Suelos USDA NAL Glossary Glosario 2014

1
Glossary of Agricultural Terms / Glosario de Trminos Agrcolas

2014 Edition / 2014 Edicon
A bilingual glossary derived from the NAL Agricultural Thesaurus and Tesauro Agrcola.
Un glosario bilinge que se origina del NAL Agricultural Thesaurus y del Tesauro Agrcola.
English-Spanish / Ingls-Espaol
Spanish-English / Espaol-Ingls

National Agricultural Library (NAL)
Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
Biblioteca Nacional de Agricultura
Servicio de Investigacin Agrcola, Departamento de Agricultura de EE.UU.
10301 Baltimore Avenue
Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
http://www.nal.usda.gov

Published in cooperation with representatives of the
Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA)
http://www.iica.int

En colaboracin con representantes del
Instituto Interamericano de Cooperacin para la Agricultura
http://www.iica.int

Contact / Pngase en contacto con nosotros: agref@ars.usda.gov
Internet: http://agclass.nal.usda.gov/glossary.shtml (English / Ingls)
http://agclass.nal.usda.gov/glossary_es.shtml (Spanish / Espaol

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About the Glossary
The Glossary of Agricultural Terms is a collection of definitions of agricultural terms developed in
conjunction with the creation of the NAL Agricultural Thesaurus. The 2014 edition contains 3,821
definitions ranging across agriculture and its many ancillary subjects. Most definitions were
composed by the NAL Thesaurus Staff. Those definitions taken from government sources are
indicated in the "Definition Source (DS)" field and are included in the bibliography listed on the
Internet site. The definitions contained in the Glossary and NAL Agricultural Thesaurus do not
constitute USDAs official use of terms and phrases for regulatory purposes, and nothing in these
documents should be construed to alter or supplant any other Federal document. Official
terminology may be found in the laws and regulations as published in the Congressional Record,
Federal Register, and other such sources.

Terms and Conditions of Use
No license is required to obtain the data contained in the NAL Agricultural Thesaurus and
Glossary. Use of the data are subject to the following restrictions and by obtaining a copy of the
data, the user is understood to abide by these conditions:
a. If the use is not personal, (1) the U.S. National Agricultural Library must be identified as
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content of the file, this must be stated, along with a description of the modifications.
b. Neither the United States Government, nor any of its agencies, contractors, subcontractors
or employees makes any warranties, expressed or implied, with respect to data contained in
the database, and, furthermore, assumes no legal liability for any party's use, or the results
of such use, of any part of the database.
c. You will not assert any proprietary rights to any portion of the database, or represent the
database or any part thereof to anyone as other than a United States Government database.
d. The NAL Agricultural Thesaurus data carry an international copyright outside of the United
States, its Territories or Possessions. These terms and conditions are in effect as long as the
user retains any of the NAL Agricultural Thesaurus data obtained from this site.

Availability
The data are available to all requesters, both within and outside the United States. There is no
charge for obtaining the file. Files of the data are available on the thesaurus web site or by writing
to Thesaurus Staff via e-mail or by mail at: National Agricultural Library, c/o Lori Finch, Room G-
09, 10301 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA.

Content
English / Spanish, p. 4-538.
Spanish / English, p. 539-996.

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Acerca del Glosario
El Glosario es una coleccin de definiciones de trminos agrcolas, desarrollado paralelamente con
la creacin del Tesauro promovido por de la Biblioteca Nacional de Agricultura (NAL por sus
siglas en ingls). La edicin del ao 2014 contiene 3,695 definiciones para los temas de
agricultura y sus asuntos complementarios. Las definiciones comprendidas en el Glosario y el
Tesauro Agrcola de NAL no constituyen el uso oficial de trminos y frases usadas en el
Departamento de Agricultura (USDA), para propsitos reguladores, y nada en estos documentos
debe interpretarse para alterar o suplantar cualquier otro documento Federal. La terminologa oficial
se puede encontrar en las leyes y regulaciones publicadas en el Record del Congreso, Registro
Federal, y otras fuentes similares.

Trminos y Condiciones de Uso
No se requiere de ninguna licencia para obtener los datos contenidos en el Tesauro de NAL. El uso
de los datos est sujeto a las siguientes restricciones, y si se obtuviera una copia de estos datos, se
espera que el usuario acepte las siguientes condiciones:
a. Si el uso no es personal, (1) la Biblioteca Agrcola Nacional de los Estados Unidos debe
identificarse como la creadora, encargada y proveedora de los datos; (2) la versin de los
datos debe exponerse claramente segn el ao, por ejemplo: 2014 Tesauro de NAL; y (3)
cualquier modificacin que se le haga al contenido del expediente, sta debe afirmarse
juntamente con una descripcin de las modificaciones.
b. Ni el gobierno de los Estados Unidos, ni ninguna de sus agencias, contratistas, subcontratistas
o empleados, dan garanta con respecto a la informacin contenida, expresada e implicada en la
base de datos, y, adems, no asumen ninguna responsabilidad legal para ninguna de las partes
involucradas en el uso, o los resultados de tal uso, de ninguna parte de la base de datos.
c. No tomar derechos de propiedad de ninguna porcin de la base de datos, o representar la
base de datos o cualquier parte de la misma. Este derecho le pertenece solamente a la base
de datos del gobierno de los Estados Unidos.
d. El Tesauro de NAL cuenta con la aprobacin internacional de los derechos de autor fuera de
los Estados Unidos, fuera de sus Territorios o Posesiones. Estos trminos y condiciones
entran en vigor desde el momento en que el usuario retiene cualquier dato obtenido del
Tesauro Agrcola de NAL, a travs de ste sitio ciberntico.

Disponibilidad
Los datos estn disponibles para todos aquellos que as los soliciten, tanto en el interior como en el
exterior de los Estados Unidos. No hay ninguna cuota que pagar para obtener el expediente.
Expedientes de los datos se encuentran disponibles en el sitio ciberntico del Tesauro. Tambin
puede solicitarlos, enviando su correspondencia va electrnica o postal al personal del Tesauro:
National Agricultural Library, c/o Lori Finch, Room G-09, 10301 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD
20705 USA.

ndice
Ingls Espaol, p. 4-538.
Espaol Ingls, p. 539-996.

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ENGLISH SPANISH

Key to Abbreviations:

DF: Definition
DS: Source of Definition
ES: Spanish translation

Symbols and Numbers

1890 Institutions
DF: Enacted August 30, 1890 (chapter 841, 26 Stat. 417), this
law authorized additional direct appropriations for the
land grant colleges of agriculture that had been
established under the Morrill Act of 1862. The most
significant feature of the second Morrill Act was that the
1862 schools could receive the additional funds only if
they admitted blacks into their programs or if they
provided separate but equal agricultural higher education
to black students.
DS: Agriculture Glossary, House Committee on Agriculture,
United States House of Representatives.
ES: Instituciones de 1890

1994 Institutions
DF: Native American tribally-controlled colleges and
universities that were granted land grant status under The
Elementary and Secondary Education Reauthorization Act of
1994.
DS: NAL Thesaurus Staff
ES: Instituciones 1994

4-H Youth Development Program
DF: The 4-H Youth Development Program is an international youth
outreach organization founded in 1902 to foster
agricultural, homemaking, leadership and other skills in
young people. The 4-H name represents the ideals of the
program with its focus on Head, Heart, Hands and Health.
The program is administered by the United States Department
of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service.
ES: Programa de Desarrollo Juvenil 4-H

5' untranslated regions
DF: The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA
that does not code for product. This sequence
contains the ribosome binding site and other
transcription and translation regulating
sequences.
DS: Medical Subject Headings 2012
ES: regiones no traducidas 5'

5

5-hydroxytryptophan
DF: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of serotonin
from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and
antidepressant.
ES: 5-hidroxitriptfano

6

A

A-DNA
DF: The form of double-stranded DNA stable under
dehydrated conditions, found in crystals and
solutions with higher salt concentrations or
alcohol in the solute. It has a more compact
helix than B-DNA with a deep, narrow major groove,
a wide, shallow minor groove, and a hollow center.
DNA:RNA complexes and double-stranded RNAs also
take this form.
ES: ADN-A

abdominal fat
DF: Body fat located in the abdominal region.
ES: grasa abdominal

abnormal development
DF: May be used for abnormal development in any
organism, which is characterized by the change in
the morphology of anatomical structures.
ES: desarrollo anormal

abortifacients
DF: Chemical substances that interrupt pregnancy after
implantation.
ES: abortifacientes

abortion (plants)
DF: premature termination of the development of
pollen, gametes, embryos, seeds, fruits, flowers,
and etc.
ES: aborto (plantas)

abscess
DF: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues,
organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually
associated with signs of infection.
ES: abceso

absorbance
DF: A measure of the amount of light absorbed by a
solution. It is measured by a colorimeter or
spectrophotometer. Absorbance values are used to
plot the growth of bacteria in suspension cultures
and to determine the concentration of molecules in
solution.
7

ES: absorbancia

absorbed dose
DF: The amount of a substance penetrating across an absorption
barrier (the exchange boundaries) of an organism, via
either physical or biological processes.
DS: US Environmental Protection Agency
ES: dosis absorbida

absorbents
DF: A substance that takes liquid in through the
surface and holds it.
ES: absorbentes

absorption
DF: The taking in or incorporation of a substance.
ES: absorcin

absorption barrier
DF: Any surface that may retard the rate of penetration of a
biological, chemical, or physical agent into an organism.
Examples include the skin and the linings of the
respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
ES: barrera de absorcin

academic achievement
DF: Accomplishments relating to education, learning and study,
especially in schools and higher educational institutions.
ES: rendimiento acadmico

acai berries
DF: Small, round, purple fruits of the palm, Euterpe oleracea,
harvested for fruit, pulp or juice.
ES: acai berries

accelerometry
DF: Qualitative and quantitative measurement of movement
patterns.
ES: acelerometra

acceptable daily intake
DF: The amount of a substance to which an organism can be
exposed on a daily basis over an extended period of time
(usually a lifetime) without suffering deleterious effects.
ES: ingesta diaria permitida

acceptable risk
8

DF: The level of risk that will be tolerated, depending on a
variety of social, economic, scientific and other factors
as well as any perceived benefits.
ES: riesgo aceptable

Accipitridae
DF: Family including eagles, hawks and kites.
ES: Accipitridae

accuracy
DF: The extent to which a measurement approaches the
true value of the measured quantity.
ES: exactitud

Acer freemanii
DF: Interspecific hybrid between Acer rubrum x Acer saccharinum.
ES: Acer freemanii

acetaminophen
DF: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide.
It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is
used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver,
blood cell, and kidney damage.
ES: acetaminofeno

Achillea lewisii
DF: Interspecific hybrid between Achillea clavennae x
Achillea tomentosa.
ES: Achillea lewisii

Achnatherum bloomeri
DF: An interspecific hybrid of Achnatherum hymenoides x
Achnatherum occidentalis; Also used for other hybrids
involving Achnatherum hymenoides.
DS: Germplasm Resources Information Network
ES: Achnatherum bloomeri

Achnella
DF: Intergeneric hybrid of Achnatherum x Nassella.
ES: Achnella

acid-base balance
DF: The balance between acids and bases in the body fluids.
The pH (hydrogen-ion concentration) of the arterial blood
provides an index for the total body acid-base balance.
ES: balance cido-base
9

acid soils
DF: Soil with a pH less than 7.0.
ES: suelos cidos

acid value
DF: The quantification of acidity or the amount of free acid
present in a substance as determined by alkaline
neutralization.
ES: valor cido

acidification
DF: To lower the pH of a substance or material to
below 7.0
ES: acidificacin

acidolysis
DF: Chemical decomposition resulting from the addition of an
acid to a compound.
ES: acidlisis

acidosis
DF: A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of
base in the body. The two main types are respiratory
acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid
build up.
ES: acidosis

acidulants
DF: An additive added to a product to increase the
acidity of the product. Acidulants are often
added to food products to increase tartness.
ES: acidulantes

acinar cells
DF: Any secreting cells lining an acinus of a compound
gland.
ES: clulas acinosas

aconitine
DF: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (diterpenes) from the root of
Aconitum plants. It activates voltage-gated sodium
channels. It has been used to induce arrhythmias in
experimental animals and it has antiinflammatory and
antineuralgic properties.
ES: aconitina
10

Aconitum cammarum
DF: Probable interspecific hybrid between Aconitum variegatum x
Aconitum napellus.
DS: GRIN (Germplasm Resources Information Network)
ES: Aconitum cammarum

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
DF: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated
with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus
( HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under
200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total
lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to
opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms.
Clinical manifestations also include emaciation
(wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect
criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.
ES: sndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida

acrosome reaction
DF: Changes that occur to liberate the enzymes of the acrosome
of a sperm (spermatozoa). Acrosome reaction allows the
sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and enter the ovum
during fertilization.
ES: reaccin acrosmica

actigraphy
DF: The measurement and recording of motor activity to assess
rest/activity cycles.
ES: actigrafa

actin
DF: Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent
of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The
filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin)
can be dissociated into their globular subunits;
each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide
375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or
G-actin. In conjunction with myosins, actin is
responsible for the contraction and relaxation of
muscle.
ES: actina

Actinobacillus equuli
DF: A species of bacteria that infects horses and pigs.
ES: Actinobacillus equuli

Actinobacillus lignieresii
DF: A species of bacteria that infects cattle and sheep.
11

ES: Actinobacillus lignieresii

actinomycin D
DF: A compound composed of a two cyclic peptides attached to a
phenoxazine that is derived from Streptomyces parvullus. It
binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription),
with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation,
termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA
production, protein synthesis also declines after
dactinomycin therapy.
ES: actinomicina D

actinorhizae
DF: Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing organs composed of root tissue
and actinomycete bacteria such as Frankia, which may be
found on trees in the genera Alnus, Casuarina and Elaeagnus.
ES: actinorhizae

action potentials
DF: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along
the cell membrane of excitable cells in response to
excitation stimuli.
ES: potenciales de accin

activated sludge
DF: Sludge that has been aerated and treated with
microorganisms in order to accelerate microbial activity
and the oxidation (decomposition) of organic compounds.
ES: lodo activado

active sites
DF: Protein or enzyme structural motifs that bind to other
substances and activate the function of the proteins or
enzymes.
ES: sitios activos

acute course
DF: Short and relatively severe progression of
disease.
ES: curso agudo

acute exposure
DF: Contact made between a chemical, physical or biological
agent and an organism for a short period of time (typically
less than a day).
ES: exposicin aguda
12

acute phase proteins
DF: Proteins that are secreted into the blood in
increased or decreased quantities by hepatocytes
in response to trauma, inflammation, or disease.
These proteins can serve as inhibitors or
mediators of the inflammatory processes. Certain
acute-phase proteins have been used to diagnose
and follow the course of diseases or as tumor
markers.
ES: protenas de fase aguda

acute toxic class method
DF: An alternative to the LD-50 test which uses fewer animals
and classifies chemicals as very toxic, toxic, harmful or
unclassified.
ES: mtodo de clase txica aguda

acute toxicity
DF: Immediate or short-term adverse reaction of an organism to
a single exposure to a chemical substance.
ES: toxicidad aguda

ad valorem duty
DF: Tariff defined as a percentage of the value of an imported
commodity or product.
ES: derecho ad valorem

adaptive radiation
DF: Rapid divergent evolution of a more generalized
ancestral species into a variety of more
specialized species or subspecies which fill
unoccupied ecological niches.
ES: radiacin adaptativa

additive effect
DF: A biologic response to exposure to multiple substances that
equals the sum of responses of all the individual
substances added together.
DS: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention
ES: efecto aditivo

additive gene effects
DF: Gene action which is the result of genes acting
independently of genetic background so that each
gene has an equal ability to be expressed and
makes an independent contribution to the
expression of the trait.
13

