapid strides in the recent ears and it has still got a potential to
re#ain a good gro-th sector 7ecause of constantl increasing de#and for #ilk>
#eat and eggs. !t can achie"e a gro-th rate e?ceeding 7 per cent per ear.
%ericulture has a li#ited 7ase 7ut the far#ers -ho ha"e taken it up are reali5ing
good returns. )he e?pansion of area under high ielding "arieties of #ul7err and
use of ad"ance eBuip#ent for rearing can accelerate the gro-th rate in this sector.
Due to lo- 7ase> it should not 7e difficult to achie"e a gro-th rate of #ore than 1&
per cent per ear in sericulture sector> if the infrastructure is strengthened to suppl
D4/s in adeBuate nu#7er. )he dr land areas are 7u55ing -ith the acti"it of far#
3.
forestr -ith the go"ern#ent support> *ucalptus clones> %u7a7ool and casurina are
7eco#ing popular -ith the efforts of nurseries and paper product co#panies -hich
are read to 7u the produce of far# forestr. *ach one of these su7<sectors of
agriculture can gro- at gro-th rates ranging 7et-een . to 1& per cent per ear if the
necessar inter"entions are supported to reduce the ield gaps in all the far#ing
situations. ,ural industries are also i#portant gro-th sectors -ith the scope for
processing and cold chains 7eing 7righter. Man s#all scale industries can co#e up
in the district 7ecause of the e?istence of a pool of entrepreneurs -ith sufficient
resources. !n a 7oo#ing econo# like !ndia> a gro-ing district like %rikakulu# is all
set to gro- fast to #eet the aspirations of the people.
36
C"ater4I&
'eveloment o! (griculture Sector
8.1 Introduction
)he agricultural sector in %rikakula# district has good potential to gro-. 'ith nearl
t-o<thrid of the cropped area co"ered 7 irrigation and the incidence of high rainfall>
7oth the irrigated and rain fed crops can do -ell in the district. )he soils are Buite
di"erse and can support a 7road range of crops. Padd> sugarcane> groundnut and
sesa#u# are i#portant crops gro-n in the district. 'ith the aug#entation of
irrigation resources 7 the Ialaagna# pro2ects> there is good scope for e?pansion
of irrigated area and increases in crop ields. 'ith the output price situation 7eing
fa"ora7le> the profita7ilit of crops is likel to increase.
8.# ,and use
)he particulars of land utili5ation during 2&&.<&6 are furnished in ta7le 9 7 ADA
circle. A7out 12H of the total geographical area in the district is under forests. A7out
nine per cent of the area is under 7arren and unculti"a7le land. /and under non
agricultural uses constituted 16H of the total area. )here is hardl an area under
pastures or under land other than culti"a7le fallo-. But 14H of the geographical area
is under current fallo-s. )he net so-n area for#ed 46H of the total geographical
area. )he a"erage copping intensit in the district is 14&H. )he cropping intensit is
higher than the district a"erage in the ADA circles of =arasannapeta> Palakonda>
%rikakula#> Aotturu and )ekkali. !n the other four ADA circles the cropping intensit
recorded is lo-er than the district a"erage. %o#peta and Palasa ADA circles ha"e
the lo-est cropping intensit.
8.% Soil "ealt"
8.%.1 Soils
!n the district> sand loa#s and sand soils co"er 21H of land area> -hile red soils>
silt cla loa#s and sand cla loa# soils together account for .&H of the area. Black
cotton soils ha"e a share of 29H in the soils of the district. Pro7le#atic soils i.e.
acidic soils> represent &.6H of the soils 8#ainl in !chapura#> Palakonda>
%ara"akota> A#adala"alasa and Pathapatna# #andals9 and %aline soils represent
1&H of the area 8in $eeraghatta#> %anthaka"iti #andals9 and Alkaline soils e?tend
37
o"er 4.4H of the area 8Aota7o##ali> ,anasthala#> Pondur> %ara"akota and
!chapura# #andals9.
8.%.# :ertility status
a3 Nitrogen0 %tatus of =itrogen is #ediu# in all 36 #andals.
-3 P"os"orous0 %tatus of phosphorous is lo- in 14 #andals i.e. :ara> *tcherla>
=arasannapeta> %ara"akota> Mandasa> :.%igada#> Bur2a> $angara> %anthaka"iti>
Pathapatna#> Bha#ini> 1ira#andala#> /.=.Peta> %aru7u22ili9. !t is #ediu# in the rest
of 24 #andals.
c3 Potas"0 Potash status is high in :ara #andal and it is #ediu# in the re#aining
37 #andals.
8.%.% Cultivated area under di!!erent soil tyes 1la/" "a3
1. Black cotton soils F &.6.&
2. %and loa#s> sand soils F &.616
3. %ilt cla> %and cla loa#s F 1.466
4. )otal F 2.932
8.%.8 2esults o! soil tests in t"e recent eriod
)he results of soil tests carried out 7et-een 2&&&<&1 and 2&&6<&7 are gi"en in ta7le
1&. 99H of the sa#ples> -hich reported results for soil reaction> indicated that the
sa#ples e?hi7ited neutral reaction. (nl a fe- cases reported acidic as -ell as

:ig 6 SOI,S IN S2I=(=>,(9 'IST2ICT
29H
21H
.&H
Black cotton soils
%and loa#s> sand
soils
%ilt cla> %and cla
loa#s
36
alkaline reaction. Most of the sa#ples had lo- le"els of electrical conducting. A7out
one per cent of the sa#ples sho-ed either #ediu# or high le"els of electrical
conducti"it. (ut of the sa#ples for -hich data -ere reported for organic #ater
content> 6&H sho-ed lo- le"els of organic #ater in the#. A7out 1.H sa#ples
sho-ed #ediu# le"els of organic #ater -hile the re#aining .H of the sa#ples
reported high le"els of organic car7on. All the sa#ples for -hich results are a"aila7le
reported lo- le"els of a"aila7le phosphorus and high le"els of a"aila7le potash.
8.%.< 2esults o! micro nutrient analysis
)he results of soil sa#ple analsis for #icronutrient status are gi"en in ta7le
11.)here is no pro7le# of #icro nutrient deficiencies in %rikakula# district. =one of
the 1..43 sa#ples reported an deficienc of either iron or #anganese. !n case of
copper also> onl 34 sa#ples -ere deficient out of 1..43 sa#ples. !t i#plies that
onl 2H of the sa#ples sho-ed copper deficienc. All other 96H of the sa#ples had
sufficient copper in the#. !n case of 5inc> deficient -as noted in 234 sa#ples out of
366. sa#ples anal5ed for 5inc deficienc. !t #eans that e"en 5inc deficienc -as
restricted to onl 6H of the sa#ples in %rikakula# district. )hus> 7 and large> there
is no pro7le# of #icro nutrient deficiencies in %rikakula# district.
8.%.6 In!rastructure !or soil testing
)he infrastructure a"aila7le for soil testing in %rikakula# district is descri7ed in ta7le
12. )here are three soil testing la7oratories in the district. )he one at A#adala"alasa
is in the go"ern#ent sector. !t has Ato#ic A7sorption %pectrophoto#eter 8AA%9
facilit and has a capacit to anal5e 166&& sa#ples per ear. )he other t-o soil
testing la7s at Palasa and Palakonda are -ith the agricultural #arket co##ittees.
*ach of the# has a capacit to anal5e 24&& sa#ples per ear. )hus> the total
capacit in the district for soil testing adds up to 21>4&& sa#ples per ear. During
2&&6<&7> it -as reported that the full capacit -as utili5ed.
8.%.) Targets !or soil testing in ?I lan
)he targets for testing of soil and -ater sa#ples in %rikakula# district during
different ears of ;! plan are su##ari5ed in ta7le 13. !t is proposed to intensif soil
testing progra# during the ;! plan period. During 2&&7<&6> it is proposed to anal5e
39
2.772 soil and -ater sa#ples. 16126 sa#ples -ill 7e su72ected for general soil
analsis. .&6 sa#ples -ill 7e anal5ed for special soil analsis. 691& sa#ples -ill 7e
anal5ed for #icro nutrient status. 23& -ater sa#ples -ill 7e anal5ed for -ater
Bualit. )hese targets for har"esting are slightl fluctuating 7et-een ears. !n 2&11<
12 the nu#7er of sa#ples for analsis -ill reach 26&46. 'hile the nu#7er of soil
sa#ples -ill 7e increased> the sa#ples for #icro nutrient analsis -ill fall slightl.
But the -ater sa#ples to 7e anal5ed -ill re#ain constant in all the fi"e ears
period. All the far#ers fro# -hose fields the sa#ples -ill 7e dra-n -ill 7e pro"ided
-ith soil health cards.
8.%.8 Plan !or reclamation o! soils
)he plan for recla#ation of soils during ;! plan period is gi"en in ta7le 14. !n
%rikakula# district> 4637. ha area is under saline + alkali soils. (ut of this area>
1623& ha -ere alread treated till 2&&6<&7. )he re#aining 3&14. ha is at to 7e
treated. During the ;! plan period> it is proposed to treat .4.2 ha through green
#anuring and 91& ha 7 application of gpsu#. )he targets for green #anuring -ill
start at 693 ha in 2&&7<&6> -hich -ill reach 13&7 ha in 2&11<12. %i#ilarl the target
for application of gpsu# starts -ith 1& ha in 2&&7<&6> and reaches 3&& ha in 2&11<
12. )he total cost of suppling green #anuring seed to .4.2 ha is esti#ated at
,s..6.11 lakh. %i#ilarl> the cost of gpsu# application in 91& ha is esti#ated at
,s.1&..6 lakh. )hus> the total cost for reclai#ing 6362 ha during ;! plan period adds
up to ,s.66.67 lakh.
8.8 $ater 2esource and 9anagement
8.8.1 $eat"er in!ormation
)he particulars of -eather in %rikakula# district are gi"en in ta7le 1. 7 ADA circle.
)he a"erage annual rainfall in the district is 1166 ##. )he lo-est rainfall is recorded
in %rikakula#> ,anashtala# and ,a2a# ADA circles. )he highest rainfall is recorded
in %o#peta> Palasa and Aotturu ADA circles. )ekkali> =arasannapeta and
Palakonda ADA circles fall in the #ediu# range of rainfall in the district. =o
infor#ation -as #ade a"aila7le on nu#7er of rain das or te#perature or hu#idit.
8.8.# Sources o! irrigation
4&
)he area irrigated 7 different sources in 2&&6<&7 is presented in ta7le 16 7 ADA
circle. 3anals are the #ost i#portant source of irrigation in %rikakula# district. )he
ha"e a share of .3.3H in the total irrigated area. )anks occup the ne?t position -ith
a contri7ution of 36.1H to the total irrigated area. (pen -ells account for 4.4H of the
irrigated area> -hile tu7e + 7ore -ells ha"e a share of ..3H in the total irrigated area.
/ift irrigation has a s#all share of &.2H in the irrigated area> -hile other sources
ha"e &.7H share. A#ong the ADA circles )ekkali and =arasannapeta ADA circles
ha"e the highest shares in the irrigated area of the district at 16H each. ,a2a# ADA
circle has 13H share> -hile Palakonda and %rikakula# ha"e 11H share each. )he
other four ADA circles ha"e shares of less than 1&H each.
8.8.% @uality o! irrigation 7ater
)he results of analsis of -ater sa#ples fro# 2&&&<&1 to 2&&6<&7 are furnished in
ta7le 17. ("er the si? ears period> 2&&&<&1 to 2&&6<&7> 1293 -ater sa#ples -ere
anal5ed for Bualit. 6.H of the sa#ples fell in the safe range. Another 13H sa#ples
lied in the #oderatel safe categor. (nl t-o per cent of the sa#ples fell in the
#oderatel unsafe categor. =one of the sa#ples lied in the unsafe categor.
1ence> it can 7e concluded that there are no pro7le#s of irrigation -ater Bualit in
%rikakula# district.
8.< 9aAor cros and varieties in t"e district
8.<.1 Croing atterns
)he cropping pattern of the district "aries fro# one situation to another due to
different agro<cli#atic conditions. )he #a2or cropping patterns pre"ailing in the
district are detailed in ta7le 16.
8.<.# 9aAor cros
)he #a2or crops gro-n in the district during kharif areF
a9 ,ice
79 :roundnut
c9 Ba2ra
d9 %esa#u#
e9 Mesta
f9 %ugarcane
g9 3otton
41
Ma2or crops gro-n during ra7i are
a9 Padd
79 :roundnut
c9 %unflo-er
d9 %esa#u#
e9 :reen gra#
f9 Black gra#
g9 1orse gra#
8.<.% (reas under di!!erent cro categories
)he areas under different crop categories are furnished in ta7le 19. )he field crops
do#inate the area allocation -ith a share of 66.2 per cent. )he horticulture crops
ha"e 13H of the total area under the#. (thers ha"e a &.6 per cent share onl in the
total area under crops. )he details of area under field crops during kharif and ra7i
seasons are furnished in ta7le 2&.
8.<.8 (reasB roduction and roductivity
)he area increase in rice #ainl depends on the inflo-s of -ater in to the ri"ers and
ti#el rainfall recei"ed fro# #onsoons. )he #a?i#u# area under rice during 2&&6<
&7 -as 1.94 lakh ha> -hich is 41H higher than that recorded in the ear 2&&2<&3
81..3 lakh ha9. )he area under #ai5e and sunflo-er is increasing due to good returns
o7tained fro# the# under irrigated dr conditions. )he trends in area so-n>

:ig ) (rea Coverage under di!!erent cros 1;a.3
16&392
143&&
3.479
73&&
126.
31.77
3967&
12.41
1462
12423
1273.
,ice
%ugarcane
:roundnut
%esa#u#
%unflo-er
:reengra#
Blackgra#
1orsegra#
,edgra#
Mesta
(ther Agril. 3rops
42
production and producti"it of #a2or crops 7et-een 2&&2<&3 and 2&&6<&7 are
su##ari5ed in ta7le 21.
8.<.< Contri-ution o! irrigated and rain !ed comonents to cro roduction
)he area> production and ield of #a2or crops fro# irrigated and rain fed areas in
%rikakula# district during kharif are furnished in ta7le 23. !n %rikakula# district>
irrigated area is allocated during kharif season onl for rice and sugarcane. But e"en
these t-o crops are also culti"ated under rain fed condition. All other crops like 7a2ra>
#ai5e> ragi> groundnut> sesa#u# and #esta are e?clusi"el gro-n under rain fed
condition. 'hile onl 14.4H of the rice area is gro-n under rain fed condition> .6.3H
of sugarcane area is gro-n under rain fed condition. )here is no response to
irrigation as the ields of 7oth rice as -ell as sugarcane are reported to 7e the sa#e
under irrigated and rain fed conditions.
)he area> production and ield of #a2or crops fro# irrigated and rain fed areas in
%rikakula# district during ra7i are furnished in ta7le 24. During the ra7i season> onl
green gra# and 7lack gra# are gro-n under rain fed condition in rice fallo-s. All
other crops including rice> ragi> #ai5e> groundnut> sesa#u# and sunflo-er are
gro-n under onl irrigation. )he rice ield is less in ra7i season -hen co#pared to
that under kharif season. But the ield of #ai5e and ragi are higher in ra7i season
than in kharif season. !n case of groundnut and sunflo-er also> ra7i ields are higher
than those reported for kharif season. )he ield of sesa#u# did not differ #uch
7et-een the t-o seasons. 3rops such as groundnut> sesa#e> #esta> 2o-ar> 7a2ra>
red gra# and> to so#e e?tent> padd and sugarcane are gro-n under rainfed
conditions. )he crops gro-n during Aharif #ainl depend on south<-est #onsoon
and the crops gro-n during ra7i depend on north< east #onsoon as -ell as on
residual #oisture a"aila7le in the soil. =earl &.617 lakh ha is under rain fed
agriculture out of the total cropped area of 2.93 lakh ha.
8.<.6 Trends and roAections o! cro areas during ?I lan
)he three ear a"erages of area> production and producti"it and their pro2ections for
;! plan period are su##ari5ed in ta7le 2.. )he a"erage producti"it of rice in the
three ears period of 2&&4<&. to 2&&6<&7 -as 2216 kg per ha. !t is e?pected that the
producti"it as -ell as area under rice crop -ill increase during the ;! plan period.
43
)he production of rice is e?pected to increase 7 21.67H o"er the fi"e ears period.
!t is esti#ated that for the production of all the #a2or crops -ill increase o"er the fi"e
ears period. Due to anticipated increases in area and producti"it> the production of
all the #a2or crops is e?pected to go up.
8.<.) Productivity and roduction o! maAor !ood cros
)he producti"it and production le"els of #a2or food crops in the district during kharif>
2&&6<&7 are gi"en in ta7le 26.

)he details of area> producti"it and production of crops during ra7i > 2&&6<&7 are
furnished in ta7le 27.


:ig 8 (reaB Production o! Imortant ="ari! cros
&
1
2
3
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7
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:ig * (reaB Production 4 Imortant 2a-i cros
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&.3.
&.4&
&.4.
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44
)he total area> producti"it and production of #a2or crops in the district during 2&&6<
&7 are furnished in ta7le 26.
8.6 Inut 9anagement
8.6.1 Seed management
)he targets for seed reBuire#ent and the arrange#ents for its suppl fro# different
sources are furnished in ta7le 29. !n case of padd> the present seed replace#ent
rate is 71H and it is proposed to increase it to 76H during the ;! plan period. )o
achie"e that> the seed reBuire#ent of padd is esti#ated at 1319.4 Buintals out of
that> 374.& Buintals is e?pected to 7e supplied 7 the pu7lic sector agencies.
Another 231.& Buintals -ill 7e #et fro# "illage seed production progra#. )he
pri"ate sector is e?pected to suppl 3966. Buintals. )he re#aining 31469 Buintals
-ill ha"e to 7e #et 7 the far#ers fro# their o-n seed. !ncase of groundnut and
#esta> the present seed replace#ent rates are at 1&H each. !t is proposed to
increase it to 2&H during ;! plan period. )he seed reBuire#ents are esti#ated at
43622 Buintals of groundnut and 1622 Buintals of #esta. (ut of the#> 6724 Buintals
of groundnut seed and 36. Buintals of #esta seed -ill 7e supplied 7 pu7lic sector
agencies and the re#aining seed reBuire#ent -ill ha"e to 7e #et 7 the far#ers
the#sel"es fro# their production. A#ong the ra7i crops the seed replace#ent rate of
padd is presentl esti#ated at 63H and it is proposed to increase it to 6&H in ;!
plan period. %i#ilarl> the seed replace#ent rate in case of groundnut is proposed to
go up fro# .2H to 6.H. !n case of green gra# and 7lack gra#> the %,, -ill go up

:ig 1+ (nnual (reaB Production o! imortant
cros
&.&&
1.&&
2.&&
3.&&
4.&&
..&&
6.&&
7.&&
6.&&
9.&&
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%eries1
%eries2
4.
fro# 2. to 3.H in ;! plan period. !n case of padd> the total seed reBuire#ent is
esti#ated at 1626 Buintals. .& Buintals out of it -ill 7e produced fro# "illage seed
production progra# and 13&2 Buintals -ill 7e supplied 7 the pu7lic sector agencies.
!n case of other three crops> pu7lic sector agenc -ill #eet a7out 7.H of the seed
reBuire#ents -hile the pri"ate sector agencies are e?pected to #eet the re#aining
2.H reBuire#ent.
8.6.1.1 Seed Plan !or Sri/a/ulam district
%eed is the 7asic input deter#ining the producti"it of the crop. Lualit seed is 7eing
supplied to the far#ers through A.P.%.%.D.3. and licensed pri"ate dealers> 7esides
the seed produced fro# %eed $illage Progra#. %eed is 7eing distri7uted under
su7sid progra#> -here e"er necessar. )he intention is to pro"ide good Bualit
seed i.e. foundation seed> certified seed and> if necessar> truthfull la7eled seed of
first generation certified seed to achie"e 1&&H seed replace#ent rate. )he
depart#ent is pro"iding su7sid to foundation seed under seed "illage progra# -ith
an ai# to suppl good Bualit seed produced 7 the progressi"e and interested
far#ers in their fields at "illage le"el and suppling the# at reasona7le rates a#ong
the far#ing co##unit. )he present %eed ,eplace#ent ,ate 8%,,9 and the plan
for enhancing it in the ensuing fi"e ears in case of different crops is su##ari5ed in
ta7le 3&.
8.6.1.# In!rastructure !or seed roduction
)he infrastructure facilities a"aila7le for seed production in %rikakula# district are
detailed in ta7le 31. )here is a state seed far# at Peddapeta in Bur2a #andal. !t has
43.6 ha> out of -hich 33.6 ha area is culti"a7le. But onl si? ha area has irrigation
facilities. )hree ha area is irrigated 7 tanks> -hile another three ha area is irrigated
7 -ells + 7ore -ells. )he far# has four ponds + tanks and three -ells. !t also has got
one seed processing plant and a te#porar shed -ith 1. sB #eters area.
