Comsol Command Emw

8 | C H A P T E R 2 : A P P L I C A T I O N M O D E R E F E R E N C E
El e c t r omagne t i c Wav e s
A number of variables and physical quantities are available for postprocessing and for
use in equations and boundary conditions. They are all given in the tables below.
See page 6 for a description of the notation used in these tables. The up and down
subscripts indicate that the variable should be evaluated on the geometrical up or down
side of the boundary. A letter t in front of a vector quantity for a boundary variable
means the tangential vector on boundaries.
Common Variables for the Application Modes
All the components of the electric and magnetic field quantities are available for
postprocessing and for use in equations and boundary conditions. The different energy
quantities are also available.
A P P L I C A T I O N S C A L A R VA R I A B L E S
The application-specific variables in this mode are given in Table 2-1.
TABLE 2-1: COMMON APPLICATION MODE SCALAR VARIABLES
NAME ANALYSIS DESCRIPTION EXPRESSION
lambda0 harmonic, mode
analysis,
0
is
input
free space
wavelength

0
lambda0 harmonic, mode
analysis, is input
free space
wavelength
lambda0 eigenfrequency free space
wavelength
2/k
0
omega harmonic, mode
analysis
angular frequency 2
omega eigenfrequency angular frequency Im()
nu harmonic, mode
analysis,
0
is
input
frequency
nu harmonic, mode
analysis, is input
frequency
nu eigenfrequency frequency
1

0
0
-------------------
1
0
----------------------
2
------
E L E C T R O M A G N E T I C WA V E S | 9
A P P L I C A T I O N S U B D O MA I N VA R I A B L E S
The subdomain variables are given in Table 2-2. Note that, depending on the
application mode, some field components may be zero. Suitable simplifications are
then made on constitutive relations and expressions.
k0 harmonic, mode
analysis,
eigenfrequency
free space wave
number
c0 speed of light
epsilon0 permittivity of
vacuum

0
mu0 permeability of
vacuum

0
damp eigenfrequency damping
coefficient
= Re()
Qfact eigenfrequency quality factor
TABLE 2-1: COMMON APPLICATION MODE SCALAR VARIABLES

0
0
1
0
----------------
2
---------
TABLE 2-2: COMMON APPLICATION MODE SUBDOMAIN VARIABLES
NAME ANALYSIS MAT. PARAMS CONST. REL. DESCRIPTION EXPRESSION
k harmonic, mode
analysis
wave number
k eigenfrequency wave number
c phase velocity
Z_wave wave impedance c
0

0

r
mur n relative
permeability
1
murij n relative
permeability,
x
i
x
j
component
1
mur epsr M relative
permeability
1
k
0
r
j
0
---------

k
0
r
c
0
r
---------------
mur epsr mur, Br relative
permeability

r
murij epsr mur, Br relative
permeability,
x
i
x
j
component

rij
mu permeability
0
r
muij permeability,
x
i
x
j
component

0
rij
n n refractive index n
nij n refractive index,
x
i
x
j
component
n
ij
n epsr refractive index
nij epsr refractive index,
x
i
x
j
component
epsilonr n relative
permittivity
n
2
epsilonrij n relative
permittivity,
x
i
x
j
component
n
ik
n
kj
epsilonr epsr P relative
permittivity
1
epsilonr epsr epsr, Dr relative
permittivity

r
epsilonrij epsr relative
permittivity,
x
i
x
j
component

rij
epsilon permittivity
0
r
epsilonij permittivity,
x
i
x
j
component

0
rij
sigma n electric
conductivity
0
sigmaij n electric
conductivity,
x
i
x
j
component
0
sigma epsr electric
conductivity

r
( )
ij
sigmaij epsr electric
conductivity, x
i
x
j

component

ij
delta harmonic, mode
analysis
skin depth
Pi transient epsr P electric
polarization,
x
i
component
P
i
Pi transient epsr Dr, epsr electric
polarization,
x
i
component
D
i

0
E
i
Dri transient epsr epsr remanent
displacement,
x
i
component
0
Dri transient epsr P remanent
displacement,
x
i
component
P
i
Dri transient epsr Dr remanent
displacement,
x
i
component
D
ri
Mi transient epsr M magnetization,
x
i
component
M
i
Mi transient epsr mur, Br magnetization,
x
i
component
Bri transient epsr mur remanent flux
density,
x
i
component
0
Bri transient epsr M remanent flux
density,
x
i
component