ES: efectos genticos aditivos

additives
DF: Substances added to a product, usually in small quantities,
in order to alter its characteristics or quality.
ES: aditivos

Adequate Intakes
DF: When sufficient scientific evidence is not
available to estimate an average requirement,
Adequate Intakes are set.
ES: Ingestas Adecuadas

adhesins
DF: Cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria
that facilitate adhesion to other cells or to
inanimate surfaces. Most fimbriae of gram-negative
bacteria function as adhesins, but in many cases
it is a minor subunit protein at the tip of the
fimbriae that is the actual adhesin. In
gram-positive bacteria, a protein or
polysaccharide surface layer serves as the
specific adhesin.
ES: adhesinas

adhesives
DF: A substance capable of holding materials together by
surface attachment. It is a general term and includes
cements, mucilage, and paste, as well as glue.
DS: Forest Products Laboratory. 2010. Wood handbook - Wood as
an engineering material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-190.
Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Forest Products Laboratory
ES: adhesivos

adipokines
DF: Polypeptides produced by the adipocytes. They include
leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and many cytokines of the
immune system, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha,
interleukin-6, and complement factor D (also known as
adipsin). They have potent autocrine, paracrine, and
endocrine functions.
ES: adipocinas

adipokinetic hormone
DF: Peptide hormones produced by some insect species
stimulating the release of acylglycerols from the
fat body which are used as an energy source by the
flight muscles. There are several types of
14

peptides with adipokinetic activity. These
peptides are composed of 8-10 amino acids.
ES: hormona adipocintica

adiponectin
DF: A 30-kDa complement C1Q-related protein, the most abundant
gene product secreted by fat cells of the white adipose
tissue. Adiponectin modulates several physiological
processes, such as metabolism of glucose and fatty acids,
and immune responses. Decreased plasma adiponectin levels
are associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes
mellitus, obesity and atherosclerosis.
ES: adiponectina

adiposity
DF: The amount of fat or lipid deposit at a site or an organ in
the body, an indicator of body fat status.
ES: adiposidad

Adirondacks
DF: An area around the Adirondack Mountains located in northern
New York State and sometimes included as part of the
Appalachian region.
ES: Adirondacks

adjuvants
DF: An ingredient that improves the properties of a
drug, vaccine or pesticide formulation.
ES: adyuvantes

administered dose
DF: The amount of a substance given to a test subject (human or
animal) to determine dose-response relationships.
ES: dosis administrada

administration of justice
DF: The practical execution of the law, including law
enforcement, corrections and the judicial system.
ES: administracin de justicia

adolescent fathers
DF: Males between the ages of 12-18 who have fathered
children.
ES: padres adolescentes

adsorbents
15

DF: A substance which has the property of attaching or
accumulating another substance on its surface.
ES: adsorbentes

adsorption
DF: The taking up of one substance onto the surface of
another.
ES: adsorcin

adult literacy
DF: The ability of adults (ages 18 and older) to read
and write.
ES: alfabetizacin de adultos

adulterated products
DF: Products containing any deleterious substance rendering it
injurious to health or products produced using ingredients
or processes that are inconsistent with their labels. See
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act Section 402 [21 U.S.C.
342].
ES: productos adulterados

adulticides
DF: Chemical agents that kill the adult stage of a
pest or parasite.
ES: adulticidas

advocacy
DF: Active support in favor of an idea, policy,
individual, group or cause.
ES: apoyo

Aegilotriticum
DF: Intergeneric hybrid of Aegilops x Triticum.
ES: Aegilotriticum

aerobic digestion
DF: A biochemical process which uses microorganisms in
the presence of oxygen to decompose organic matter.
ES: digestin aerbica

aerodynamics
DF: The study of the flow of gases (especially air)
and the forces that affect objects in motion;
specifically, the interaction of moving objects
with the atmosphere.
16

ES: aerodinmica

Aesculus carnea
DF: Interspecific hybrid between Aesculus hippocastanum x
Aesculus pavia.
ES: Aesculus carnea

affordability
DF: Being able to bear the cost or to have the
financial means for purchasing goods or services.
ES: solvencia

African horse sickness
DF: An insect-borne reovirus infection of horses,
mules and donkeys in Africa and the Middle East;
characterized by pulmonary edema, cardiac
involvement, and edema of the head and neck.
ES: enfermedad del caballo africano

African horse sickness virus
DF: A species of Orbivirus that causes disease in horses,
mules, and
donkeys and can also infect other animals such as dogs,
cattle,
sheep, goats and humans. The virus is transmitted by
blood-sucking (hematophagous) insects - usually biting
midges of
the genus Culicoides.
ES: African horse sickness virus

African swine fever
DF: A sometimes fatal Asfivirus infection of pigs,
characterized by fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhagic lymph
nodes, and edema of the gallbladder. It is transmitted
between domestic swine by direct contact, ingestion of
infected meat, or fomites, or mechanically by biting flies
or soft ticks (genus Ornithodoros).
ES: fiebre porcina africana

African swine fever virus
DF: A sometimes fatal Asfivirus infection of pigs,
characterized by fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhagic lymph
nodes, and edema of the gallbladder. It is transmitted
between domestic swine by direct contact, ingestion of
infected meat, or fomites, or mechanically by biting flies
or soft ticks (genus Ornithodoros).
ES: African swine fever virus
17

after-ripening
DF: The dormancy period following seed formation,
necessary for embryo changes that insure
germination.
ES: postmaduracin

agarose
DF: A polysaccharide present in agar and responsible
for its gelling. It consists of residues of
3,6-anhydo-L-galactose and D-galactose. It is
used as a medium for gel chromatography.
ES: agarosa

agglomeration economies
DF: The benefits obtained when multiple companies are located
near each other, due to decreased production costs and
other advantages brought by network effects.
ES: economas de aglomeracin

aggregate exposure
DF: The sum total of all exposure to a specific biological,
chemical or physical agent via relevant routes, pathways
and sources.
ES: exposicn agregada

agonistic behavior
DF: Agressive or defensive social behavior such as
fighting, fleeing or submitting between
individuals usually of the same species.
ES: conducta agonista

Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
DF: Signed May 12, 1933, this law introduced the price
support programs, including production
adjustments, and the incorporation of the
Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), under the laws
of the State of Delaware on October 17, 1933. The
program benefits were financed mostly by
processing taxes on the specific commodity. The
Act also made price support loans by the CCC
mandatory for the designated "basic" (storable)
commodities: corn, wheat, and cotton. Support for
other commodities was authorized upon the
recommendation by the Secretary of Agriculture
with the President's approval.
DS: Agriculture Fact Book, USDA
ES: Ley de Ajuste Agrcola de 1933

18

Agricultural Agreement
DF: The agreement within the World Trade Organization that
commits members to improving market access and reducing
subsidies which distort trade in agriculture, starting with
tariffication.
ES: Acuerdo Agrcola

agricultural biotechnology
DF: The use of living organisms, cells or cell constituents for
the purpose of developing agricultural products or
improving livestock or crop plants.
ES: biotecnologa agrcola

agricultural colleges
DF: Educational institutions offering a curriculum in
agricultural sciences.
ES: universidades agrcolas

agricultural engineering
DF: Discipline which includes the design of machinery,
equipment and structures used for agricultural operations
and
the storage and processing of agricultural
commodities.
ES: ingeniera agrcola

agricultural experiment stations
DF: Centers where scientific research is conducted in order to
improve food and agricultural production. Experiment
station scientists and staff work with farmers and other
members of the agriculture and food industry.
ES: estaciones agrcolas experimentales

agricultural health and safety
DF: The promotion of a safe and healthy environment to support
the physical and mental well-being among humans engaged in
agricultural activities.
ES: salud y seguridad de la agricultura

agroecological zones
DF: Land areas classified by their biophysical
attributes, (such as rainfed soil moisture
availability, temperature, length of growing
period), in order to cluster land use types into
homogenous units for agricultural production
considerations.
ES: zonas agroecolgicas
19

agroecology
DF: The design, development and management of
sustainable agroecosystems based on the
application of ecological principles while
considering existing social, cultural, and
economic factors of farming communities.
ES: agroecologa

agroecosystems
DF: A system where communities of plants, microbes and
animals inhabiting farmed land, pastures,
grasslands or rangelands, interact with each other
and their physical environment.
ES: agroescosistemas

Agroelymus
DF: Intergeneric hybrid of Agropyron x Elymus.
ES: Agroelymus

agroforestry
DF: An agroforestry system is a form of multiple land use where
woody perennials (trees, shrubs, bamboos, palm trees, woody
lianas) are grown on the same land management unit with
crops and/or animals.
DS: Eduardo Somarriba, CATIE
ES: agroforestera

Agrohordeum
DF: Intergeneric hybrid of Agropyron x Hordeum.
ES: Agrohordeum

agroinfiltration
DF: A technique for genetic transformation of plants by
injection or vacuum infiltration of Agrobacterium or a
plant virus carrying a desired gene, thereby providing a
system for monitoring transient gene expression.
ES: agroinfiltracin

agromedicine
DF: The study and treatment of human health related to
agriculture. The application of medical and
agricultural sciences to promote the health and
safety of farm families, agricultural workers, and
consumers of agricultural products.
ES: agromedicina

agronomy
20

DF: The science of crop production and soil
management.
ES: agronoma

agropisciculture
DF: The practice of freshwater aquaculture with agriculture
(crop production) concurrently or alternately.
ES: agropiscicultura

Agropogon
DF: Intergeneric hybrid of Agrostis x Polypogon.
ES: Agropogon

Agrotriticum
DF: Intergeneric hybrid of Agropyron x Triticum.
ES: Agrotriticum

air sparging
DF: Air sparging is an in situ remedial technology
that reduces concentrations of volatile
constituents in petroleum products that are
adsorbed to soils and dissolved in groundwater. It
involves the injection of contaminant-free air
into the subsurface saturated zone, enabling a
phase transfer of hydrocarbons from a dissolved
state to a vapor phase. The air is then vented
through the unsaturated zone.
ES: induccin de aire

air transportation
DF: Transport of people and goods by aircraft.
ES: transporte areo

airborne transmission
DF: The spread of a biological, chemical or physical agent
through the air, typically over distances greater than one
meter from the source.
ES: transmisin por aire

alamethicin
DF: A group of closely related cyclic undecapeptides from the
fungi Trichoderma polysporum and Cylindocarpon lucidum.
They have some antineoplastic and antifungal action and
significant immunosuppressive effects. Cyclosporins have
been proposed as adjuvants in tissue and organ
transplantation to suppress graft rejection.
21

ES: alameticina

ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable)
DF: A guideline for reducing known risks by minimizing
exposures, considering costs, public health benefits,
safety, and other social and economic issues.
ES: ALARA (tan bajo como razonablemente alcanzable

albedo (citrus fruit)
DF: The white spongy portion of the citrus peel.
ES: albedo (frutos ctricos)

albedo (reflectance)
DF: The fraction of the total radiation incident on a
body that is reflected by it. The ratio of
reflected to incident light.
ES: albedo (reflectancia)

albino
DF: animals or plants with absence of pigmentation.
In animals, lacking pigmentation in the hair,
eyes, and skin. In plants, partial or total
lacking of natural pigments or chlorophyll.
ES: albino

alcoholic hepatitis
DF: Inflammation of the liver due to alcohol abuse. It is
characterized by necrosis of hepatocytes, infiltration by
neutrophils, and deposit of Mallory bodies. Depending on
its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or
progress to liver cirrhosis.
DS: Medical Subject Headings
ES: hepatitis alcohlica

alcoholysis
DF: A chemical reaction in which a chemical bond is broken by
the addition of an alcohol.
ES: alcohlisis

Aleutian mink disease
DF: A slow progressive disease of mink caused by the Aleutian
mink disease virus. It is characterized by poor
reproduction, weight loss, autoimmunity,
hypergammaglobulinemia, increased susceptibility to
bacterial infections, and death from renal failure. The
disease occurs in all color types, but mink which are
homozygous recessive for the Aleutian gene for light coat
color are particularly susceptible.
22

ES: enfermedad Aleutiana del visn

alevins
DF: Larval salmonid fish which derive nutrients from their yolk
sac and reside in the spawning site.
ES: alevines

alfalfa
DF: A valuable leguminous crop for forage or hay used
in livestock feeding.
ES: alfalfa

algicides
DF: Pesticides that control algae in lakes, canals, swimming
pools, water tanks, and other sites.
ES: algicidas

alkali spreading value
DF: A test for estimating the gelatinization temperature of
starch utilizing a seven point scale of the degree of
spreading of milled rice grains in potassium hydroxide
solution.
ES: valor de extensin del lcali

alkaline soils
DF: Soil with a pH of more than 7.0.
ES: suelos alcalinos

alkyd resins
DF: Synthetic polyester resins which are used in paints,
adhesives and varnishes.
ES: resinas alqudicas

Allegheny Mountain region
DF: Mountain area that is part of the Appalachian Mountain
region which is west of and generally runs parallel to the
Blue Ridge Mountain Region.
ES: Regin de las montaas Allegheny

alleles
DF: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on
homologous
chromosomes, and governing the variants in production of
the same gene product.
ES: alelos

23

allelochemicals
DF: Chemical substances released by one organism
exerting behavioral or physiological effects in
another organism, usually adversely.
ES: aleloqumicos

allelopathy
DF: The influence of plants upon each other arising
from the products of their metabolism.
ES: alelopata

allergens
DF: Antigen-type substances that produce immediate
hypersensitivity.
ES: alrgenos

alley cropping
DF: A cropping system that involves growing crops
in a wide strip, typically 6 meters in width, between lines
of closely planted, fast-growing trees or shrubs. These
woody species
are usually leguminous and are pruned frequently to provide
a mulching material and nutrients to the crop in the alley.
ES: cultivo entre lneas

allied health professionals
DF: Health care workers specially trained and licensed to
assist and support the work of health professionals. Often
used synonymously with paramedical personnel, the term
generally refers to all health care workers who perform
tasks which must otherwise be performed by a physician or
other health professional.
ES: profesionales paramdicos

alligator farming
DF: The cultivation of alligators for food, leather,
conservation or other purposes.
ES: agricultura de cocodrilos

allografting
DF: Transplantation between individuals of the same
species. Usually refers to genetically disparate
individuals in contradistinction to isogeneic
transplantation for genetically identical
individuals.
ES: aloinjerto

24

allometry
DF: The study of the growth rate of a part of an
organism in relation to the growth rate of the
entire organism, and the resulting change in
proportion of various parts as the organism grows.
ES: alometra

allopatric speciation
DF: A mechanism for the evolution of new species whereby two
populations of a species which are geographically isolated
and cannot interbreed gradually evolve through genetic
divergence into two different species.
ES: especiacin aloptrica

allopatry
DF: Species or populations which are geographically separated
and therefore cannot interbreed. Allopatric populations
may exhibit phenotypic or genetic divergence with time.
ES: alopatra

allopolyploidy
DF: Polyploidy in which two different species
contribute one or more sets of chromosomes.
ES: alopoliploidea

allozymes
DF: An isozyme which differs from other variants of
the enzyme as a result of an allelic difference.
An allozyme differs in amino acid sequence from
other forms of the same enzyme and is encoded by
one allele at a single locus.
ES: alozimas

alluvial plains
DF: A flat or gently sloping land that is gradually formed when
sediments are deposited by the periodic flooding of streams
or rivers.
ES: planicies aluviales

alluvial soils
DF: Soils that have developed over time as sediments are
deposited by the periodic flooding of streams or rivers.
ES: suelos aluviales

alpha-amanitin
DF: A cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the
cystine and tryptophan. It inhibits RNA polymerase II.
25