8.6.1.% Seed roduction targets
)he targets set for seed production on go"ern#ent far#s during ;! plan period are
furnished in ta7le 32. )he state seed far# at Peddapeta has produced 666.. Buintals
of padd seed during 2&&6<&7. !t has also produced 26 Buintals of 7lack gra# seed
and si? Buintals of sesa#e seed in that ear. )he targets for seed production during
46
;! plan period are considera7l increased o"er the ears. During 2&&7<&6> it is
targeted to produce 1&&2.3 Buintals of padd seed> 3. Buintals of 7lack gra# seed
and eight Buintals of sesa#u# seed. )hese targets are progressi"el increased
during the ;! plan period to finall reach 13.& Buintals of padd seed> 46 Buintals of
7lack gra# seed and 1&.. Buintals of sesa#u# seed.
8.6.# :ertili6er 9anagement
8.6.#.1 :ertili6er consumtion er "a
)he esti#ates of fertili5er use in different ADA circles of %rikakula# district are gi"en
in ta7le 33. )he =PA reBuire#ents of different crops are not presented separatel.
)he are gi"en 7 ADA circle for all the crops in"ol"ed. )he a"erage rate of fertili5er
application is 66 kg => 31 kg P and 16 kg A per ha in the district. )he fertili5er
application per ha is highest in )ekkali ADA circle at 167 kg and it is lo-est at 122 kg
in Aothuru and ,anasthala# ADA circles. )he fertili5er use is slightl less in
%rikakula# district -hen co#pared to other districts -here agricultural input use is
#ore intensi"e.
8.6.#.# :ertili6er reCuirement
)he pro2ections of fertili5er reBuire#ent in different ears of ;! plan are detailed in
ta7le 34 7 ADA circle. )he total fertili5er used during 2&&6<&7 in %rikakula# district
is esti#ated at 6&.&3 tons. !t is pro2ected to graduall increase fro# 613&6 tons in
2&&7<&6 to 646&9 tons in 2&11<12. A#ong the ADA circles> the highest fertili5er use
is recorded in )ekkali ADA circle> follo-ed 7 Palasa> =arasannapeta and ,a2a#
ADA circles. )he lo-est use of fertili5er is noted in case of %o#peta ADA circle
follo-ed 7 Aotthuru and ,anasthala# ADA circles.
)he pro2ections of fertili5er reBuire#ent in different ears of ;! plan are detailed in
ta7le 3. 7 tpe of fertili5er. )he fertili5er use in the district is e?pected to go up 7
..1H o"er the fi"e ears period. )he reBuire#ent of all the fertili5ers is e?pected to
increase 7 the sa#e per cent during the fi"e ears period. As such urea has a
share of .7.2H in the total fertili5er use. DAP co#es ne?t -ith a 17..H share in the
fertili5ers. )otal co#ple? fertili5ers account for 12.4H of the fertili5er use. M(P has a
share of onl 9.6H. %%P has a share of 2.3H in the total fertili5er use. A##oniu#
sulphate for#s &.6H of the total fertili5er consu#ption. )he use of #i?tures is
47
"irtuall nil in the district. )hese fertili5ers -ill continue to ha"e the sa#e shares e"en
in 2&11<12> 7ecause all fertili5ers are e?pected to increase at the sa#e rate of ..1H
during the fi"e ears period.
8.) :arm 9ec"ani6ation
8.).1 Status o! !arm mec"ani6ation
)he a"aila7ilit of far# i#ple#ents and eBuip#ents in different ADA circles of
%rikakula# district is su##ari5ed in ta7le 36. !n %rikakula# district> there -ere 176>
262 far# i#ple#ents and 2.164 far# eBuip#ents. )ekkali ADA circle has the
highest nu#7er of far# i#ple#ents follo-ed 7 Palasa> =arasannapeta and Aothuru
ADA circles. )he least nu#7er of far# i#ple#ents -ere noted in %rikakula# ADA
circle> follo-ed 7 ,anasthala# and ,a2a# ADA circles. )ekkali ADA circle also
leads in the nu#7er of far# eBuip#ent o-ned and it is follo-ed 7 =arasannapeta
and ,anasthala# ADA circles. )he lo-est nu#7er of far# eBuip#ents -as recorded
in %o#peta ADA circle follo-ed 7 Aothuru and Palakonda ADA circles.
8.).# ProAections !or suly o! !arm imlements . eCuiments
)he pro2ections for suppl of far# eBuip#ents on su7sid during different ears of ;!
plan are furnished in ta7le 37. During 2&&6<&7> 671 far# i#ple#ents -ere supplied
on su7sid to the far#ers in %rikakula# district. )he targets for suppl of far#
i#ple#ents start -ith 917 in 2&&7<&6 at a cost of ,s.163.4 lakh and it goes up to
1&69 in 2&11<12 at a cost of ,s.213.6 lakh. !t is proposed to suppl the highest
nu#7er of far# i#ple#ents in )ekkali ADA circle> follo-ed 7 %o#peta and
=arasannapeta ADA circles. )he least nu#7er of far# i#ple#ents -ill 7e supplied in
,anasthala# ADA circle> follo-ed 7 Aothuru and Palakonda ADA circles.
8.).% (gro4service centres
)he details of agro<ser"ice centres for suppling agricultural inputs in %rikakula#
district are gi"en in ta7le 36. )here are 67. agro ser"ice centres in %rikakula#
district. All of the# deal in seeds fertili5ers in pesticides. )he #a?i#u# nu#7er of
ser"ice centres is recorded in %rikakula# ADA circle and it is follo-ed 7
=arasannapeta and ,anasthala# ADA circles. )he least nu#7er of ser"ice centres
is noted in %o#epeta ADA circle> follo-ed 7 Aothuru and Palasa ADA circles. )he
46
7ranch of A:,(% in the district supplies far# eBuip#ents and #achiner to the
far#ers in the entire district. =o ser"ice centres deal -ith irrigation eBuip#ent in the
district. )here is no agriculture consultanc agenc or for pro"iding diagnostic
ser"ices in the district.
8.8 Constraint (nalysis
8.8.1 (gro4climatic 6one and !arming situations
%rikakula# district falls in north coastal agro cli#atic 5one and high altitude tri7al
5one. Although fro# the cli#atic point of "ie- the area in the 5ones is unifor#> it
"aries considera7l fro# one place to another e"en -ithin a "illage 7 "irtue of
different soil tpes> irrigation sources etc and is finall di"ided into se"eral far#ing
situations -hich are uniBue 7 the#sel"es. %rikakula# district is di"ided into 13
far#ing situations and the are detailed in ta7le 39. A gi"en far#ing situation> 7eing
uniBue in soil characteristics> #ode of irrigation etc.> the far#ing constraints and
potentials are unifor# and uniBue in each situation and therefore> unifor#
#anage#ent strategies are specified to each far#ing situation.
:ig 11. :arming situation 7ise analysis
:arming Situations 1 (rea in ,a/" ;ects.3 4
Sri/a/ulam 'istrict
&.4.6
&.4.&
&.192
&..62
&.&92
&.463
&.327
&.&6&
&.449
&.663
&.&.7
&.&&4
&.&&3
4%1
4%2
4%3
4%4
4%.
4%6
4%7
4%6
4%9
4% 1&
4% 11
4% 12
4% 13
8.8.# Constraint analysis
8.8.#.1 (nalysis o! roductivity levels in di!!erent cros
8.8.#.1.1 2ice
,ice is gro-n in 7oth kharif and ra7i seasons. Area during kharif is 1.77 lakh ha>
-hich is higher than that in ra7i 8&.&266 lakh ha9. ,ice is gro-n in ele"en far#ing
situations. )he present producti"it of rice in different situations ranged fro# 1.6 to
2.9. Mts + ha in Aharif and fro#2.. to 3.3. tons+ha in ra7i. )he total production gap in
49
rice is 1.112 lakh tons. (ut of it> 1.&93 lakh tons is in kharif and &.&19. lakh tons in
ra7i.
8.8.#.1.# Oilseeds
Groundnut
:roundnut is gro-n in 7oth kharif and ra7i seasons in four far#ing situations. )he
ield gaps identified are 3&& kg and 4.& kg per ha in kharif and ra7i respecti"el. )he
total production gaps are &.&66 lakh tons in kharif and &.&31 lakh tons in ra7i.
Sesame
%esa#e is gro-n in si? far#ing situations> 7oth in kharif and ra7i seasons> in
%rikakula#. )he ield gaps identified are 16. kg+ha and 134 kg.+ha during kharif and
ra7i respecti"el. )he production gaps are &.&&4 lakh Mts. and &.&&7 lakh Mts.
during Aharif and ra7i respecti"el.
Sun!lo7er
)he crop is gro-n in 4 situations during ra7i onl. )he far#ers ha"e di"erted areas to
sunflo-er crop fro# ra7i groundnut and padd under !.D. conditions due to
re#unerati"e price of sunflo-er -hen co#pared -ith groundnut or padd. )he ield
gap is 31& kgs+ ha and the production gap is esti#ated at &.&&39 lakh Mts.
8.8.#.1.% Pulses
2ed gram
,edgra# is gro-n in 1462 ha during kharif #ostl in hill and tri7al areas and to so#e
e?tent in plains. )he crop is gro-n in 3 situations. )he ield gap is 267 kg+ha and the
production gap is &.&&43 lakh tons.
5lac/ gram
Black gra# is gro-n in 7oth kharif and ra7i seasons. )he crop is gro-n as a pure
crop in kharif in a s#all e?tent and> during ra7i> as a rice fallo- pulse in larger area.
)he crop is gro-n in four situations. )he ield gap in 7lack gra# is 2.& kg+ha in kharif
and 3&& kg+ha in ra7i. )he production gap is &.&&1. lakh tons in kharif and &.1179
lakh tons in ra7i respecti"el.
.&
Green gram
:reen gra# is gro-n in 7oth kharif and ra7i seasons. )he area during kharif season
as pure crop is increasing fro# season to season> due to encouraging price. During
ra7i> the crop is gro-n as a rice fallo- pulse in a larger e?tent. )he crop is gro-n in
four situations. )he producti"it gap during kharif is 23. kg+ha> -hile the sa#e -as
2.& kg per ha in ra7i. )he total production gap is esti#ated at &.&&32 lakh tons in
kharif and &.&7.6 lakh tons in ra7i.

8.8.#.# Constraints resonsi-le !or lo7 roductivity
8.8.#.#.1 2ice
a3 9onetary constraints
Dinc deficienc
/o- 0sage of P C A 4ertili5ers
!#proper -ater #anage#ent
/o- organic #atter content in soils 8non adoption of green #anure9
Pest and disease incidence 8Due to high hu#idit9
A7iotic stresses 83clones and droughts9

-3 Non4 monetary constraints
/o- plant population
!#proper nurser #anage#ent C o"er aged seed lings
Mono<cropping o"er ears
8.8.#.#.# Oilseeds
Groundnut
a3 9onetary constraints
=o seed treat#ent
Basal dose of P fertili5er is not adopted
=o adeBuate PP #easures for leaf spot> leaf -e77er and %podoptera
=on application of gpsu#
-3 Non monetary constraints
/o- plant population and e?cessi"e "egetati"e gro-th
.1
!#proper -ater #anage#ent 8 ti#el irrigation 9
Sesamum
,aising of local "arieties
=o fertili5er application
=o irrigation
=o PP #easures
Sun!lo7er
,aising of local seeds and 42 17rids
/o- producti"it
Poor seed setting
8.8.#.#.% Pulses 1Green gram and 5lac/ gram3
a3 9onetary constraints
=on a"aila7ilit of adeBuate Buantit of 1@$ seeds.
=o seed treat#ent
3rop suffers due to ter#inal drought in the #onths of (cto7er and =o"e#7er
8Peak flo-ering stage9.
%oils are light> -ith lo- #oisture holding capacit and lo- fertilit status.
=o P fertili5ers applied in rice fallo- pulses
!nadeBuate PP #easures for control of #aruca> po-der #ilde- and
coronospora
)he #a2or technological and agrono#ic gaps areF
Poor soil health < !#pro"e soil health -ith :reen #anuring and
gpsu# application
=utrient deficiencies < 3orrection of #icronutrient deficienc
-ith 5inc sulphate application
!nadeBuate plant protection #easures M Ad"ocating plant protection
#easures for #a2or pests and diseases in all crops
/ess degree of #echani5ation M *ncourage #echani5ed i#ple#ents
!nadeBuate e?tension ser"ices < %trengthening -ith Adarsha ,thus and
*?tension personnel
8.8.% Dield Ga (nalysis
.2
)he ields of #a2or crops 7 ADA circle and their co#parisons -ith state a"erage
and frontline de#onstrations are gi"en in ta7le 41. )he ield of rice in %o#peta>
Palasa> )ekkali and Aothuru ADA circles -ere higher than those reported for district
or state. !n case of %rikakula# ADA circle> the ield -as higher than the district
a"erage 7ut -as lo-er than the state a"erage. !n case of other ADA circles> the rice
ields in the ADA circle are lo-er than the district or state a"erage. !n case of
groundnut also> the ields in )ekkali> narasannapeta> ,anasthala# and ,a2a#> the
ields -ere lo-er than district a"erage ield. )he ield in %rikakula# ADA circle -as
lo-er than the a"erage ield of groundnut in the district. )he groundnut ields in all
the ADA circles are #uch higher than the a"erage ield of groundnut in the state. =o
data are reported for frontline de#onstrations. But it -as reported that there are ield
gaps in all #andals 7oth in case of rice and groundnut -hen co#pared -ith the
respecti"e ields o7tained in the front line de#onstrations. )he reasons for ield gap
are also recorded in case of all the ADA circles.
8.8.8 Occurrence and damages due to natural calamities
)he infor#ation on freBuenc of occurrence and da#ages resulting fro# the# is
gi"en in ta7le 42. (ut of the 36 #andals> 3& #andals e?perienced drought so#e
ti#e or the other. Most of these #andals suffered drought in 2&&2. But onl a fe-
#andals e?perienced drought in 2&&4. 19 #andals reported #oderate le"el of
drought -hile the re#aining 11 #andals e?perienced se"ere drought in 2&&2. 'hen
co#pare to drought floods -ere e?perienced 7 27 #andals> 7ut all of the#
e?perienced se"ere floods. )he floods occurred in 2&&6<&7. 1ea" rains occurred in
1996 and 2&&.. All the #andals in the district suffered losses due to hea" rains>
so#e ti#e or the other. 1ea" rains also caused se"ere da#ages -hen e"er the
occurred. )hus> %rikakula# district #ainl suffers fro# hea" rains and floods and it
has e?perienced drought rather rarel. (ther cala#ities like earth Buakes and pests
and diseases -ere not noted during the last ten ears. 'hile the data on the
occurrence of cala#ities are recorded 7 #andal> there is no infor#ation gi"en on
percentage area affected> li"e stock #ortalit and per cent of fa#ilies affected due to
the natural cala#ities.
8.8.< 9ar/eting . storage . rocessing gas
8.8.<.1 9ar/eting . storage !acilities
.3
)he status related to storage and #arketing in %rikakula# district is presented in
ta7le 43. )here are 2& rural godo-ns in %rikakula# district. 12 of the# are located at
the district head Buarter -ith a total storage capacit of 36& tons. ,anasthala# and
,a2a# ADA circles ha"e four godo-ns each -ith a storage capacit of 6& tons in
each case. )here is onl one cold storage in %rikakula# -ith a total capacit to store
6& tons of produce. )here are 12 #ain agricultural #arkets in the district. %o#peta
ADA circle has three of the#> -hile the district head Buarter> %rikakula#> has t-o of
the#. !n all other se"en ADA circles> there is one #ain #arket each. )here are three
su7 #arkets in the district and one each of the# is located in %rikakula#>
,anasthala# and Palakonda ADA circles.
8.8.<.# Status and roAections !or !arm level storage
)he status and proposals for storage of agriculture produce at the far# le"el are
gi"en in ta7le 44.)here are no e?isting facilities of onion storage structures or 5ero
energ cha#7ers in %rikakula# district. !t is proposed to 7uild to onion storage
structures during 2&&6<&9 -ith a capacit of 7.& tons at a total cost of ,s.7. lakh. !n
the ne?t three ears also> it is proposed to esta7lish t-o onion storage structures of a
total capacit of 7.& tons at a cost of ,s.7. lakh per ear. )hus> during the ;! plan
period> it is proposed to esta7lish 6 onion storage structures -ith a total capacit of
3&&& tons and at a total in"est#ent of ,s.3&& lakh.
8.8.<.% 9ar/eting in!rastructure . !acilities
)he infrastructure a"aila7le for #arketing and the proposals for e?pansion of #arket
facilities during ;! plan are su##ari5ed in ta7le 4.. )here is onl one cold storage
e?isting up to 2&&6<&7 in the district. !t is proposed to 7uild fi"e cold storages in
2&&6<&9 -ith a total capacit of .&& tons. !n the ne?t three ears> 2&&9<1& to 2&11<
12> it is proposed to esta7lish t-o cold storage units e"er ear at a cost of ,s.2&&
lakh. )hus> it is proposed to esta7lish 11 cold storage units during ;! plan period at a
cost of ,s.11&& lakh.
8.8.<.8 (gro rocessing !acilities and roAections
.4
)he agro processing facilities a"aila7le in the district and their pro2ections for ;! plan
are furnished in ta7le 46. )here is one sugar industr at ,<A#adala"alasa -ith a
crushing capacit of 2.&& tons per annu#. )here are t-o silk processing units> one
each at %eetha#peta and %rikakula#. )here is onl one #ilk processing unit at
%rikakula#. )here are eight 2ute processing units in the district -ith a total capacit
of 12& tons per da. )here is also a pesticide unit -ith a capacit of 3& kilo leters per
da. )here are no proposals to esta7lish an of the processing units during ;! plan
period.
8.8.6 Existing organi6ational structure
)he details of Agricultural )echnolog Manage#ent Agenc 8A)MA9 in %rikakula#
district are gi"en in ta7le 47. )he go"erning 7od of Agricultural )echnolog
Manage#ent Agenc 8A)MA9 has 1& official and 12 non official #e#7ers in it. )here
are 16 7lock le"el technical tea#s and 16 far#er ad"isor councils in the district. %o
far> 2& far#er interest groups are organi5ed in the district. )here is also one 4!A3 in
the district. 4i"e depart#ents are colla7orating in i#ple#enting the acti"ities of
A)MA. )he A)MA acti"ities are carried out 7 one Pro2ect Director and one Deput
Pro2ector Director.
)he targets and achie"e#ents -ith respect to "arious acti"ities under A)MA are
furnished in ta7le 46. !t -as proposed to organi5e .4 training progra#s to far#ers
and all of the targeted progra#s -ere organi5ed. %i#ilarl> se"en training progra#s
-ere proposed for the staff of the depart#ents and all of the# -ere organi5ed. !n the
sa#e -a> all the 32. de#onstrations targeted -ere achie"ed and all the se"en
far#ers tours proposed -ere conducted. Both the e?hi7itions proposed -ere held.
%i#ilarl> all the fifteen indi"idual self e#plo#ent acti"ities -ere conducted. !n the
sa#e -a> the targets for group 7ased e#plo#ent generation acti"ities> pu7licit as
-ell as group for#ation -ere all achie"ed.
)he proposals for strengthening agricultural di"ersification acti"ities in %rikakula#
district are su##ari5ed in ta7le 49. )he total area under all tpes of far#ing sste#s
in the district is esti#ated at 2.91 lakh ha. !t is proposed to 7ring 14>.26.3. ha under
integrated far#ing sste#s -ith co#ponents of agriculture> horticulture and ani#al
hus7andr. )he total area under ke crops -hich -ill 7e 7rought under integrated
..
sste#s is 2.21 lakh ha. !t is proposed to 7ring 22.& ha under crop di"ersification
during the ;! plan period. )he #a?i#u# area to 7e 7rought under crop
di"ersification is under =arasannapeta ADA circle> follo-ed 7 ,anasthala# ADA
circle. )he least area proposed under crop di"ersification is in Aothuru ADA circle
follo-ed 7 Palakonda ADA circle.
8.8.6.1 Grou organi6ations
)he organi5ations of far#ers -hich are acti"e in the district are detailed in ta7le .&.
)here are 9&42 ,thu Mitra :roups 8,M:s9 in %rikakula# district -ith a total
#e#7ership of 1&6> .&4. ,anastala# ADA circle has the highest nu#7er of ,M:s>
follo-ed 7 %rikakula# and )ekkali ADA circles. )here are no Arishi $igan Mandals
or 3o##odit :roups in %rikakula# district. )here are 27969 %elf 1elp :roup
8%1:s9 -ith a total #e#7ership of 363.97. )he a"erage nu#7er of #e#7ers in
,M: is 12> -hile it is 13 in case of %elf 1elp :roups 8%1:s9.
8.* Interventions roosed
8.*.1 2eclamation o! ro-lematic soils and nutrition !or groundnut
8.*.1.1 Pro-lematic soils
(ne of the #a2or causes for lo- producti"it is soil salinit+ alkalinit in the district. )o
i#pro"e the soil structure and te?ture> application of soil a#end#ent is considered as
one of the alternati"es. )he #a2or soil a#end#ent proposed is gpsu#.