0
M
i
Bri transient epsr Br remanent flux
density,
x
i
component
B
ri
Ei E dependent
variable
electric field,
x
i
component
E
i
1
Re j j + ( ) ( )
---------------------------------------------------
B
i
0
------ H
i
Ei H dependent
variable
electric field,
x
i
component
Ei transient electric field,
x
i
component
normE electric field,
norm
Di electric
displacement,
x
i
component

ij
E
j
normD electric
displacement,
norm
Bi H dependent
variable
magnetic flux
density,
x
i
component

ij
H
j
Bi E dependent
variable
magnetic flux
density,
x
i
component
Bi transient magnetic flux
density,
x
i
component
normB magnetic flux
density, norm
Hi H dependent
variable
magnetic field,
x
i
component
H
i
Hi E dependent
variable or
transient
magnetic field,
x
i
component
normH magnetic field,
norm
Weav harmonic, mode
analysis,
eigenfrequency
time average
electric energy
Wmav harmonic, mode
analysis,
eigenfrequency
time average
magnetic energy
j
0
---------
r
j
0
---------

ij
1
H ( )
j
t
A
i
E E
*
D D
*
---- E ( )
i
A ( )
i
B B
*
rij
1
B
j
0
---------------
H H
*
1
4
---Re E D
*
( )
1
4
---Re B H
*
( )
Wav harmonic, mode
analysis,
eigenfrequency
time average total
energy
Qav harmonic, mode
analysis,
eigenfrequency
time average
resistive heating
Qmav harmonic, mode
analysis,
eigenfrequency
time average
magnetic
hysteresis losses
Poiav harmonic, mode
analysis,
eigenfrequency
time average
power flow
x
i
component
normPoav harmonic, mode
analysis,
eigenfrequency
time average
power flow, norm
We transient electric energy
Wm transient magnetic energy
W transient total energy W
e
+ W
m
Q transient resistive heating
Poi transient power flow
x
i
component
(E H)
i
normPo transient power flow, norm
dr_guess default guess for
width in radial
direction

r
R0_guess default guess for
inner radius
R
0
Si infinite element
x
i
coordinate
s
i
W
e
av
W
m
av
+
1
2
---Re E E
*
jE D
*
( )
1
2
---Re jH B
*
( )
1
2
---Re E H
*
( )
i
S
av
S
av*
1
2
--- E D ( )
1
2
--- B H ( )
E
t
D

E
S S
*
A P P L I C A T I O N B O U N D A R Y VA R I A B L E S
The boundary variables are given in the table below.
Electromagnetic Waves (3D)
The tables in this section list the variables that differ from those in the section
Common Variables for the Application Modes on page 8. If you do not find a
variable in the list below, it can be in the list of common variables. Note that no mode
analysis is available for 3D Electromagnetic Waves.
No differences exist between the list of variables in Application Scalar Variables on
page 8.
Sdi_guess default guess for
width along x
i

coordinate

i
dVol Volume
integration
contribution
dV
TABLE 2-3: COMMON APPLICATION MODE BOUNDARY VARIABLES
normJs surface current
density, norm
nPoav normal power
flow
n S
av
Qs transient surface resistive
heating
J
s
tE
Qsav harmonic,
eigenfrequency,
mode analysis
time average
surface resistive
heating
deltabnd harmonic,
eigenfrequency,
mode analysis,
impedance cond.
skin depth
dVolbnd Area integration
contribution
dA
J
s
J
s
*
1
2
---Re J
s
tE
*
( )
1
Re j j + ( ) ( )
---------------------------------------------------
A P P L I C A T I O N MO D E S U B D O MA I N VA R I A B L E S
No differences exist between the list of variables in Application Subdomain Variables
on page 9.
The boundary variables are given in Table 2-4.
In-Plane Waves Application Mode
TABLE 2-4: APPLICATION MODE BOUNDARY VARIABLES
Jsi H dependent
variable
surface current
density,
x
i
component
n tH
Jsi E dependent
variable, transient
surface current
density,
x
i
component
n
up
(tH
down
tH
up
)
tHi H dependent
variable
tangential
magnetic field,
x
i
component
tH
i
tHi E dependent
variable or
transient
tangential
magnetic field,
x
i
component
H
i
(n H)n
i
normtH tangential
magnetic field,
norm
tEi E dependent
variable
tangential electric
field,
x
i
component
tE
i
tEi H dependent
variable
tangential electric
field,
x
i
component
E
i
(n E)n
i
tEi transient tangential electric
field,
x
i
component
normtE tangential electric
field, norm
tH tH
*
tA
i
tE tE
*
analysis is available for In-Plane Waves.
See page 6 for a description of the notation used in the tables.
page 8.
The variables for hybrid-mode waves is simply the sum of the variable sets from TE
waves and TM waves.
TABLE 2-5: APPLICATION MODE SUBDOMAIN VARIABLES, IN-PLANE TE WAVES
Ez harmonic,
eigenfrequency
electric field,
z component
E
z
Ez transient electric field,
z component
Bx harmonic,
eigenfrequency
magnetic flux
density,
x component
By harmonic,
eigenfrequency
magnetic flux
density,
y component
Bx transient magnetic flux
density,
x component
By transient magnetic flux
density,
y component
TABLE 2-6: APPLICATION MODE SUBDOMAIN VARIABLES, IN-PLANE TM WAVES
Hz harmonic,
eigenfrequency
magnetic field,
z component
H
z
Hz transient magnetic field,
z component
t
A
z
----
E
z
y
---------
j
----
E
z
x
---------
A
z
y
---------
A
z
x
---------
rij
1
B
z
0
------
A P P L I C A T I O N MO D E B O U N D A R Y VA R I A B L E S
The variables for hybrid-mode waves is simply the sum of the variable sets from TE
waves and TM waves.
Electromagnetic Waves Application Modes (Axial Symmetry, 2D)
analysis is available for Axisymmetric Waves.
page 8.
A P P L I C A T I O N MO D E VA R I A B L E S
The expressions for the refractive index and relative permittivity differ depending on
which of the two is given as input in the equation.
Bz harmonic,
eigenfrequency
magnetic flux
density,
z component
H
z
Bz transient magnetic flux
density,
z component
TABLE 2-6: APPLICATION MODE SUBDOMAIN VARIABLES, IN-PLANE TM WAVES
x
A
y
y
A
x
TABLE 2-7: APPLICATION MODE BOUNDARY VARIABLES, IN-PLANE TE WAVES

