1a) Triangle with grass at base, sheep in middle and human at the top.

1bi) C
1bii) There are less trophic levels, which means that there are less intermediate processes and less
energy will be lost through cell growth and repair, heating and movement of the animals and
respiration. In addition to this, less biomass will be lost as there are less waste products from
animals (e.g. urea, faeces etc.)

2)
In dry conditions, both animals and plants must have suitable adaptations in order to survive in their
environment.

Some animals such as the desert fox have a large surface area to volume ratio in order to maximize
the loss of heat. In addition to this, they also have large ears in order to increase heat loss through
radiation. The camel has a hump which allows it to store water and fat so so it can go long periods
without water, which is scarce in dry environments.

The cactus plant also lives in dry conditions, and can store water over long periods of time.
Furthermore, it doesn't have any leaves in order to minimize water loss which is essential in dry
conditions. Finally, it has wide spreading roots in order to find water from distant locations and
increase the amount of water it can take in.


3a) When the dead plants decay, decomposers such as microorganisms and bacteria break them
down. They then go on to perform aerobic respiration which is an exothermic reaction and releases
heat energy, thus heating the eggs.
3bi) The air vents must be opened and closed in order to allow heat to escape (otherwise the
decomposers could become denatured and decay would not happen) and also to allow oxygen in to
the nest in order for aerobic respiration to take place.
3bii) They must have adequate numbers of males and females in order to sucessfully reproduce, so
the temperatures must be controlled in order to maintain a roughly even proportion.






4a) Mumps and Rubella
4bi) 504/630 = 0.8 = 80%
4bii) It further decreases the amount of people that are at risk of MMR, which means that it is less
likely to spread and it could possibly be completely eradicated.
4ci) A dead or inactive form of the pathogen you are trying to defend against.
4cii) A vaccination contains a dead or inactive form of the appropriate pathogen, which means that
the white blood cells will have adequate time to respond without risk of illness as the pathogen is
not a threat to the body. This means that the next time the pathogen enters the body, the memory
cells will 'remember' the pathogen so they will be able to produce respond (such as producing
antibodies) quicker so you don't feel ill.
4di) Measles is a virus, so it reproduces inside the body cells. This makes it difficult for the antibiotics
to defend against the virus without risk of also damaging the body cells in the process, so they
cannot be sucessfully used to treat measles.
4dii) Because the resistant strains of the pathogen have less competition and thrive, which means
that there is a higher proportion of resistant bacteria meaning that the antibiotic will not be very
effective.

5a) Motor neurone.
5b) The relay neurone secretes a chemical transmitter when it recieves an impulse from the sensory
neurone. This diffuses across the gap and produces an impulse in the motor neurone which is then
used to transfer information.
5c)
Curare decreases the magnitude of the response by the muscles (e.g. smaller contraction)
Strychnine increases the magnitude of the response (e.g. larger contraction)

[may also/instead be speed of reflex]



6ai) Sleeping pill
6aii) Morning sickness
6aiii) It can cause children to be born with deformities and disabilties.
6aiv) It was only tested on pregnant mothers, which means that there was no time to see the effects
on the child.
6bi) It alters the chemistry of the body and can also produce withdrawal symptoms.
6bii) Some drugs such as nicotine have a similar dependence factor to Class A drugs (nicotine's
dependence factor is similar to that of cocaine, alcohol's is similar to that of LSD) so they could cause
people to become addicted to them. By making them illegal, you would reduce the number of
people prepared to supply them and reduce the dangers.
6biii) Lethality of the drugs (i.e. how harmful they are to people)

7ai) There was genetic variation in the types of elephants due to a random mutation that occured
which caused the elephants to have different characteristics. This meant there was competition
between the different elephants and the elephant with the trunk was better adapted to reach into
trees than the elephant with the long nose. This eventually led to the elephants with the long nose
dying out as they did not get enough food, so the elephants with the trunk had less competition and
went on to sucessfully reproduce.
7aii) Lamarck's theory would suggest that as the elephant with the long nose found itself having to
use its nose more to reach the leaves, these characteristics were then passed to its offspring which
led to it having a trunk.
7bi)
There was no evidence
Information about genes and chromosomes was not known at the time.
7bii) All living things were created by God.

8a) The scientists could remove the chromosome from maize plants using enzymes and place the
gene from Bacilius thuringiensis into the maize chromosome (which is also cut out using enzymes).
This new chromosome could then be reinserted back into the maize plants and would cause them to
produce the insect killing toxin.

[Also culture cells to grow more copies]

8b)
The GM plants would save the farmers money as less crops would be eaten by insects meaning that
there would be more crops left over. In addition to this, it could also increase the quality of the
plants as there would be less corn borers.
On the other hand, it will mean that the insects that eat the crops would die out, leading to a
decrease in biodiversity. Also, the plants may not be able to sexually reproduce as they would kill the
insects that pollinate them. Finally, the effects of GM plants on humans are not fully known so it
could have a detrimental effect on us.
In conclusion, I think that farmers should not grow GM plants as it would mean that the plants
would not be able to reproduce sexually which could mean a loss in profits for the farmers.