1

University of the Cordilleras

Baguio City







THE GENESIS OF THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

















A Research Paper
Submitted to
Atty. Rolando Vergara
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
In the Subject Legal Research






October 4, 2013













2



The Philippine Constitution

A constitution, in the American sense of the word, is a written
instrument by which the fundamental powers of the government are
established, limited and defined, and by which these powers are
distributed among several departments, for their more safe and useful
exercise, for the benefit of the body politic.
1
It is law and law of the
highest authoritativeness and obligation. As supreme law of the land, it
is the ultimate authority to which reference must be made to determine
the validity of national law, administrative regulations, local ordinances
and executive actions.
2


Historical Constitutions

I. The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato (1897)

Over 300 years of Spanish rule, the country developed from a small
overseas colony governed from the Viceroyalty of New Spain to a land with
modern elements in the cities. The Spanish-speaking middle classes of the
19th century were mostly educated in the European ideas, including
Liberalism, many studying in Spain and elsewhere in Europe. Among these
Spanish-educated Ilustrados was Jos Rizal, doctor, novelist and official
Filipino National Hero, who demanded greater reforms from the Spanish
authorities.
3


During this period, the Katipunan, or KKK, was formed. It was
independence from Spain. When the KKK was discovered by Spanish
authorities, Bonifacio issued the Cry of Balintawak which stated the
Philippine Revolution in 1896.The Katipunan revolution led to the Tejeros
Convention where, at San Francisco de Malabn, Cavite, on March 22,
1897, the first presidential and vice presidential elections in Philippine
history were heldalthough only the Katipuneros (members of the
Katipunan) were able to take part, and not the general populace. A later
meeting of the revolutionary government established there, held on
November 1, 1897 at Biak-na-Bato in the town of San Miguel de
Mayumo in Bulacn, established the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. The republic
had a constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Flix Ferrer and based on
the first Cuban Constitution. It is known as the "Constitucin Provisional de
la Repblica de Filipinas", and was originally written in and promulgated in
the Spanish and Tagalog languages.
4
It provides that the Supreme
Council, vested with the supreme power of government, shall conduct
foreign relations, war, the interior, and the treasury.
5


II. The Malolos Constitution 1899


J
Juaqin G. Bernas, The 1987 Philippine Constitution: A Reviewer Primer, 2002, p. 1
2
Rufus B. Rodriguez, Legal Reseach,2002, p. 83
3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolos_Constitution (3.1)
4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines (5.1)
5
http://www.studymode.com/essays/History-Of-Philippine-Constitution-729539.html

3

The Political Constitution of 1899, informally known as the Malolos
Constitution is a Filipino legal document codifying the basic law of the
First Philippine Republic. It is both the twelfth such charter to be
implemented in the Philippine archipelago and the first to written as the
framework of an independent nation.
6


It was written by Felipe Caldern y Roca and Felipe Buencamino as
an alternative to a pair of unsatisfying proposals tendered to the Malolos
Congress by Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno. After a lengthy debate,
taking up much of the latter part of 1898, it was finally enacted with
minor modifications on 21 January, 1899.
7


When the Spanish-American War broke out on April 25, 1898, the
United States Commodore George Dewey aboard the USS Olympia sailed
from Hong Kong to Manila Bay leading the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S.
Navy. On May 1, 1898, the American force defeated the Spanish in the
Battle of Manila Bay. Later that month, the U.S. Navy transported
Aguinaldo back to the Philippines.
8


Aquinaldo took control of the newly re-formed Philippine
revolutionary forces and quickly surrounded Manila on land while the
American blockaded the city from the bay. On June 12th, Aquinaldo
issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence and issued several
decrees forming the First Philippine Republic. Elections were held from
June 23 to September 10, 1898 for a new national legislature, the Malolos
Congress.
9

In accordance with article 11 of the Revolutionary Government
Decree of 23 June, 1898, the Malolos Congress selected a commission to
draw up a draft constitution on 17 September, 1898.