Jsz surface current
density,
z component
n
xup
(H
ydown
H
yup
)
n
yup
(H
xdown
H
xup
)
TABLE 2-8: APPLICATION MODE BOUNDARY VARIABLES, IN-PLANE TM WAVES
Jsz transient surface current
density,
z component
n
xup
(H
ydown
H
yup
)
n
yup
(H
xdown
H
xup
)
The subdomain variables for axisymmetric TE and TM waves are given below in
Table 2-9 and Table 2-10. The variables for hybrid-mode waves is simply the sum of
the two tables.
TABLE 2-9: APPLICATION MODE SUBDOMAIN VARIABLES, AXISYMMETRIC TE WAVES
Ephi harmonic,
eigenfrequency
electric field,
component

Ephir harmonic,
eigenfrequency
electric field, r
derivative of
component
Ephiz harmonic,
eigenfrequency
electric field, z
derivative of
component
Aphi transient magnetic
potential,
component

Aphir transient magnetic
potential, r
derivative of
component
Aphiz transient magnetic
potential, z
derivative of
component
Aphit transient magnetic
potential,
time-derivative of
component
Ephi transient electric field,
component
Br harmonic,
eigenfrequency
magnetic flux
density, r
component
Bz harmonic,
eigenfrequency
magnetic flux
density, z
component
r
----------
z
----------
r
----------
z
----------
t
----------
t
A
----
E
z
----------
j
----
E
r
-------
E
r
---------- +

The boundary variables for axisymmetric TE and TM waves are given in Table 2-11
and Table 2-12. The variables for hybrid-mode waves is simply the sum of the two
tables.
Br transient magnetic flux
density, r
component
Bz transient magnetic flux
density, z
component
TABLE 2-10: APPLICATION MODE SUBDOMAIN VARIABLES, AXISYMMETRIC TM WAVES
Hphi harmonic,
eigenfrequency
magnetic field,
component

Hphir harmonic,
eigenfrequency
magnetic field, r
derivative of
component
Hphiz harmonic,
eigenfrequency
magnetic field, z
derivative of
component
Hphi transient magnetic field,
component
Bphi harmonic,
eigenfrequency
magnetic flux
density,
component
Bphi transient magnetic flux
density,
component
TABLE 2-11: APPLICATION MODE BOUNDARY VARIABLES, AXISYMMETRIC TE WAVES
Jsphi surface current
density,
component
n
zup
(H
rdown
H
rup
)
n
rup
(H
zdown
H
zup
)
TABLE 2-9: APPLICATION MODE SUBDOMAIN VARIABLES, AXISYMMETRIC TE WAVES
A
z
----------
A
r
-------
A
r
---------- +
r
---------- -
z
---------- -
rij
1
B
j
0
------
z
A
r
r
A
z
Perpendicular Waves Application Modes(2D)
variable in the list below, it can be in the list of common variables. Note that no
harmonic or transient analysis is available for Perpendicular Waves.
The application-specific variables in this mode are given in Table 2-13.
TABLE 2-12: APPLICATION MODE BOUNDARY VARIABLES, AXISYMMETRIC TM WAVES
Jsphi transient surface current
density,
component
n
zup
(H
rdown
H
rup
)
n
rup
(H
zdown
H
zup
)
TABLE 2-13: APPLICATION MODE SCALAR VARIABLES, PERPENDICULAR WAVES
beta mode analysis propagation
constant
Im()
beta eigenfrequency propagation
constant