Poisoning may require liver transplantation.
ES: alfa-amanitina

alpine meadows
DF: Natural meadows occurring at high altitude, near or above
treeline.
ES: praderas alpinas

alpine tundra
DF: A tundra that is treeless due to the high altitude
and can occur at any latitude.
ES: tundra alpina

Alps region
DF: Large mountain system of south-central Europe extending
through Italy, France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria and
the northwest Balkan peninsula.
ES: Regin de los Alpes

alternative farming
DF: Production methods other than energy- and chemical
intensive one-crop (monoculture) farming.
Alternatives include using animal and green manure
rather than chemical fertilizers, integrated pest
management instead of chemical pesticides, reduced
tillage, crop rotation (especially with legumes to
add nitrogen), alternative crops, or
diversification of the farm enterprise.
ES: agricultura alternativa

alternative fuels
DF: Substitutes for traditional liquid, oil-derived motor
vehicle fuels like gasoline and diesel. Includes methanol,
ethanol, biodiesel, compressed natural gas, and others.
The alternatives are promoted for pollution reduction
properties and/or to reduce dependency on imported oil.
DS: Agriculture Glossary, House Committee on Agriculture,
United States House of Representatives
ES: combustibles alternativos

alternative medicine
DF: Therapeutic practices which are not currently considered an
integral part of conventional allopathic medical practice.
ES: medicina alternativa

alum
DF: A double sulphate formed of aluminium and some
other element (esp. an alkali metal) or of
26

aluminium. It has twenty-four molecules of water
of crystallization. Common alum is the double
sulphate of aluminium and potassium. It is white,
transparent, very astringent, and crystallizes
easily in octahedrons. The term is extended so as
to include other double sulphates similar to alum
in formula.
ES: alumbre

amanitins
DF: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various
mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA
polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the
production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides
are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin
is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides,
poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.
ES: amanitinas

Amazonia
DF: The region immediately surrounding the Amazon
River in South America.
ES: Amazona

amber box
DF: All domestic support measures considered to distort
production and trade, e.g. price supports or subsidies
related to production quantities.
ES: caja mbar

ambient temperature
DF: Temperature of the surrounding medium.
ES: temperatura ambiente

American Indians
DF: Peoples indigenous to North, Central and South
Americas, except Alaska.
ES: indgenas americanos

Ames test
DF: A test for chemical carcinogenicity which determines how
many histidine-negative mutant Salmonella typhimurium
bacteria acquire the reverse mutation to wild-type due to
exposure to the chemical in question.
ES: ensayo de Ames

amikacin
27

DF: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from kanamycin. It is
reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside
antibiotics.
ES: amikacina

amino acid motifs
DF: Commonly observed structural components of
proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent
secondary structures.
ES: motivos de aminocidos

amino acid sequences
DF: The order of amino acids as they occur in a
polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the
primary structure of proteins. It is of
fundamental importance in determining protein
conformation.
ES: secuencias de aminocidos

amino acid substitution
DF: The replacement of one or more amino acids in a
protein with another. If a functionally equivalent
amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain
wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish
or eliminate protein function.
ES: sustitucin de aminocidos

aminoarabinose
DF: An amino sugar which binds to a lipid in the outer
coat of bacteria and may increase the antibiotic
resistance of the bacteria.
ES: aminoarabinosa

aminomethylation
DF: Chemical reaction in which an amino-methyl group is
introduced into a compound.
ES: aminometilacin

ammonium compounds
DF: Inorganic and organic compounds that contain the
ion NH4+.
ES: compuestos de amonio

amoxicillin
DF: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to
ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid
permits higher serum levels with oral administration.
28

ES: amoxicilina

amphibian culture
DF: The cultivation of amphibians for food or other purposes.
ES: cultivo anfibio

amphotericin B
DF: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces
nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of
Venezuela.
ES: amfotericina B

ampicillin
DF: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as
an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.
ES: ampicilina

amylographs
DF: Instruments that measure and record the change in viscosity
of a heated flour-water slurry or paste due to starch
gelatinization.
ES: amilgrafos

amyloid
DF: A fibrous protein complex that consists of proteins folded
into a specific cross beta-pleated sheet structure. This
fibrillar structure has been found as an alternative
folding pattern for a variety of functional proteins.
Deposits of amyloid in the form of amyloid plaques are
associated with a variety of degenerative diseases. The
amyloid structure has also been found in a number of
functional proteins that are unrelated to disease.
ES: amiloide

amyloidosis
DF: A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited,
degenerative, and infectious disease processes,
linked by the common theme of abnormal protein
folding and deposition of amyloid. As the amyloid deposits
enlarge they displace normal tissue structures,
causing disruption of function. Various signs and
symptoms depend on the location and size of the
deposits.
ES: amiloidosis

amyloplasts
DF: Unpigmented plastids in plant cytoplasm involved
29

in starch synthesis and storage.
ES: amiloplastos

anadromous fish
DF: Fish that migrate from saltwater to freshwater for
reproduction.
ES: peces andromos

anaerobic conditions
DF: The complete absence, or temporary absence, of
gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given
environment.
ES: condiciones anaerbicas

anaerobic digestion
DF: A biochemical process which utilizes bacteria in
the absence of oxygen to decompose organic matter,
whereby methane and other byproducts are produced.
ES: digestin anaerbica

anaerobiosis
DF: The production of energy from nutrients without
using oxygen.
ES: anaerobiosis

analysis of variance
DF: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the
contributions of categorical independent variables to
variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
ES: anlisis de varianza

analytical specificity
DF: The degree to which a test can reliably distinguish between
the analyte of interest and other components in the sample.
ES: especificidad analtica

anamorphs
DF: The asexual form of a fungus.
ES: anamorfos

Anaplasma
DF: A genus of bacteria that is vectored by ticks, biting flies
and other fomites to cause disease in canids, humans, and
ruminants.
ES: Anaplasma
30

anautogeny
DF: Reproduction in which a blood meal or ingested
food is required for egg development, as in some
species of parasitic Diptera.
ES: anautogenia

Andes region
DF: The area of the great mountain system of South America,
extending 4500 miles along the entire west coast of South
America from Tierra del Fuego in the south to Panama in the
north and crossing through the countries of Venezuela,
Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Chile and Argentina. The
Andes region is made up of several parallel ranges, called
cordilleras.
ES: Regin Andina

androgenesis
DF: the development of an embryo from a fertilized egg
that only involves the paternal chromosomes from
the male nucleus.
ES: andrognesis

Anemone fulgens
DF: A natural interspecific hybrid between Anemone hortensis x
Anemone pavonina.
ES: Anemone fulgens

Anemone hybrida
DF: An interspecific hybrid between Anemone hupehensis
x Anemone vitifolia.
ES: Anemone hybrida

anestrus
DF: A state of sexual inactivity in female animals exhibiting
no estrous cycle. Causes of anestrus include pregnancy,
presence of offspring, season, stress, and pathology.
ES: anestro

aneuploidy
DF: The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from
the normal by the addition or subtraction of chromosomes,
chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally
diploid cell the loss of a chromosome pair is termed
nullisomy, the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy, the
addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy, the addition of
a single chromosome is trisomy.
31

ES: aneuploidia

aneurysm
DF: Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall
of any blood vessel or the heart. It indicates a thin and
weakened area in the wall which may later rupture.
Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other
characteristics.
ES: aneurisma

angiogenesis
DF: The development of new blood vessels.
ES: angiognesis

angioscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on the
interior of blood vessels.
ES: angioscopia

angiotensinogen
DF: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on
the species. It is produced by the liver and secreted into
blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive
precursor of natural angiotensins. Upon successive enzyme
cleavages, angiotensinogen yields angiotensin I, II, and
III with amino acids numbered at 10, 8, and 7, respectively.
ES: angiotensingeno

angiotensins
DF: Oligopeptides which are important in the regulation of
blood pressure (vasoconstriction) and fluid homeostasis via
the renin-angiotensin system.
ES: angiotensinas

angle of incidence
DF: The angle between a wave that strikes a surface
and the perpendicular to that surface at the point
of incidence.
ES: ngulo de incidencia

angle of repose
DF: The maximum slope of a pile of loose granular material at
rest.
ES: ngulo de reposo

anhydrides
DF: Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of
32

a molecule of water.
ES: anhdridos

anhydrous milk fat
DF: A dairy product made from cream or butter containing at
least 99.8% milk fat and 0.10% moisture.
ES: grasa lctea anhidra

animal-based foods
DF: foods originating from animal sources.
ES: alimentos de base animal

animal byproducts
DF: Parts of carcasses of livestock or poultry, processed by
cooking, curing, drying or other methods.
ES: subproductos animales

animal control services
DF: The provision of services in a municipality by authorized
personnel to enforce animal control laws that support
public safety and ensure the welfare of wild and domestic
animals, including activities such as investigating animal
cruelty incidents, licensing of animals, impounding stray
animals, and controlling nuisance animals.
ES: servicio de control animal

animal disease models
DF: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal
diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar
to those of human diseases. They are used as study models
for human diseases.
ES: modelos animales de enfermedades

animal law
DF: Laws and legislation that govern the treatment,
confinement, or production of animals and
livestock.
ES: ley de animales

animal source protein
DF: Dietary proteins originating from animals.
ES: protena de procedencia animal

animal technicians
DF: Individuals who are trained in animal care
procedures and assist in the care and management
33

of animals in a laboratory, research or veterinary
setting.
ES: cuidadores de animales

animal welfare
DF: The sum or integration of an animal's past and
present states of well-being as it attempts to
cope with its environment; and human values
concerning the social or ethical aspects of
providing that environment.
ES: mantenimiento del bienestar animal

animal well-being
DF: The current state of an animal living in
reasonable harmony with its environment.
ES: bienestar animal

anion exchange
DF: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often one of
the anion exchange resins, and a fluid whereby anions may
be exchanged from one substance to another.
ES: intercambio de aniones

ankylosis
DF: Fixation and immobility of a joint.
ES: anquilosis

annealing
DF: Heating followed by slow cooling.
ES: templar

anterior cruciate ligament
DF: A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the
posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur,
passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and
attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar
eminence of the tibia.
ES: ligamento cruzado anterior

anterior pituitary
DF: The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also
known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the
adenohypophyseal hormones that regulate vital functions
such as growth; metabolism; and reproduction.
ES: pituitaria anterior

34

anthelmintics
DF: Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used
therapeutically in the treatment of helminthiasis in man
and animal.
ES: antihelmnticos

anthers
DF: pollen-bearing portion of the stamen.
ES: anteras

anthrax
DF: An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria
Bacillus anthracis. It commonly affects hoofed animals such
as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the
skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax),
or the gastrointestinal tract.
ES: ntrax

anthropometric measurements
DF: Measurements of the human body, employed in the
study of human growth and variation.
ES: medidas antropomtricas

anti-Mullerian hormone
DF: A glycoprotein that causes regression of Mullerian ducts.
It is produced by Sertoli cells of the testes. In the
absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into
structures of the female reproductive tract. In males,
defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian
duct, a form of male pseudohermaphroditism.
ES: hormona antimulleriana

antibiosis
DF: A relationship between two organisms in which one
is harmful to the other, or between an organism
and an antibiotic produced by the other.
ES: antibiosis

antibiotic resistance
DF: The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to
resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents,
antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics.
ES: resistencia antibitica

antibiotics
DF: Chemical substances produced by microorganisms or
synthetically that inhibit the growth of, or destroy,
35

bacteria. Antibiotics are used at therapeutic levels to
fight disease in humans and animals. Since the 1950s they
have been used at subtherapeutic levels in animal feeds to
enhance growth and prevent disease in livestock and poultry.
DS: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws.
Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, 2005
Edition.
ES: antibiticos

antibody microarrays
DF: The arrangement of a large set of minute antibody spots
that are coated or fixed on solid surface "microchips",
which may be used for antigen detection or protein
expression analysis.
ES: micromatriz de anticuerpos

antifouling agents
DF: substances that prevent surfaces from becoming
encrusted, clogged or choked with foreign matter.
ES: agentes antimoluscosos

antigen-antibody complex
DF: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and
antibody molecules. The deposition of large
antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue
damage causes immune complex diseases.
ES: complejo antgeno-anticuerpo

antigen presentation
DF: The process by which antigen is presented to
lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is
performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some
antigens require processing before they can be
recognized. Antigen processing consists of
ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by
the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on
the cell surface.
ES: presentacin de antgenos

antimycin A
DF: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species.
It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete
cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a
fungicide, insecticide, and miticide.
ES: antimicina A

antiporters
DF: Membrane transporters that co-transport two or
more dissimilar molecules in the opposite
36

direction across a membrane. Usually the transport
of one ion or molecule is against its
electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the
movement of another ion or molecule with its
electrochemical gradient.
ES: acarreadores antiparalelos

antiserum
DF: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained
from an animal that has been immunized either by
antigen injection or infection with microorganisms
containing the antigen.
ES: antisuero

Aphthovirus
DF: A genus of the family Picornaviridae infecting mainly
cloven-hoofed animals. They cause vesicular lesions and
upper respiratory tract infections. Foot and mouth disease
virus is the type species.
ES: Aphthovirus

apomixis
DF: Biological reproduction without fertilization,
meiosis, or production of gametes, resulting in
seeds that are genetically identical to the parent
plant.
ES: apomixis

apoplast
DF: The outer compartment of a plant cell external to the
plasma membrane. Formed in adjacent cells by the continuum
of cell walls, intercellular material and extracellular
space, it facilitates the transport of water and solutes.
ES: apoplasto

Appalachian region
DF: Region in North America, extending from
Newfoundland to central Alabama. (In the United
States, includes areas of Alabama, Georgia,
Kentucky, Maryland, New York, North Carolina,
Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee,
Virginia and West Virginia).
ES: Regin de los Apalaches

appetizers
DF: A small amount of food, generally eaten just before the
main meal.
37

ES: aperitivos

appropriate level of protection
DF: Degree of health protection considered acceptable by a
member government establishing a sanitary or phytosanitary
measure.
ES: nivel adecuado de proteccin

apramycin
DF: An antibiotic complex and broad-spectrum antibiotic
substance of nebramycin complex produced by Streptomyces
tenebrarius.
ES: apramicina

aquaculture
DF: The cultivation of aquatic animals and plants, including
freshwater and marine species, for food or other purposes.
ES: acuicultura

aquaponics
DF: A system combining aquaculture with hydroponics in which
aquatic animals and hydroponically-grown plants are
cultivated together.
ES: acuapnicas

aquatic plant culture
DF: The cultivation of aquatic plants for food or other
purposes.
ES: cultivo de plantas acuticas

aquatic plants
DF: Plants that grow in water either floating on the
surface, growing up from the bottom of the body of
water or growing under the surface of the water.
ES: plantas acuticas

aquic regimes
DF: The aquic moisture regime occurs when the soil is
saturated by water for significant periods of time
and is virtually free of dissolved oxygen.
ES: regmenes cuicos