The Political Constitution of 1899 is written in Spanish which was
the official language of the Philippines at the time.
It is composed of ninety-four articles divided into fourteen topics, with a
further eight provisional articles, and one amendment.
10

The style of the document is patterned after the Spanish
Constitution of 1812 which many Latin American charters from the same
period similarly follow.
11
Calderon himself writes in his journal that in
addition to using the French Constitution (1793), the charters of Belgium,
Mexico, Brazil, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Guatemala were also studied as
these countries shared similar social, political, ethnological, and
governance conditions with the Philippine Islands.
12


The Retroversion of the sovereignty to the people, which challenged
the legitimacy of the colonial authorities,
13
was the legal principle

6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolos_Constitution
7
Ibid
8
Ibid
9
Ibid
10
Ibid
11
Malcolm, George (March 1921). "The Malolos Constitution". Political Science Quarterly 36 (1): 91103.
12
Caldern, Felipe (1907). Mis memorias sobre la revolucin filipina: Segunda etapa, (1898 1901). Manila:
Imp. de El Renacimiento. p. Appendix I, p. 17.
13
Nuevas perspectivas en la Historia de la Revolucin de Mayo (Spanish)
4

underlying the Spanish American Independence and Filipino
Independence processes.
14


This principle was a pre-processor to the concept of popular
sovereignty, currently expressed in most constitutional systems
throughout the world, whereby the people delegate governmental
functions to their civil servants while retaining the actual sovereignty.
This concept of the precedence of popular sovereignty over the national
sovereignty is derived from the French political document, the Declaration
of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793 and forms the philosophical basis
for article 4 of the Malolos Constitution.
15



The First Philippine Republic never gained international recognition
and the Malolos Constitution was never fully implemented across the
Philippines.
16


Following Spain's defeat in the Spanish-American War, the United
States in the Treaty of Paris of 1898 acquired the Philippines from Spain,
along with several other territories. On February 4 1899, the Philippine-
American War started with the Battle of Manila of 1899. On March 23
1901 Aguinaldo was captured and sent into exile, which marks the end of
the revolutionary government.
17


Beginning with the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 the United States
Congress passed a number of so-called organic acts in the American
constitutional tradition which acted like constitutions for the colonial
Insular Government. Eventually the TydingsMcDuffie Act of 1934 was
passed leading to the Constitution of the Philippine Commonwealth and
the subsequent constitutions of the Philippines, including the current
Constitution of the Philippines of 1987.

Isagani Giron, a past president of the historical society of Bulacan
(Sampaka), described the Malolos Constitution as "the best Constitution
the country ever had."
18


III. The 1935 Constitution/ Commonwealth and Third
Republic

The 1935 Constitution of the Philippines defines its powers,
composition and organization as it functioned as the Government of the
Philippine Islands. It was written with an eye to meeting the approval of
the United States Government as well, so as to ensure that the U.S.
would live up to its promise to grant the Philippines independence and not
have a premise to hold onto its possession on the grounds that it was too
politically immature and hence unready for full, real independence.
19
It is

14
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolos_Constitution
13
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolos_Constitution
16
Ibid
17
Ibid
18
Balabo, Dino (December 10, 2006). "Historians: Malolos Congress produced best RP Constitution". Philippine
Star. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
19
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Biak-na-Bato#Constitution_of_Biak-na-Bato_.281897.29
5

based on the principle of separation of powers among the three branches
of government.

The Philippine Independence Law authorized the calling of the
Constitutional Convention to provide for the adoption of a constitution
and a form of government for the Philippines The Philippine Legislature
was required to appropriate the necessary funds to cover the expenses of
the Convention.

The Philippine Legislature enacted on May 5, 1934 a law calling for
a constitutional convention of 202 elected delegates. On July 10, 1934,
the election of delegates took place and the convention opened on July
30, 1934. More than six months of deliberation elapsed before the final
draft of the Constitution was approved by the convention on February 8,
1935. The signing of the important instrument by the delegates was
completed on February 19, 1935. The Constitution was then submitted to
the President of the United States on March 18, 1935 for approval.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt confirmed it five days later on March 23,
1935. The last step required was the submission of the Constitution to
the Filipino people for ratification, and the fundamental law of the land
was ratified by overwhelming vote at a plebiscite held on May 14, 1935.