8.*.1.# Suly o! gysum to groundnut
3alciu# and sulphur are the t-o nutrients -hich can increase the ields of oilseeds>
especiall groundnut. !n order to suppl the said nutrients at less cost> application of
gpsu# is essential. !n %rikakula# district> it is proposed to suppl 96&. M)s (f
gpsu# -ith an outla of ,s.99... lakh for recla#ation of pro7le#atic soils and for
groundnut crop 8ta7le .19. )he detailed pro2ect analsis is presented in anne?ure
ta7le A.1 and A.2.
8.*.# Imrovement o! soil "ealt"
8.*.#.1 Scaling u o! green manure seed suly
!n %rikakula# district> the soils are light and #ediu# sand loa#s. Due to non<
a"aila7ilit of sufficient Buantities of organic #aterials> far#ers are not a7le to pro"ide
.6
reBuired Buantities of organic #atter to the soil and the are #ainl using che#ical
fertili5ers> -hich is resulting in deterioration of soil health in the district. %oil health
can 7e i#pro"ed 7 adopting green #anuring> -hich 7uilds up soil fertilit and
there7 increases the producti"it> 7esides reducing the cost of culti"ation. )he
far#ers are ha7ituated to use green #anure seed since 2&&2<2&&3 in the district.
:ood i#pact is seen on the soils. )he area under green #anure crops is increasing
ear 7 ear> resulting in the decreased use of che#ical fertili5ers to so#e e?tent.
)he details of distri7ution of green #anure seeds in the district are gi"en in ta7le .2.
)he detailed pro2ect analsis is presented in anne?ure ta7le A.3.


:ig 1#Consumtion o! Nitrate :ertili6ers 4 In Sri/a/ulam
'istrict 1@ty. in 9Ts.3
311&7
26969
24.&7
2..6&
26616
2.116
&
.&&&
1&&&&
1.&&&
2&&&&
2.&&&
3&&&&
3.&&&
2&&1<
2&&2
2&&2<
2&&3
2&&3<
2&&4
2&&4<
2&&.
2&&.<
2&&6
2&&6<
2&&7
%eries1
.7
!n the district> agricultural depart#ent is alread distri7uting a Buantit of 1&1. Btls of
green #anure seed 7 incurring an e?penditure of ,s. 1&.1. lakhs per ear> so as to
enrich the soil in an e?tent of 3363 ha. !n order to i#pro"e the soil health> it is
proposed to suppl 992. Btls of "arious green #anure seeds to the far#ers on .&H
su7sid -ith a financial out la of ,s. 196..& lakh o"er fi"e ears period 8ta7le .39.
)he state le"el sanction co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted ,s.6&& lakh for the suppl
of green #anure crop seeds to the far#ers on su7sid to co"er an area of 1&&&&&
hectares during ;! plan period in %rikakula# district.
8.*.% Correction o! nutrient de!iciencies
!n %rikakula# district> Dinc deficienc is a co##on pro7le# resulting in reduction of
producti"it of rice and groundnut. !n order to correct the deficienc> the depart#ent
is suppling 2. M.)s of 5inc sulphate to the rice far#ers on .&H su7sid 7 incurring
an a#ount of ,s. 3.6 lakh per ear to su7sidi5e its application in .&& ha. !n order to

:ig 1% Consumtion o! P"os"orous :ertili6ers 4
Sri/a/ulam 'istrict 1@ty. in 9Ts.3
629.
7627
1&966
937.
692& 6674
&
2&&&
4&&&
6&&&
6&&&
1&&&&
12&&&
2&&1<
2&&2
2&&2<
2&&3
2&&3<
2&&4
2&&4<
2&&.
2&&.<
2&&6
2&&6<
2&&7
%eries1
:ig 18 Consumtion o! Potassic :ertili6ers in
Sri/a/ulam 'istrict 1@ty. 9Ts.3
629.
7627
1&966
937.
692& 6674
&
2&&&
4&&&
6&&&
6&&&
1&&&&
12&&&
2&&1<
2&&2
2&&2<
2&&3
2&&3<
2&&4
2&&4<
2&&.
2&&.<
2&&6
2&&6<
2&&7
%eries1
.6
correct the 5inc deficienc> it is proposed to co"er an area of .73&& ha -ith an outla
of ,s.432 lakh o"er the fi"e ears period -ith -hich 266. Mts. of Dinc -ill 7e supplied
on .&H su7sid. )he detailed pro2ect analsis is presented in anne?ure ta7le A.4.
8.*.8 Seed 9anagement . 2evolving :und to 9(Os
%eed $illage Progra# is prestigious progra# of go"ern#ent to suppl Bualit seed to
the far#ers. :o"ern#ent is suppling foundation seed on .&H su7sid and is
encouraging production of certified seed at "illage le"el and facilitating its distri7ution
a#ong the far#ing co##unit fro# far#er to far#er. !t reBuires so#e a#ount as
re"ol"ing fund at #andal le"el to purchase gunn 7ags> la7els> seed processing>
certification and storage. During 2&&6<&7> a Buantit of 136&& Btls of certified seed
-as distri7uted a#ong far#ers under %eed $illage Progra# to #eet the target of
1&&H seed replace#ent rate. )he reBuire#ent of re"ol"ing fund for the 37 MA(s is
,s.111 lakh for the fi"e ears period at the rate of ,s. three lakh per MA(. )he state
le"el sanction co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted ,s.29232 lakh to state depart#ent of
agriculture for seed #anage#ent acti"ities in the state. %rikakula# district can
e?pect to get a7out three to four per cent of these funds for seed #anage#ent
acti"ities in the district. )he reBuire#ent of re"ol"ing fund can 7e #et fro# these
funds.
8.*.< :armers :ield Sc"ools 1::S3
1ealth ha5ards due to che#ical pesticides> deaths due to pesticide poisoning>
de"elop#ent of incura7le diseases like cancer and neurological disorders> presence
of pesticide residues in #otherGs #ilk> cases of suicides 7 far#ers due to the failure
of che#ical pesticides to control pests> resurgence of pests> out7reak of secondar
pests etc.> are the pro7le#s resulting fro# the indiscri#inate use of pesticides.
Aeeping the a7o"e pro7le#s in "ie-> 4ar#ersG 4ield %chools are 7eing organi5ed to
reduce the cost of culti"ation> increase the producti"it and reduce the pesticide
usage 7 adopting eco<friendl #easures 87io agents and 7io pesticides9 to control
crop pests and also to create a-areness a#ong the far#ers a7out the ill effects of
pesticides and to i#pro"e the Bualit of produce> resulting in high #arket price and
good returns. )he -ill also e#po-er the far#ers to take up 2udicious decisions 7
adopting the practices of !ntegrated 3rop Manage#ent.
.9
)he four principals of far#ersG field school areF
19 :ro-ing health crop
29 3onser"ing natural ene#ies
39 3onduct of regular field o7ser"ations
49 Making far#ers !ntegrated crop #anage#ent e?perts
)he 4ar#ersG 4ield %chool 8Bio $illage9 is 7eing organi5ed during the last fi"e ears.
Due to the organi5ation of 4ar#ersG 4ield %chools> the pesticide consu#ption in the
district is decreasing significantl ear after ear> leading to the production of good
Bualit produce. )he data on Pesticide consu#ption in the district during the last
fi"e ears is gi"en in ta7le .4.
!t is proposed to organi5e 9&& 4ar#ersG 4ield schools in Padd> :roundnut and
pulses> -ith an outla of ,s.22..63 lakh o"er the fi"e ears.
)he far#ersG field schools proposed during ;! plan period is detailed in ta7le ...
)here are 76 trained personnel in the district for conducting far#er field schools. !n
the last fi"e ears> a total of .42 44% -ere conducted in an eBual nu#7er of "illages
in a total area of .76& ha. )he a"erage ield o7tained in case of 44% -as 26.4H
higher than the ield le"els recorded in non<44% plots. )he targets for 44% are set
for conducting 22. 44% in 2&&7<&6. )his target is graduall increased to reach 3&1
44% in 2&11<12. Most of the 44% -ill 7e organi5ed in case of padd and groundnut.
A fe- 44% are plan in case of sunflo-er> pulses and #ai5e.

:ig 1< Pesticides Consumtion !rom #++14#++) 1@ty.
in Tec"nical Grade in 9Ts.3
1&.966
9.446
6.691
6.&92
7.719
7.342
&
2
4
6
6
1&
12
2&&1<
2&&2
2&&2<
2&&3
2&&3<
2&&4
2&&4<
2&&.
2&&.<
2&&6
2&&6<
2&&7
%eries1
6&
8.*.6 Intensi!ying mec"ani6ation
8.*.6.1 Custom "iring centres
0nder the sche#e> the co##on eBuip#ents needed 7 the far#ers are identified as
Padd thresher> %ugarcane planter> Po-er tiller etc in irrigated areas and ro- crop
culti"ator> ,ota"ator> Aero7last spraer> Multicrop thresher etc for rainfed areas. !t is
proposed to esta7lish 24 custo# hiring centers to #ake all these need i#ple#ents
a"aila7le to far#ers 7 e?tending an incenti"e of 2.H su7sid on the unit cost of
i#ple#ents to the entrepreneurs -ith a total out la of ,s. 3&& lakh. )his sche#e
-ould cost a total su7sid of ,s.3&& lakh N ,s.12..& lakh per centre. )he state le"el
sanction co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted ,s.22. lakh for esta7lishing 16 custo#
hiring centres in %rikakula# district during ;! plan period.
8.*.6.# :arm imlements
At present agriculture la7or is a #a2or constraint in the district due to #igration of
la7or to ur7an areas. 1igh re#uneration and lo- efficienc of la7or are the t-o #a2or
contri7uting factors for the increasing cost of culti"ation> resulting in lo- returns to the
far#ers. Moreo"er> far#ers are una7le to take up agricultural operations like
-eeding> fertili5er application> plant protection #easures> pre and post har"est
operations etc>.on ti#e. !t is progra##ed to suppl 1&33& le"elling 7lades> MB
Ploughs> full 3age -heels> disc Puddlers> 9 and 11 tne culti"ators> half cage -heels>
high tech Anapsack> Po-er spraers> )ai-an spraers and Po-er tillers in the district
-ith an outla of ,s. 2.&.&. lakh o"er the ensuing . ears.)he details of far#
#achiner and i#ple#ents proposed for suppl during the ;! plan period are gi"en in
ta7le .6. )he state le"el sanction co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted ,s.344.66 lakh to
%rikakula# district for the suppl of 6&2& far# i#ple#ents on su7sid during ;! plan.
8.*.) Extension
3rop ields #ainl depend on the adoption of latest technologies e"ol"ed 7 the
scientists. !n the ')( scenario> the latest technolog transfer is essential for Bualit
production. *?tension acts as a tool to 7ridge the technolog gaps. )he 3o##ission
appointed to look into the agriculture has highlighted the sa#e constraint.
8.*.).1 Graduate (.Os and Tec"nology and Service :acilitators
61
)o #eet the aspirations and gro-ing de#and of the far#ers> the depart#ent is
una7le to pro"ide reBuired personnel to transfer the technolog. !n order to o"erco#e
this deficienc> it is proposed to appoint 32 graduate agricultural officers at the rate of
one per e"er .&&& ha and 6& )echnolog and %er"ice 4acilitators 8A*(9 at the rate
of one per 2.&& ha in the district. Besides this> all necessar arrange#ents are 7eing
#ade for selection and appoint#ent of Adarsha ,thus 8Model 4ar#ers<3!: leaders9
fro# e"er "illage for e"er 2&&<2.& far# holdings fro# each "illage 7 pro"iding an
honorariu# of ,s. 1&&&+< per #onth> after dul i#parting reBuired training on all
agricultural and allied su72ects. )he -ill act as co<ordinators 7et-een go"t. depts.
and far#ers.
8.*.).# Strengt"ening o! :armers Organi6ations
,thu Mitra :roups> 4ar#ers clu7s etc.> are to 7e in"ol"ed for effecti"e disse#ination
of technolog and strengthened. 1ence> it is proposed to co"er 17.2& far#ers -ith
an outla of ,s..6.17 lakh.
8.*.).% Suort to Pu-lic and Private Partners"is
)he "oluntar organi5ations and other pri"ate agencies -ho are acti"el in"ol"ed in
agriculture sector for i#parting training and disse#inating crop technologies are to 7e
in"ol"ed 7 pro"iding financial support to those organi5ations to co"er #ore far#ers.
!t is proposed to spend ,s.11& lakh o"er the ne?t fi"e ears.
8.*.).8 9o-ilityB training and ot"er contingencies
!t is proposed to spend ,s.11& lakh o"er fi"e ears to-ards #o7ilit> training and for
other contingencies. )he financial reBuire#ents of all proposals in e?tension are
su##ari5ed in ta7le .6. )he state le"el sanction co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted
,s.466.97 lakh for appointing 31 agricultural graduates and 61 technolog and
ser"ice facilitators in the district during ;! plan period. Besides the#> 1&.1#odel
far#ers -ill 7e supported during ;! plan period at a cost of ,s..14.99 lakh. )he state
le"el sanction co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted ,s.1&&& lakh to the state depart#ent
of agriculture for strengthening far#ersG organ5ations in the state and another
,s.1&&& lakh for supporting pu7lic and pri"ate sector partnerships in the state. !t has
62
also allotted to the state depart#ent of agriculture ,s.9&47 lakh for #o7ilit> training
and other contingencies. %rikakula# district can e?pect to get three to four per cent of
all these allocations for strengthening far#ersG organi5ations> supporting pu7lic and
pri"ate sector partnerships and for pro"iding #o7ilit> training and other
contingencies in %rikakula# district.
8.*.8 2egulatory in!rastructure
'ith the o72ecti"e of strengthening the regulator infra structure in the district> it is
proposed to allot ,s .3.62 lakh to the district o"er a period of . ears. )he district is
pro"ided -ith one %oil )esting /a7orator at A#adala"alasa. Proposals are #ade to
pro"ide necessar facilities for esta7lishing %ingle 'indo- Diagnostic /a7 in the
e?isting %oil )esting /a7orator> -here the analsis of 7oth fertili5er and seed
sa#ples are anal5ed. =ecessar efforts are 7eing #ade for strengthening the a7o"e
single -indo- diagnostic la7 in the district.
8.*.* ConAunctive use
!n $a#sadhara> =aga"ali> )hotapalli and other canal sste#s> -ater is not reaching
tail end areas in ti#e due to insufficient flo- and non<#aintenance of canals. As a
result> far#ers are una7le to raise the crops on ti#e and gi"e irrigations at critical
stages of the crop> resulting in lo- ields. )o o"erco#e this pro7le# and to increase
the efficienc of -ater use> it is necessar to practice the con2uncti"e use of ground
-ater -ith canal -ater. !t is proposed to esta7lish 13&&& 7ore -ells in co##and
areas o"er the fi"e ears period out of 14131 feasi7le -ells. .&H su7sid -ill 7e
pro"ided at a unit cost of ,s. 3&>&&& per -ell and the total outla reBuired is
esti#ated at ,s. ,s. 39&& lakh 8ta7le .99.

8.*.1+ 9icro4irrigation
Micro irrigation is one of the #ost i#portant tools in #odern agriculture for efficient
use of -ater resources to 7ring #ore area of pulses and oilseeds under assured
conditions. !t is proposed to suppl 4&& sprinkler units per ear and o"er fi"e ears>
2&&& sprinkler units are proposed to 7e supplied at a su7sid cost of ,s. 16& lakh
8ta7le 6&9. )he detailed pro2ect analsis is presented in anne?ure ta7le A...
63
8.*.11 Training
)he proposals for training far#ers during ;! plan period 7 the agricultural
depart#ent are su##ari5ed in ta7le 61.)he agricultural depart#ent proposes to
train 96&. far#ers in 2&&7<&6 at a cost of ,s.9.6& lakh. )his target for training is
graduall increased to reach 1424. far#ers at a cost of ,s.14.2. lakh in 2&11<12.
("er the fi"e ears period> it is plan to train .9.7& far#ers at a total cost of ,s..9..7
lakh. )he training progra#s -ill 7e organi5ed at 4ar#ers )raining 3entre>
%rikakula#> Arishi $ignan Aendra> A#adala"alasa and DA)) centre at
A#adala"alasa. )he #a?i#u# nu#7er of 6&.& far#ers -ill 7e trained fro# )ekkali
ADA circle. )he targets for all other ADA circles are fi?ed at 644& far#ers per ADA
circle. )he topics for training include !=M> !PM> post har"est technolog> %,!
culti"ation> organic far#ing> Pola# Badi> seed "illage progra#> ')( i#plications on
agriculture and far# #echani5ation.
)he proposals for training the staff of agricultural depart#ent during ;! plan period
are gi"en in ta7le 62. )he agricultural depart#ent has targets to train its o-n staff
during ;! plan period. )he target starts fro# 13& staff in 2&&7<&6 and graduall goes
up to 1.& staff in 2&11<12. !t is proposed to 7uild one training hall each at 4ar#ers
)raining 3entre 84)39> %rikakula# and A$A> A#adala"alasa. !t is also proposed to
add so#e training eBuip#ents at these institutions. A non<recurring in"est#ent of
,s.3 lakh is proposed for strengthening the training infrastructure in the district. )he
facult -orking at 4)3> A$A and DA)) centre and %cientists at research stations
are sufficient to conduct training to the depart#ental staff.
)he facilities a"aila7le in agro polclinics 7 #andal are detailed in ta7le 63. )here
are no agro<pol clinics in the district so far in an of the #andals in the district. But
all the #andals ha"e facilities for training far#ers and to conduct de#onstrations on
the far#ersG fields. !n the sa#e -a> there are facilities for the analsis of soil and
-ater and to diagnose pests and diseases. )here are also facilities for of producing
"er#in co#post. But none of the #andals ha"e facilities of green houses> dor#itor
facilities or li7rar facilities. )here are no crop #useu#s or i#ple#ent #useu#s in
an of the #andals. =ine out of 34 #andals ha"e facilities of co#puter -ith #ode#.
!n each #andal> 1&& to 2.& far#ers are 7enefited e"er ear as the get trained 7
64
the depart#ental staff. )here are no receipts for agriculture depart#ent in an of the
36 #andals in the district.
)he proposals to esta7lish ne- agro polclinics along -ith the funding reBuire#ents
are gi"en in ta7le 64. !t is proposed to esta7lish nine agro<pol clinics in the district
during ;! plan period. (ne agro polclinic -ill 7e esta7lished in each of the
agricultural di"isions. All the nine proposed ne- agro polclinics -ill 7e esta7lished
in the go"ern#ent sector. !t is proposed to pro"ide ,s...&& lakh for each of the agro
polclinics. B esta7lishing the agro polclinics> it is e?pected to 7uild a capacit to
train 2.&& far#ers e"er ear in each of the agricultural di"isions. )he in"est#ent
proposed is for 7uilding cost and for pro"iding the necessar training eBuip#ent. )he
total cost of esta7lishing agro<polclinics in the district is esti#ated at ,s.4. lakh.
(nce these agro polclinics are esta7lished> it -ill generate a capacit to train 22.&&
far#ers additionall e"er ear at the agricultural di"ision le"el.
8.*.1# Organic !arming
)he plants for 7ringing additional areas under organic far#ing during ;! plan are
gi"en in ta7le 6. 7 #andal. At present> there is onl 42& ha area under organic
far#ing in 2&&6<&7. !t is esti#ated that 6& ha each is under organic far#ing in the
#andals of :ara> A#adala"alasa> :.%igsda#> Aanchili> ka"iti> %o#peta and Aottur.
!t is proposed to increase the area under organic far#ing in each of these #andals
7 3& ha e"er ear during the ;! plan. )hus> a total area of 1&.& ha -ill 7e
additionall 7rought under organic far#ing during the ;! plan period.
)he proposals for strengthening "arious co#ponents of organic far#ing in
%rikakula# district are furnished in ta7le 66. !t is proposed to esta7lish 22. "er#in
co#post units during ;! plan period in %rikakula# district at the rate of 2. per
#andal. Besides the se"en #andals -here it -as proposed to increase the area
under organic far#ing> %rikakula# and ,.A#adala"alasa #andals ha"e also 2oined
the list for producing "er#in co#post. !n each of these nine #andals> it is proposed
to ha"e fi"e 7io<dna#ic co#posts units during the ;! plan period. !t is also proposed
to organi5e 7io<pesticide production units in %rikakula# and ,.A#adala"alsa
#andals. !t is also proposed to esta7lish 12 7otanical pesticide production units in
the district during ;! plan period. !t is proposed to esta7lish t-o organic seed
6.
production units> one each at A#adala"alasa and Aanchili #andals. A total of 9&
organic far#ing groups -ill 7e for#ed at the rate of 1& per each #andal. All these 9&
organic far#ing groups -ill go for organic certification. A)MA -ill act as a ser"ice
pro"ider for organic far#ing acti"ities in the district. )he total a#ount reBuired for
i#ple#enting all the co#ponents of organic far#ing in the district during ;! plan
period is esti#ated at ,s.24 lakh.