Arabs
DF: People who identify their nationality, ethnic identity,
ancestry or first language as Arabic.
ES: rabes
38

arboviruses
DF: Arthropod-borne viruses. A non-taxonomic
designation for viruses that can replicate in both
vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors.
ES: arbovirus

arginine vasopressin
DF: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It
is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and
two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.
Arg-vasopressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus or to
improve vasomotor tone and blood pressure.
ES: vasopresina arginina

arid lands
DF: Barren, desert or semi-desert land that is
typically dry with less than 10 inches of annual
precipitation.
ES: tierras ridas

arid zones
DF: Dry climatic type with less than 10 inches of
precipitation per year.
ES: zonas ridas

aridic regimes
DF: The aridic moisture regime has limited plant
available water since the soil is dry for at least
half of the growing season and is moist for less
than 90 consecutive days. This regime is
characteristic of arid zones.
ES: regmenes ardicos

arrhenotoky
DF: parthenogenetic production of males from
unfertilized eggs.
ES: arrenotoquia

arrhythmia
DF: Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the
heart or myocardial contraction. Cardiac arrhythmias can be
classified by
the abnormalities in heart rate, disorders of electrical
impulse generation, or impulse conduction.
ES: arritmia

39

arteries
DF: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
ES: arterias

arthroscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint.
ES: artroscopia

artificial insemination
DF: The delivery of semen into the uterus of the
female animal usually by injection with a
syringe-like apparatus for the purpose of
achieving fertilization and sexual reproduction.
ES: inseminacin artificial

artificial intelligence
DF: A discipline concerned with development of computer and
extended-robotic systems that can exhibit intelligent
action. May also be defined as a subfield of computer
science concerned with concepts and methods of symbolic
inference by a computer and the symbolic representation of
the knowledge to be used in making inferences.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: inteligencia artificial

artificial pacemaker
DF: A device designed to stimulate, by electric impulses,
contraction of the heart muscles. It may be temporary
(external) or permanent (internal or internal-external).
ES: marcapasos artificial

artificial pneumoperitoneum
DF: Deliberate introduction of air into the peritoneal cavity.
ES: neumoperitoneo artificial

artificial rearing
DF: Rearing occuring in a non-natural environment.
ES: cra artificial

artificial reefs
DF: Manmade structures constructed in coastal waters or marine
environments which provide a sheltered habitat for
aquaculture or fishing.
ES: arrecifes artificiales

artisanal fishing
DF: Fishing practices using traditional (low-technology)
40

fishing boats and gear for local, small-scale food
subsistence.
ES: pesca artesanal

ascites
DF: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the
peritoneal cavity.
ES: ascites

ascocarp
DF: A closed sporebearing structure found in ascomycete fungi.
ES: ascocarpo

aseptic conditions
DF: An environmental state which is free of microorganisms,
especially pathogens.
ES: asepsia

ash (inorganic matter)
DF: The inorganic matter left after combustion of an
organic substance.
ES: ceniza

Asians
DF: People identify themselves as having origins in any of the
original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the
India subcontinent.
ES: asiticos

asphyxia
DF: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen,
manifested in impending or actual cessation of
life.
ES: asfixia

assisted living facilities
DF: A housing and health care alternative combining
independence with personal care. It provides a combination
of housing, personalized supportive services and health
care designed to meet the needs, both scheduled and
unscheduled, of those who need help with activities of
daily living.
ES: instituciones de vida asistida

assisted reproductive technologies
DF: Techniques used to increase fertility and achieve pregnancy.
41

ES: tecnologas de reproduccin asistidas

assistive technologies
DF: Systems and devices engineered for the disabled
which assist them during their daily activities.
ES: tecnologas de asistencia

aster (cell structure)
DF: A star-shaped arrangement of microtubular filaments which
radiate from the centrosome during mitosis and meiosis.
ES: aster (estructura celular)

Aster frikartii
DF: Interspecific hybrid of Aster amellus x Aster
thomsonii.
ES: Aster frikartii

aster yellows
DF: A disease of various plants, caused by
phytoplasmas transmitted by leafhoppers, resulting
in dwarfing and yellowing of the plant.
ES: virus callistephus

asynapsis
DF: Failure of homologous chromosomes to pair during
meiosis.
ES: asinapsis

at-risk population
DF: Any group which is more susceptible to adverse events than
the general population, due their health or any economic,
physical, emotional, environmental, or social factors.
ES: poblacin en riesgo

ataxia (disorder)
DF: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated
voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs,
trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia
may result from impaired sensory or motor function.
ES: ataxia

atemoyas
DF: Interspecific cross between cherimoyas and
sweetsops (Annona cherimola X Annona squamosa).
ES: atemoyas
42

atherosclerosis
DF: A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of
arteries that occurs with formation of atherosclerotic
plaques within the arterial intima.
ES: aterosclerosis

atmospheric chemistry
DF: Study of the production, transport, modification, and
removal of atmospheric constituents in the troposphere and
stratosphere.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: qumica de la atmsfera

atmospheric deposition
DF: The process by which chemical substances, such as
pollutants, are transferred from the atmosphere to the
earth's surface.
ES: deposicin atmosfrica

atolls
DF: Coral reef islands that form a circular, oval or crescent
shape surrounding a central lagoon and are commonly found
in the tropical waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
ES: atolones

atomic force microscopy
DF: A type of scanning probe microscopy in which a probe
systematically rides across the surface of a sample being
scanned in a raster pattern. The vertical position is
recorded as a spring attached to the probe rises and falls
in response to peaks and valleys on the surface. These
deflections produce a topographic map of the sample.
ES: microscopia de fuerza atmica

atopic dermatitis
DF: A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of
the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE),
with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and
asthma, and hereditary
disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus.
ES: dermatitis atpica

atrial natriuretic peptide
DF: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of
different-sized low molecular weight peptides derived from
a common precursor and secreted mainly by the heart atrium.
All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 amino acids.
43

ES: pptido natriurtico auricular

atrophy
DF: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or
multiple organs, associated with a variety of
pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular
changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal
changes.
ES: atrofia

attributional life cycle assessment
DF: A life cycle modeling method that describes flows of
material, energy and emissions within a discrete product or
system.
ES: anlisis de ciclo de vida atributivo

auctions
DF: Public sale of property in which bids are made by multiple
parties; usually the property goes to the highest bidder.
ES: subastas

audience assessment
DF: Gathering and interpreting information about the recipients
of oral, written, or visual communication
DS: ERIC Thesaurus
ES: anlisis de la audiencia

audience involvement
DF: The degree of interest of an audience in the communication
process.
ES: participacin de la audiencia

audits
DF: Systematic, independent and objective reviews of verifiable
information, documentation or records.
ES: auditoras

Aujeszky disease
DF: A highly contagious herpesvirus infection
affecting the central nervous system of swine,
cattle, dogs, cats, rats, and other animals.
ES: enfermedad de Aujeszky

Australasian region
DF: Region generally including the islands of the
southwest Pacific Ocean, Australia, New Zealand,
New Guinea and the Malay Archipelago.
44

ES: Australasia

autoclaving
DF: Sterilizing with high pressure steam.
ES: esterilizacin por autoclave

autocorrelation
DF: The statistical covariance (correlation) between variables
at different points in time.
ES: autocorrelacin

autogeny
DF: Reproduction in which a blood meal or ingested
food is not required for egg development.
ES: autogenia

autografting
DF: Transplantation of an individual's own tissue from one site
to another site.
ES: autoinjerto

autoimmune hepatitis
DF: A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular inflammation of
unknown cause, usually with hypergammaglobulinemia and
serum autoantibodies.
ES: hepatitis autoinmune

autophagy
DF: The segregation and degradation of damaged or unwanted
cytoplasmic constituents by autophagic vacuoles
(cytolysosomes) composed of lysosomes containing cellular
components in the process of digestion; it plays an
important role in biological metamorphosis of amphibians,
in the removal of bone by osteoclasts, and in the
degradation of normal cell components in nutritional
deficiency states.
ES: autofagia

autopolyploidy
DF: Polyploidy in which the individual or strain has
two or more multiples of the haploid sets of
chromosomes. Both sets of chromosomes from
parents have been duplicated in the offspring,
sometimes resulting in the formation of a new
species.
ES: autopoliploidia

45

autoradiography
DF: A technique for visualizing the radiation emitted from
radioactively labeled material in a specimen by recording
the image produced from such radiation on photographic film.
ES: autoradiografa

autotrophs
DF: Organisms which are capable of producing organic
matter from inorganic materials by utilizing
energy, such as chlorophyll-containing plants and
bacteria. Contrast with heterotrophs.
ES: auttrofos

auxotrophs
DF: An organism that has mutated and has lost its
ability to synthesize substances required for its
growth and metabolism. The mutant organism
requires specific substances as a nutritional
supplement in order to grow.
ES: auxtrofos

Avena glabrata
DF: Interspecific hybrid of Avena sativa x Avena fatua.
ES: Avena glabrata

average daily gain
DF: A growing animal's average body weight increase expressed
as pounds, kilograms or grams per day.
ES: ganancia media diaria

average daily intake
DF: The intake of a biological, chemical or physical agent that
is averaged over a specified time period taking into
account the frequency, duration, and intensity of exposure.
Usually expressed in units of mg/kg/day.
ES: consumo promedio diario

Avian encephalomyelitis virus
DF: A tentative species in the genus Hepatovirus
infecting primarily young chicks, but also found
in turkeys, pheasants, and guinea fowl. It causes
a fatal neuronal degeneration and is transmitted
by mechanical contact.
ES: Avian encephalomyelitis virus

avian influenza
DF: An Influenza A viral infection of wild birds or domestic
46

fowl, certain strains of which cause high mortality in
poultry.
ES: influenza aviar

avidin
DF: A biotin-binding protein from egg albumen.
ES: avidina

avoidance behavior
DF: Behaviors by which an animal keeps away from painful or
anxiety-producing environmental conditions or situations.
ES: conducta evitativa

avoparcin
DF: Glycopeptide antibiotic from Streptomyces candidus;
antibiotic growth promoter for improving growth rates &
feed conversion efficiency of broiler chickens and pigs.
ES: avoparcina

axenic culture
DF: a culture of a single species not contaminated by
or associated with any other living organisms.
ES: cultivo axnico

axons
DF: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly
conducting impulses away from the neuron cell
body.
ES: axones

Ayurvedic medicine
DF: The traditional Hindu system of medicine which is
based on customs, beliefs, and practices of the
Hindu culture. Ayurveda means "the science of
Life": veda - science, ayur - life.
ES: medicina ayurvdica

azithromycin
DF: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related
to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of
Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections,
toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.
ES: azitromicina

aztreonam
DF: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated
47

from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to
beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections,
especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may
cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.
ES: aztreonam

48

B

babassu oil
DF: The oil extracted from kernels (seeds) of the babassu palm,
Attalea speciosa. The oil is used in food, cosmetics and
soaps, having properties similar to coconut oil.
ES: aceite de babas

babesiosis
DF: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including
zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoa of the
genus Babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing
hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice
and transmission is by the deer tick Ixodes scapularis.
ES: babesiosis

bacitracin
DF: A complex of cyclic peptide antibiotics produced by the
Tracy-I strain of Bacillus subtilis. The commercial
preparation is a mixture of at least nine bacitracins with
bacitracin A as the major constituent. It is used topically
to treat open infections such as infected eczema and
infected dermal ulcers.
ES: bacitracina

bacteremia
DF: The presence of bacteria circulating in the blood.
ES: bacteremia

bacterial pneumonia
DF: Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by
bacterial infections.
ES: neumona bacteriana

bacterial shedding
DF: The expelling of bacteria from the body. Important routes
include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and
intestinal tract.
ES: excrecin de bacterias

bacterial toxins
DF: Toxins or poisonous substances produced by
bacteria.
ES: toxinas bacterianas

bacterial wilt
DF: A plant disease caused by bacteria which causes
49

wilting and shriveling of the stems and leaves.
ES: marchitez bacteriana

bacteriocins
DF: Substances elaborated by specific strains of
bacteria that are lethal against other strains of
the same or related species. They are protein or
lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in
taxonomy studies of bacteria.
ES: bacteriocinas

bacteriocytes
DF: modified cells in certain insects that contain
endosymbiotic bacteria.
ES: bacteriocitos

bacteriophages
DF: Viruses whose host are bacterial cells.
ES: bacterifagos

bacterioplankton
DF: The free-floating bacterial component of plankton.
ES: bacterioplancton

bakers yeast
DF: Dried cells of one or more strains of the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, used as a leavening in
baking.
ES: levadura de panadera

Balkans
DF: Countries occupying the Balkan Peninsula.
ES: Pennsula Balcnica

ballast water
DF: Fresh or salt water taken in and released by ships to
improve their stability. Organisms transported from one
port to another may become invasive species (pests).
ES: agua de lastre

Baltic States
DF: The countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania on
the east shore of the Baltic Sea.
ES: Pases Blticos

50

bambermycin
DF: Antibiotic complex obtained from Streptomyces bambergiensis
containing mainly Moenomycins A and C. They are used as
feed additives and growth promoters for poultry, swine, and
cattle.
ES: bambermicina

bankruptcy
DF: A legal process in which a debtor unable to pay
debts has his assets liquidated and the debtor is
relieved of further liability for those debts.
ES: bancarrota

bargaining cooperatives
DF: A type of cooperative which negotiates price,
quality, and delivery terms with buyers.
ES: cooperativas de negociacin

bariatric surgery
DF: Surgical techniques, such as gastric banding,
gastric bypass, gastroplasty, and biliopancreatic
diversion, performed on the stomach and/or
intestines of severely obese individuals for
weight reduction.
ES: ciruga baritrica

barns
DF: A large agricultural building that can be used for a
variety of farm activities including storing hay, feed
grains, and farm equipment or as protective shelter for
livestock.
ES: graneros

barrows
DF: Male hogs that have been castrated before reaching sexual
maturity.
ES: cerdos castrados

basal area
DF: Cross-sectional area of a tree measured at breast
height (4.5 feet from ground level), or of grasses
and shrubs measured 1 inch from ground level used
to determine phytomass. Basal area is usually
expressed as square units per unit area.
ES: rea basal

basal metabolic rate
51

DF: the energy required to sustain basal metabolism
ES: tasa metablica basal

basal metabolism
DF: the basic essential metabolic processes required
to keep the body alive, healthy and, where
applicable, growing.
ES: metabolismo basal

base maps
DF: A map layer that contains only the essential parts of the
terrain needed to identify that location and is the basis
of detailed thematic maps.
ES: mapas base

base saturation
DF: The ratio of the quantity of exchangeable bases to
the cation exchange capacity.
ES: saturacin de base

basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors
DF: A family of DNA-binding transcription factors that contain
a basic helix-loop-helix motif.
ES: factores de transcripcin hlice-bucle-hlice bsica

basidiocarp
DF: A sporebearing structure found in basidiomycete fungi.
ES: basidiocarpo

basin irrigation
DF: An irrigation system in which a field or orchard
is divided into basins which are filled with
water.
ES: riego por sumersin

bean sprouts
DF: The edible seedlings of bean plants, especially
those of the mung bean.
ES: brotes de frijoles

beefaloes
DF: Beefalo are a cross between bison (American buffalo) and
domestic cattle. This produces meat very low in fat and
cholesterol.
52

Edition.
ES: beefalos

beers
DF: A fermented, carbonated, alcoholic beverage containing
one-half of 1 percent or more of alcohol by volume.
Generally brewed from malt (mostly barley malt), hops (for
flavoring) and water. Other cereals such as corn and rice
may be used.
ES: cervezas

behavior change
DF: Changes in behavior due to intervention or
spontaneous occurrence.
ES: cambio conductual

behavior disorders
DF: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by
breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed
primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling,
and behavior producing either distress or
impairment of function.
ES: trastornos conductuales

behavior modification
DF: Alteration of behavior by the use of conditioning
techniques.
DS: ERIC Thesaurus
ES: modificacin conductual

behavior problems
DF: Transient or mild problems in conduct.
DS: ERIC Thesaurus
ES: problemas conductuales

behavioral resistance
DF: Behavioral response of the pest to control agents
that enables it to avoid being harmed by the
control agent.
ES: resistencia conductual

benthic organisms
DF: Underwater organisms that live on or in the bottom
of a body of water.
ES: organismos bentnicos

benthic zone
DF: The habitat at the bottom of a body of water, such
as the sea floor or a lake bottom.
53