By the new Constitution of the Philippines ratified by the Filipino
people in May 14, 1935, the Philippine Legislature was abolished and
superseded by the National Assembly. This was a unicameral body. It was
the legislative authority of the Philippine government from November 15,
1935, until the last days of 1941.
20


There have been three amendments to the 935 Constitution. By
virtue of the Tydings-Koscialkowski Act of August 7, 1939 and approved
by President Roosevelt on November 10, 1939.
21



Other amendments were introduced under Resolution No. 38,
approved on September 15, 1939, as amended by Resolution No. 73.
They were adopted on April 11, 1940 by the Second National Assembly.
On June 18. 1940, these amendments were ratified by the people and the
US President approved them on December 2, 1940.

In 1947, The Constitution was again amended. This so called the
Parity Rights amendment was introduced by a Joint Resolution adopted
by the First Congress on September 18, 1946 and approved by the
people on March 11, 1947.

A Constitutional Convention was held in 1971 to rewrite the 1935
Constitution. The convention was stained with manifest bribery and
corruption. Possibly the most controversial issue was removing the
presidential term limit so that Ferdinand E. Marcos could seek election for
a third term, which many felt was the true reason for which the



21
Rufus B. Rodriguez, p. 94
6

convention was called. In any case, the 1935 Constitution was suspended
in 1972 with Marcos' proclamation of martial law, the rampant corruption
of the constitutional process providing him with one of his major premises
for doing so.
22



IV. The 1943 Constitution/ Second Republic

The 1943 Constitution was drafted by a committee appointed by the
Philippine Executive Commission, the body established by the Japanese to
administer the Philippines in lieu of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
which had established a government-in-exile.

The Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence tasked with
drafting a new constitution was composed in large part, of members of
the pre-war National Assembly and of individuals with experience as
delegates to the convention that had drafted the 1935 Constitution. Their
draft for the republic to be established under the Japanese Occupation,
however, would be limited in duration, provide for indirect, instead of
direct, legislative elections, and an even stronger executive branch.

Upon approval of the draft by the Committee, the new charter was
ratified in 1943 by an assembly of appointed, provincial representatives
of the Kalibapi, the organization established by the Japanese to supplant
all previous political parties. Upon ratification by the Kalibapi assembly,
the Second Republic was formally proclaimed (19431945).

The 1943 Constitution remained in force in Japanese-controlled
areas of the Philippines, but was never recognized as legitimate or
binding by the governments of the United States or of the Commonwealth
of the Philippines and guerrilla organizations loyal to them.

V. The 1973 Constitution
On March 16, 1967, the Philippine Congress passed Resolution No.
2 calling for a Constitutional Convention to change the Constitution.
23

Ferdinand Marcos was elected president in 1965 and was re-elected in
1969, the first president to be so re-elected

Efforts to amend the 1935 Constitution started on August 24, 1970
with the approval of Republic Act No. 6132, where 310 delegates were
elected for the Constitutional Convention on November 20, 1970. Former
President Carlos P. Garcia, a delegate from Bohol, was elected President.

On June 1, 1971, the Constitutional Convention met.
24

Unfortunately he died on June 14, 1971 and was succeeded by another
former President, Diosdado Macapagal of Pampanga. Before the Convention
could finish its work, President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued Proclamation No.
1081 declaring Martial Law on September 2, 1972. Several delegates
were placed under detention and others went into hiding or voluntary
exile. The martial law declaration affected the final outcome of the

22
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Biak-na-Bato#Constitution_of_Biak-na-Bato_.281897.29
23
http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=1973_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines
24
Milagros Santos- Ong, Legal Research and Legal Citations, 2013, p. 10
7

convention. In fact, it was said, that the President dictated some
provisions of the Constitution.
25


On November 29, 1972, the Convention completed the draft of the
Constitution. The next day, November 30, 1972, the President of the
Philippines issued Presidential Decree No. 73, submitting to the Filipino
people for ratification or rejection the Constitution of the Republic of the
Philippines proposed by the 1971 Constitutional Convention, and
appropriating funds therefore as well as setting the plebiscite for said
ratification or rejection of the proposed Constitution on January 15,
1973.
26
This is known as the 1973 Constitution.

