Prashanja za ispit kompjuterski mrezi Edmond Beqiri.

1. The way of working during the time when the computer user is actively connected to the
computer network to communicate with any other user or any service (service) is called
online mode of work.
2. Offline mode (regjimi) of working enables offline reading of messages after the
computer network connection is disrupted.
3. Servers - In a computer network with server-client computers, one or more computers
perform certain functions common to all network and are called servers.
4. Cable which connects two network card must adhere to standards set for that network.
There are different variants of cables that are used such as:
- coaxial cable (two variants-thin and full Ethernet),
- ordinary telephone wire,
- telephone wire armored, (UTP/STP)
- fiber optic cable etc..
5. Protocol. - The rules that determine how the computers in the network communicate
between them are called protocols. There are different types of protocols that have
been adapted by the computers, networks and different topologies.
Protocol actually represents language that enables the computers to communicate with
each other.
6. Internet protocol - As stated above, a precise description of the rules and the ways in
which different computers can communicate are called network protocol. The software
that enables smooth operation of the Internet consists of two protocol components
which by the International Standard Organization are called:
a. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol ) and
b. IP ( Internet Protocol).
or in short TCP/IP
6. Class A networks. Class A network uses the first 8 bits of the IP address, and the other
24 bits are used by the Host address, as shown in the figure below. The Determined values for
the first byte of class A network, lay between the values 0 and 127.
7. Class B networks. Class B network uses the first 16 bits of the IP address, and the other 16 bits
are used by the Host address, as shown in the figure below. The Determined values for the first
byte of class B network, lay between the values 128 and 191.
1.
2. Class B networks. Class B network uses the first 24 bits of the IP address, and the other 8 bits
are used by the Host address, as shown in the figure below. The Determined values for the first
byte of class c network, lay between the values 192 and 254.
i.
3. Computer Communication standards - Standards that are mostly developed for communication
between the computers that are connected to the local network:
- Ethernet - used for interconnection of computers in a bus (),
- ARCnet - used to link computers the form of star
- Token-Ring - used to link computers in the form of ring.
4. The difference between these standards is the approach of transferring data across the
network. The standard Ethernet data packets are sent at once in all the computers on the
network, who accept only those data packets that belong to them. The Token-Ring standard
data packets travels in the form of "composition" of a network station to another until it formed
a full circle, i.e. a ring (Ring PTMP).
The speed of transfer at the Ethernet standard is about 10 megabits per second (Mb / s), while
at the standard Token-Ring is about 16 Mb / s. In recent times due to increased demand
networks are presented with great speed (about 100 Mb / s).
5. Peer to Peer Networks - In peer-to-peer network, all computers is connected to each other with the
same advantages. Each computer acts as a server. Peer to peer is relatively easy to install and to Use.
The device which is connected directly to the network is called a host.
6. Client/Server networks - In this type of computer network, computers are connected directly
to the server. The servers keep records, programs, printer, security and other services. This type
has many advantages, but its flaw is that it costs more.
8. Local Area Network- LAN
This connection is made by connecting computers together in a small geographic area such as a home, office,
school, university and various other businesses . The connection of the computers is not as in the case of peer-
to-peer, but the computers are connected to the network through a particular device that can be a hub, switch
or router.
Local Area Networks (LAN) - local networks (in free translation, local area networks), are private
networks, which serve to interconnect network devices in a limited distance which varies from a few
meters inside a building to several kilometers within a given area. LAN is distinguished from other
networks (PAN, MAN, WAN) by size, transmission technology and topology used.
8.1 WLAN - wireless computer network
Wireless technology offers freedom from cable networks with small investment and allows easy
installation and fast computer network in home conditions or in a small business space.
As we learned earlier, WLAN computer network is a network that connects two or more local
networks in large geographical distances, using electromagnetic waves through the air space as a
medium.
Differences between LAN and WLAN
WLANs offers you real-time access (online link) to any place in the organization. This increases
productivity and opportunities for other services that were not possible with classical LAN networks.
WLAN can be installed very quickly and very simple, remove the need for extension cables through
walls
WLAN enables access to networks in places where classical LAN could not provide.
WLANs in the initial investment can be more expensive than the classic LAN, but is cheaper if we are
dealing with networks which at all times must move
9. MAC address (physical address) is a 48 bit address, which is presented with six hexadecimal pairs
(of numbers). Each MAC address is set by the manufacturer before the network card goes on sale, also is
uniquely designed to help identify the computer on the network.