8.*.1% 'emonstrations
)he details of !PM de#onstrations planned for ;! plan period are gi"en in ta7le 67. !t
is esti#ated that onl 1&&& ha under padd out of 1.79 lakh ha area and 6.& ha area
under groundnut out of &.3. lakh ha area are presentl protected through !PM. !n
2&&6<&7> 36 de#onstrations -ere organi5ed on !PM in padd and 1& de#onstrations
-ere organi5ed on !PM in groundnut. *ach of the de#onstration co"ered 1& ha area.
)he targets for 2&&7<&6 for !PM de#onstrations are kept at sa#e le"el as the -ere
in 2&&6<&7. But> the targets for 2&&6<&9 are increase to 4. de#onstrations on !PM in
padd and 14 de#onstrations on !PM in groundnut. )hese targets are graduall
scaled up to reach 6& !PM de#onstrations in padd and 2. !PM de#onstrations in
groundnut during 2&11<12. )he a"erage cost of conducting an !PM de#onstration is
esti#ated at ,s.1.&&&.
)he details of !=M de#onstrations planned for ;! plan period are gi"en in ta7le 66.
!n case of !=M> onl 6.& ha under padd and 2&& ha under groundnut -ere 7rought
under !=M practices. =o de#onstrations -ere organi5ed on !=M in 2&&6<&7> nor
the are targeted for 2&&7<&6. But in 2&&6<&9> it is proposed to organi5e 36 !=M
de#onstrations in padd and 1& !=M de#onstrations in groundnut. )he targets are
scaled up graduall to reach .& de#onstrations on padd and 16 de#onstrations on
groundnut in 2&11<12. Iust as in case of !PM> the cost of de#onstration is esti#ated
at ,s.1.&&& per de#onstration. !t i#plies that the cost of de#onstration -ill 7e
,s.1.&& per ha.
)he details of "arietal de#onstrations planned for ;! plan period are gi"en in ta7le
69. During 2&&6<&7> 72. "arietal de#onstrations -ere conducted in a total area of 9&
ha. )he highest nu#7er of 22. de#onstrations -as conducted in case of padd
follo-ed 7 2&& each in case of groundnut and sesa#u#. .& de#onstrations each
66
-ere conducted in case of green gra# and 7lack gra#. !t is targeted to organi5e 766
"arietal de#onstrations in 2&&7<&6 at a cost of ,s.1.71 lakh. )he target for "arietal
de#onstrations is progressi"el increased to reach 122. in 2&11<12 at a cost of
,s.2.6 lakh.
)he production tools proposed for i#pro"ing crop production in different crops are
su##ari5ed in ta7le 7&. !n case of padd> the production tools used for i#pro"ing
ields are green #anure application> suppl of 5inc sulphate and recla#ation of
pro7le#atic soils. !t is proposed to co"er e"er ear in ;! plan period in 2&&& ha
under green #anuring> 12&& ha under 5inc sulphate application and 2&& ha for
recla#ation of pro7le#atic soils. !n case of groundnut> t-o production tools are
proposed in 1&&& ha each per ear. )hese t-o tools are application of gpsu# and
suppl of single super phosphate. !n case of pulses> onl one production tool i.e.
green #anuring -ill 7e used in .&& ha per ear during ;! plan period. All these
production tools are e?pected to increase the ields of padd> groundnut and pulses
su7stantiall.
8.*.18 Cro diversi!ication
)he proposals for su7stituting less profita7le crops -ith #ore profita7le ones during
;! plan period are detailed in ta7le 71. !t is proposed to reduce the area under rain
fed padd during the kharif season and replace seed -ith #ai5e and pulses. During
the ;! plan period> it is proposed to increase area under #ai5e 7 9&& ha> -hile the
target for increase in the area under pulses is set at 2&&& ha o"er the fi"e ears
period. During the ra7i season also> the area under padd under -ell + 7ore -ell
irrigation -ill 7e reduced and the area under irrigated dr crops like #ai5e> sunflo-er
and groundnut -ill 7e increased. !t is proposed to increase area under sunflo-er 7
7.& ha and the areas under #ai5e and groundnut 7 .&& ha each. )he detailed
pro2ect analsis is presented in anne?ure ta7le A.6.
8.*.1< Sugarcane 2ene7ed Intensi!ication 1S2I3
%ugarcane is one of the #a2or crops after padd> groundnut and #esta and it is
gro-n in %rikakula# district in an area of nearl 12&&& ha in eight situations> 7oth
under irrigated and rainfed conditions. 'ith an o72ecti"e of o7taining 7etter ields
67
and for 2udicious use of irrigation -ater> it is planned to adopt %ugarcane ,ene-ed
!ntensification sste# in .&&& ha o"er a period of . ears> -ith a financial outla of
,s 2.&.&& lakh 8ta7le 729. %,! is #ethod of planting %ugarcane in -hich one #onth
old sugarcane sets -ill 7e planted for 7etter -ater #anage#ent and for o7taining
opti#u# ields at less cost. 4or this purpose> the depart#ent is pro"iding a su7sid
of ,s .&&&+< per ha.
8.1+ Investments
)he in"est#ents reBuired for i#ple#enting the inter"entions in agricultural sector are
su##ari5ed in ta7le 73. )he total in"est#ent reBuired additionall for i#ple#enting
the inter"entions in agricultural sector is esti#ated at ,s.6&73 lakh. =earl one half of
these in"est#ents are proposed for con2uncti"e use i.e. for supporting digging of 7ore
-ells in the tail end areas of irrigation pro2ects. (ther 7ig in"est#ents are for
strengthening e?tension ser"ices and for intensifing far# #echani5ation. !#pro"ing
soil health also reBuired su7stantial in"est#ents. (ther sche#es reBuired relati"el
less in"est#ents.
66
C"ater4&
(llied (gricultural Sectors
<.1 Introduction
Although agriculture still re#ains to 7e the #ost i#portant sector> the area is
graduall getting di"ersified in to other allied enterprises. 1orticulture has alread
occupied .26&4 ha and it is still e?panding 8ta7le 749. %ocial forestr has #ade rapid
strides and is co"ering 1937& ha. ABuaculture is 7oo#ing and it has occupied 1&3.7
ha. %ericulture has 2ust #ade a 7eginning and is co"ering onl 71 ha. (ther
enterprises are occuping a s#all area of 16. ha. )hus> a total of 62.67 ha are under
allied agricultural enterprises. All these sectors are poised for a rapid gro-th in the
co#ing fi"e ears 7ecause there is no dearth of de#and for the products of these
sectors.
<.# ;orticulture 'eveloment
<.#.1 Status o! "orticulture
1orticulture is one of the thrust areas in the o"erall de"elop#ent of %rikakula#
district. !t is ai#ed at achie"ing a sustaina7le de"elop#ent of horticulture 7
increasing the area and producti"it> and encouraging post har"est #anage#ent in
horticulture sector. )he #a2or horticulture crops under culti"ation in the district are
#ango> cashe-> coconut> "egeta7les> chill and onions -ith #a2or thrust on cashe-
and coconut. 4urther> 7anana crop is gro-n in assured irrigation conditions in an
e?tent of 17.& ha> #ainl in %rikakula#> :ara> =arasannapeta> Polaki> Ialu#uru>
,anasthala# and /a"eru #andals. )he area under horticulture crops in coastal 7elt
along the Ba of Bengal represents 16H of the total cropped area in the district.
)he areas under #a2or horticultural crops in the district are furnished in ta7le 7.. )he
horticulture crops are especiall gro-n in !chapura#> Aa"iti> Aanchili> %o#peta>
Palasa and $.Aothuru #andals. )his area has the #a?i#u# area under coconut and
cahse- orchards and is popularl kno-n as 0ddana# 80dana"ana#9.
4urther.coconut e?ports fro# this area occup the ne?t place onl to those fro# *ast
and 'est :oda"ari districts in the state.
69
<.#.# :arming situations and "orticultural cros
)he details of area under horticulture crops in the district are presented in ta7le 76
7 far#ing situation.
<.#.% Contri-ution o! irrigated and rain !ed areas to "orticultural roduction
)he contri7ution of irrigated and rain fed crops to horticultural production in the
district are gi"en in ta7le 77. A#ong the #a2or horticultural crops> onl 7anana
recei"es irrigation in a su7stantial part of the area under it. 73H of 7anana area is
under irrigation. 61H of the "egeta7le area is gro-n under rain fed condition. )here
is "irtuall no difference in the ields of "egeta7les under irrigation or under rain fed
condition. 3ashe-> #ango and coconut are all gro-n under rain fed condition. )here
is response to irrigation onl in case of 7anana. Banana ields under irrigation are
a7out 2.2 tons higher per ha than that under rain fed condition.
<.#.8 In!rastructural !acilities . !armers suort systems availa-le in t"e district
<.#.8.1 Credit
!n %rikakula# district> 7&H people are depending upon agriculture and allied sectors
like horticulture> ani#al hus7andr> social forestr etc.> 3redit is the ke input for
de"elop#ent. )here are 1.3 7ranches of co##ercial and rural 7anks and 13 D33B
7ranches supported 7 pri#ar agricultural cooperati"e societies to cater to the
credit needs of the far#ers. An a#ount of 16.66 crore has 7een ear#arked for
plantation and horticulture crops for the ear> 2&&6<&7 under institutional credit
pro"ided 7 "arious 7anks in the district.
<.#.8.# Soil Testing ,a-s
(ne %oil )esting la7 is a"aila7le in the district at A#adala"alasa to cater to the
needs of the far#ers.
<.#.8.% =ris"i &igyan =endram
A Arishi $igan Aendra# is situated at A#adala"alasa. )he A$A is pro"iding
technical kno-ledge and training to the far#ers on "arious horticulture crops.
7&
<.#.8.8 &oluntary organi6ations
)he A,)!3> MA$!%A> 1*/P!=: 1A=D% are the #a2or "oluntar organi5ations
functioning in the district -ith an o72ecti"e to uplift the status of the s#all and
#arginal horticulture far#ers.
<.#.8.< Cro seci!ic associations
3rop specific associations are also 7eing for#ed to i#part training to these groups in
"arious aspects of crop #anage#ent and #arketing and to take up i#portant
operations like plant protection on a co##unit 7asis for effecti"e control of pests
8*riophid #ite on 3oconut9 and diseases 7 pro"iding the# -ith far# #achiner and
other eBuip#ent.
<.#.8.6 (griculture 2esearc" Suort
1. DAA))3 A#adala"alasa
2. A.,.%. 8,ice9 ,agolu
3. A.,.%. 8Mesta9 A#adala"alasa
4. A.$.A. A#adala"alasa
.. Agriculture 3ollege> =aira
6. A.,.%.> 8)ri7al area9> %eetha#peta
<.#.8.) 2yt"us 5a6ars
)-o rthu 7a5ars are located in the district. !nfor#ation on the# is furnished in ta7le
76.
<.#.8.8 Processing >nits
)here are . 7ig cashe- processing units and 26 s#all units e?isting in the district
and the are located at Palasa and $.Aothuru surroundings> -ith a capacit .&& Mts.
per annu#. 3ashe- is 7eing e?ported to other countries also. )here is a need to
esta7lish #ango and coconut processing units. )here is one coconut coir industr
and coconut nurser a"aila7le at Baru"a.
<.#.8.* Cold storage units
)here is one cold storage unit a"aila7le at %rikakula# and there is a need to
esta7lish #ore cold chains to a"oid the post har"est losses in fruits and "egeta7les
at Palasa> ,a2a#> Palakonda and %rikakula#.
71
<.#.8.1+ Convergence 7it" ot"er deartments
)he =ational 1orticulture Mission progra#s are con"erging -ith the follo-ing
Depart#ents. District %.3.%.3. %ocietF )he %cheduled 3aste co#ponent of the
Mission %che#es is 7eing i#ple#ented together -ith %.3. %ociet. )ri7al 'elfare
Depart#entF )he %.). co#ponent of the Mission %che#es are con"erging -ith
Pro2ect Director> !)DA> %eetha#peta.
'.$.9.(04 !n the district> under 3./.D.P> -here"er the 7locks are ha"ing -ater
potential> horticulture progra#s are planned for i#ple#entation under %tate
1orticulture Mission.
<.#.< (reaB roduction and roductivity o! "orticultural cros
)he details of area> production and producti"it of horticulture crops in %rikakula#
district are gi"en in ta7le 79.
<.#.6 Interventions roosed in "orticulture sector
<.#.6.1 Suly o! "y-rid vegeta-le seeds
!n %rikakula# district> "egeta7le gro-ing far#ers are #ainl using local "arieties of
"egeta7les and are not adopting package of practices reco##ended. 1ence> the
are facing a lot of pro7le#s> particularl in "egeta7le culti"ation> such asF
/o- producti"it for unit area
=on a"aila7ilit of Bualit "egeta7les
1igh incidence of pests and diseases on local "ariet
$egeta7les are not a"aila7le throughout the ear
)o o"erco#e the a7o"e pro7le#s> the depart#ent of horticulture is encouraging the
culti"ation of h7rid "egeta7les. )he follo-ing ad"antages are there in adopting
h7rid "egeta7les.
)o culti"ate high "alue "egeta7les and ensure their constant suppl
throughout the ear
)o #ake "egeta7les a"aila7le during off season
)o produce good Bualit "egeta7les
72
)o get #ore production for unit area
4ar#ers are replacing local "arieties -ith h7rid "egeta7le seeds in the district.
Pattern of assistance fro# the :o"ern#ent
.&H cost as assistance> su72ect to a #a?i#u# of ,s..&&+< per ha on the
cost of h7rid "egeta7le seeds.
A far#er -ill 7e eligi7le for recei"ing assistance nor#all for 2 ha or the
support is li#ited to ,s.3&&&+<
)he assistance is pro"ided on seed #aterial onl.
4or this purpose an a#ount of ,s.37..& lakh has 7een proposed o"er . ears to
co"er 2.&& ha. )he state le"el sanction co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted ,s.112..
lakh to %rikakula# district for suppling h7rid "egeta7le seeds in .&&& ha on
su7sid duing ;! plan period.
<.#.6.# IN9 . IP9 on vegeta-les
!n the district> "egeta7le gro-ing far#ers are s#all and #arginal far#ers and are not
-ell acBuainted -ith co##ercial culti"ation of "egeta7les on scientific lines. %o>
the are not producing good Bualit "egeta7les> 7ecause the are not #aintaining
their fields free fro# pests and diseases and nutrient disorders. 0nder these field
conditions> the depart#ent of horticulture is planning to populari5e the !ntegrated
=utrient Manage#ent + !ntegrated Pest Manage#ent practices in "egeta7le
culti"ation in %rikakula# district. !t is planned to co"er 1&&& ha o"er the ne?t .
ears> -ith an outla of ,s.1& lakh.
<.#.6.#.1 9ain o-Aectives o! IN9 . IP9
)o create a-areness a#ong the far#ers on sustaina7le culti"ation of
"egeta7les
)o control the pests 7 utili5ing #ini#u# use of snthetic pesticides for
achie"ing opti#u# results.
)o correct the nutrient deficiencies 7 #ini#i5ing the usage of che#ical
fertili5ers and dul pro#oting organic far#ing.
)o reduce the cost of culti"ation 7 adopting the suggested practices
73
)o pro#ote the usage of 7io<products for #aintenance of ecological 7alance
and to get Bualit produce.
Pattern of assistance fro# the go"ern#ent
.&H cost as assistance> su72ect to a #a?i#u# of ,s. 1&&&&+< per ha on the
total cost of the inputs.
A far#er -ill 7e eligi7le for recei"ing assistance nor#all for one crop.
)he assistance -ill 7e pro"ided on inputs onl.
<.#.6.% Strengt"ening o! ;orticulture Extension Services
!t is a kno-n fact that the e?tension ser"ices in horticulture sector are not up to the
#ark> -hen co#pared to those under agriculture depart#ent. !n %rikakula# district>
there are 36 #andals for -hich onl eight horticulture officers are there as against
the reBuire#ent of 16 #e#7ers. )o cope -ith the needs of the horticulture far#ers in
the district> it is necessar to recruit 1& horticulture officers and 2& horticulture
consultants and supple#enting the# -ith 13 2unior assistants cu# accountants and
13 office su7ordinates.
<.#.6.%.1 In!rastructure
)here are no per#anent 7uildings for office or for training at the 13 identified
horticulture headBuarters. %o> the 13 office 7uildings are "er #uch essential to
house the offices and to conduct training to the far#ers in different aspects of
horticulture> especiall on !=M + !PM> organic far#ing> drip irrigation> re2u"enation
etc.> 1ence> it is reBuired to costruct 13 office 7uildings -ith an outla of ,s.. lakh
per each 7uilding i.e.. a total of ,s.6. lakh. )he horticulture sector is gro-ing in
%rikakula# district in all di#ensions i.e. area e?pansion in fruits> "egeta7les> flo-ers>
oil pal# and other horticulture crops is taking place at a fast pace in the recent ears.
Apart fro# the area e?pansion> re2u"enation of different perennial crops> organic
far#ing> !=M+!PM etc.> is also 7eing i#ple#ented under different horticulture crops to
increase the producti"it and production. 1ence> the depart#ent of horticulture in
%rikakula# district needs e?tra horticulture e?tension ser"ices and infrastructure for
-hich an outla of ,s.297.. lakh is proposed for the ;! plan period.
<.#.6.8 'ri Irrigation
74
!t is a -ell kno-n fact that drip irrigation not onl conser"es the -ater> electricit and
la7or> 7ut and it also increases ields 7 3&<.& H in #ost of the horticulture crops.
'ith a "ie- to increase the area under drip irrigation during the forthco#ing fi"e
ears> it is proposed to spend ,s. 1163 crops to su7sidi5e the suppl of 14&&& drip
sste#s during the ;! plan 8ta7le 6&9. )he detailed pro2ect analsis is presented in
anne?ure ta7le A.9.
)he ear -ise targets for i#ple#enting #icro irrigation plan during ;! plan period are
furnished in ta7le 61. )ill March 2&&6> 1&4& ha -as co"ered under sprinklers and
164 ha -as co"ered under drip irrigation in %rikakula# district. During 2&&6<&7> 1246
ha -as 7rought under sprinklers and 164 ha -as 7rought under drip sste#s. )he
target for 2&&7<&6 is set at 2&. ha for sprinkler irrigation and 212 ha for drip
irrigation. )hese targets graduall increase to reach 249 ha under sprinklers and 27&
ha under drip irrigation in 2&11<12. ("er the fi"e ears period> 1132 ha -ill 7e
7rought under sprinklers at a cost of ,s.13..62 lakh and 1227 ha -ill 7e 7rought
under drip sste#s at a cost of ,s.22&.66 lakh. )he state le"el sanction co##ittee
of ,A$@ has allotted ,s.7&2..6 lakh for su7sidi5ing 1722 drip irrigation units in the
district during ;! plan. 624 of these units are proposed for oil pal# -ith an
in"est#ent of ,s.164.47 lakh and 3.3 units are targeted for "egeta7les at a cost of
,s.247.&6 lakh. )he re#aining .4. units are ear#arked for sugarcane -ith a
su7sid cost of ,s.271.&. lakh.
<.#.6.< (rea exansion
)he plan for area e?pansion under horticultural crops during ;! plan period is gi"en in
ta7le 62. )he total area under #a2or horticultural crops like cashe-> #ango> coconut
and "egeta7les is esti#ated to ha"e reached 47692 ha in 2&&6<&7. !t is proposed to
e?pand the area under horticultural crops 7 16&& ha during 2&&7<&6. 7.& ha -ill 7e
7rought under #ango> -hile .&& ha -ill 7e 7rought under "egeta7les. )he area under
cashe- and coconut are targeted to increase 7 4.& ha and 1&& ha respecti"el. )he
target for e?pansion is reduced to 126. ha in 2&&6<&9> 7ut again increased graduall
to reach 1.74 ha in 2&11<12. )he target for area e?pansion under #ango is reduced
o"er the ears. )he target for increasing the "egeta7le area is kept constant at .&&
7.
ha per ear. )he targets for 7oth cashe- and coconut are steadil increased o"er the
fi"e ears period. )he detailed pro2ect analsis is presented in anne?ure ta7le A.7.
<.#.6.6 2eAuvenation o! old orc"ards
)he plan for re2u"enation of cashe- and #ango gardens is gi"en in ta7le 63. !t is
esti#ated that 1.&& ha area under old cashe- gardens -ere re2u"enated in 2&&6<&7.
)he target for re2u"enation of cashe- is graduall reduced to 11&& ha in 2&&6<&9 and
it is kept constant at the sa#e le"el for the ne?t three ears. )he target for
re2u"enation of #ango is set at .& ha in 2&&7<&6 7ut increased to 7& ha per ear fro#
2&&6<&9 on-ards. )he detailed pro2ect analsis is presented in anne?ure ta7le A.6.