However, on January 7, 1973, the President issued General Order
No. 20 postponing indefinitely the scheduled plebiscite. From January 10
to 15, 1973, the Citizen Assemblies voted for (a) ratification of the 1973
Constitution; (b) the suspension of the convening of the Interim National
Assembly; (c) the continuation of martial law; and (d) moratorium on
elections for a period of at least seven years. On January 17, 1973 the
President issued Proclamation No. 1102 announcing that the proposed
Constitution has been ratified by an overwhelming vote of the members
of the Citizen Assemblies through Presidential Decree No. 86.

The 1973 Constitution, promulgated after Marcos' declaration of
martial law, was supposed to introduce a parliamentary-style
government. This was not implemented as a result of the referendum-
plebiscite held on January 10-15, 1972 through the Citizen Assemblies
whereby an overwhelming majority rejected the convening of a National
Assembly.
27


The Supreme Court dismissed the petitions questioning its
ratification, this: This being the vote of the majority. There is no further
judicial obstacle to the new Constitution being considered in force and
effect. (Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30).
28


The Amendments to the 1972 Constitution

On 22 September 1976, President Marcos issued Presidential
Decree No. 1033 proposing amendments to the Constitution, which was
later on ratified and included in the 1973 Constitution.
29


On October 16-17, 1976, in a referendum- plebiscite, seven (7)
amendments to the 1973 Constitution as proposed under Presidential
Decree no. 1033 were ratified by the people. Among the amendments,
were the granting of concurrent law-making powers to the President
which the latter exercised even after the lifting of martial law in 1981; the
creation of an Interim Batasang Pambansa; and making the incumbent
President the regular Prime Minister.



26
Rufus B. Rodriguez, p. 97
27
Ibid
28
Ibid
29
http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=1973_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines
8


The amendments would create a 120- member Batasang
Pambansa, a Peoples Assembly, consisting of elected regional members
on a proportional basis, together with members of the present Cabinet:
the Batasang Pambansa would have the same power as the Interim
National Assembly that had been proposed to replace the Congress of the
1935 Constitution. The power to ratify treaties by a simple majority was
withdrawn from both the new and the old interim legislatures.

In the December 17, 1977 Referendum, the Question was:
Do you vote that President Ferdinand E. Marcos continue in office as
incumbent President and Prime Minister after the organization of the
Interim Batasang Pambansa, as provided for in Amendment No. 3 of the
1976 amendments to the Constitution? The results nationwide were: 20,
062, 782 voted Yes, while 2, 104, 209 voted No.

On February 7, 1978, President Marcos signed Presidential Decree
1296 or the Revised Election Code of 1978, which provide the holding of
elections for members of the Interim Batasang Pambansa (IBP).
Representation to the IBP was by region.

On December 22, 1979, The Batasang Pambansa enacted Batasang
Pambansa Bilang 51, An Act Providing for the Elective or Appointive
Positions in Various Local Governments and For Other Purposes laying
the ground works for the January 30, 1980 local elections.

In the plebiscite held simultaneously with the January 30, 1980
local elections, the amendment making 70 years as the retirement age
for members of the judiciary under Batasang Pambansa Blg. 54, was
approved by the people.

Responding to popular clamour for President Marcos to submit to
elections having been in power for than 15 years already (1965-1981), he
proposed certain amendments to the 1973 Constitution for the
establishment of a modified parliamentary system paving the way for
presidential elections.

In the third plebiscite held on April 7, 1981, the following
amendments were likewise ratified by the people:
1. Establishing a modified parliamentary form of government;
2. Instituting modified electoral reforms;
3. an Executive Committee composed of the Prime Minister and not
more than fourteen members was created to "assist the
President in the exercise of his powers and functions and in the
performance of his duties as he may prescribe;" and the Prime
Minister was a mere head of the Cabinet; and
4. Permitting natural-born citizens who have lost their citizenship to
be a transferee of private land, for use by them as residence.