ES: zona bntica

benzylpenicillin
DF: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its
sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of
infections. It is effective against most gram-positive
bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been
used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions
on gamma-aminobutyric acid mediated synaptic transmission.
ES: benzilpenicilina

Berberis mentorensis
DF: Interspecific hybrid of Berberis julianae x
Berberis thunbergii.
ES: Berberis mentorensis

best available technology
DF: A concept applied in the language of regulations on
pollution control, especially as applied to abatement
practices; as new technology becomes available and social
values change, what is currently regarded as "best
available" will change also.
ES: la mejor tecnologa disponible

best management practices
DF: A practice or system of practices designed to prevent or
mitigate damage or adverse effects caused by farming,
construction, manufacturing, or other anthropogenic
activities.
ES: mejores prcticas de administracin

beta-adrenergic agonists
DF: Drugs that selectively bind to and activate
beta-adrenergic receptors.
ES: agonistas beta adrenrgicos

beta-adrenergic antagonists
DF: Drugs that bind to but do not activate
beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the
actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic
beta-antagonists are used for treatment of
hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris,
glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.
ES: antagonistas beta adrenrgicos

beta-lactoglobulin
DF: The major whey protein of cows milk and milks of ruminants
54

and other mammals, but not humans.
ES: beta-laptoglobulina

beta oxidation
DF: The catabolic breakdown of fatty acids via metabolic
intermediates into acetyl coenzyme A, which then enters the
tricarboxylic acid cycle.
ES: beta oxidacin

betel
DF: A masticatory (also known as betel quid) used in
India and Southeast Asia, consisting of a piece of
Areca nut (sometimes inaccurately called the betel
nut) rolled up with mineral lime in a leaf of
Piper betle (betel leaf). It is a stimulant and
astringent, with a wide range of medicinal
properties.
ES: betel

bezoars
DF: Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable
fibers, or similar substances found in the
alimentary canal.
ES: bezoares

bias
DF: Systematic error introduced into sampling or analysis by
selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others.
ES: sesgo

binding agents
DF: Substances which hold particles, mixtures or blended
products together, especially used in foods.
ES: agentes aglutinantes

binding sites
DF: A region on a protein, DNA, RNA or macromolecule to which
other molecules form chemical complexes.
ES: sitios de enlace

binge eating disorder
DF: A disorder characterized by episodes where
individuals eat large amounts of food while
feeling a lack of control over the amount being
eaten. Unlike bulimia, people with binge eating
disorder do not purge.
55

ES: trastorno de atracones compulsivos

binging
DF: Periodic excessive or uncontrolled eating or
drinking.
ES: atracn

bioaccumulation
DF: The net accumulation of a substance by an organism as a
result of uptake from and or all routes of exposure.
ES: bioacumulacin

bioaccumulation factor
DF: The concentration of a substance in tissue of an organism
divided by its concentration in an environmental medium in
situations where the organism and its food are exposed
(i.e.,
accounting for food chain exposure as well as direct
chemical uptake).
ES: factor de bioacumulacin

bioacoustics
DF: The study of the production, transmission, and detection
(hearing) of sounds produced by organisms, such as those
involved in communication.
ES: bioacstica

bioaerosols
DF: An airborne suspension of microorganisms or particles
released from living organisms.
ES: bioaerosoles

bioassays
DF: A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active
substance using a living organism in vivo or in vitro
tissue or cell model under controlled conditions.
ES: ensayos biolgicos

bioavailability
DF: The availability of a substance to be taken up and used by
living biological organisms.
ES: biodisponibilidad

biobased products
DF: Biobased products are fuels, chemicals, materials,
or electric power or heat produced from biomass.
Including any energy, commercial or industrial
56

product (other than food or feed) that utilizes
biological products or renewable domestic
agricultural (plant, animal, and marine) or
forestry materials.
DS: Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life
Sciences. Ithaca, NY.
ES: productos biticos

biobleaching
DF: Use of microorganisms or enzymes in the bleaching
of materials or products, such as pulp.
ES: bioblanqueo

biocenosis
DF: A group of interacting organisms that live in a
particular habitat and form an ecological
community.
ES: biocenosis

biochar
DF: A fine-grained porous charcoal produced from organic matter
via pyrolysis (i.e. under low temperature and anoxic
conditions), often used as a soil amendment to increase
soil fertility and tilth and to sequester carbon.
ES: biochar

biochemical oxygen demand
DF: a measurement of the amount of organic pollution
in water.
ES: demanda bioqumica de oxgeno

biochemical polymorphism
DF: Biochemical variations found in different individuals in
a species, or within an individual organism.
ES: polimorfismo bioqumico

biocides
DF: Natural or synthetic chemical substances used to kill
living organisms.
ES: biocidas

bioclimatology
DF: The effects of climate on living organisms.
ES: bioclimatologa

biocoal
DF: A biomass fuel processed by torrefaction of agricultural
57

wastes such as wood residues into a high density,
energy-concentrated fuel product in the form of pellets or
briquettes.
ES: carbn orgnico

biocompatible materials
DF: Synthetic or natural materials, other than drugs, that are
used to replace or repair any body tissues or bodily
function.
ES: materiales biocompatibles

biocomposites
DF: Manufactured products comprising at least one material
derived from living organisms, such as natural fibers.
ES: biocompuestos

biodiesel
DF: A biofuel for use in diesel engines produced through the
transesterfication of organically-derived oils or fats
combined with alcohol (ethanol or methanol) in the presence
of a catalyst. It may be used either as a replacement for
or as a component of diesel fuel.
ES: biodiesel

bioeconomics
DF: A branch of economics which integrates the disciplines of
biology and economics in order to explain economic
activities on a biological basis and vice versa.
ES: bioeconoma

bioenergy
DF: The term "bioenergy" means biomass used in the
production of energy (electricity; liquid, solid,
and gaseous fuels; and heat).
DS: Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life
Sciences. Ithaca NY.
ES: bioenerga

bioengineering
DF: The application of engineering principles and methods to
living organisms or biological systems.
ES: bioingeniera

bioethanol
DF: An alcohol fuel made by fermentation of carbohydrates in
sugar- or starch-rich crops such as corn or sugarcane, or
other biomass sources including grasses.
58

ES: bioetanol

bioethics
DF: The study of the ethical and moral implications of
new discoveries and practices in the biological
sciences, biomedicine, and health care.
ES: biotica

biofabrication
DF: The production of complex living and non-living biological
products from raw biological materials or biochemical
molecules.
ES: biofabricacin

biofilm
DF: A thin layer of living cells, usually
microorganisms, coating a surface.
ES: biopelcula

biofiltration
DF: A technology using microorganisms on a substrate to
biologically degrade emissions or effluents (such as
sewage, wastewaters, volatile organic compounds).
ES: biofiltracin

biofloc technology
DF: The use of aggregates of bacteria, algae, or protozoa, held
together in a matrix along with particulate organic matter
for the purpose of improving water quality, waste treatment
and disease prevention in intensive aquaculture systems.
Consumption of bioflocs also provides nutritional value to
cultured species.
ES: tecnologa de biofloc

biofortification
DF: An increase in the nutritional value of plant foods
obtained through convential crop breeding methods or
through crop genetic engineering techniques. This
contrasts with postharvest fortification in which nutrients
are added during processing.
ES: biofortificacin

biofouling
DF: The accumulation of undesirable organisms, including
bacteria, fungi, diatoms, algae, plants or animals, causing
surfaces to become encrusted, clogged or otherwise degraded.
ES: biofouling
59

biofumigation
DF: A fumigation technique for pest and disease control
dependent upon the biocidal properties of natural fumigants
released from such organisms as glucosinolate-containing
plants.
ES: biofumigacin

biogeography
DF: The study of the distribution of organisms around
the globe, and the factors that influence that
distribution.
ES: biogeografa

biohydrogen
DF: Hydrogen produced from biological sources such as bacteria
and algae, with potential for use as a biofuel.
ES: biohidrgeno

bioinformatics
DF: A field of biology concerned with the development
of techniques for the collection and manipulation
of biological data, and the use of such data to
make biological discoveries or predictions. This
field encompasses all computational methods and
theories applicable to molecular biology and areas
of computer-based techniques for solving
biological problems including manipulation of
models and datasets.
ES: bioinformtica

biolistics
DF: Techniques where DNA is delivered directly into
organelles at high speed using projectiles coated
with nucleic acid, shot from a helium-powered gun
(gene gun).
ES: biobalstica

biological assessment
DF: That part of an environmental assessment that
specifically evaluates the potential risks to
plant and animal communities and their habitats.
ES: evaluacin biolgica

biological clocks
DF: The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic
occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and
behavioral phenomena.
60

ES: relojes biolgicos

biological corridors
DF: Areas connecting separated habitats which allow movement to
and access by wild species. These spaces make gene flow
between isolated populations possible and may ameliorate
negative effects of habitat fragmentation.
ES: corredores biolgicos

biological half-life
DF: The time it takes for an organism to eliminate, usually by
excretion, half of the admistered dose of a substance, such
as a drug.
ES: semivida biolgica

biological hazards
DF: An organism, or substance derived from an organism, that
poses a threat to human or animal health. This can include
medical waste, samples of a microorganism, virus, or toxin
(from a biological source) that can impact human health.
DS: Department of Defense
ES: riesgos biolgicos

biological production
DF: Production of a chemical or biochemical by
organisms or enzymes for use as commercial
products.
ES: produccin biolgica

biological resistance
DF: The natural or genetic ability of an organism to
avoid or repel attack by biotic agents (pathogens,
pests, parasites, etc.) or to withstand the
effects of abiotic agents (chemicals, pesticides,
salt, wind, heavy metals, etc).
ES: resistencia biolgica

biological speciation
DF: The evolution of new species.
ES: especiacin

biomass
DF: The total amount of organic matter present in an organism,
population, ecosystem or given area.
ES: biomasa

biomedical materials
61

DF: Substances used in biomedicine or dentistry predominantly
for their physical, as opposed to chemical, properties.
ES: materiales biomdicos

biometry
DF: The use of statistical methods to analyze
biological observations and phenomena.
ES: biometra

biomimetic materials
DF: Materials fabricated by biomimetics techniques, i.e., based
on natural processes found in biological systems.
DS: Mdical Subject Headings 2013
ES: materiales biomimticos

biomimetic synthesis
DF: A synthesis or synthetic process that imitates biochemical
pathways which are relevant to physiological conditions by
using reagents similar to those found in biological systems.
ES: sntesis biomimtica

biomimetics
DF: An interdisciplinary field in materials science,
engineering, and biology, studying the use of biological
principles for synthesis or fabrication of biomimetic
materials.
ES: biommesis

biopesticides
DF: Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from
such natural materials as animals, plants, microorgnisms,
and certain minerals.
ES: bioplaguicidas

biopharmaceuticals
DF: Drugs, vaccines, growth hormones or other
biologics produced by organisms that have been
genetically altered to yield these products.
ES: biofarmacuticos

biopreservation
DF: The use of products from plants and microorganisms to
preserve products.
ES: biopreservacin

biopreservatives
DF: A wide range of products from plants and microorganisms
62

which can be used to preserve foods.
ES: biopreservantes

bioprinting
DF: A material transfer technique used for assembling
biological material or cells into a prescribed organization
to create functional structures such as microchip analytic
devices, cell microarrays, or three dimensional anatomical
structures.
DS: Medical Suject Headings 2013
ES: bioimpresin

bioreactors
DF: Tools or devices for generating products using the
synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a
biological system. They can be classical
fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or
enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or
enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as
bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant
cells are usually chosen.
ES: biorreactores

biorefining
DF: The conversion of biomass into fuels, chemicals and power.
ES: biorefinamiento

biosolids
DF: The organic solids product of wastewater
treatment that can be beneficially utilized.
ES: bioslidos

biosorption
DF: The sequestration of chemical substances, such as heavy
metals, by a biological system.
ES: biosorcin

biosurfactants
DF: Surfactants that are synthesized by living cells or
organisms, including microorganisms such as bacteria and
yeasts.
ES: biosurfactantes

biosynthesis
DF: Used for the anabolic formation of chemical
substances in organisms, in living cells, or by
subcellular fractions.
63

ES: biosntesis

biotechnology
DF: The use of living organisms, cells or cell constituents for
the purpose of developing products, improve animals or
plants, or improve biological processes.
ES: biotecnologa

biotelemetry
DF: The remote sensing and evaluation of biological data of
organisms.
ES: biotelemetra

bioterrorism
DF: The use of biological agents, such as agricultural
pathogens or pests, for terrorist purposes.
ES: bioterrorismo

biotic stress
DF: Harmful effects on living organisms from other organisms
including bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, damaging
insects, invasive species, weeds and other pests.
ES: estrs bitico

biotinylation
DF: Incorporation of biotinyl groups into molecules.
ES: biotinilacin

bioturbation
DF: For the mixing and turning of soil caused by
organisms moving through the soil.
ES: bioturbacin

biotypes
DF: Populations of organisms sharing an identical
genotype.
ES: biotipos

bioventing
DF: Bioventing is an in situ remediation technology
that uses indigenous microorganisms to biodegrade
organic constituents adsorbed to soils in the
unsaturated zone. Soils in the capillary fringe
and the saturated zone are not affected. The
activity of the indigenous bacteria is enhanced by
inducing air (or oxygen) flow into the unsaturated
zone.
64

ES: bioventing

bitter pit
DF: Pits developing on apple fruits which result in a
bitter tasting apple. The cause is due to a
deficiency of calcium and/or an excess of
potassium or magnesium within the apple fruit
itself, and not necessarily due to soil fertility
or whole plant nutrient status.
ES: ahoyado amargo

Black Hills region
DF: A mountainous area in western South Dakota and northeast
Wyoming.
ES: Regin de Black Hills

black rice
DF: An unmilled, medium grain rice with black bran.
ES: arroz negro

blackleg (animal disease)
DF: An acute clostridial infection of cattle, characterized by
swelling beneath the skin due to gas formation in the
tissues.
ES: carbunco sintomtico

Blacks
DF: People who identify themselves as having origins in any of
the black racial groups of Africa.
ES: negros (raza)

bladder calculi
DF: Stones of the urinary bladder; also known as
vesical calculi or bladder stones, and cystoliths.
ES: clculos vesicales

blasticidin S
DF: A nucleoside antibiotic produced by Streptomyces
griseochromogenes. It is a protein synthesis inhibitor in
both prokaryltic and eukaryotic cells.
ES: blasticidina S

blastospores
DF: Asexual fungal spores formed by budding, as in yeast cells.
ES: blastosporas
65

blisters
DF: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath
the epidermis.
ES: ampollas

bloat
DF: A severe distension of the abdomen caused by gas;
usually in ruminant animals. The problem is
greatest with sudden access to lush pastures or
vegetative stage alfalfa--foods that are too
easily digested.
ES: meteorismo

blood cell counts
DF: The number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit
volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood
count (CBC) also includes measurement of the
hemoglobin; hematocrit; and erythrocyte indices.
ES: recuento de clulas sanguneas

blood coagulation disorders
DF: Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as
a consequence of abnormalities in blood
coagulation. These abnormalities may be due to
coagulation protein or platelet dysfunctions, or
to other factors, such as nutritional conditions.
ES: trastornos de coagulacin de la sangre

blood group antigens
DF: Sets of cell surface antigens located on blood cells.
They are usually membrane glycoproteins or
glycolipids that are antigenically distinguished by their
carbohydrate moieties.
ES: antgenos de grupo sanguneo

blood groups
DF: The genetically determined classification of blood based
on the presence or absence of different antigens
located on erythrocytes.
ES: grupos sanguneos

blood meal
DF: Meal produced from fresh animal blood which is high in
lysine content (about 9% of the crude protein.)
ES: harina de sangre