<.#.6.) Planting material roduction
)he details of planting #aterial production in different ears of ;! plan are furnished
in ta7le 64. )here are t-o go"ern#ent nurseries at Baru"a and %ilaga#. 2.4 ha area
is under #other plants of coconut at Baru"a> -hile 6.6& ha area is under #other
plants of different horticultural crops at %ilaga#. )he #odel nurser has 1.6& ha
under #other plants of coconut> cashe- and #ango. !n 2&&6<&7> 2&>&&& coconut
plants -ere produced at Baru"a> -hile the #odel nurser produced 1&&& plants of
coconut> 3&>&&& plants of cashe- and 3&>&&& plants of #ango. )he targets for
coconut plants are kept at the sa#e le"el o"er the fi"e ears period. But the targets
for cashe- are increased fro# 3&&&& to .&&&& during 2&&9<1& and 2&1&<11 and
finall to 1&&>&&& in 2&11<12. %i#ilarl> the targets for #ango planting #aterials are
increased fro# 3&&&& per ear to reach .&&&& per ear in 2&&9<1& and 2&1&<11.
)he target is further increased to reach 1&&&&& in 2&11<12. )he total cost of
producing the planting #aterials during ;! plan period is esti#ated at ,s.66.&4 lakh.
)he a"erage cost of producing a planting #aterial -orks out to ,s.1&.16.
<.#.) Investments
)he in"est#ents reBuired for i#ple#enting the inter"entions in horticultural sector
are furnished in ta7le 6.. )he total in"est#ents reBuired for i#ple#enting different
inter"entions in horticultural sector are esti#ated at ,s.146&..& lakh. )he #a2orit of
76
the in"est#ents are #eant for drip irrigation sche#e. (ther in"est#ents are on
strengthening e?tension ser"ices and suppl of "egeta7le seeds.
77
<.% Sericulture 'eveloment
<.%.1 Introduction
As far as %ericulture is concerned> %rikakula# is one of the non<traditional districts in
the %tate. )ill 2&&4<&.> "er fe- far#ers especiall in tri7al areas used to take up
sericulture in s#all holdings of #ul7err in less than an acre. Accordingl> %ilk -or#
rearing used to 7e taken up in s#all d-elling houses> resulting in s#all Buantities of
cocoon production and lo- returns. )he a"erage returns through sericulture -ere
around ,s.6&&&+< per annu#. )he status of sericulture in different ADA circles of
%rikakula# district is presented in ta7le 66. )here are 62 sericulture units in the
district -ith a total area of 63.2 ha under #ul7err plantation. )he a"erage cocoon
production in the district is 626 kg per ha. !t -as slightl higher in Palakonda ADA
circle at 6.2 kg per ha. !n all other ADA circles> it -as 62. kg per ha. =o data -ere
reported for state or front line de#onstrations. 1ence> ield gaps could not 7e
-orked out. But the ield le"els of cocoons in %rikakula# district are Buite lo- -hen
co#pared to districts like Ananthapur or 3hittoor. !t is still a non traditional area for
sericulture and far#ers are learning the #anage#ent of #ul7err crop as -ell as silk
-or# rearing.
<.%.# Catalytic develoment rogram
!n the ear 2&&4<&.> 3ataltic De"elop#ent Progra# -as launched in the district>
under -hich a7out ,s.1.&& lakh -as released to each far#er as a su7sid 87oth the
central and state shares put together9 for a unit of 2 acres. After introduction of 3DP>
significant positi"e change is noticed in the district. 4ar#ers are planting #ul7err in
large e?tents> ranging fro# 2 acres to 6 acres. Big rearing sheds ha"e co#e up.
Brushing capacit as -ell as the 3ocoon ield has increased tre#endousl and on
the -hole> net annual inco#e through sericulture has increased to around ,s.4&>
&&&+< per acre per annu#. )herefore> the far#ers are no- sho-ing interest in
sericulture.
Despite the a7o"e encouraging picture> s#all and #arginal far#ers are hesitating to
take up sericulture 7ecause of the follo-ing reasons. !n "ie- of !ndira##a houses
and also general increases in construction acti"ities> the #aterial cost> la7or cost and
also ce#ent cost ha"e increased a7nor#all. )herefore> the far#er has to incur a
79
#ini#u# of ,s.1 /akh to-ards 7eneficiar contri7ution to esta7lish sericulture unit
-ith 2 Acres of #ul7err. )herefore> there is e"er need to encourage the far#ers 7
pro"iding assistance in the follo-ing aspects to attract the# to-ards sericulture>
-hich is pro"ed Buite re#unerati"e to the far#ers in %rikakula# district.
<.%.% Interventions in sericulture sector
<.%.%.1 9ul-erry lantation
Making Bualit feed of #ul7err lea"es a"aila7le a7undantl is a real 7ig task in
sericulture de"elop#ent. Present a"aila7ilit of #ul7err production is not sufficient
to #eet the de#and. 1ence> it is proposed to suppl high ielding $! "ariet
saplings to the far#ers to co"er 12. ha -ith an outla of ,s.3.7. lakh o"er a period
of . ears in order to increase leaf ield 7 2&H> leading to an increase in cocoon
production.
<.%.%.# 'ri irrigation
Drip irrigation sste# -ill i#pro"e the leaf Bualit and production> 7esides sa"ing in
-ater> la7or> inputs> po-er and ti#e. )o de"elop Bualit leaf production in greater
Buantit> it is proposed to e?tend financial support to the far#ers to install 12. units
of drip irrigation -ith a financial allocation of ,s.23.326 lakh.
<.%.%.% Construction o! rearing "ouses
A"aila7ilit of good rearing house is essential to #anipulate congenial en"iron#ent
i.e.> te#perature> hu#idit and aeration for the health gro-th of silk -or#s. )o
create health en"iron#ent for the gro-th of silk -or#s> reBuired te#perature>
hu#idit> light and air are to 7e ensured. !t is proposed to e?tend financial assistance
of ,s.93.769 lakh to esta7lish 12. ideal rearing houses.
<.%.%.< Suly o! Cuality disin!ectants
Protection fro# diseases is the #ost i#portant task in silk -or# rearing. )o a"oid
conta#ination and out 7reak of silk -or# diseases it is proposed to suppl Bualit
disinfectant #aterial to the far#ers running 12. units -ith a financial outla of
,s.3.37. lakh.
6&
<.%.%.63 Suly o! rearing aliances
/atest rearing eBuip#ent is essential to #aintain hgienic en"iron#ent> 7esides
sa"ing in la7or cost. )o i#pro"e the rearing facilities and to achie"e successful
Bualit silk production> it is proposed to suppl rearing eBuip#ent> 7 dul e?tending
financial support of ,s.12.. lakh for 2. units in the ensuing . ears.
<.%.%.) Trainings and Pu-licity
)o enrich kno-ledge of far#ers on latest technologies> it is proposed to organi5e
training progra#s to the #ul7err far#ers -ith a financial out la of ,s.1.2. lakh and
distri7ution of technical literature -ith a financial outla of ,s.12.. /akhs for . ears.
<.%.%.8 On!arm training
!t is proposed to organi5e on far# training and suppl start up tools to 12. ne-
#ul7err sericulturists -ith a financial outla of ,s.3.12. lakh.
<.%.%.* (ssistance !or construction o! C"a7/ie rearing -uilding
!t is proposed to construct t-o cha-kie rearing 7uildings -ith a financial outla of
,s.2.. lakh for t-o units in the district.
<.%.%.1+ (ssistance !or rocurement o! C"a7/ie rearing eCuiment0
!t is proposed to procure cha-kie rearing eBuip#ent -ith an outla of ,s.. lakh for 2
units in the district.
<.%.%.11 &ermi Comost >nits
)o i#pro"e the Bualit of #ul7err lea"es> "er#in co#post is essential. 1ence> it is
progra##ed to organi5e 12. units of "er#in co#post -ith an outla of ,s. 4.37.
lakh.
<.%.%.1# Strengt"ening o! Sil/ 2earing unit at Sri/a/ulam and Seet"ameta
)o strengthen the :o"ern#ent silk rearing centres at %rikakula# and %eetha#peta>
it is proposed to de"elop a #odel rearing centre for -hich an a#ount of ,s.27..&
lakh is reBuired.
61
<.%.%.1% Imrovement o! Seed :arm0
!t is proposed to i#pro"e the %eed 4ar# 7 pro"iding drip irrigation> fertili5ers> 4@M>
pipelines> flushing of 7ore -ells> deepening of -ells> taking up tree plantation etc.>
-ith an outla of ,s.2. lakh for 1& units o"er . ears.
<.%.8 Investments
)he in"est#ents reBuired for continuation of e?isting sche#es in sericulture sector
during ;! plan period are su##ari5ed in ta7le 67. )he inter"entions reBuired for
i#ple#enting inter"entions in sericulture sector> including ne- sche#es during ;!
plan period are gi"en in ta7le 66. )he total in"est#ent reBuired for i#ple#enting the
inter"entions in sericulture sector is esti#ated at ,s..&2 lakh. More than .&H of the
e?penditure proposed is for pro"iding assistance to construction of rearing houses.
Assistance to drip irrigation and suppl of rearing appliances are pro"ided ,s.1&&
lakh each. )he support #ul7err plantations are ,s.27.. lakh. %upport to "er#in
co#post unit> support for i#pro"ed cottage 7asin reeling units and for hot air driers
recei"ed s#aller allocations. )he allocations start -ith ,s.91.9& lakh in 2&&7<&6 and
finall reach ,s.1&6.2& lakh in 2&11<12. )he detailed pro2ect analsis is presented in
anne?ure ta7le A.1&.
<.8 (nimal ;us-andry
<.8.1 ,ivestoc/ oulation
As per the 17
th
BuinBuennial li"e stock census conducted during the ear 2&&3> the
li"estock population in %rikakula# District -as esti#ated at 17.4. lakh 8ta7le 699. !t
is also esti#ated that a7out 1&H gro-th in population is e?pected during the 16
th
BuinBuennial li"e stock census -hich -as proposed to co##ence fro# the #onth
of (cto7er> 2&&7.
)he details of li"estock population 7 ADA circle and 7 categor of ani#als are
furnished in ta7le 9&. )he area under fodder crops is su7stantial at 1.3.& ha in
%rikakula# district. )he #a?i#u# area under fodder crops is in %rikakula# ADA
circle> follo-ed 7 =arasannapeta ADA circle. Aothuru ADA circle has the least area
under fodder crops> follo-ed 7 Palasa ADA circle. )he gra5ing land in the district is
Buite li#ited at 3447 ha. )he #a?i#u# area under gra5ing land is found in Palasa
62
ADA circle> follo-ed 7 )ekkali ADA circle. )he population of co-s is a7out four to
fi"e ti#es higher than that of 7uffaloes in %rikakula# district. 26.3H of the co-s in
the district are under cross7reed co-s. 3ross 7reed cattle are #ore than the
indigenous cattle onl in =arasannapeta and %rikakula# ADA circles. !n case of
7uffaloes also> 24.2H 7elonged to i#pro"ed 7reeds. )he population of goats is #ore
than t-o ti#es that of sheep in the district. (nl 6H of the sheep 7elonged to
i#pro"ed 7reeds. But> in case of goats> there -ere none under i#pro"ed 7reeds.
%heep population is su7stantial onl in )ekkali ADA circle. )he 7roiler population is
a7out three ti#es the laer population in the district. )ekkali ADA circle has the
highest population of poultr a#ong all the ADA circles.
<.8.# &eterinary institutions
)he details of "eterinar institutions in %rikakula# district are gi"en in ta7le 91 7
ADA circle. )here are 293 "eterinar institutions in the district. )he are
concentrated #ore in )ekkali and %rikakula# ADA circles. )he least nu#7er of
"eterinar institutions is found in Aothuru ADA circle. A7out t-o third of the "illages
in the district do not ha"e an "eterinar institutions in the#. A#ong the "eterinar
institutions> it is the artificial inse#ination centres -hich are #ore in nu#7er. ,ural
li"e stock units occup the second place. 1&& gopala #itra units are also carring out
artificial inse#ination -ork. )here are .7 "eterinar dispensaries in the district. 13
"eterinar hospitals and one "eterinar polclinic are pro"iding the ad"anced
treat#ent facilities for the ani#als in the district.
<.8.% Production targets !or livestoc/
)he production plan of #ilk #eat and eggs during ;! plan period is presented in
ta7le 92. )he production of #ilk in 2&&6<&7 is esti#ated at 2.39 lakh tons. )he
producti"it of #ilk is esti#ated at 2.73 liters per ani#al in 2&&7<&6. )his producti"it
is pro2ected to increase to 3.19 lakh tons 7 2&11<12. !t leads to a production of 2.6.
lakh tons in 2&11<12> -hich represents an increase of 41.6H o"er the fi"e ears
period. )he #eat production in the district during 2&&6<&7 is esti#ated at .799 tons.
)he #eat production is pro2ected to go up to 66&& tons in 2&11<12> -hich represents
an increase of 17.3H o"er the fi"e ears. )he egg production in 2&&6<&7 is
esti#ated at 62..7 lakh. !t is e?pected to reach 93& lakh eggs in 2&11<12. !t #eans
an increase of 12.6H o"er fi"e ears period.
63
<.8.8 Interventions roosed in livestoc/ sector
)here are certain constraints identified and strategies or inter"entions ha"e 7een
for#ulated to o"erco#e the constraints and increase the gro-th rate in li"e stock
production.
<.8.8.1 :oot and mout" vaccination rogram
4oot and #outh disease is one of the #a2or and dreadful diseases -hich are causing
enor#ous har# to li"e stock de"elop#ent. At present> the "accine is 7eing supplied
on .&H su7sid and onl .H interested far#ers are getting their ani#als "accinated
against this dreadful disease. !t is esti#ated that a7out 9.66 lakh cattle and 7uffaloes
and 7.79 lakh sheep> goats and pigs are there in the district. !t is proposed to co"er
all the cattle and 7uffaloes population of 9.6 lakh -ith foot and #outh "accine 1&
ti#es o"er the . ears period after a gap of e"er 6 #onths. )he 7.79 lakh s#all
ru#inants and others are targeted for "accination si? ti#es o"er a period of 3 ears
-ith a si? #onths gap 7et-een e"er t-o "accinations. At present> the rate appro"ed
for each foot and #outh "accine dose is ,s.6+< including sales ta?. 4or this purpose>
an a#ount of ,s.717.6& lakh has 7een proposed for . ears period. )he state le"el
sanction co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted ,s.979.2 lakh for pro"iding .7.6 lakh
"accinations against foot and #outh disease during ;! plan. )he detailed pro2ect
analsis is presented in anne?ure ta7le A.12.
<.8.8.# Cal! induction rogram
4e#ale cal"es of good 7reed are inducted and supplied to 7eneficiaries fro# -eaker
sections> along -ith support for rearing for a period of one ear. An a#ount of ,s.
.36.2 lakh is allocated to #eet the cost of feed> fodder and health care o"er a period
of fi"e ears. )he state le"el sanction co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted ,s.214.46
lakh for suppling 2&&& heifer cal"es on .&H su7sid to the far#ers in %rikakula#
district during ;! plan period. )he detailed pro2ect analsis is presented in anne?ure
ta7le A.13.
<.8.8.% ;ei!er cal! !eed su-sidy
!t is proposed to co"er .&&& heifer fe#ale cal"es -ith feed suppl on .&H su7sid
under this progra#. 4or this purpose> an a#ount of ,s.266.1& lakh is allocated.
64
<.8.8.8 9o-ile disease diagnostic la-s
0nder this progra#> all the depart#ental ser"ices -ill 7e pro"ided to the far#ers at
their door step. )he #o7ile diagnostic la7 -ill pro"ide diagnostic facilities in re#ote
and tri7al areas also. !t is proposed to organi5e this sche#e -ith an a#ount of
,s..7.7. lakh. )he state le"el sanction co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted ,s.62.16
lakh for esta7lishing one #o7ile disease diagnostic la7orator in the district during ;!
plan period.
<.8.8.< ;ealt" care to s"ee and goat

)he entire sheep and goat population in the district -ill 7e de<-or#ed t-ice in a ear
at free of cost. Besides> it is intended to pro"ide certain essential #edicines to the
institutions to pre"ent and control sheep and goat diseases during the period of their
out7reaks. An a#ount of ,s. 1&4..9 lakh is proposed to organi5e this sche#e o"er .
ears. )he state le"el sanction co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted ,s..4.24 lakh for
pro"iding 27.12 lakh doses of de<-or#ing #edicine free of cost during ;! plan period.
)he detailed pro2ect analsis is presented in anne?ure ta7le A.14.
<.8.8.6 'ual urose C"a!! Cutters
)he dual purpose chaff cutters -ill 7e supplied on .&H su7sid to support dair
acti"it and stall feeding of sheep. !t is proposed to pro"ide 3&&& chaff cutters o"er .
ears> -ith an outla of ,s.222 lakh.
<.8.8.) Esta-lis"ment o! erennial !odder roduction units
)he fodder production has to 7e encouraged 7 esta7lishing perennial fodder plots. !t
is ai#ed to ha"e at least O of an acre under fodder plot for a pair of #ilch ani#als.
:reen fodder plas a "ital role in increasing #ilking capacit of the #ilch ani#als.
)he e?isting perennial fodder units are not sufficient to #eet the de#and in the
district during the lean season in su##er. 1ence> it is necessar to #ake green
fodder a"aila7le throughout the ear to increase #ilk production. )herefore> it is
proposed to esta7lish 63&& perennial fodder units> -ith an outla of ,s.76.7. lakh
o"er . ears in the district. )he detailed pro2ect analsis is presented in anne?ure
ta7le A.1..
6.
<.8.8.8 Induction o! milc" animals
Based on the local conditions pre"ailing in the area > Ierse or 1.4. cross 7reed co-s
and Murrah 7uffalos -ill 7e inducted and each 7eneficiar -ill 7e pro"ided -ith one
ani#al initiall> follo-ed 7 a 2
nd
ani#al after 6 #onths. )he unit cost for 2 ani#als is
,s.6&&&&+< 4or this purpose> an a#ount of ,s.22.& lakh has 7een proposed for
induction and suppl of 1.&&& ani#als. )he state le"el sanction co##ittee of ,A$@
has allotted ,s.6&& lakh for the suppl of 4&&& #ilch ani#als on su7sid during ;!
plan period. )he detailed pro2ect analsis is presented in anne?ure ta7le A.16.
<.8.< Investments
)he district sector plans for li"estock de"elop#ent during ; plan period are furnished
in ta7le 93 7 #andal. )here are no district le"el sche#es for ani#al hus7andr
de"elop#ent in an of the #andals in the district. 4or the continuation of e?isting
sche#es in ;! plan period> the reBuire#ent of funds is presented in ta7le 94. )he
total in"est#ent reBuired for i#ple#enting the inter"entions in ani#al hus7andr
sector is esti#ated at ,s.469.6 lakh during the ;! plan period. )he #a2or sche#e for
-hich the highest 7udget is allotted is the suppl of life sa"ing drugs> -hich accounts
for a7out t-o third of the total 7udget. 4odder de"elop#ent sche#es reBuire the ne?t
highest a#ount> follo-ed 7 suppl of fodder seed #ini kits. De<-or#ing of sheep
also recei"ed su7stantial allocation. %uppl of foot and #outh "accine and
esta7lish#ent of #o7ile "eterinar clinics to ser"ice 7ack -ard areas recei"ed
relati"el less allocations.
)he total reBuire#ent of funds for li"estock de"elop#ent including ne- sche#es is
su##ari5ed in ta7le 9.. )he total reBuire#ent of funds for li"estock de"elop#ent in
;! plan period is esti#ated at ,s.423..14 lakh. More than half of the in"est#ent is
#eant for induction of #ilch ani#als alone. $accination against foot and #outh
disease> calf induction progra#> heifer calf feed su7sid and suppl of chaff cutters
are the other sche#es reBuiring su7stantial in"est#ents. (ther sche#es like
esta7lish#ent of #o7ile disease diagnostic la7oratories and perennial fodder
production units are allotted relati"el less a#ount of funds. )he state le"el sanction
co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted ,s.7.&2 lakh to %rikakula# district for the suppl of
466 7reeding ra#s on su7sid to the shepards. !t has also allotted ,s.2. lakh for the
66
esta7lish#ent of one sheep #arket ard in the district. An a#ount of ,s.3& lakh -as
pro"ided to %rikakula# district for supporting training of 3&&& dair far#ers and
shepards. !t has also recei"ed an allocation of ,s.1.1 lakh for esta7lishing t-o 7ulk
#ilk cooling units in the district.
<.< :is"eries 'eveloment
%rikakula# district is ha"ing a long coastline of 193 k# spanning o"er 11 #andals
and 1&4 fisher#en "illages in the district. Population of fisher#en co##unit is 1.7>
&&&. Acti"e #arine fisher#en are 29&&& and inland fisher#en are 37&&&. )here are
74 #arine fisher#en industrial co<operati"e societies and 64 inland fisher#en
societies. =ine #ahila #atsa co<operati"e societies -ith a total share capital of
,s.169> 4&2+< are also functioning in the district. )here are 236 depart#ental tanks
and 662 ha area under 7rackish -ater pra-n culture in the district. !t has a good
potential for inland fisheries in the reser"oirs and tanks. )he at#osphere is congenial
for pra-n culti"ation. )he area under fish ponds is increasing da 7 da. )here is
i##ense potential for 7rackish -ater fisheries at the confluence of ri"ers and se"eral
creeks 2oining the Ba of Bengal. )he fishing har7or at Baru"a is the center of
#arine fisheries acti"it in the district.