The approval of the proposed amendments to the Constitution
paved the way for the setting of the presidential election on June 16,
1981. Because of the boycott by the opposition, Marcos was faced with no
credible opponents. The Nacionalista Party put up General Alejo Santos as
9

the opponent of Marcos. Marcos easily beat Santos and won a six-year
term as President.

On January 17, 1982, after almost 10 years of martial rule,
President Marcos proclaimed the termination of Martial Law and he
restoration of normal republican government. On January 30, 1982, the
Fourth Philippine Republic was inaugurated amidst elaborate preparations
at the Quirino Grandstand in Luneta.

Pursuant to Batas Pambansa Blg. 222, elections were called on May
17, 1982 to elect the barangay officials consisting of the Punong
Barangay (Barangay Captain) and the six Kagawads (Barangay
Councilmen).

In the fourth plebiscite held on January 27, 1984, the amendments
ratified by the people were the following:
1. Apportioning the members of the Batasang Pambansa among the
provinces, cities, and Metropolitan Manila or its districts;
2. Providing for an ordinance to be appended to the Constitution
such apportionment;
3. Establishing a different mode of presidential succession by
creating the office of Vice- President and abolishing the
Executive Committee;
4. Allowing the grant of lands of the public domain to qualified
citizens;
5. Providing that at least a majority of the members of the cabinet
who are heads of ministries shall come from the elected
representatives of the Batasang Pambansa; and
6. Providing for urban land reform and social housing program.

Election for 183 elective seats in the 200- member Batasang
Pambansa as held on May 7, 1984. The new legislature convened on July
23, 1984.

The Provisional Constitution of 1986:

In November 1985, President Marcos called for special snap
presidential elections. Corazon Aquino challenged President Marcos for
the presidency and elections were held on February 7, 1986. On February
15, 1986, the Batasang Pambansa, in the exercise of powers given by the
1973 Constitution, proclaimed Ferdinand Marcos President amid strong
opposition and widespread protest.

On February 22, 1986, Minister of National Defense Juan Ponce
Enrile holed himself in the DND Headquarters at Camp Aguinaldo and
revolted against President Marcos. General Fidel Ramos, then Vice Chief
of Staff later joined Enrile. Both of them placed their support and
recognition to Corazon C. Aquino.

The Enrile- Ramos forces were supported by hundreds of thousands
of unarmed civilians who surrounded the two military camps to prevent
the Marcos Military from getting Enrile and Ramos. Other military
elements soon switched their support to Enrile and Ramos.

10

On February 26, 1986, Corazon Aquino, was proclaimed first
woman President of the Philippines in simple rites held at the Club Filipino
and was immediately sworn in by Senior Associate Justice of the Supreme
Court Claudio Teehankee. In the evening of the same day, President
Marcos left the country.

President Aquino abolished the Batasang Pambansa and declared a
revolutionary government.

When Corazon Aquino took her oath of office as President on
February 25, 1986, Proclamation No. 1 was issued wherein she declared
that she and her Vice-President were taking power in the name and by
will of the Filipino people on the basis of clear sovereign will of the
people expressed in the election of February 7, 1986. The new
government came into power not in accordance with the procedure
outlined in the 1973 Constitution but as explicitly stated in the preamble
of Proclamation No. 3 which stated that the new government was
installed through a direct exercise of the power of the Filipino power
assisted by units of the New Armed Forces of the Philippines and that
this heroic action of the people was done in defiance of the provisions of
the 1973 Constitution, as amended.
30


VI. The 1987 Constitution/ Freedom Constitution
Immediately following the 1986 People Power Revolution that
ousted Marcos, President Corazon C. Aquino issued Proclamation 3 as
a provisional constitution on March 25, 1986. It adopted certain
provisions from the 1973 Constitution and granted the President broad
powers to reorganize the government and remove officials, and it
mandated that the President appoint a commission to draft a new, more
formal Constitution.