66

blood proteins
DF: Proteins that are present in blood serum,
including serum albumin; blood coagulation factors;
and many other types of proteins.
ES: protenas sanguneas

blood volume
DF: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the
plasma volume and erythrocyte volume.
ES: volumen sanguneo

bloodstream forms
DF: Morphologic stage in the life cycle of trypanosomes during
infection of the mammalian host.
ES: formas del torrente sanguneo

blubber
DF: A thick layer of insulating adipose tissue found beneath
the skin of aquatic mammals such as whales, seals, walruses
and manatees.
ES: grasa subcutnea de mamferos acuticos

blue box
DF: Direct payments exempt from the amber box reduction
requirements. These include subsidies based on fixed
areas or yields, fixed number of livestock, or on 85% or
less of the base level of production.
ES: caja azul

blue light
DF: Blue light is the 440-500 nm wavelengths of the visible
light spectrum (approximately 400-700 nm) which appears
blue to the eye.
ES: luz azul

Blue Mountain region (Oregon)
DF: A mountain range in northeast Oregon and southeast
Washington.
ES: Regin de Blue Mountain (Oregon)

Blue Ridge Mountain region
DF: The eastern and southeastern area of the Appalachian
Mountain Region which encompasses the Great Smoky Mountains
and extends from Pennsylvania to north Georgia.
ES: Regin de las montaas Blue Ridge

67

bluetongue
DF: An arthropod-borne reoviral infection, chiefly of sheep but
also affecting cattle and wild ruminants, characterized by
a swollen blue tongue and often by inflammation of
sensitive laminae of the feet and coronet.
ES: fiebre catarral ovina

Bluetongue virus
DF: The type species of Orbivirus causing a serious
disease in sheep, especially lambs. It may also
infect wild ruminants and other domestic animals.
ES: Bluetongue virus

boars
DF: An adult, uncastrated male pig, typically weighing about
500 pounds.
ES: verracos

body image
DF: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as
objects in and bound by space, independently and
apart from all other objects.
ES: imagen corporal

body mass index
DF: Body mass index is a ratio of a person's height to
weight: BMI = (705 X weight in pounds)/(height in
inches, squared)
ES: ndice de masa corporal

bogs
DF: Wetlands that accumulate appreciable peat
deposits. Bogs depend primarily on precipitation
for their water source, and are usually acidic and
rich in plant residue with a conspicuous mat of
living green moss.
ES: cinagas

bone fractures
DF: breaks in bone or cartilage.
ES: fracturas seas

bone meal
DF: Animal meal produced from bones that are steamed under
pressure and then ground. It contains 1.5-2.5% nitrogen,
12-15% phosphorus, and 20-34% calcium.
68

ES: harina de huesos

bone morphogenetic proteins
DF: Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the
transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins.
They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are
cleaved by proteolytic enzymes.
ES: protenas morfogenticas seas

bone resorption
DF: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.
ES: resorcin sea

bonsai
DF: The art and practice of growing miniature trees,
shrubs or landscapes in shallow trays or pots by
rigorous training techniques and pruning of roots
and branches.
ES: bonsai

border disease
DF: Congenital disorder of sheep and goats caused by
Border disease virus. The disease is characterized
by infertility, abortion and abnormalities in lambs.
ES: enfermedad de la frontera

border irrigation
DF: An irrigation system for sloping land in which
parallel levees are built and the area between
ES: riego a manta

borderline leprosy
DF: A form of leprosy in which there are clinical
manifestations of both principal types (lepromatous and
tuberculoid). The disease may shift toward one of these two
polar or principal forms.
ES: lepra intermedia

boreal forests
DF: General term for northern coniferous forests.
ES: bosques boreales

Borna disease
DF: An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle
caused by Borna disease virus.
ES: enfermedad de Borna
69

Borneo
DF: An island in the Malay Archipelago forming part of
Malaysia in the northern region and part of
Indonesia in the southern region.
ES: Borneo

botanical composition
DF: The percentage of plant species that comprise a plant
community.
ES: composicin botnica

bound tariffs
DF: The most-favored-nation tariff resulting from negotiations
under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and
incorporated as the integral component of a country's
schedule of concessions; a commitment not to raise a tariff
above a specified level.
ES: tarifas obligatorias

bovine anaplasmosis
DF: A bacterial disease of cattle caused by parasitization of
the red blood cells by Anaplasma.
ES: anaplasmosis bovina

Bovine enterovirus
DF: A species of Enterovirus which infects cattle.
ES: Bovine enterovirus

bovine ephemeral fever
DF: An Ephemerovirus infection of cattle caused by
bovine ephemeral fever virus. It is characterized
by respiratory symptoms, increased oropharyngeal
secretions and lacrimation, joint pains, tremor,
and stiffness.
ES: fiebre bovina efmera

bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency
DF: An autosomal recessive hereditary disease
affecting young Holstein calves. Homozygous
individuals die from extreme susceptibility to
infection, caused by an inability of leukocytes to
pass from the blood stream into infected tissue.
This inability is due to the lack of beta-2
integrin adhesion protein on the surface of the
white blood cells due to two point mutations in
the CD18 gene.
70

ES: deficiencia de adhesin de leucocitos en bovinos

bovine mastitis
DF: An infection and inflammation of the udder in cows.
ES: mastitis bovina

bovine spongiform encephalopathy
DF: A transmissible encephalopathy of cattle characterized by a
spongiform structure of the brain tissue, and associated
with abnormal prion proteins in the brain.
ES: encefalopata espongiforme bovina

bovine trypanosomiasis
DF: Infection in cattle caused by various species of
trypanosomes.
ES: tripanosomiasis bovina

bovine viral diarrhea
DF: Acute disease of cattle caused by the bovine viral
diarrhea viruses. Often mouth ulcerations are the
only sign but fever, diarrhea, drop in milk yield,
and loss of appetite are also seen. Severity of
clinical disease varies and is strain dependent.
Outbreaks are characterized by low morbidity and
high mortality.
ES: diarrea viral bovina

box planting
DF: A linear planting arrangement where the shape of the
cultivated area is lined with woody perennials on the
borders and crops.
ES: plantacin en cuadro

boxed beef
DF: Cuts of beef sealed in vacuum packs to be shipped in
cardbard boxes, often ready for retail sale.
ES: carne de vacuno empacada

Brassicoraphanus
DF: Intergeneric hybrid between Brassica x Raphanus.
ES: Brassicoraphanus

breadfruits
DF: An oval or round fruit with creamy white meat and
a yellow-green rind with small rounded spines. It
is usually boiled and eaten as a vegetable and
resembles potato in flavor. It is a staple food
71

in South Pacific and Malaysian cuisines.
ES: fruta de pan

breadings
DF: Bread or cracker crumbs used to coat foods.
ES: pan rallado

breath tests
DF: Any tests done on exhaled air.
ES: pruebas de aliento

breeding sites
DF: Habitats where animals go to mate and reproduce.
ES: lugares de cruzamiento

breeding soundness
DF: The condition of an animal that is healthy and fit
for mating, with normal external genitalia that
are well-formed with no signs of disease and with
no lameness or other disability that would prevent
its success in breeding.
ES: seguridad de apareamiento

breeding stock
DF: Plants or animals used in breeding, selected for
traits desired in producing the next generation.
ES: espcimen reproductor

breeding value
DF: The calculated value expressing the ability of a parent to
pass on superior traits to its offspring and is used for
ranking breeding performance of the parent relative to the
population average.
ES: valor gentico

brefeldin A
DF: A fungal metabolite which is a macrocyclic lactone
exhibiting a wide range of antibiotic activity.
ES: brefeldin A

brewers yeast
DF: Yeast used or suitable for use in brewing;
specifically : the dried pulverized cells of such
a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). A nutritional
supplement for its rich content of vitamins
(particularly B complex), minerals and amino
72

acids.
ES: levadura cervecera

brining
DF: The treatment of a food or material by soaking in
a solution saturated with or containing large
amounts of a salt, especially sodium chloride.
ES: salazn

broadcasters
DF: a device designed to apply seeds, fertilizers or
soil amendments to land. The broadcaster
typically consists of a hopper from which the
material is supplied to a revolving fanlike
mechanism that disperses it.
ES: esparcidores

broadleaved evergreens
DF: A plant that retains its leaves in the fall (in contrast to
deciduous plants) and is not a needle-type conifer.
ES: rbol perennifolio de hoja ancha

broiler chickens
DF: Young chickens produced for meat.
ES: pollos de engorde

bromocriptine
DF: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a
dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin
secretion.
ES: bromocriptina

bronchopneumonia
DF: Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with
bronchitis, usually involving lobular areas from terminal
bronchioles to the pulmonary alveoli.
ES: bronconeumona

bronchoscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi.
ES: broncoscopia

brooders
DF: A heated enclosure for raising chicks or other
baby animals.
73

ES: campanas de cras

brown rice
DF: Rice from which only the hulls have been removed revealing
the brown bran layers.
ES: arroz integral

brownfields
DF: Areas of previously used land, the redevelopment or reuse
of which may be hindered due to actual or perceived
environmental contamination.
ES: zonas industriales abandonadas

browsing
DF: Feeding on sprouts, twigs, stems, vines and leaves of
shrubs or trees by livestock and wildlife.
ES: ramoneo

brucellosis
DF: A contagious disease usually occurring in beef and dairy
cattle, but also in sheep, pigs and other mammals which
causes abortion. In humans the disease is known as undulant
fever.
ES: brucelosis

brush border membrane vesicles
DF: Artificial intestinal cell preparations derived by
homogenization and centrifugation. The cell
preparations are devoid of any basolateral
membrane and cellular components and are
characterized as having a high sucrase activity.
ES: vesculas de membrana de borde ciliado

bryostatins
DF: A group of 20-member macrolactones in which there are three
remotely substituted pyran rings that are linked by a
methylene bridge and an E-disubstituted alkene, and have
geminal dimethyls at C8 and C18 carbons. Some interact with
protein kinase C.
ES: briostatinas

budbreak
DF: The start of growth from a bud.
ES: brote de la yema

bulimia
DF: Disorder characterized primarily by binge eating
74

accompanied by any of the following behaviors:
self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or
excessive exercise.
ES: bulimia

bulking agents
DF: Agents or additives added to increase the weight
or volume without imparting any functionality or
utility.
ES: agentes de esponjamiento

bullocks
DF: Young bulls under 24 months of age.
ES: novillos

bulls
DF: Male mammals that have reached sexual maturity, usually
referring to domestic cattle, buffaloes and other bovines,
but also to elephants, camels, moose, seals and other
species.
ES: toros

bunds
DF: Low ridges of earth built along the contour of the
lower edge of a field to control soil erosion.
ES: diques

bunker silos
DF: Trenches with concrete floors and concrete or
earthen walls filled and packed with tractors and
loaders and usually covered with a plastic tarp.
ES: silos bunker

buprenorphine
DF: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid thebaine that
is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than
morphine. It appears to act as a partial agonist
at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an
antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of
delta-agonist activity has been suggested to
account for the observation that buprenorphine
tolerance may not develop with chronic use.
ES: buprenorfina

burden of disease
DF: A measure of loss of health and mortality due to injuries,
diseases, and risk factors.
75

ES: carga de enfermedad

burns (injuries)
DF: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat,
steam, chemicals, electricity, or the like.
ES: quemaduras (heridas)

business enterprises
DF: An organization engaged in the production, distribution
and/or sale of goods or services in order to satisfy
customer requirements and make a profit.
ES: empresas

butorphanol
DF: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist
action. It is used in the management of severe pain.
ES: butorfanol

butter oil
DF: A dairy product made from cream or butter containing at
least 99.5% milk fat and 0.20% moisture.
ES: mantequilla fundida

buttermilk
DF: Natural buttermilk is the byproduct of churning cream into
butter. Cultured buttermilk is usually made from skim milk
by adding a starter culture and incubating until lactic
acid develops to about 0.8%.
ES: suero de leche

bycatch
DF: Species caught inadvertently by fishermen during the
capture of another species.
ES: pesca incidental

byproduct utilization
DF: The use of agricultural and industrial byproducts to add
economic value to agricultural systems, while reducing the
environmental impact of production.
ES: utilizacin de subproductos

byproducts
DF: Products, including chemical substances, made
during the manufacture, processing, or synthesis
of something else.
76

ES: subproductos

byssinosis
DF: A condition of bronchoconstriction resulting from
hypersensitive reaction to inhaled dust during the initial
processing of cotton, flax, or hemp in the textile industry.
ES: bisinosis

77

C

C-reactive protein
DF: A plasma protein that circulates in increased
amounts during inflammation and after tissue
damage.
ES: protena C-reactiva

C3 plants
DF: Plants in which the CO2 is initially fixed by the
Calvin cycle in photosynthesis.
ES: plantas C3

C4 plants
DF: Plants where the initial carbon fixation occurs in
the outer mesophyll cells, and the Calvin cycle
occurs in the inner bundle sheath cells.
ES: plantas C4

cabs (equipment)
DF: The closed part of a vehicle where the driver
sits.
ES: cabinas

CAC performance criterion
DF: The effect in frequency and/or concentration of a hazard in
a food that must be achieved by the application of one or
more control measures to provide or contribute to a PO
[performance objective] or an FSO [food safety objective].
DS: Codex Alimentarius Commission Procedural Manual, Nineteenth
edition. World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations. Rome, 2010
ES: criterio de desempeo, CAC

CAC performance objective
DF: The maximum frequency and/or concentration of a hazard in a
food at a specified step in the food chain before the time
of consumption that provides or contributes to an FSO [food
safety objective] or ALOP [appropriate level of
protection], as applicable.
ES: Objetivo de desempeo CAC

cachexia
DF: A profound and marked state of constitutional
disorder, general ill health, malnutrition, and
weight loss.
78

ES: caquexia

cage culture
DF: The production method for raising aquatic species using
enclosures made of wire or netting around rigid frames
which are placed in water.
ES: cultivo en jaulas

Calamagrostis acutiflora
DF: Interspecific hybrid between Calamagrostis
arundinacea x Calamagrostis epigeios.
ES: Calamagrostis acutiflora

calcicoles
DF: Plants that thrive in lime-rich, alkaline, or
calcareous soils, and do not thrive in acid soils.
ES: calccolas

calcifuges
DF: Plants that thrive in acid soils and that do not
thrive in lime-rich, calcareous, or alkaline
soils.
ES: calcfugas

calcinosis
DF: Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in
tissues.
ES: calcinosis

calcitonin
DF: A peptide hormone that lowers calcium
concentration in the blood. In humans, it is
released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the
formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts.
Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much
greater in children and in certain diseases than
in normal adults.
ES: calcitonina

calcium channel blockers
DF: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition
of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the
release and binding of calcium in intracellular
pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and
other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in
the drug therapy of hypertension and
cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective
agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms.
79

ES: bloqueadores de los canales de calcio

calculi
DF: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the
urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of
mineral salts. Also called stones.
ES: clculos

calves
DF: Young mammals that have not reached sexual maturity,
usually referring to domestic cattle, buffalos and other
bovines, but also to elephants, camels, moose, giraffes,
whales, seals and other species.
ES: terneros