<.<.1 Status o! !is"eries
)he infor#ation a7out fisheries sector along -ith ield gap analsis at the district
le"el is presented in ta7le 96. !n %rikakula# district> there are 49. in land ponds> four
ri"ers and 193 k# coastal line for facilitating fish culture. )he a"erage ield of fish
per ha is esti#ated at 3&& kg. )he ield gap is esti#ated at 2&& kg per ha. )he
reasons for ield gaps -ere identified has stocking of fr instead of finger lings>
i#proper #anage#ent and short seasonalit of tanks. A nu#7er of fish tpes like
catla> rohu> #rigala and other carps as -ell as fresh -ater pra-ns are reared in
%rikakula# district.
<.<.# Dield ga analysis -y 7ater source
)he producti"it le"els of fish in different -ater sources ha"e 7een anal5ed and this
analsis re"ealed that there are gaps in producti"it le"els and that there is a
67
possi7ilit to 7ridge the gap to attain additional production. )he details are
su##ari5ed in ta7le 97.
<.<.% $ater sread areas in t"e district
)he -ater spread areas in different sources a"aila7le for fish culture are su##ari5ed
in ta7le 96. !n %rikakula# district> there are 262 gra# panchaat tanks> each of
-hich is s#aller than 4& ha. )he total -ater spread area of these gra# panchaat
tanks is .96 ha. )he a"erage -ater spread area of gra# panchaat tanks is 2.3 ha.
)here are also 221 depart#ental tanks> each of -hich is #ore than 4& ha in area.
)he total -ater spread area in the# is 26.7 ha. )he a"erage -ater spread area in
the depart#ental tanks is onl 12.&2 ha. )here is one reser"oir -ith -ater spread
area of 944 ha. )here are four ri"ers in the district -hich run for a total length of 72
k#. All these -ater resources are accessi7le for fish culture as -ell as capture.
)here is need to increase the production of fish+pra-n to achie"e the follo-ing
o72ecti"esF
)o utili5e the -ater resources opti#all
)o pro"ide protein rich food to the people
)o #ake it a"aila7le to co##on #an at an afforda7le price
)o supple#ent the inco#e of fisher#en
)o earn foreign e?change
)o increase the li"elihood standards of fisher#en
<.<.8 Targets !or !is" roductionB reCuirement o! !is" seed and "atc"eries
)he details of fish production targets> seed reBuire#ents and hatcher needs in
different ears of ;! plan period are gi"en in ta7le 99. )he production of fish in
%rikakula# district is esti#ated at 26&& tons in 2&&7<&6. )he fish production is
e?pected to re#ain stagnant at the sa#e le"el till 2&1&<11. But it is pro2ected to
dou7le in one ear i.e. during 2&11<12. )he reBuire#ent of seed for stocking is
e?pected to re#ain constant at 6. lakh finger lings till 2&1&<11. )he reBuire#ent is
e?pected to go up to 14& lakh finger lings in 2&11<12. 4i"e hatcheries are reBuired to
produce sufficient seed e"er ear. )he reBuire#ent of hatcheries -ill o7"iousl go
up in 2&11<12 to produce additional Buantities of fish seed.
66
<.<.< Interventions
,egarding fisheries> the follo-ing sche#es are proposed to increase production and
producti"it in fresh -ater fish culture and 7rackish -ater shri#p culture.
<.<.<.1 :res" 7ater !is" culture

0nder this co#ponent> 4& units are proposed for one ear and 2&& units are
proposed for . ears in ;! th period plan. )here are 242 depart#ental tanks in the
district. Ma2orit of the tanks are long seasonal i.e. the -ater retention period is #ore
than 9 #onths. A"erage fish production is 2.& kg per ha. Due to inadeBuate
stocking of reBuired nu#7er and si5e of fish seed> the production per ha is not up to
the #ark. )herefore> there is a need to stock opti#u# nu#7er of good Bualit and
right si5ed fish seed in sufficient Buantit. !f this is done> the producti"it of fish can
7e increased up to .&& kg+ ha of -ater spread area i.e. the present le"el of
production can 7e dou7led in the ensuing . ears. )he state le"el sanction
co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted ,s.4& lakh for supporting fresh -ater fish culture in
4& tanks in the district.
<.<.<.1.1 Comonents roosed under t"e Sc"eme
0nit 3ost F &.2. lakh
Area proposed F 3 1a.
3ost of fish seed F ,s.7.&&+<
3ost of feed F ,s.1.&&&+<
Manuring F ,s.2.&&+<
<.<.<.# Construction o! :is" mar/ets
0suall the consu#er prefers Bualit + hgienic fish. )o attract the consu#er and get
good price> shelter + co##on place has to 7e pro"ided to the fish "endors. )he fish
#arkets ha"e 7een proposed for construction in selected areas of the district. 0nder
this sche#e> fi"e fish #arkets are proposed for one ear and 2& are proposed o"er
the ne?t fi"e ears. )he state le"el sanction co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted ,s.3&
lakh for esta7lishing si? fish #arkets in #a2or gra# panchaat areas and ,s.1& lakh
for esta7lishing one fish #arket in Muncipal areas. )he district has also recei"ed an
69
allocation of ,s.9 lakh for su7sidi5ing the esta7lish#ent of 6& indi"idual fish retail
"ending units in the district duing ;! plan period.
<.<.<.% 2evolving !und !or :is"er7omen
)here are nine fisher-o#en 3oop. %ocieties in the district -ith a total #e#7ership of
676. 4urther> it is proposed to organi5e #ore 4isher-o#en 3oop. %ocieties in the
district to pro"ide assistance to fish "ending 7 pro"iding re"ol"ing fund to the
fisher-o#en groups so that the groups -ill 7e strengthened and li"elihood -ill 7e
i#pro"ed. )he state le"el sanction co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted ,s.22.. lakh for
supporting the acti"ities of nine Mathsa Mitra :roups -ith a total #e#7ership of
644.
<.<.<.8 Suly o! Nets and 5oats
)o increase the efficienc of the fish catch and to i#pro"e the financial standards of
the fisher#en> .& units for the 1
st
ear and 2&& units o"er the ensuing . ears are
proposed.
<.<.<.< Construction o! Ne7 Ponds
)o increase the stocking area and to enhance fish production in the district it is
proposed to construct 9& units -ith an outla of ,s.46&&&+< each in the district. )he
state le"el sanction co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted ,s.46& lakh for encouraging
fresh -ater fish culture in 1&& ha area.
<.<.<.6 Training and Caacity -uilding
0nder this co#ponent training + e?posure "isits ha"e 7een proposed to fisher#en +
aBua far#ers and fisher-o#en in the district to create a-areness and i#pro"e their
skills.
<.<.<.) Strengt"ening o! existing !is" seed !arm
)here is a fish seed far# in %rikakula# to-n -hich is production cu# rearing far#.
)here is a great de#and for fish seed in the district. )he fisher#en coop. %ociet +
aBua far#ers are procuring fish seed fro# other states and districts> -hich is
9&
increasing their in"est#ent on the cost of fish seed. 4urther> to #eet the de#and
and to suppl the Bualit seed> the e?isting fish far# has to 7e i#pro"ed 7
constructing 3hinese tpe hatcher in the district. )herefore> ,s.1& lakh is proposed
for the first ear and ,s.6& lakh is proposed for the ne?t . ears to pro"ide adeBuate
infrastructure facilities for increasing the seed production.
<.<.<.8 Construction o! !is" seed rearing :arms
)o #eet the seed de#and> it is proposed to construct t-o seed production cu#
rearing far#s in the district.
<.<.<.* :2P motori6ed catamarans . Navas and Nets
!n the district 6&H of the 7oats are traditional and non<#otori5ed. )herefore> there is
a need to suppl #otori5ed 7oats. 1ence> it is proposed to suppl 3& units in the first
ear and 6& units o"er the ne?t . ears in the district.
<.<.<.1+ 5rac/is" $ater S"rim culture
%hri#p culture is 7eco#ing a 7oon to the aBua far#ers> earning foreign e?change.
!n the district> 11 coastal #andals ha"e a7out 2&&& ha> -hich is suita7le for 7rackish
-ater aBua culture. 1ence> it is proposed to esta7lish 14& units in the ensuing .
ears.
<.<.6 Investments
)he in"est#ents targeted and achie"e#ents reali5ed during the ; plan period are
furnished in ta7le 1&&. During ; plan period> ,s.6.71 lakh -ere allotted for fisher
de"elop#ent in 2&&4<&.. (ut of it onl ,s.2.31 lakh -ere spent. !t constitutes onl
34.4H of the target. 4or 2&&.<&6> an a#ount of ,s.2.74 lakh -as allotted> 7ut onl
,s.1.71 lakh -as spent. !t a#ounts to achie"ing onl 62.4H of the target. )he target
-as further reduced to ,s.1.66 lakh in 2&&6<&7. )he actual e?penditure -as onl
,s.1.41 lakh. !t i#plies that onl 7..6H of the target -as achie"ed. )hus> during the
last three ears of ; plan period> the targets -ere ne"er achie"ed> although the
targets -ere scaled do-n ear after ear. Most of the #one -as spent relief<cu#<
sa"ings> e?e#ption of sales ta? on 1%D oil> suppl of ice 7o?es> #otori5ation of craft
91
to fisher#en> suppl of fish seed on su7sid> re"ol"ing fund to fisher -o#en
cooperati"e societies> tri7al su7<plan etc.>
)he in"est#ents reBuired for the continuation of e?isting sche#es during ;! plan
period are su##ari5ed in ta7le 1&1. 4or the continuation of on going sche#es
during ;! plan period> the financial targets are increased. )he target starts -ith
,s.22... lakh in 2&&7<&6 and graduall increases to reach ,s.36.3& lakh in 2&11<12.
)he total reBuire#ent of funds during ;! plan period adds up to ,s.146.2. lakh. )he
#a2or e?penditure is for the sa#e ite#s in ;! plan like relief<cu#<sa"ings> suppl of
fish seed on su7sid> #otori5ation of craft to fisher#en> suppl of ice 7o?es>
re"ol"ing fund to fisher-o#en cooperati"e societies etc.>
)he in"est#ents reBuired for i#ple#enting all the inter"entions proposed for fisheries
de"elop#ent> including ne- sche#es> during ;! plan period is furnished in ta7le 1&2.
)he total in"est#ents proposed for fisher de"elop#ent in the district add up to
,s.6.7 lakh. 3onstruction of far#s for rearing of fish seed> suppl of 4,P #otori5ed
catarans and nets and construction of fish #arkets reBuired relati"el higher
in"est#ents. (ther sche#es like strengthening of depart#ental far#s> support to
7rackish -ater shri#p culture and supporting fresh -ater fish culture in tanks also
recei"ed su7stantial allocations. All other sche#es reBuired relati"el less
in"est#ents. )he detailed pro2ect analsis is presented in anne?ure ta7le A.11.
<.6 $aters"ed 'eveloment
<.6.1 'istrict 7ater management agency in Sri/a/ulam
!n rain fed agriculture> -atershed as a unit of de"elop#ent is e?pected to gi"e 7etter
results. 'atershed is a concept -hich integrates conser"ation> #anage#ent and
7udgeting rain-ater through si#ple 7ut discrete hdrological units. %i#ultaneousl> a
-atershed supports a holistic fra#e-ork> it #eans the co#7ined application of
technolog on soil and -ater conser"ation -ith i#pro"ed crop "arieties> far#ing
sste#s and crop #anage#ent> taking into account 7oth ara7le and non<ara7le land.
'ater resource de"elop#ent> #anage#ent> har"esting and eBuita7le sharing of
7enefits are the o72ecti"es of -atershed de"elop#ent. 'ith i#pro"ed a"aila7ilit of
-ater> far#ers are #oti"ated to accept #ore profita7le> sustaina7le and inno"ati"e
92
far#ing sste#. 3ropping sste#s need to 7e tailored to suit different rainfall cu# soil
5ones.
<.6.# (ction Plan
A #assi"e progra# for de"elop#ent of dr lands in %rikakula# o"er 1& ears period
-as launched during 2&&1. )en ear action plan for de"elop#ent includes -astelands>
degraded lands> and degraded reser"e forests. !t -as en"isaged to de"elop 16469 ha
area of degraded and -aste land -ith an outla of ,s.676.936lakh during 1997<2&&7 N
.336 ha e"er ear 7 the depart#ents of rural de"elop#ent> forest and agriculture.
..49 ha area has 7een co"ered in 166 -atersheds 7 rural de"elop#ent and
agriculture depart#ents. )he progra# for 2&&7<2&&6 is gi"en in ta7le 1&3.
<.6.#.1 T"e !ollo7ing are t"e activities ta/en u under 7aters"eds
a9 %tone clearance
79 Bush clearance
c9 /and le"eling
d9 4ar# 7unding
e9 %tone 7unding + terracing
f9 :ull plugging
g9 3.3.)s
h9 4ar# ponds
i9 Percolation tanks
<.6.% Indira Pra-"a
)he :o"ern#ent of Andhra Pradesh has launched !ndira Pra7ha 83o#prehensi"e
/and De"elop#ent Pro2ect9 on 19
th
=o"e#7er> 2&&4 for de"elop#ent of under
de"eloped> assigned lands distri7uted to the poor in t-o phases i.e. ,!D4<!; and
,!D4<; -ith =ABA,D assistance and to 7ring the lands under culti"ation for
i#pro"e#ent of li"elihood and to pre"ent #igration. !n %rikakula# district> the
pro2ect is 7eing i#ple#ented under ,!D4<!; and ;. )he details are gi"en in ta7le
1&4. Areas de"eloped and the crops gro-n in the# are furnished in ta7le 1&..
93
<.6.8 Plan !or soil survey in 7aters"eds
)he plan for soil sur"e in -atersheds during ;! plan period is gi"en in ta7le 1&6.
)here are fi"e -atersheds proposed for soil sur"e and de"elop#ent during ;! plan
in %rikakula# district. (ne of the# lies in Aothur #andal and the other four are in
Bha#ini #andal. )hese -atersheds co"er 13 "illages in all. )he total area under
the# is 36&3 ha. (ut of this> 13&3 ha is to 7e deleted fro# sur"e area. ("er the fi"e
ears period it is proposed to take up sur"e in 2.&& ha fro# all the 13 "illages
under the -atersheds.
)he proposals for de"elop#ent of -atersheds during ;! plan period are furnished in
ta7le 1&7. (ut of 36&3 ha under the fi"e -atersheds in %rikakula# districts> 13&3 ha
are to 7e deleted fro# soil sur"e> as that area is not suita7le -atershed
de"elop#ent. (ut of the 2.&& ha suita7le for -atershed de"elop#ent> onl .2 ha
area -as de"eloped till the end of ; plan. )he re#aining 2446 ha is a"aila7le for
de"elop#ent. !t is proposed to de"elop 446 ha in 2&&7<&6> at a total cost of ,s.11.66
lakh. )his target is raised to .&& ha per ear fro# the ne?t ear on-ards at a cost of
,s.1. lakh per ear in the ne?t four ears. ("er the fi"e ears period> the entire 2446
ha area -ill 7e de"eloped at a cost of ,s.71.66 lakh.
)he plan for in situ #oisture conser"ation 7 follo-ing the alternate technologies
during ;! plan period is furnished in ta7le 1&6. )ill 2&&6<&7> 669& ha -as treated for
in situ soil #oisture conser"ation #easures. During the ;! plan period> it is proposed
to continue the in situ soil #oisture conser"ation progra# at a s#aller scale. )he
targets for in situ soil #oisture conser"ation -ill start fro# 11. ha in 2&&7<&6> and
-ill go up to 12. ha fro# 2&&6<&9 on-ards. )he sa#e target -ill 7e #aintained till
2&11<12. All the four tpes of in situ soil #oisture conser"ation strategies -ill 7e
i#ple#ented in all the fi"e ears.
<.6.< N2EGS rogram
)he details of -orks sanctioned under =,*:% are furnished in ta7le 1&9. )he total
-orks taken up for i#ple#entation in %rikakula# district under =ational ,ural
*#plo#ent :uarantee %che#e 8=,*:%9 in 2&&7<&6 a#ounted to ,s.1&43..3
lakh. 'ater conser"ation and rural connecti"it recei"ed su7stantial allocations.
94
(ther -orks together accounted for ,s.676 lakh. Plantation for drought proofing and
flood control reBuired s#all e?penditures.
<.) Irrigation 'eveloment
)here are 3 tpes of irrigation pro2ects in %rikakula# district. )he details are gi"en
7elo-.
<.).1 Existing roAects in t"e district
<.).1.1 &amsad"ara ProAect
(ne 7arrage has 7een constructed at :otta "illage in 1ira#andala# #andal -ith
an e?isting aacut of .9292 ha> co"ering 17 #andals in the district.
<.).# Ne7 Proosals under &amsad"ara ProAect
<.).#.1 &amsad"ara Stage E II o! P"ase EI
4urther> construction of reser"oir on $a#sadhara ri"er at 1ira#andala# 8:otta
Barrage9 is in progress under %tage M !! of Phase M!.
<.).#.# &amsad"ara Stage4II o! P"ase EII
Besides this> ne- proposals under $a#sadhara %tage<!! of Phase M!! has 7een
sanctioned -ith an outla of ,s.933.6 crore and the -ork is in progress. 0nder
)hotapalli> 4.2&& ha additional area -ill 7e 7rought under culti"ation -ith A!BP
funds.
<.).% T"otaalli regulator
)he regulator is constructed on =aga"ali ,i"er at )hotapalli "illage of $i5ianagara#
district and it is co"ering #a2or areas in $i5ianagara# district and 12663 ha in
%rikakula# district co"ering fi"e #andals.
<.).8 (dditional roosals
0nder )hotapalli> it is proposed to 7ring an e?tent of 4.2&& ha additionall under
irrigation -ith A!BP funds.
9.
<.).8.1 9adduvalasa 2eservoir ProAect
A reser"oir on %u"arna#ukhi and $ega"athi has 7een constructed at Maddu"alasa
of $angara #andal -hich irrigates 966& ha in $angara> A#adala"alasa> %anthaka"iti
and part of :.%igada# #andals.
<.).< Ne7 Proosals
0nder Maddu"alsa Phase M!!> an additional area of .&&& ha -ill 7e 7rought under
culti"ation -ith an outla of ,s.39.&3 crore.
<.).6 9inor Irrigation Sources
)here are 1&24 #inor irrigation tanks and 7&&& panchaat ra2 tanks to co"er a total
e?tent of 63923 ha and 6111& ha respecti"el in the district.
<.).) ,i!t Irrigation ProAects
)here are 3 #ain lift irrigation pro2ects> co"ering 336 ha in four #andals i.e. $angara>
%ara"akota> Pathapatna# and Aota7o##ali.
<.).8 Ot"er sources
<.).8.1 (rea under $ells F 5ore7ells
)he area under -ells and 7ore -ells is 11767 ha in the district.
<.).* Irrigation otential
)he irrigation potential in the district is su##ari5ed in ta7le 11&. 4urther funds are
reBuired for #aintenance of #ediu# irrigation pro2ects. )he e?isting area under it is
39>4.9 ha. )he funds needed for #aintenance N ,s..&&+< ha per ear is ,s.1.973
core. )he area under #inor irrigation area is 12.> &33 ha. )he funds needed for
#aintenance N ,s.2.&+< per ha per ear is esti#ated as ,s.3.126 crore. )he total
reBuire#ent adds up to ,s...&9 crore per ear. )he total picture of irrigation in the
district after the co#pletion of all the pro2ects is gi"en in ta7le 111.
<.).1+ Community irrigation tan/s
)he de"elop#ent plans of co##unit irrigation tanks during ;! plan period are
furnished in ta7le 112. )here are 1&2. co##unit tanks in the districts. At the end of
2&&6<&7> the ha"e irrigated an area of 63923 ha. )he in"est#ent during 2&&6<&7 for
96
their #aintenance -as esti#ated at ,s.2.6 lakh. )he area irrigated is e?pected to
increase to 67666 ha 7 2&11<12. ("er the fi"e ears period> an additional area of
376. ha -ill 7e 7rought under irrigation 7 in"esting an a#ount of ,s.2&.& lakh for
the #aintenance of irrigation tanks in the district.
<.8 Society !or Elimination o! 2ural Poverty 1SE2P3
%rikakula# district is ha"ing a total geographical area of .64> 3&2 ha and the net
area so-n is .3.4H of it. )he i#portant crops gro-n> their a"erage ields and costs
of culti"ation are furnished in ta7le 113.
<.8.1 Pro-lems and strategies in di!!erent cros
)he pro7le#s faced in different crops and the strategies that need to 7e
i#ple#ented to o"erco#e the# are su##ari5ed in ta7le 114.