neff effective mode
index
/k
0
dampz mode analysis attenuation
coefficient

z
= Re()
dampz eigenfrequency attenuation
coefficient

z
= Re(j)
dampzdB attenuation, dB
scale
20
z
log e
The subdomain variables for TM waves, TE waves, Hybrid-mode waves H-field
formulation, and Hybrid-mode waves E-field formulation are listed in four tables
below in the given order.
TABLE 2-14: APPLICATION MODE VARIABLES, PERPENDICULAR TM WAVES
NAME ANALYSIS MAT. PARAMS DESCRIPTION EXPRESSION
Ex mode analysis electric field,
x component
Ex eigenfrequency electric field,
x component
Ey mode analysis electric field,
y component
Ey eigenfrequency electric field,
y component
Ez electric field,
z component
E
z
Hx mode analysis magnetic field,
x component
Hx eigenfrequency magnetic field,
x component
Hy mode analysis magnetic field,
y component
Hy eigenfrequency magnetic field,
y component
j
j + ( )
------------------------H
y
-------H
y
j
j + ( )
------------------------ H
x
------- H
x
j +
k
2
-------------------
E
z
y
---------
j
k
2
------------------
E
z
y
---------
j +
k
2
-------------------
E
z
x
---------
j
k
2
------------------
E
z
x
---------
TABLE 2-15: APPLICATION MODE VARIABLES, PERPENDICULAR TE WAVES
Hx magnetic field,
x component
Hy magnetic field,
y component
Hz magnetic field,
z component
H
z
-------E
y
-------E
x
The boundary variables for TM waves, TE waves, Hybrid-mode waves H-field
formulation, and Hybrid-mode waves E-field formulation are listed in four tables
below in the given order.
Ex electric field,
x component
Ey electric field,
y component
j
k
2
------------------
H
z
y
----------
j
k
2
------------------
H
z
x
----------
TABLE 2-16: APPLICATION MODE VARIABLES, PERPENDICULAR HYBRID-MODE WAVES, MAGNETIC FIELD DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Hz two-component magnetic field,
z component
Hz three-component
formulation
magnetic field,
z component
h
z
j
rzz
--------------
t
rt
H
t
( )
TABLE 2-17: APPLICATION MODE VARIABLES, PERPENDICULAR HYBRID-MODE WAVES, ELECTRIC FIELD DEPENDENT
VARIABLE
Ez two-component electric field,
z component
Ez three-component
formulation
electric field,
z component
e
z
j
rzz
-------------
t
rt
E
t
( )
TABLE 2-18: APPLICATION MODE VARIABLES, PERPENDICULAR TM WAVES
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPRESSION
Jsz surface current
density,
z component
n
xup
(H
ydown
H
yup
)
n
yup
(H
xdown
H
xup
)
Boundary Mode Analysis Application Modes (3D)
Below is the variables listed that differ from the list of common variables in Common
Variables for the Application Modes on page 8. If you do not find a variable in the list
Jsx surface current
density,
x component
n
y
H
z
Jsy surface current
density,
y component
n
x
H
z
Jsz surface current
density,
z component
n
y
H
x
n
x
H
y
TABLE 2-20: APPLICATION MODE VARIABLES, PERPENDICULAR HYBRID-MODE WAVES, MAGNETIC FIELD
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Jsx surface current
density,
x component
n
y
H
z
Jsy surface current
density,
y component
n
x
H
z
Jsz surface current
density,
z component
n
y
H
x
n
x
H
y
TABLE 2-21: APPLICATION MODE VARIABLES, PERPENDICULAR HYBRID-MODE WAVES, ELECTRIC FIELD
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Jsx surface current
density,
x component
n
yup
(H
zdown
H
zup
)
Jsy surface current
density,
y component
n
xup
(H
zdown
H
zup
)
Jsz surface current
density,
z component
n
xup
(H
ydown
H
yup
)
n
yup
(H
xdown
H
xup
)
below, it can be in the list of common variables. Note that only mode analysis is
available for Boundary Mode Analysis in 3D.
The application-specific variables in this mode are given in the following table.
The boundary variables for TM waves, TE waves, and Hybrid-mode waves are listed
in three tables below in the given order.
TABLE 2-22: APPLICATION MODE SCALAR VARIABLES, BOUNDARY MODE ANALYSIS
beta propagation
constant
Im()
neff effective mode
index
/k
0
dampz attenuation
coefficient