10. The most common methods used for communication modules are: modulation frequency,
amplitude, and phase. Other methods are also CCK modulation (Complementary code keying) and QAM
(Quadrature amplitude modulation).
11. Antennas - IEEE defines antennas as "part of the transmitter or receiver that is designed to transmit
/ spread or receive electromagnetic waves.
Some important points that describe the antenna are:
Antenna is a converter of electric energy in the electromagnetic waves, for example. Antenna
transmitts and converts electromagnetic waves into electricity for example. The case of receiving
antennas.
The physical dimensions of the antenna such as length, directly affect the frequency at which the
antenna emits or receives waves.
Define topology
With the word "topology" we understand the definition of the structure of computer network, or better
to say in what way the printers, computers or other equipment are connected.
Distinguish two types of topologies:
physical topology, which deals with the relationship of physical devices such as cables
logical topology - defines how the connection can be made with the media communication host
Physical topologies are
- Bus topology
- Star topology
- Ring topology
- Extended Ring topology
- Hierarchical topology
- Mesh topology
12. BUS topology - in this kind of topology the signal with information can be transmitted in each
computer one by one. The network with BUS (magistral) configuration consists of long passive
transmission mediums, in which remote station units are connected through BIU (bus interface unit).
Remote control units are located near the station. The transmission mediumis a shared resource for all
stations.
13. Ring topology - consists of a set of active RIU (ring interface unit) connected in a series through the
transmission mediumthat is connecting stations to the medium. The remote unit detects incoming
information and regenerates the same bit for bit in the course of delivery, so information travels around
the ring.
14. STAR topology in the configuration star, each peripheral station connects to the central station
through the transmission mediumand interfaces which are placed close to the central station. This
configuration is appropriate when only is needed a communication between the central station and
peripheral units.
15. IEEE 802 committee has defined three types of transmitter medium occupancy methods: CSMA / CD
(IEEE 802.3 standard); token bus (IEEE 802.4); and Token Ring (IEEE 802.5).
16. Network capacity means the maximum amount of communication that the network can perform in
the case of the ideal distribution of traffic.
17. Repeater is a simple device which contains a shift register logic circuits to detect certain conditions
of information, which circulates around the ring. Serve to strengthen the signal.
18. Layers of the OSI model (Open System Interconnection) are:
the application layer,
presentation,
session,
transport,
network,
data link
and physical layer.
19. Computer networks are divided into several layers. Three of these layers are:
a. The Physical Layer
b. Data-link Layer
c. Network Layer
HUBs are used in the physical layer; Switches are used in the Data Link Layer; And
routers are used in the network layer.
20. HUB in reality is a repeater with multiple ports, i.e. the signal received in the network
is reinforced and distributed in many directions. The hub's task is to derive (split in
branches) the source of electrical signals. If you have a hub with four gates, the same signal
branches into four branches. Limitations of the hubs are :
a. They do not allow the gates to communicate at the same time
b. all gates must communicate with the same speed.
c. since every port information is distributed to all other gates, then every computer
connected to the hub can intercept information across other computers.
21. Switches work in the Data Link layer and perform the same that does the hub, but are "smarter"
and eliminate problems that hubs make. Unlike a hub, the switch reads the addresses puts
them in envelopes and sends them only to the gate where the envelopes were addressed. This
capability allows all gates of the switch to exchange information at the same time without
having to wait for other gates to become free (relax).
22. Routers The routers are the hands that enable the exchange of information packages.
The routers are still smarter than switches and know how to exchange information
between two points anywhere on the network. The advanced routers take care that the
packets are exchanged equally in order for the network to be used in its best and not
become overloaded.
The routers are commonly used to share / organize large networks into smaller networks
(subnets). This setup is done to minimize the load on the network and to simplify network
management.
23. The public telephone network transmission uses frequencies from 0.3 to 3400 Hz, but the
connection between the subscriber station and telephone service can also be used with
high frequency. This range is used by DSL technologies that use radio frequencies from
3.4 kHz to 1.1 MHz (ADSL Lite up to 552 KHz) to transmit data. The data are
transmitted in separate channels 4.3125 Khz band. Altogether there are 1100 Khz /
4.3125 = 255 KHz channels. ADSL Lite contains 128 channels. In the case of ADSL
more channels used for data transmission by telephone plant to subscribers and less in the
opposite direction, so that the speed of transmission is greatest in the first case and is
asymmetrical lines.
24.