Calvin cycle
DF: A light-independent, biochemical reaction that
uses ATP and NADPH to fix the carbon in six CO2
molecules to form one glucose molecule.
ES: ciclo de Calvin

calving rate
DF: The number of cows that calve divided by the number of cows
mated, usually pertaining to the herd and not the number of
matings for an individual.
ES: tasa de partos en ganado bovino

cambium
DF: A thin layer of tissue between the bark and wood that
repeatedly subdivides to form new wood and bark cells.
ES: cambium

Campsis tagliabuana
DF: Interspecific hybrid between Campsis grandiflora x
Campsis radicans.
ES: Campsis tagliabuana

campylobacteriosis
DF: A bacterial infection with organisms of the genus
Campylobacter.
ES: campilobacteriosis

candicidin
80

DF: Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces
griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in
candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of
candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major
component.
ES: candicidina

canes
DF: Any hollow or pithy woody stems that are strong but
flexible, such as bamboos, reeds, rattans, sugar cane, or
raspberries.
ES: caas

canine hip dysplasia
DF: A hereditary disease of the hip joints in dogs.
Signs of the disease may be evident any time after
4 weeks of age.
ES: displasia de cadera canina

Canna generalis
DF: A complex hybrid involving Canna indica and
others.
ES: Canna generalis

canola
DF: A variety of rape which seed contains low levels
of erucic acid and is high in monounsaturated
fatty acids. Low levels of erucic acid make it
safe for human consumption.
ES: cnola

canopy
DF: The more or less continuous layer of vegetation formed by
the foliage and branches of plants.
ES: cubierta (plantas)

capacitance
DF: The ability of a substrate to retain an electrical
charge.
ES: capacitancia

capillarity
DF: A property of the surface of a liquid in contact
with that of a solid, where the liquid's surface
is raised or depressed due to the attraction of
the molecules of the liquid for each other and for
those of the solid. The combined forces of
81

adhesion and cohesion are at play.
ES: capilaridad

capillary fringe
DF: The area of the saturated zone just above the
water table in which water is held in the soil by
surface tension and capillarity. The extent of
saturation depends upon the pore size distribution
of the soil.
ES: franja capilar

capons
DF: Neutered male chickens.
ES: capn

capsid
DF: The outer shell of a virus particle that encloses
the viral genome.
ES: cpside

capsule endoscopy
DF: Non-invasive, endoscopic imaging by use of video capsule
endoscope to perform examination of the gastrointestinal
tract, especially the small bowel.
ES: endoscopia por cpsula

carbenicillin
DF: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used
parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and
penicillinase and may damage platelet function.
ES: carbenicilina

carbon dioxide enrichment
DF: Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) to
several times the normal atmospheric level.
ES: enriquecimiento de dixido de carbono

carbon footprint
DF: A measure of the total set of greenhouse gas emissions,
usually expressed in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide
emissions (CO2 equivalent), that is directly and indirectly
produced by the activities of individuals, households,
populations, governments, businesses, organizations or
service sectors, or accumulated over a product life cycle.
ES: huella de carbono

82

carbon markets
DF: An arena for carbon dioxide emissions trading, i.e. the
buying and selling of emission allowances (credits or
shares) and emission reductions for metric tons of carbon
dioxide, or its equivalent in other greenhouse gases
emitted into the atmosphere.
ES: mercados de carbono

carbon nanotubes
DF: Single- or multilayer nanotubes composed of cylindrical
graphene sheets of bonded carbon atoms, and closed at
either end with caps containing pentagonal rings. These
nanotubes are single molecules typically measuring a few
nanometers in diameter and several microns in length.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: nanotubos de carbono

carbon sequestration
DF: The uptake and storage of carbon in a carbon sink,
such as the oceans, or a terrestrial sink such as
forests or soils, in order to keep the carbon out
of the atmosphere.
ES: captura de carbono

carbonated beverages
DF: Beverages, including water infused with gases,
such as carbon dioxide.
ES: bebidas carbnicas

carcass weight
DF: The weight of an animal after slaughter and removal of most
internal organs, head and skin.
ES: peso de la carcasa

carcinogenesis
DF: The process by which normal cells are transformed
into cancer cells.
DS: National Cancer Institute, NIH
ES: carcinognesis

cardiac glycosides
DF: Any of several glycosides obtained chiefly from
plant sources such as the foxglove, used
medicinally to increase the force of contraction
of heart muscle and to regulate heartbeats.
ES: glucsidos cardacos

cardiac output
DF: The volume of blood passing through the heart per
83

unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters
(volume) per minute so as not to be confused with
stroke volume (volume per beat).
ES: rendimiento cardaco

cardiolipins
DF: Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of
phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of
glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner
membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes.
ES: cardiolipinas

cardiomyopathy
DF: A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the
involvement of the cardiac muscle itself.
ES: cardiomiopata

cardoons
DF: A pale green vegetable that resembles celery and
artichoke in flavor.
ES: cardo

Caribbean
DF: The region including the Caribbean Sea, its
islands, and the countries on its Central and/or
South American coasts.
ES: Caribe

Caribbean Sea
DF: The Caribbean Sea is located at 9 to 22N and 89
to 60W. The countries found to the south of the
Caribbean Sea are Venezuela, Colombia, and Panama.
The countries found to the west are Costa Rica,
Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, and the
Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. The countries found
to the north are the Greater Antilles Islands of
Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. The
Lesser Antilles Islands are found to the east.
ES: Mar Caribe

carrying capacity
DF: The maximum population that may be sustained in an
ecosystem or management unit without adverse effects to the
environment.
ES: capacidad de carga

cartography
84

DF: The art, science and technology of mapmaking.
ES: cartografa

Cascade Mountain region
DF: Region in North America, extending from northeast
California (north continuation of the Sierra Nevada
Mountains) across Oregon and Washington. Its continuation
into Canada is known as the Coast Mountains. Mount Rainier
is the highest peak in the region.
ES: Regin Montaosa Cascada

case-control studies
DF: An epidemiologic study contrasting those with the disease
of interest (cases) to those without the disease
(controls). The groups are then compared with respect to
exposure
history.
ES: estudios de caso y control

case studies
DF: An in-depth examination of a single instance or
event.
ES: estudios de casos prcticos

cash rents
DF: Land or farm rents paid as a fixed amount of
money, in contrast to renting for a share of the
crop.
ES: arriendo en efectivo

castration
DF: The surgical removal or other physical destruction of the
testes of a male animal, e.g. using elastrator bands on
male lambs or piglets.
ES: castracin

casts (medical)
DF: Dressings made of fiberglass, plastic, or bandage
impregnated with plaster of paris used for
immobilization of various parts of the body in
cases of fractures, dislocations, and infected
wounds.
ES: yesos (medicina)

cat scratch disease
DF: A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph
nodes caused by Afipia felis and Bartonella henselae. It
85

usually arises one or more weeks following a feline
scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of
the scratch being the primary symptom.
ES: enfermedad del rasguo del gato

catadromous fish
DF: Fish that migrate from freshwater to saltwater for
reproduction.
ES: peces catdromos

catalytic activity
DF: An increase in the rate of a chemical reaction produced by
the presence of a substance that is not consumed in the net
chemical reaction.
ES: actividad cataltica

cataract
DF: Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or
capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or
causing blindness.
ES: catarata

catch crops
DF: A quick growing crop, planted and harvested
between two regular crops.
ES: cultivos intermedios

cation exchange
the cation exchange resins, and a fluid whereby cations may
be exchanged from one substance to another.
ES: intercambio de cationes

cattle diseases
DF: diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos,
including diseases of cows, yaks and zebus.
ES: enfermedades del ganado vacuno

caudal cruciate ligament
DF: A ligament which, along with the cranial cruciate ligament,
provides stability to the stifle joint.
ES: ligamento cruzado caudal

CD antigens
DF: Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes.
CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to
86

groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar
reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a
particular lineage or differentiation stage. The
subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD
designation.
DS: 2013 Medical Subject Headings
ES: antgenos CD

cDNA libraries
DF: Collections of cloned complementary DNA sequences
synthesized from mRNA present in a cell or
organism.
ES: bibliotecas de ADNc

cefazolin
DF: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum
antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall
synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted
quickly via the urine.
ES: cefazolin

cefixime
DF: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable
to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.
ES: cefixima

cefoperazone
DF: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a
tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It
has been proposed especially against Pseudomonas infections.
ES: cefoperazona

cefsulodin
DF: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum
antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in
debilitated patients.
ES: cefsoludina

ceftriaxone
DF: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long
half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and
inner ears.
ES: ceftriaxona

cefuroxime
DF: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to
beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with
gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, Gonorrhea, and
87

Haemophilus.
ES: cefuroxima

celiac disease
DF: A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the
ingestion of foods containing gluten, such as wheat, rye,
and barley. It is characterized by inflammation of the
small intestine, loss of microvilli structure, failed
intestinal absorption, and malnutrition.
ES: enfermedad celaca

cell-mediated immunity
DF: Manifestations of the immune response which
are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes
via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes
place in the absence of circulating antibody or
where antibody plays a subordinate role.
ES: inmunidad mediada por clulas

cell cleavage
DF: the series of mitotic divisions of a single-celled
zygote during the first stages of embryogenesis.
ES: clivaje celular

cell culture
DF: A technique for maintaining and/or growing
dispersed cells from original tissues, primary
culture, cell lines or cell strains.
ES: cultivo de clulas

cell engineering
DF: Methods and techniques used to modify or select cells and
develop conditions for growing cells for biosynthetic
production of molecules (metabolic engineering), for
generation of tissue structures and organs in vitro (tissue
engineering), or for other bioengineering research
objectives.
ES: ingeniera celular

cell free system
DF: A fractionated cell extract that maintains a
biological function. A subcellular fraction
isolated by ultracentrifugation or other
separation techniques must first be isolated so
that a process can be studied free from all of the
complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The
cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell
biology.
88

ES: sistema libre de clulas

cell fusion
DF: Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which
results in somatic cell hybridization.
ES: fusin celular

cell growth
DF: Increase in cell size.
ES: crecimiento celular

cell proliferation
DF: Increase in cell number.
ES: proliferacin celular

cell transplantation
DF: Transference of cells within an individual,
between individuals of the same species, or
between individuals of different species.
ES: trasplante celular

cell viability
DF: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the
capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism,
growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and
adaptability.
ES: viabilidad celular

cell wall components
DF: The chemical composition and constituents of cell
walls.
ES: componentes de las paredes celulares

cellobiose
DF: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in
beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the
partial hydrolysis of cellulose.
ES: celobiosa

cellulose
DF: The carbohydrate that is the principal constituent of wood
and forms the framework of the wood cells.
89

ES: celulosa

Census of Agriculture
DF: A count taken every 5 years of the number of
farms, land in farms, crop acreage and production,
livestock numbers and production, farm expenses,
farm facilities and equipment, farm tenure, value
of farm products sold, farm size, type of farm,
farm operator characteristics (age, race, sex),
etc. Data are obtained for States and counties.
USDA now administers the Census of Agriculture,
which was previously done by the U.S. Bureau of
the Census.
ES: Censo de Agricultura

Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos
DF: A perennial weed which is polycarpic and
tetraploid (2n=36) and is spread throughout North
America and Europe. Contrast Centaurea stoebe
subsp. stoebe.
ES: Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos

Centaurea stoebe subsp. stoebe
DF: A biennial weed which is monocarpic and diploid
(2n=18) and which is native to Europe. Contrast
Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos.
ES: Centaurea stoebe subsp. stoebe

Central Valley of California
DF: The large fertile region in the interior of California that
lies between the coastal mountains and the Sierra Nevada
moutain range.
ES: Valle Central de California

centrally planned economy
DF: An economic system in which the economy is directed and
administered by its government.
ES: economas de planificacin centralizada

cephacetrile
DF: A derivative of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.
ES: cefacetrila

cephalexin
DF: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial
activity similar to that of cephaloridine or cephalothin,
but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both
gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.
90

ES: cephalexin

cephaloridine
DF: A cephalosporin antibiotic.
ES: cefaloridina

cephamycins
DF: Naturally occurring family of beta-lactam
cephalosporin-type antibiotics having a 7-methoxy group and
possessing marked resistance to the action of
beta-lactamases from gram-positive and gram-negative
organisms.
ES: cefamicinas

cephapirin
DF: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is
effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.
ES: cefapirina

ceralure
DF: A synthetic attractant for Mediterranean fruit flies,
Ceratitis capitata.
ES: ceralure

cerebrovascular disorders
DF: A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood
flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (arteries; or
veins) in the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem.
ES: enfermedades cerebrovasculares

cerrado
DF: A type of plains community characterized by a
mosaic of vegetation ranging from tropical
broadleaf woodlands to scrublands to savannas,
with a pronounced dry season. The second largest
of Brazil's major biomes (after Amazonia), it
spreads across the central plateau and comprises
21% of Brazil's land area.
ES: cerrado

certification
DF: Documentation from an authoritative body that confirms that
a product, process, service, person or organization has
characteristics that meet a certain standard or requirement.
ES: certificacin

91

certification (education)
DF: Receipt of documentation of the completion of a
course of study which does not lead to a diploma.
ES: certificacin (educacin)

cervical spine
DF: The neck region of the spinal column, consisting of seven
cervical vertebrae.
ES: columna cervical

chaff
DF: Seed coverings separated from cereal grains after
threshing, together with other stem or leaf debris
from the process.
ES: granza

champagne
DF: A type of sparkling wine which derives its effervescence
solely from the secondary fermentation of the wine within
glass containers of not greater than one gallon capacity,
and which possesses the taste, aroma, and other
characteristics attributed to champagne as made in the
champagne district of France.
ES: champaa

chaparral
DF: Low, dense growth of shrubby vegetation or stunted
and dwarf trees in arid and semi-arid regions of
the southwestern U.S. The coast range foothills
of California are characterized by Atriplex
canescens (four-wing saltbush), Ceanothus spp.,
and Arctostaphylos spp. (manzanita). In other
places, dense thickets of Prosopis spp.
(mesquite) and thickets of oaks may be called
chaparral.
ES: chaparral

chard
DF: A green, leafy vegetable used for salads from the
beet, Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris.
ES: acelga brava

check-off programs
DF: Generic research and commodity promotion programs for farm
products that are financed by assessments applied to sales
of those products by producers, importers or others in the
industry.
92

ES: programas de comprobacin

cheese milk
DF: Milk that is suitable for cheesemaking.
ES: leche de quesera

chemical concentration
DF: A measure of the amount of substance present in a
unit amount of mixture or solution. The amounts
can be expressed as moles, grams, or volumes.
ES: concentracin qumica

chemical degradation
DF: The degradation of a substance by a chemical agent
or energy source such as light, heat, or
electricity.
ES: degradacin qumica

chemical derivatives
DF: Compounds derived from a parent compound by a chemical
reaction, and having similar chemical structure.
ES: derivados qumicos

chemical hazards
DF: Any chemical manufactured, used, transported, or stored
which can cause death or other harm through toxic
properties of those materials.
DS: Department of Defense
ES: riesgos qumicos

chemical pruning
DF: The application of agricultural chemicals to remove the
quantity of vegetative or reproductive plant parts on an
individual plant in order to alter the shape, growth
pattern, flowering or fruiting of a plant.
ES: poda qumica

chemical pulp
DF: Pulp made from chemically treated fibers
ES: celulosa qumica

chemical risk assessment
DF: The qualitative or quantitative evaluation of the
likelihood of adverse effects from chemical agents.
ES: Evaluacin del riesgo qumico

chemical structure
93

DF: The spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule, as well as
the
number, type and location of chemical bonds between atoms.
ES: estructura qumica

chemoattractants
DF: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells. The
concept denotes especially those factors released as a
result of tissue injury, microbial invasion, or immunologic
activity, that attract leukocytes; macrophages; or other
cells to the site of infection or insult.
ES: quimioatrayentes

chemokines
DF: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability
to attract and activate leukocytes.
ES: quimiocinas

chemometrics
DF: A branch of analytical chemistry which uses mathematics and
statistics to design experiments and analyze chemical data.
ES: quimiometra

chemoreceptors
DF: Cells specialized to detect chemical substances
and relay that information centrally in the
nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor
external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or
internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of
oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
ES: quimiorreceptores

chemotaxonomy
DF: Classification of organisms based on differences
of the biochemical composition.
ES: quimotaxonoma

child abuse
DF: Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a
parent or caretaker which results in death,
serious physical or emotional harm sexual abuse or
exploitation; or any act or failure to act which
presents an imminent risk of serious harm to a
person under the age of 18 or of an age specified
by the child protection law of the State.
DS: Federal Child Abuse Prevention & Treatment Act
ES: abuso infantil