z
= Re()
dampzdB attenuation, dB
scale
20
z
log e
TABLE 2-23: APPLICATION MODE VARIABLES, BOUNDARY MODE ANALYSIS, TM WAVES
NAME MAT. PARAMS DESCRIPTION EXPRESSION
tEi tangential electric field,
x
i
component
En electric field, normal
component
je
n
tDi tangential electric
displacement, x
i

component
tE
i
Dn electric displacement,
normal component
E
n
tHi tangential magnetic field,
x
i
component
tBi tangential magnetic flux
density, x
i
component
tH
i
j
j + ( )
------------------------ n H
t
( )
i
j +
k
2
-------------------
t
nE
n
( )
i
TABLE 2-24: APPLICATION MODE VARIABLES, BOUNDARY MODE ANALYSIS, TE WAVES
NAME MAT. PARAMS DESCRIPTION EXPRESSION
tHi tangential magnetic field,
x
i
component
Hn magnetic field, normal
component
jh
n
density, x
i
component
H
i
Bn magnetic flux density,
normal component
H
n
tEi tangential electric field,
x
i
component
displacement, x
i

component
E
i
------- n E
t
( )
i
j
k
2
------------------
t
nH
n
( )
i
TABLE 2-25: APPLICATION MODE VARIABLES, BOUNDARY MODE ANALYSIS, HYBRID MODE WAVES
NAME DEP.
VAR.
MAT. PARAMS DESCRIPTION EXPRESSION
tHi H tangential magnetic field,
x
i
component
th
i
/
tHi E tangential magnetic field,
x
i
component
Hn H magnetic field, normal
component
jh
n
/k
0
Hn E magnetic field, normal
component
density, x
i
component
H
i
Bn magnetic flux density,
normal component
H
n
tEi H tangential electric field,
x
i
component
tEi E tangential electric field,
x
i
component
te
i
/
------- n E
t
( )
i
-------
t
nE
n
( )
i
-------n
t
E
t
( )
c
--------- n H
t
( )
i
j
c
---------
t
nH
n
( )
i
+
Boundary Mode Analysis Application Modes (2D)
variable in the list below, it can be in the list of common variables. Note that only mode
analysis is available for Boundary Mode Analysis in 2D.
See the corresponding section for Boundary Mode Analysis Application Modes
(3D) on page 23.
The boundary variables for TM waves, and TE waves are listed in two tables below in
the given order.
En H electric field, normal
component
En E electric field, normal
component
je
n
/k
0
displacement, x
i

component
E
i
TABLE 2-25: APPLICATION MODE VARIABLES, BOUNDARY MODE ANALYSIS, HYBRID MODE WAVES
NAME DEP.
VAR.
MAT. PARAMS DESCRIPTION EXPRESSION
j
c
---------n
t
H
t
( )
TABLE 2-26: APPLICATION MODE VARIABLES. BOUNDARY MODE ANALYSIS 2D TM WAVE.
NAME SETTING DESCRIPTION EXPRESSION
tEx tangential electric field,
x component
tEy tangential electric field,
y component
normtE tangential electric field, norm
En normal electric field
n
y
j
------------------H
z
n
x
j
------------------H
z
E E
1
j +
-------------------
T
nH
z
( )
tDi electric displacement,
x
i
component
E
i
normtD tangential electric displacement,
norm
Dn normal electric displacement E
n
Hz magnetic field, z component H
z
TABLE 2-26: APPLICATION MODE VARIABLES. BOUNDARY MODE ANALYSIS 2D TM WAVE.
D D
TABLE 2-27: APPLICATION MODE VARIABLES. BOUNDARY MODE ANALYSIS 2D, TE WAVE
tHx tangential magnetic field,
x component
tHy tangential magnetic field,
y component
normtH tangential magnetic field, norm
Hn normal magnetic field
tBi tangential magnetic flux density,
x
i
component
tH
i
normtB tangential magnetic flux density,
norm
Bn normal magnetic flux density H
n
Ez electric field, z component E
z
n
y
-------------E
z
n
x
---------E
z
H H
-------
t
nE
z
B B

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8 | C H A P T E R 2 : A P P L I C A T I O N M O D E R E F E R E N C E

TABLE 2-7: APPLICATION MODE BOUNDARY VARIABLES, IN-PLANE TE WAVES

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