<.8.# Issues needing attention
Broad issues in the district -hich are cutting across all crops in the district can 7e
su##ari5ed asF
/ack of ti#el a"aila7ilit of Bualit seed in adeBuate Buantities
pest and disease pro7le#s
3o##unit %eed Banks
=on Pesticidal Manage#ent
3rop di"ersit> #ultiple cropping
%oil health and producti"it #anage#ent
Poor plant population i.e.> 26 hills +sB.#
=on<A"aila7ilit of Bualit seed
1igh doses of 3he#ical fertili5ers
*nde#ic pro7le#s of gall #idge and 7last
Poor organic #atter content
!#proper -ater #anage#ent
<.8.% Pesticide consumtion
)he consu#ption of pesticides is "er lo- in the district i.e.> 11 M.) of technical
grade #aterial. *"en though there are #an production constraints in different crops>
the pro7le#s faced in tri7al areas need special #ention.
97
<.8.8 Tri-al areas
!n tri7al areas of %rikakula#> the usage of che#icals is picking up -hich is pushing
up the cost of culti"ation. !t -as identified that there is scope for e?panding tapioca
culti"ation in the tri7al areas of the district. )he present status of tapioca in the
district is presented in ta7le 11..
<.8.< Non4 esticidal 9anagement
Progra# i#ple#entation started in August -ith .&&& acres through . =:(s and
2731 far#ers. !n the ne?t fi"e ears> the targets set for =PM co"erage are gi"en in
ta7le 116.
<.8.6 Strategies !or next !ive years
1&H -ith "egeta7les and !.D. crops like #ai5e in case of earl kharif padd
%hort duration pulses and green #anure preceding kharif padd
Pro#otion of groundnut and chill
A5olla culture in padd
Pro#otion of pulses like green gra#> 7lack gra# etc.> in rice fallo-s
Marketing of local "arieties of chill
4ocus to-ards "egeta7le production
<.8.) (llocations under 2=&D
)he state le"el sanction co##ittee of ,A$@ has allotted ,s.79.77 lakh to the
acti"ities of %*,P in the district during ;! plan period.
<.* (gricultural 9ar/eting
<.*.1 Introduction
Marketing is one of the #a2or and i#portant aspects in far#ing sector. )he
econo# of the far#ers directl depends on the #arket price of the produce. !n
%rikakula# district> there are 13 Market 3o##ittees functioning and catering to the
#arketing needs of far#ing co##unit. )he #ost i#portant far#er friendl progra#
is ,thu Bandhu pathaka#> -hich is pro"iding facilit for storing the far#ersG
produce> 7esides pro"iding 7.H "alue of the produce as loan. )his facilit is "er
96
useful to the far#ers. !t is a priorit progra# of the go"ern#ent like the seed "illage
progra#> -hich is 7eing i#ple#ented 7 the depart#ent of agriculture.
<.*.# &illage mar/ets
)he entire district is co"ered 7 the 13 Agricultural Market 3o##ittees. *ach AM3
on an a"erage co"ers 3<. #andals> 143 "illages> 24&&& ha and -ith 3 notified
#arket ards. 4ar#er<producers are discouraged fro# accessing e?isting #arket
ards as he+she is supposed to incur huge transportation costs tra"eling 12 to 1. k#>
-hereas the national a"erage is . to 7 k#. )herefore> there is a need to undertake
decentrali5ed #arket operations near far# gate+"illage cluster to enhance #arket
access to far#er<producers. )o this end> it is proposed to organi5e procure#ent+
collection centres near the far# gate or "illage clusters identified 7 local AM3s as
JspokeG #arkets -ithin the notified #arkets of the AM3s as J1u7G #arkets.
Also> the regulated #arkets suffer fro# locational disad"antages and fro# lack of
necessar infrastructural facilities. All #arket ards in the district are non<
functional. ,egulating transactions JoutsideG the #arket ard is a herculean task> due
to in<7uilt traditional relation 7et-een far#ers and traders. Breaking such
traditionall and functionall strong links e?isting 7et-een traders and gro-ers fro#
JoutsideG 7 tightening or regulation of trade is fraught -ith the danger of distur7ing
the 7ase -ithout an assured alternati"e on a sustained 7asis.
!n addition to the a7o"e> the co#plaints fro# far#ers in the e?isting #arket ards
center round traditional -as of -eighing> unscientific -as of grading and irrational
-as of declaring prices for the co##odities through auction+tender sste#. )o
o"erco#e this pro7le#> it is proposed to use electronic -eighing #achines> #oisture
#eters and other post har"est support technolog including storage space and
dring plat for#> dul placing the ser"ices of trained graders+sorters a#ong educated
outh -ho are -ell settled in culti"ation near the proposed "illage #arkets.
!n the process of decentrali5ed far#er<centric acti"ities> it is also proposed to take up
core #arket acti"ities such as processing and grading 7 using standardi5ation
techniBues> including storage> -eighing and certification can as -ell 7e perfor#ed at
the far# or "illage le"el to ease out congestion in regulated #arkets.
99
*"ol"ing sste#s fro# G-ithinG to rationali5e the e?isting trade practices 7 statutor
clothing -as thought of as a feasi7le alternati"e is the o72ecti"e 7ehind the proposed
arrange#ents. =odal agencies designated for the purpose of procure#ent of padd>
coarse grain> #ai5e> cotton and oilseeds under M%P and M!% such as A.P. 3i"il
%upplies 3orporation> A.P. Markfed> A.P. (il 4ederation on 7ehalf of
43!+=A4*D+33! could 7e largel encouraged under the proposed concept to set<up
their operations locall. Proposed approach is in tune -ith the polic guidelines of
:o"t. of !ndia to ena7le the far#ers to #arket their produce -ithin 6 k# radius
8distance9 locall. )o this end> #andal<-ise "illage clusters ha"e 7een identified for
8139 Agricultural Market 3o##ittees in the district. !t is proposed to co"er all the 36
#andals and esta7lish as #an as 19. procure#ent + collection centers 8P3s+33s9
at an esti#ated cost of ,s...&& lakh.
<.*.% E4trading solutions
)he proposal is ai#ed at i#pro"ing the o"erall functioning of three functional
Agricultural Market 3o##ittees in the district. )he pro2ect is en"isaged to
co#puteri5e #arkets and #onitor operations 7 pro"iding e<trading solutions.
Pro2ect is going to 7e de"eloped -ith the support of =ational !nfor#atics
3enter 8=!39.
Pro2ect operation and #aintenance and creation of #inor ter#inal
infrastructure -ith the help of pri"ate "endor.
!ncre#entall> -ithin a span or 3 to 4 #onths> the pro2ect is going to 7e
i#ple#ented throughout the state of Andhra Pradesh.
District -ise local operators are going to 7e selected.
4or creating the #inor ter#inal infrastructure as per the technical
specifications> the local operator can e"en raise loan fro# 7ank.
)his is also an e#plo#ent generation sche#e.
)he far#ers shall 7e i##ensel 7enefited as the roles of inter#ediaries get
di#inished.
)he transaction ti#e shall get reduced.
Market depart#ent officials shall 7e a7le to #aintain up<to date and accurate
records of all the transactions easil -ithout an capital in"est#ent.
1&&
)he list of three functional #arket ards in the district along -ith funds reBuired is
gi"en in ta7le 117.
<.*.8 :armer In!ormation Centers 1:IC3
)here is a great re"olution in the filed of infor#ation technolog and the go"ern#ent
of Andhra Pradesh has taken #an steps to utili5e this technological ad"antage for
the 7enefit of rural people> especiall the far#ing co##unit> -hich constitutes #ore
than 6&H of the state population. )he pri#e o72ecti"e in proposing the 4!3
eBuip#ent in the e?isting #arket ards is to transfer the technolog directl fro# la7
to land and fro# land to la7> apart fro# general health care etc. !t ai#s to transfer
the technolog to the far#ers at their door step to i#pro"e Bualit and producti"it
and> there7 i#pro"ing the econo#ical condition of far#er. )he #ain ad"antage in
pro"iding 4!3 sste# is to a"oid the in"ol"e#ent of #iddle#en and to pro"ide
co#prehensi"e infor#ation regarding crop techniBues to the far#ers. )he proposed
integrated 4!3 sste# consists of interacti"e infor#ation A!(%A> !$,% 8!nteracti"e
$oice ,esponse %ste#9> auto#atic displa and announce#ent sste# and an
e?clusi"e -e7 site portal.
4ro# 4!3 sste#> latest infor#ation on prices can 7e #ade a"aila7le> ena7ling the
far#ers to get 7est price for his product. 3ritical infor#ation on crop diseases and
detailed infor#ation on pesticides in a gi"en location and the sources of genuine
pesticides can also 7e pro"ided. 4ar#ers can 7e gi"en details a7out #arketing his
produce and crop #anage#ent. )he 4.!.3. sste# disse#inates online price
infor#ation on arri"als at all 669 #arket ards in the /(3A/ /A=:0A:*. Apart
fro# this> infor#ation on culti"ation> general health care> ne-s and food C nutrition
can also 7e #ade a"aila7le to the far#ing co##unit.
Multi#edia 7ased user friendl interacti"e infor#ation Aiosk is "er eas to operate
using finger touch #echanis# for infor#ation that is #ade a"aila7le in local
language such asF<
3rop and "ariet selection 7ased on soil and -ater resources.
%uggested intercrops and ad"antages.
Pests and pest control #ethods.
/atest agricultural i#ple#ents and their usage.
Dail price> arri"al and -eather reports.
1&1
4ar#er educati"e "ideo clippings.
/ocal soil terrains -ith full details for selection of suita7le crop seeds.
*?pert ad"ises.
=e-s flashes.
4acilities pro"ided such as cold storages> soil test la7oratories along -ith
addresses.
1ealth careP !nfor#ation on 1!$ + A!D%> ),> 3ancer> Malaria> Dengue>
/epros etc.>
4ood and =utrition F =utrition related infor#ation on 4ruits C $egeta7les>
*ggs> Poultr> Meat etc.>
Ialaagna# details etc.>
<.*.8.1 T"e comonents o! :IC system
)he co#ponents of 4!3 sste# are presented in ta7le 116.
<.*.< (dvantages to t"e !armers
!nfor#ation is a"aila7le locall in local language.
!nfor#ation on dail co##odit prices and arri"als
!nteracti"e infor#ation on all acti"ities of culti"ation
*ffecti"e utili5ation of go"t. sche#es> su7sidies> loans> insurance.
4ar#er education 7 audio "isual progra#s.
*?pert ad"ice to specific Bueries.
!t is progra##ed to esta7lish 4ar#ers !nfor#ation centres in 13 Agricutlure Market
3o##ittees and 4. notified #arkets -ith an outla ,s.33&.7. lakh in the district. )he
in"est#ents reBuired for inter"entions in agricultural #arketing are furnished in ta7le
119.
<.1+ 2ural Industries
)he status of s#all<scale industries in the district is presented in ta7le 12&. )here are
a total of .663 %#all %cale !ndustr 8%%!9 units in the district. )he in"ol"e a total
in"est#ent of ,s.9117.7& lakh and 36.22 persons are e#ploed in the#. Agro<
7ased industries do#inate in all aspects of nu#7ers> in"est#ent and e#plo#ent.
=e?t to agri<7ased units> forest 7ased units lead in nu#7er and e#plo#ent> 7ut
the in"ol"e relati"el less in"est#ent. *ngineering 7ased units in"ol"e "er high
in"est#ents> 7ut che#ical 7ased units pro"ide su7stantial e#plo#ent> although
their nu#7er is Buite s#all. =e?t to the# che#ical 7ased and te?tile 7ased units are
1&2
i#portant. Mineral 7ased units are also i#portant for pro"iding e#plo#ent. (ther
#iscellaneous units also in"ol"e su7stantial in"est#ents and e#plo#ent.
)he proposals for supporting units generating rural e#plo#ent under Ahadi and
$illage !ndustries Progra# during ;! plan period are funsihed in ta7le 121. !t is
proposed to esta7lish 96 units under Ahadi and $illage !ndustr Progra# e"er ear
during the ;! plan period. 4or each ear> the in"est#ent in"ol"ed is ,s.11& lakh for
setting up 96 units at a unit cost of ,s.1.14 lakh. )his #one is pro"ided to the units
as #argin #one -hen these units 7orro- fro# financial institutions. )hese units are
7eing helped as the are generating e#plo#ent in the rural areas.
)he targets and achie"e#ents in Pri#e Minister ,o2gar @o2ana 8PM,@9 under
district industries centre during ; plan are su##ari5ed in ta7le 122. During ;! plan
period> all the targets set for the first three ears under Pri#e Minister ,o5gar
@o2ana 8PM,@9 -ere achie"ed. But in the last t-o ears> i.e.> 2&&.<&6 and 2&&6<&7>
the targets -ere under achie"ed. )he proposals for phsical and financial targets
under Pri#e Minster ,o2gar @o2ana 8PM,@9 during ;! plan period are gi"en in ta7le
123. During the ;! plan period> targets are set for the action plan of District !ndustries
3entre 8D!39. )he target for 2&&7<&6 is set at 71& units at a cost of ,s.71& lakh.
)hese targets are progressi"el increased to reach 9&& units in 2&11<12 at a su7sid
cost of ,s.9&& lakh.
)he financial assistance pro"ided during ; plan 7 the depart#ent of handloo# and
te?tiles is detailed in ta7le 124. During 2&&2<&3> an a#ount of ,s.1&.&2 lakh -as
spent for different sche#es under the de"elop#ent of handloo#s and te?tiles. !n
2&&3<&4> the e?penditure -as increased to ,s.17.2. lakh. )he achie"e#ent in 2&&4<
&. -as still higher at ,s.41.13 lakh. But the achie"e#ent in 2&&.<&6 -as onl
,s.16.&. lakh. !t has fallen further to ,s...21 lakh in 2&&6<&7.
)he targets set for different ears of ;! plan period for the sche#es under
depart#ent of handloo#s and te?tiles are gi"en in ta7le 12.. )he target for
industries under handloo#s and te?tiles -as set at ,s.111.91 lakh. !t in"ol"ed three
su7 sche#es. )he first one is to esta7lish 41& handloo# clusters -ith a su7sid of
,s.6..16 lakh. Another ,s.12.47 lakh is pro"ided as financial assistance to 29
1&3
P'3% as a #arketing incenti"e. 14& groups -ill 7e supported under !1D% at a
su7sid of ,s.34.26 lakh. )he targets for the ne?t four ears of ;! plan period are not
et set.
<.11 (gricultural credit and insurance
<.11.1 Status o! agricultural credit
3redit is the #ost i#portant input in Agriculture. 'ithout this input> far#ers
e?perience difficult in procuring other inputs like seeds> fertili5ers etc.> )he financial
institutions ha"e pro"ided 7oth crop as -ell as ter# loans to the e?tent of ,s.333.9&
crore> co"ering 2.21 lakh far#ers during 2&&6<2&&7 in %rikakula# district. Due to the
initiati"e taken 7 the state go"t. and district ad#inistration> 7anks ha"e al#ost
dou7led the credit flo- to the agriculture sector in the last three ears. 3o#parati"e
state#ent on credit flo- is furnished in ta7le 126.
!n a #atter of t-o ears> crop loans ha"e gone up 7 6&H. But co#pared to crop
loans> the Buantu# of ter# loans gi"en to agricultural de"elop#ent are Buite
insignificant. )he ter# loans ha"e gone up 7 27.. per cent. )he o"erall increase in
agricultural credit -as noted to 7e .9H. )he details of credit institutions and credit
supplied 7 the# in 2&&6<&7 are furnished in ta7le 127 7 ADA circle. )here are 1.7
7ranches of co##ercial 7anks and regional rural 7anks to dispense credit to
far#ers. All these 7anks ha"e together ad"anced ,s.4411..27 lakh. 3o##ercial
7anks ha"e pro"ided #ore than .&H of the total credit. )he regional rural 7anks
pro"ided 42H of the total credit. )he share of cooperati"es is onl a7out 6H. A#ong
the ADA circles> )ekkali ADA circle recei"ed the highest a#ount of credit. !t is
follo-ed 7 %rikakula# and Palasa ADA circles. )he lo-est a#ount of credit -as
dispensed in Aothuru ADA circle> follo-ed 7 ,a2a# ADA circle.
<.11.# Targets !or agricultural credit in ?I lan eriod
)he targets for crop and ter# loans during ;! plan period are gi"en in ta7le 126. $er
a#7itious targets -ere set for agricultural credit during ;! plan period. )he target for
crop loans start -ith ,s. 367.17 crore in 2&&7<&6 and go up to ,s. .66.6.. Bet-een
2&&6<&7 and 2&11<12> the target for crop loan is enhanced 7 7& per cent. )he target
for ter# loans is e"en set higher to start -ith ,s. 64.62 crore in 2&&7<&6 and is
1&4
pro2ected to reach ,s. 94.9& lakh. )his figure represents an increase of 1761 per
cent o"er the fi"e ears period.
<.11.#.1 Targets !or cro loans in ?I lan
)he details of crop loans proposed for dis7urse#ent during ;! plan period are
furnished in ta7le 129. (ut of the 4.41 lakh far#ers in the district> 1.&1 lakh are
#e#7ers of Pri#ar Agricultural 3redit %ocieties 8PA3%9 -hile 1.&4 lakh are
7orro-ers fro# 7anks. )he total loanee far#ers -ho a"ail crop loans -ere 1.1. lakh
in nu#7er. )he total crop loans dis7ursed in 2&&6<&7 -ere to the tune of ,s.339&9
lakh. )hese targets are increased rapidl during the ;! plan period. )he target for
crop loans starts -ith ,s.37626 lakh in 2&&7<&6 and increases to finall reach
,s.92349 lakh in 2&11<12. !t represents an increase of 172 per cent o"er a period of
fi"e ears.
<.11.#.# Targets !or agricultural develoment loans in ?I lan
)he details of agricultural de"elop#ent loans during ;! plan period are furnished in
ta7le 13&. (nl 11.66 far#ers 7orro-ed agricultural de"elop#ental loans during
2&&6<&7. )he 7orro-ed a total a#ount of ,s.1&27& lakh. )ekkali> ,anasthala# and
Palasa ADA circles lead in agriculture de"elop#ent loans. )he targets for agriculture
de"elop#ent loans are set Buite high during the ;! plan period. !t starts -ith a target
of ,s.12479 lakh in 2&&7<&6 and graduall goes up to ,s.21626 lakh in 2&11<12. !t
represents an increase of 113 per cent o"er a period of fi"e ears.
<.11.% (gricultural Insurance
)he status and targets for co"erage under agricultural insurance during ;! plan
period are detailed in ta7le 131. )he data on agricultural insurance during 2&&6<&7
are reported onl for Palakonda ADA circle. 1494 far#ers -ere co"ered 7
agricultural insurance in"ol"ing .96 ha. But the targets for insurance are set for all
the ears during ;! plan. )he target for nu#7er of far#ers to 7e co"ered in 2&&7<&6
is set at 79&&. )he su# to 7e assured is targeted at ,s.4&.13 lakh. )hese targets are
progressi"el increased to reach 11.66 far#ers in 2&11<12 to co"er a su# assured
of ,s..6.76 lakh. Both the nu#7er as -ell as the su# assured is pro2ected to go up
7 46H o"er the fi"e ears period.
1&.
<.1# Investments and outcomes
<.1#.1 Investments
)he total in"est#ents proposed for i#ple#enting the inter"entions in different
su7sectors of agriculture are su##ari5ed in ta7le 7elo-F
Ta-le0 Investments !or develoment o! agriculture and allied enterrises
S.No. Sector Investment
12s.in la/"3
1. Agriculture 6&73.&&
2. 1orticulture 146&..&
3. %ericultue 1&6.6&
4. Ani#al hus7andr 423..14
.. 4isheries 6.7.&&
6. Marketing .69&.7.
7. %*,P 797.66
)otal 2122&.67
)he total in"est#ent reBuired for the de"elop#ent of agriculture and allied
enterprises in %rikakula# district during ;! plan period is esti#ated at ,s.2122&.67
lakh. Agriculture accounts for a7out 36H of the total in"est#ent. Ani#al hus7andr
accounted for 2&H of the total in"est#ent. 1orticulture sector recei"ed a7out 6.9H of
the total in"est#ent. Marketing acti"ities got a share of 27.6H in the total in"est#ent.
4isheries got an allocation of 3.1H> -hile sericulture recei"ed onl &..H of the total
in"est#ent. %*,P got a su7stantial allocation of 3.6H of the total in"est#ent.
<.1#.# Outcomes
)he outco#es e?pected fro# different su7sectors of agriculture as a result of the
in"est#ents that -ill 7e #ade are furnished in ta7le 7elo-F
)a7leF Anticipated gro-th rates in different su7sectors of agriculturre
(In per cent)
S.No. Sector 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Average
1. Agriculure 3.6 3.9 4.& 4.1 4.2 4
2. Horticulutre 6.& 6.2. 6.. 6.7. 7.& 6..
3. Sericulture 11.. 12.& 12.. 13.& 13.. 12..
4. Anial
!u"#an$r%
6.6 9.& 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.2
&. 'i"!erie" 4.6 ..& ..2 ..4 ..6 ..2
Average ..6 6.& 6.4 6.6 7.2 6.4
1&6
)he total agricultural sector is e?pected to gro- at an a"erage rate of 6.4H per ear
during the ;! plan period. )he highest gro-th rate of 12..H per ear is e?pected to
result in sericulture sector. Ani#al hus7andr sector is pro2ected to gro- at the rate
of 9.2H per ear during the ;! plan period. 1orticulture sector is e?pected to gro- at
the rate of 6..H per ear. 4isheries sector is targeted to gro- at the rate of ..2H per
ear. )he slo-est gro-th rate of 4.&H per ear is e?pected to occur in case of crop
sector. ("er the plan period> the gro-th rate is e?pected to accelearate> starting fro#
..6H in 2&&7<&6> and going up to 7.2H in 2&11<12.