President Corazon C. Aquino then issued Proclamation No. 9 on 23
April 1986, ordering the formation of a Constitutional Commission
(ConCom). Chaired by Cecilia Munoz Palma, the ConCom commenced
work on 2 June 1986 at the Batasang Pambansa. Aquino appointed 50
members to the Commission. The members of the Commission were
drawn from varied backgrounds, including several former congressmen,
former Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberto Concepcin, Roman Catholic
bishop Teodoro Bacani, and film director Lino Brocka. Aquino also
deliberately appointed five members, including former Labour Minister
Blas Ople, who had been allied with Marcos until the latter's ouster.

In the meantime, the Aquino administration used the 1986 Freedom
Constitution, which was actually a set of major amendments to the 1973
Constitution.

The Commission finished the draft charter within four months after
convening. Several issues were heatedly debated during the sessions,
including on the form of government to adopt, the abolition of the death
penalty, the continued retention of the Clark and Subic American military
bases, and the integration of economic policies into the Constitution.
Brocka would walk out of the Commission before its completion, and two

30
Rufus B. Rodriguez, p. 102-103
11

other delegates would dissent from the final draft. The ConCom
completed their task on October 12, 1986 and presented the draft
constitution to President Aquino on October 15, 1986. After a nationwide
information campaign, a plebiscite for its ratification was held on
February 2, 1987. More than three-fourths of all votes cast, or 76.37%
(17,059,495 voters) favoured ratification versus 22.65% (or 5,058,714
voters) who voted against it. On February 11, 1987, the new Constitution
was proclaimed, ratified and made effective, with Aquino, her
government, and the Services pledging allegiance to the It later that
day.
31


However, the plebiscite date of 2 February 1987 is taken as the
official date of ratification due to the Supreme Court ruling in the De Leon
vs. Esguerra (153 SCRA 602) case on the term of several barangay
officials in Brgy. Dolores, Taytay, Rizal. In the ruling, the Supreme Court
took the plebiscite date as the basis for ruling in favor of the petitioners.

The 1987 Constitution primarily returns the presidential form of
government with a bicameral Congress from the parliamentary form
espoused by the 1973 Constitution, with the inclusion of several check-
and-balance mechanisms among the three branches of government:
judiciary, executive and legislative. These include allowing the president
to proclaim martial law or suspend the writ of habeas corpus, but the
suspension may not exceed 60 days and can be revoked by the a
Congress majority. Meanwhile, the judiciary (via the Judicial and Bar
Council) needs to submit a list of nominees for the president to choose
from when appointing members of the Supreme Court as well as the
lower courts.


There have been initiatives to amend the 1987 Constitution under
every presidential administration since Aquino.




















31
Divina C. Paredes, Aquino Proclaims Constitution, Manila Standard, Feb 12, 1987,p.1, Available at
http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kWwVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gwsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1990%2C90981
12










Bibliography

Juaqin G. Bernas, The 1987 Philippine Constitution: A Reviewer Primer,
Rex Book Store, 2002, 611p
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolos_Constitution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines
http://www.studymode.com/essays/History-Of-Philippine-Constitution-
729539.html
Caldern, Felipe (1907). Mis memorias sobre la revolucin filipina:
Segunda etapa, (1898 1901). Manila: Imp. de El Renacimiento
Malcolm, George (March 1921). "The Malolos Constitution". Political
Science Quarterly.
Nuevas perspectivas en la Historia de la Revolucin de Mayo (Spanish)
http://www.gov.ph/the-philippine-constitutions/the-1899-malolos-
constitution/
Rufus B. Rodriguez, Legal Reseach,2002
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produced best RP Constitution". Philippine Star. Retrieved 12
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http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=1935_Constitution_of_the_P
hilippines
Milagros Santos-Ong,Legal Research and Legal Citations, 2013
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http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/cap_1987.html
http://pcij.org/blog/wp-docs/Abueva-Federalism.pdf
http://www.pia.gov.ph/default.asp?m=12&r=R11&y=06&mo=12&fi=p0
61027.htm&no=03
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Submitted by:
13


GALIBUT, MICHELLE L.
LLB 1- F