1&7
C"ater &I
'istrict Plan
6.1 Introduction
)he agricultural sector in %rikakula# district has good potential to gro-. 'ith nearl
t-o<thrid of the cropped area co"ered 7 irrigation and the incidence of high rainfall>
7oth the irrigated and rain fed crops can do -ell in the district. )he soils are Buite
di"erse and can support a 7road range of crops. Padd> sugarcane> groundnut and
sesa#u# are i#portant crops gro-n in the district. 'ith the aug#entation of
irrigation resources 7 the Ialaagna# pro2ects> there is good scope for e?pansion
of irrigated area and increases in crop ields. 'ith the output price situation 7eing
fa"ora7le> the profita7ilit of crops is likel to increase. Although agriculture still
re#ains to 7e the #ost i#portant sector> the area is graduall getting di"ersified in to
other allied enterprises. 1orticulture has alread occupied .26&4 ha and it is still
e?panding. %ocial forestr has #ade rapid strides and is co"ering 1937& ha.
ABuaculture is 7oo#ing and it has occupied 1&3.7 ha. %ericulture has 2ust #ade a
7eginning and is co"ering onl 71 ha. (ther enterprises are occuping a s#all area
of 16. ha. )hus> a total of 62.67 ha are under allied agricultural enterprises. All
these sectors are poised for a rapid gro-th in the co#ing fi"e ears 7ecause there is
no dearth of de#and for the products of these sectors.
6.# Gro7t" drivers o! t"e district
'ith reasona7l good resource endo-#ents and progressi"e nature of the far#ers>
all the su7<sectors of agriculture can 7e good gro-th dri"ers in the district. A#ong
the field crops> rice> sugarcane> groundnut and sesa#u# are all poised for gro-th
7ecause of the fa"ora7le price and de#and situation on one hand and ne-
technologies a"aila7le for increasing producti"it on the other hand. )he scope for
ne- areas recei"ing irrigation facilities #akes it possi7le to increase areas under
these crops. !t should not 7e difficult to achie"e a production gro-th of #ore than .
per cent per ear in case of the field crops. 1orticulture is definitel a gro-th dri"er
-ith a possi7ilit to gro- at 7 to 6 per cent per ear. 4ruit crops like cashe- nut>
7anana> coconut and po#egranate etc ha"e a good scope for area e?pansion. )he
de#and for "egeta7les is increasing and higher prices can attract #ore far#ers to
#ake in"est#ents in "egeta7le culti"ation. 'ith the go"ern#ent -illing to su7sidi5e
1&6
the suppl of h7rid seeds> far#ers can easil increase the ields of "egeta7le crops
7 3& to 4& per cent. )he gro-ing de#and for flo-ers #a attract #ore far#ers
to-ards it to reali5e higher profits. (rganic far#ing is 7eco#ing popular> particularl
in case of tur#eric and ginger in the tri7al areas. Besides horticulture> aBua culture
can continue to 7e a good gro-th sector. 'ith "irtuall no de#and constraint for fish
and pra-ns> there is a good scope for increasing the area under ponds as -ell as to
increase their producti"it. B stocking the reser"oirs like )hotapalli reser"oir -ith
adeBuate fish seed> the fish production can 7e increased at a fast pace. !t should not
7e difficult to achie"e #ore than 6 per cent gro-th in fisheries sector. Ani#al
hus7andr has #ade rapid strides in the recent ears and it has still got a potential to
re#ain a good gro-th sector 7ecause of constantl increasing de#and for #ilk>
#eat and eggs. !t can achie"e a gro-th rate e?ceeding 7 per cent per ear.
%ericulture has a li#ited 7ase 7ut the far#ers -ho ha"e taken it up are reali5ing
good returns. )he e?pansion of area under high ielding "arieties of #ul7err and
use of ad"ance eBuip#ent for rearing can accelerate the gro-th rate in this sector.
Due to lo- 7ase> it should not 7e difficult to achie"e a gro-th rate of #ore than 1&
per cent per ear in sericulture sector> if the infrastructure is strengthened to suppl
D4/s in adeBuate nu#7er. )he dr land areas are 7u55ing -ith the acti"it of far#
forestr -ith the go"ern#ent support> *ucalptus clones> %u7a7ool and casurina are
7eco#ing popular -ith the efforts of nurseries and paper product co#panies -hich
are read to 7u the produce of far# forestr. *ach one of these su7<sectors of
agriculture can gro- at gro-th rates ranging 7et-een . to 1& per cent per ear if the
necessar inter"entions are supported to reduce the ield gaps in all the far#ing
situations. ,ural industries are also i#portant gro-th sectors -ith the scope for
processing and cold chains 7eing 7righter. Man s#all scale industries can co#e up
in the district 7ecause of the e?istence of a pool of entrepreneurs -ith sufficient
resources. !n a 7oo#ing econo# like !ndia> a gro-ing district like %rikakulu# is all
set to gro- fast to #eet the aspirations of the people.
6.% Innovative sc"emes
)he sche#es to i#pro"e the organic #atter content in the soil and producti"it of
crops are Buite inno"ati"e. Although the in"ol"e su7stantial in"est#ents> the
sche#es of green #anuring and gpsu# application in the irrigated areas of the
district are helpful 7oth in the recla#ation of the soils as -ell as in i#pro"ing the
1&9
organic #atter content in the soils along -ith the a"aila7ilit of 7oth the #acro as
-ell as the #icro nutrients.
%i#ilarl> the sche#es to produce Bualit seeds through seed "illage production
progra# are also Buite inno"ati"e. 4or the first ti#e> a logical link and seBuence is
esta7lished 7et-een the production and suppl of nucleus> 7reeder> foundation and
certified tpes of crop seeds in the district. Dependence on seed produced in other
districts -as causing serious 7ottlenecks in the suppl of seed to the far#ers on
ti#e. )he #assi"e progra# of seed production -ill re#o"e this 7ottleneck and -ill
contri7ute significantl to the produciti"it of crop.
4ar# #echani5ation is another inno"ati"e sche#e. Man far#ers #igrate seasonall
to the ur7an centers like %rikakula#. !t has created acute la7or scarcit in the rural
areas. )he =ational ,ural *#plo#ent :uarantee Act has 7een instru#ental in
i#pro"ing the purchasing po-er of the -orking class> 7ut has also e?erted an
up-ard pressure on the -ages. 0nder these circu#stances> #echani5ation has
7eco#e ine"ita7le. 1elping the far#ers through su7sidies in accessing the far#
#achiner and eBuip#ent is Buite an inno"ati"e sche#e. 4ar#ers can i#pro"e
precision and #ini#i5e losses due to far# #echani5ation.
)he proposal to take up plantations in #arginal lands is another inno"ati"e sche#e.
)hese trees can ield ti#7er> 7io<fuel or pulp. )he trials on the research stations
ha"e "indicated their econo#ic "ia7ilit on less fertile lands. %o#e of these #arginal
lands are una7le to ield "ia7le crop ields and> in that sense> does not in"ol"e #uch
sacrifice and opportunit cost. 'ith the oil prices soaring in the international #arket>
this tree crop holds enor#ous opportunities for earning profits.
)he sche#e of #odel far#ers is the #ost inno"ati"e sche#e to 7ridge the e?tension
gap effecti"el. *"en -ith so#e increase in the e?tension #anpo-er> it is literall not
possi7le to reach all the far#ers and transfer the technologies to the#. 4ar#ers also
need so#eone locall to -ho# the can look at as a friend and guide. )hese #odel
far#ers -ill ha"e opportunities to i#7i7e the latest technologies fro# the scientists
and e?tension -orkers. )he can effecti"el trans#it the infor#ation to other
far#ers. %ince the are pro"ided -ith so#e honorariu# to co"er their e?penses>
the can ser"e as an effecti"e link 7et-een e?tension officers and far#ers.
11&
Drip irrigation is another inno"ati"e sche#e to i#pro"e -ater use efficienc in a
-ater scarce en"iron#ent. !ts potential -as not capitali5ed in the district. )he
present sche#e of using drip sets in the culti"ation of "egeta7les and fruits are Buite
an inno"ati"e and profita7le in"est#ent. !n oilseed and pulse crops> there is a good
scope for sprinkler irrigation to o7tain #a?i#u# returns per unit of -ater.
%che#e to e?pand area under #ango and cashe- is another inno"ati"e #ethod of
de"eloping horticulture in the district. Both these fruit crops are drought resistant and
are Buite efficient in production under -ater scarce conditions.
%uppl of h7rid seeds of "egeta7les is another inno"ati"e sche#e. )he producti"it
of "egeta7les can 7e increased easil 7 2& to .&H 7 adopting h7rid "arities of
"egeta7les. )he ields of "egeta7les are Buite lo- in the district and -ith the ne-
initiati"eP the are likel to go up. !t -ill i#pro"e the econo#ic "ia7ilit of "egeta7le
culti"ation in the district.
!nduction of #ilch ani#als and heifer cal"es is Buite an inno"ati"e sche#e. !t is 7eing
tried on a su7stanti"e scale. )he producti"it of local #ilch ani#als is Buite lo- and
their response to good feed and fodder #anage#ent is not econo#ical. B inducting
#ilch ani#als -ith higher potential> there is a scope to achie"e a 7reak through in
#ilk production in the district. 'hile the induction of #ilch ani#als -ill contri7ute to
increase in #ilk production i##ediatel> the induction of heifer cal"es -ill ensure the
increase in #ilk production in the future. Better health care and insurance co"erage
-ill co#plete the package to increase profits and to co"er risks. %ince the ani#als
are 7eing supplied on .&H su7sid 7 ting the# up -ith 7ank loans for the
re#aining a#ount> insurance co"erage is auto#aticall there.
Pro"ision of 7ulk #ilk cooling centers at fi"e locations in the district is another
inno"ati"e sche#e. )he induction of #ilch ani#als is likel to create surpluses in
#ilk production> -hich need to 7e procured and stored under hgienic conditions.
A"aila7ilit of #ilk cooling centers -ill reduce the chances of spoilage of #ilk and
helps in processing it locall.
*sta7lishing fish #arkets at i#portant locations in the district and opening retail
outlets -ill help the fisher#en and far#ers to get 7etter prices for their produce.
111
3ertainl> creation of #arkets -ill increase the de#and for fish and -ill reduce the
losses and transaction costs. Both the producers and consu#ers -ill 7enefit fro#
this initiati"e.
Although> the support to sericulture is Buite li#ited under ,A$@> the cataltic
de"elop#ent sche#e 7eing i#ple#ented 7 the depart#ent is Buite an inno"ati"e
sche#e. !t is contri7uting to the de"elop#ent of the sericulture 7oth on the far# and
non<far# sectors. %o#e of the far#ers proudl declare that their cocoons are
fetching the highest price in the #arkets of ad2oining Aarnataka.
)he progra# of Ialaagna# has raised the hopes of the far#ers a7out agriculture.
*?pansion of surface irrigation -ill contri7ute to the increase in ground -ater. !t -ill
help in the con2uncti"e use of 7oth surface and ground -ater. )his progra# -ill #ake
a su7stantial difference to far#ing in the district.
Marketing is the essence of agriculture. ,eali5ation of a re#unerati"e price and
cutting do-n the #arketing costs are i#portant to keep the interests of 7oth the
producers and consu#ers safe fro# the e?ploitation 7 #iddle#en. 3reation of #ore
#arketing infrastructure -ill cut do-n the costs of transportation and the ti#e
needed for #arketing. )he #assi"e progra# for e?pansion of #arketing
infrastructure -ill help in far#ers reali5ing 7etter prices for their produce.
%trengthening of rural credit -ill facilitate the adoption of ne- technologies. )he
recent loan -ai"er has reduced the de7t 7urden of the far#ers. )he can start fro#
a clean slate and o7tain fresh loans 7oth for crop production and de"elop#ent. )his
su7stantial e?pansion of credit targets for the ne?t fi"e ears -ill reduce the depence
of far#ers on non<institutional sources of credit at high and usurious rates of interest.
6.8 &ision o! t"e ?I lan
(7"iousl the "ision of ;! plan is to accelerate rate of gro-th in agricultural sector. !t
-as noted that the gro-th rates in agriculture ha"e al-as lagged 7ehind those in
non<agricultural sectors. But the gap 7et-een the# has certainl -idened after the
introduction of ne- econo#ic policies in the earl 9&Gs of t-entieth centur. )he
in"est#ent in agriculture has declined. )he pu7lic in"est#ent declined 7ecause of
the i#perati"e need to keep do-n the fiscal deficit and the need to increase the input
112
su7sidies. )he output prices ha"e lagged 7ehind the gro-th in input prices and
-ages. !t has caused a reduction in the rate of return on the in"est#ents in
agriculture. Due to this reason> the pri"ate in"est#ent also stagnated. )here -ere
signs of gro-ing inde7tedness a#ong the far#ers> -hich has erupted in to suicides
7 so#e far#ers in the partiall rainfed districts like %rikakula#. %uddenl> it -as
disco"ered that agriculture is in crisis.
'ith fast rate of gro-th in the econo#> other sectors of econo# -ere 7loo#ing
and agriculture -as diagnosed as the onl sector lagging 7ehind and needing
i##ediate attention. 'hile the econo# is gro-ing at nine per cent> the gro-th in
agriculture sector oscillated 7et-een M3 to Q. percent> -ith the #ediu# ter# gro-th
recording less than t-o per cent. )he national co##ission on far#ers headed 7
Dr.M.% %-a#inathan has dissected the sickness of agriculture and called for an
i##ediate increase in the in"est#ents on agriculture to sti#ulate gro-th in it. )he
,A$@ is a response and reflection to the report prepared 7 the co##ission led 7
Dr.M.% %-a#inathan.
!t -as found that the share of agriculture in the national :DP is rapidl declining in
the last decade. 4or a long ti#e> the go"ern#ent of !ndia -as targeting a 4H gro-th
in the agricultural sector. But it consistentl faltered 7 ending up around t-o per
cent. )he $ision 2&2& docu#ent prepared 7 go"ern#ent of Andhra Pradesh nearl
a decade ago has ai#ed e"en at 6H gro-th in the agricultural sector of the state.
But these -ishful drea#s and sche#es -ere not 7acked 7 necessar in"est#ents
and policies. )he far#ers in the state ha"e lost hope in far#ing due to rising costs>
stagnant output prices and -idening gaps 7et-een agricultural and non<agricultural
sectors. Man oung far#ers find it difficult to get a 7ride and far#ing has 7eco#e a
loosing and dis<respectful profession.
!n this 7ackdrop> the ,A$@ has co#e as a 7eacon of light. )he state go"ern#ent
has ad"ised the agricultural and allied depart#ents to think it 7ig and plan for
su7stantial in"est#ents in these sectors. )here is also a deter#ination on the part of
oung far#ers in the "illages to "oice their aspirations for gro-th and eBuit. )he
pro2ect tea#s> -hich studied the constraints faced 7 agriculture Buite in<depth> ha"e
highlighted the pro7le#s of di#inishing organic #atter content and declining -ater
ta7le. !t is no #ore an eas solution to raise producti"it 7 appling #ore fertili5er.
113
!nfact> the response to fertili5er has co#e do-n fro# a7out 2& kg per kg of =<P<A to
a7out 6 kg. )he long neglect of agriculture has #ade it necessar to in"est #ore for
sol"ing 7oth the long ter# and short<ter# pro7le#s of agriculture.
)he co#7ined "ision of the far#ers and planners has resulted in the preparation of
a#7itious and inno"ati"e sche#es for the de"elop#ent of agriculture. !t is significant
that the district plan for Anantapur district has co#e out -ith such in"est#ent needs>
-hich cannot 7e #et 7 the e?isting 7udgets of the depart#ent and -hat ,A$@ can
offer through pro2ect funding. More resources are needed through other sche#es to
#ake that one 7ig in"est#ent effort needed to accelerate the gro-th in agricultural
sector. )he "ision of ;! plan cannot 7e full understood 7 looking at the nu#7ers of
phsical targets and financial in"est#ents pro2ected> 7ut it should 7e seen as a
docu#ent that reflects the aspirations and hope of the far#ers. Besides gro-th> it
also seeks to re<assert the honor and pride of far#ing profession.
6.< 'istrict lan
)he total in"est#ents proposed for i#ple#enting the inter"entions in different
su7sectors of agriculture are su##ari5ed in ta7le 7elo-F
Ta-le0 Investments !or develoment o! agriculture and allied enterrises
S.No. Sector Investment 12s.in la/"3
1. Agriculture 6&73.&&
2. 1orticulture 146&..&
3. %ericultue 1&6.6&
4. Ani#al hus7andr 423..14
.. 4isheries 6.7.&&
6. Marketing .69&.7.
7. %*,P 797.66
)otal 2122&.67
)he total in"est#ent reBuired for the de"elop#ent of agriculture and allied
enterprises in %rikakula# district during ;! plan period is esti#ated at ,s.2122&.67
lakh. Agriculture accounts for a7out 36H of the total in"est#ent. Ani#al hus7andr
accounted for 2&H of the total in"est#ent. 1orticulture sector recei"ed a7out 6.9H of
the total in"est#ent. Marketing acti"ities got a share of 27.6H in the total in"est#ent.
4isheries got an allocation of 3.1H> -hile sericulture recei"ed onl &..H of the total
in"est#ent. %*,P got a su7stantial allocation of 3.6H of the total in"est#ent.
114
Outcomes
)he outco#es e?pected fro# different su7sectors of agriculture as a result of the
in"est#ents that -ill 7e #ade are furnished in ta7le 7elo-F
)a7leF Anticipated gro-th rates in different su7sectors of agriculturre
(In per cent)
%.=o. %ector 2&&7<&6 2&&6<&9 2&&9<1& 2&1&<11 2&11<12 A"erage
1. Agriculure 3.6 3.9 4.& 4.1 4.2 4
2. 1orticulutre 6.& 6.2. 6.. 6.7. 7.& 6..
3. %ericulture 11.. 12.& 12.. 13.& 13.. 12..
4. Ani#al
hus7andr
6.6 9.& 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.2
.. 4isheries 4.6 ..& ..2 ..4 ..6 ..2
A"erage ..6 6.& 6.4 6.6 7.2 6.4
)he total agricultural sector is e?pected to gro- at an a"erage rate of 6.4H per ear
during the ;! plan period. )he highest gro-th rate of 12..H per ear is e?pected to
result in sericulture sector. Ani#al hus7andr sector is pro2ected to gro- at the rate
of 9.2H per ear during the ;! plan period. 1orticulture sector is e?pected to gro- at
the rate of 6..H per ear. 4isheries sector is targeted to gro- at the rate of ..2H per
ear. )he slo-est gro-th rate of 4.&H per ear is e?pected to occur in case of crop
sector. ("er the plan period> the gro-th rate is e?pected to accelearate> starting fro#
..6H in 2&&7<&6> and going up to 7.2H in 2&11<12.
9onitoring mec"anism roosed
A sound Monitoring !nfor#ation %ste# has to 7e de"eloped 7ased on sectoral
inter"entions and e?pected outputs to re"ie- and track the progress. A 7aseline data
like inco#e of the different categories of the far#ers> ield of different crops> sectoral
gro-th rates etc. #a 7e generated to #easure the Buantitati"e and Bualitati"e
changes resulting of the proposed inter"entions. Luarterl re"ie- #eetings
7eco#es a part of #onitoring sste# o"er and a7o"e the reports recei"ed> registers
#aintained> field "isits 7 concerned personnel. Based on the #id<ter# e"aluation 7
the e?ternal agenc> the change of the targets and inter<sectoral ad2ust#ents -ill 7e
#ade.
%ocial audit a7out the funds a"aila7le and utili5ed under #a2or sche#es> periodical
phsical progress and highlighting de"iations and deficiencies is proposed to carried
out at gra# Panchaat le"el. )he proposed social audit facilitates pu7licit on status
of the i#ple#entation and #aintains transparenc.
11.
,ist o! (endix ta-les
1. ,ecla#ation of pro7le#atic soils
2. :psu# application to ground nut crop
3. %uppl of green #anure seed to rice gro-ers
4. Application of Dinc sulphate to rice> pulses and oilseeds
.. %uppl of sprinklers
6. 3rop di"ersification through %i#a rou7a plantations
7. *sta7lish#ent of ne- fruit gardens
6. ,e2u"enation of old gardens
9. Drip irrigation for horticultural crops
1&. %ericulture pro2ect -ith all co#ponents
11. 4isheries pro2ect -ith all co#ponents
12. 4oot and #outh "accination progra#
13. 3alf induction progra#
14. 1ealth care to sheep and goats and training to shepards
1.. Perennial fodder production including 3haff cutter suppl
16. !nduction of high ielding #ilch ani#als
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
116