94

child care
DF: Care of children in the home or institution.
ES: cuidado infantil

child care centers
DF: Facilities providing care for school-age or pre-school
children.
ES: centros de cuidado infantil

childhood obesity
DF: A medical condition in children and youth in which
excessive fat accumulates in the body, caused by an
imbalance of energy consumption and energy expenditure. It
is defined as a body mass index at or above the 95th
percentile for children and adolescents of the same age and
sex. Childhood obesity may lead to premature death and
disability in adulthood.
ES: obesidad en los nios

chipping headrig
DF: A piece of machinery used in sawmills which chips away the
outer portion of the log to produce wood chips and
simultaneously saws the inner part into lumber.
ES: prelabradora de cuchillas

chitooligosaccharides
DF: Oligosaccharides which are made from chitin or chitosan by
enzymatic or chemical treatment.
ES: quito-oligosacridos

Chlamydia muridarum
DF: A species of bacteria that causes mouse pneumonitis.
DS: National Center for Biotechnology Information, NIH
ES: Chlamydia muridarum

chlamydiosis
DF: A bacterial infection caused by species of Chlamydia or
Chlamydophila.
ES: clamidiosis

chloramphenicol
DF: An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces
venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a
relatively simple structure and was the first
broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by
interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly
bacteriostatic.
95

ES: cloranfenicol

chlorinated hydrocarbons
DF: Chemicals containing only chlorine, carbon, and
hydrogen. These include a class of persistent,
broad-spectrum insecticides that linger in the
environment and accumulate in the food chain.
ES: hidrocarburos clorinados

chlorofluorocarbons
DF: A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine
and fluorine. These have been used as
refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids,
solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents.
ES: clorofluorocarburos

chlortetracycline
DF: A tetracycline with a 7-chloro substitution.
ES: clortetraciclina

chocolate
DF: A cocoa mixture usually including cocoa butter, cocoa
liquor and a sweetener, most frequently used as a candy or
flavoring. Includes bittersweet, semi-sweet chocolate.
Cocoa content may vary.
ES: chocolate

chocolate liquor
DF: Chocolate liquor is the solid or semiplastic food prepared
by finely grinding cocoa nibs. Chocolate liquor contains
about half cocoa butter and half cocoa solids.
ES: licor de cacao

choice white grease
DF: A specific grade of mostly pork fat defined by hardness,
color, fatty acid content, moisture, insolubles,
unsaponifiables and free fatty acids.
ES: grasa blanca de calidad

cholecystokinin
DF: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper
intestinal mucosa and also found in the central
nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction,
release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive)
enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal
functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of
satiety.
96

ES: colecistoquinina

cholelithiasis
DF: Presence or formation of gallstones in the biliary tract,
usually in the gallbladder (cholecystolithiasis) or the
common bile duct (choledocholithiasis).
ES: colelitiasis

cholestasis
DF: Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile
ducts (intrahepatic cholestasis) or obstruction in large
bile ducts (extrahepatic cholestasis).
ES: colestasis

cholesteryl ester transfer protein
DF: Proteins that bind to and transfer cholesterol esters
between lipoproteins such as low-density lipoproteins and
high-density lipoproteins.
ES: protena de transferencia de lpidos

cholinergic agents
DF: Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic
systems. Included here are agonists and
antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of
acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival
of cholinergic neurons.
ES: agentes colinrgicos

chondrogenesis
DF: The formation of cartilage.
ES: condrognesis

chorioallantoic membrane
DF: A highly vascularized extra-embryonic membrane,
formed by the fusion of the chorion and the
allantois. It is mostly found in birds and
reptiles. It serves as a model for studying tumor
or cell biology, such as angiogenesis and tissue
transplantation.
ES: membrana corioalantoica

chorion
DF: The outermost extraembryonic membrane surrounding the
developing embryo.
ES: corion

chorizo
97

DF: A very spicy pork sausage seasoned with garlic and
chili powder.
ES: chorizo

chromaffin cells
DF: Cells that store epinephrine secretory vesicles.
During times of stress, the nervous system signals
the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content.
Their name derives from their ability to stain a
brownish color with chromic salts.
Characteristically, they are located in the
adrenal medulla and paraganglia of the sympathetic
nervous system.
ES: clulas de cromafina

chromaffin granules
DF: Organelles in chromaffin cells located in the adrenal
glands and various other organs. These granules are the
site of the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion
of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
ES: grnulos de cromafina

chromatophores
DF: The large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and
many invertebrates which actively disperse and aggregate
their pigment granules. These cells include melanophores,
erythrophores, xanthophores, leucophores and iridiophores.
(In algae, chromatophores refer to chloroplasts. In
phototrophic bacteria chromatophores refer to membranous
organelles (bacterial chromatophores).)
ES: cromatforos

chromosome banding
DF: Staining of bands, or chromosome segments,
allowing the precise identification of individual
chromosomes or parts of chromosomes.
ES: bandeo de cromosomas

chromosome mapping
DF: Any method used for determining the location of
and relative distances between genes on a
chromosome.
ES: mapeo de cromosomas

chromosome pairing
DF: The alignment of chromosomes at homologous
sequences during cell division.
98

ES: apareamiento cromosmico

chromosome segregation
DF: During mitosis, the separation of one copy of each
chromosome.
ES: segregacin cromosmica

chromosome translocation
DF: Breakage and removal of a large segment of DNA from
one chromosome, followed by the segment's
attachment to a different chromosome.
DS: National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH
ES: translocacin cromosmica

chromosome walking
DF: A technique with which an unknown region of a
chromosome can be explored. It is generally used
to isolate a locus of interest for which no probe
is available but that is known to be linked to a
gene which has been identified and cloned. A
fragment containing a known gene is selected and
used as a probe to identify other overlapping
fragments which contain the same gene. The
nucleotide sequences of these fragments can then
be characterized. This process continues for the
length of the chromosome.
ES: caminata cromosmica

chronic diseases
DF: Diseases which have one or more of the following
characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual
disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological
alteration, require special training of the patient for
rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period
of supervision, observation, or care.
ES: enfermedades crnicas

chronic exposure
agent and an organism habitually for a long period of time
(typically more than a year).
ES: exposicin crnica

chronic hepatitis
DF: Inflammation of the liver with ongoing hepatocellular
injury for 6 months or more, characterized by necrosis of
hepatocytes and inflammatory cell ( leukocytes)
infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses,
medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.
99

ES: hepatitis crnica

chronic hepatitis B
DF: Inflammation of the liver in humans caused by Hepatitis B
virus lasting six months or more. It is primarily
transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of
contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be
transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
ES: hepatitis B crnica

chronic hepatitis C
DF: Inflammation of the liver in humans that is caused by
Hepatitis C virus lasting six months or more. Chronic
hepatitis C can lead to liver cirrhosis.
ES: hepatitis C crnica

chronic hepatitis D
DF: Inflammation of the liver in humans caused by Hepatitis
delta virus in conjunction with Hepatitis B virus and
lasting six months or more.
ES: hepatitis D crnica

chronic toxicity
DF: Adverse reaction of an organism to a continuous or repeated
exposure to a chemical substance over a long period of time.
ES: toxicidad crnica

chronic wasting disease
DF: A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (prion
disease) of deer and elk characterized by chronic
weight loss leading to death. It is thought to
spread by direct contact between animals or
through environmental contamination with the prion
protein.
ES: caquexia crnica

Chrysosporium
DF: A mitosporic Onygenaceae fungal genus which causes
adiaspiromycosis, a pulmonary mycosis of man and
rodents. One of its teleomorphs is Ajellomyces.
ES: Chrysosporium

chylomicrons
DF: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary
cholesterol and triglycerides from the small
intestines to the tissues.
ES: quilomicrones
100

ciguatera
DF: Ciguatera is a form of human poisoning caused by the
consumption of subtropical and tropical marine finfish
which have accumulated naturally occurring toxins through
their diet. The toxins are known to originate from several
dinoflagellate (algae) species that are common to ciguatera
endemic regions in the lower latitudes.
DS: Food and Drug Administration
ES: ciguatera

ciguatoxin
DF: Phycotoxins produced by dinoflagellates.
ES: ciguatoxina

circadian rhythm
DF: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24
hours, of biological processes or activities, such
as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone
secretion, sleeping, and feeding,
ES: ritmo circadiano

citrinin
DF: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and
Penicillium citrinum.
ES: citrinina

Citrofortunella
DF: Intergeneric hybrid between Citrus and Fortunella.
ES: Citrofortunella

Citroncirus webberi
DF: Intergeneric hybrid of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and
trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) which produces a
tart juice and is an important rootstock for other kinds of
citrus.
ES: Citroncirus webberi

Citrus nobilis
DF: Interspecific hybrid of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and
Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata).
ES: Citrus nobilis

Citrus tangelo
DF: Interspecific hybrid of the grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)
and tangerine (Citrus reticulata).
ES: Citrus tangelo
101

cladodes
DF: Flattened, photosynthetic stems which resemble and function
as leaves, such as are found in cacti and asparagus.
ES: cladodios

clarithromycin
DF: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from
erythromycin that is active against a variety of
microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in
bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal
subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl
transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.
ES: claritromicina

clavulanic acid
DF: Clavulanic acid and its salts and esters. The acid is a
suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from
Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only
weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but
given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics prevents
antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.
ES: cido clavulnico

clavulanic acids
DF: Acids, salts, and derivatives of clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N).
They consist of those beta-lactam compounds that differ
from penicillin in having the sulfur of the thiazolidine
ring replaced by an oxygen. They have limited antibacterial
action, but block bacterial beta-lactamase irreversibly, so
that similar antibiotics are not broken down by the
bacterial enzymes and therefore can exert their
antibacterial effects.
ES: cidos clavulnicos

cleaning
DF: To make free from dirt, stain or impurities upon
visual inspection.
ES: limpiar

cleft palate
DF: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate,
due to faulty fusion.
ES: fisura del paladar

cleistogamy
DF: The condition of having flowers which
self-pollinate in the bud, without the opening of
102

the flower. The flowers are often small and
inconspicuous.
ES: cleistogamia

Clematis jackmanii
DF: A probable interspecific hybrid between Clematis lanuginosa
x Clematis viticella.
ES: Clematis jackmanii

Clerodendrum speciosum
DF: Possibly interspecific hybrid between Clerodendrum
splendens x Clerodendrum thomsoniae.
ES: Clerodendrum speciosum

climate
DF: The composite or generally prevailing weather conditions of
a region, throughout the year, averaged over a series of
years.
DS: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National
Weather Service Glossary
ES: clima

climax forests
DF: A plant community that represents for its locality and its
environment the culminating stage of a natural succession.
DS: Forest Service. USDA. Agricultural Handbook 445
ES: bosques climax

clindamycin
DF: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of
lincomycin.
ES: clindamicina

clinical trials
DF: Pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum
dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic,
therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques
selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility
and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and
unfavorable effects.
ES: ensayos clnicos

cloning (animals)
DF: The formation of one or more genetically identical
animals derived by reproduction from a single
cell, which can be embryo-derived, fetus-derived,
or taken from an adult somatic cell.
ES: clonacin (animales)
103

cloning (cells)
DF: The process of producing a group of cells
(clones), all genetically identical, from a single
ancestor.
ES: clonacin (clulas)

cloprostenol
DF: A synthetic prostaglandin analog having luteolytic effects
and used for estrus synchronization in livestock.
ES: cloprostenol

closed loop systems
DF: An ecological or industrial system in which energy and
material are conserved.
ES: sistemas de circuito cerrado

cloxacillin
DF: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated
derivative of oxacillin.
ES: cloxacilina

cluster analysis
DF: A set of statistical methods used to group variables or
observations into strongly inter-related subgroups.
ES: anlisis de conglomerados

cluster investigation
DF: A review of an unusual number, real or perceived, of health
events (for example, reports of cancer) grouped together in
time and location.
for Disease Control and Prevention
ES: investigacin del conglomerado

clutch size
DF: The number of eggs (ova) laid by a female in a single
egg-laying event.
ES: tamao de nidada

co-product allocation
DF: Objectively assigning resource use, energy consumption, and
emissions to identified co-products where there is no
physical or chemical way to separate the activities that
produce them.
ES: asignacin de coproductos

104

coarse woody debris
DF: Large dead woody material such as fallen trees and branches
in various stages of decomposition that provides nutrient
capital to forest resources and serves as habitat in forest
and riparian ecosystems. May serve a geomorphic function
in stream channels.
ES: desechos leosos gruesos

coastal plains
DF: The lowland area between the seashore and the
nearest hills, often gently sloping seaward, and
representing a strip of sea bottom that has
emerged in recent geologic time.
ES: planicies costeras

coated vesicles
DF: Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits
invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of
these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like
network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein
complex proteins, or caveolins.
ES: vesculas encapsuladas

coccidiosis
DF: Protozoan infection found in animals and man.
It is caused by several different genera of
Coccidia.
ES: coccidiosis

cocoa nibs
DF: Cacao nibs are prepared by removing the shell from cured,
cleaned, dried, and cracked cocoa beans.
ES: pedazos de semillas de cacao

cocoa powder
DF: Ground cocoa solids.
ES: cacao en polvo

cocoa solids
DF: The nonfat component of cocoa beans.
ES: slidos de cacao

coconut cream
DF: The thick, pasty top layer which separates from coconut
milk upon refrigeration or canning, and contains less water.
ES: crema de coco
105

cocoons
DF: The silk coverings of pupae which are spun by
larvae.
ES: capullos

coculture
DF: A technique of culturing mixed cell types in vitro to allow
their synergistic or antagonistic interactions, such as
cell differentiation or apoptosis.
ES: cocultivo

code of practice
DF: The rules and documented procedures established by
regulatory bodies or trade associations which serve as a
guide to acceptable practices. They do not have the force
of law.
ES: Cdigo de prcticas

Codex Alimentarius
DF: An international food standards code developed jointly by
the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World
Health Organization (WH0) in 1962.
ES: Codex Alimentarius

coevolution
DF: Evolution whereby genes or gene fragments of two
or more ecologically interdependent species (e.g.
a plant and its pollinators) change together and
do not diverge.
ES: coevolucin

cofactor engineering
DF: Deliberately modify cofactor (such as NADH, NADPH)
oxidation level by metabolic engineering techniques.
ES: ingeniera de cofactor

coformycin
DF: A ribonucleoside antibiotic synergist and adenosine
deaminase inhibitor isolated from Nocardia interforma and
Streptomyces kaniharaensis. It is proposed as an
antineoplastic synergist and immunosuppressant.
ES: coformicina

cogeneration systems
DF: An energy conversion system in which power (electricity) is
generated from a single energy source, and the thermal
106

energy (steam, waste heat) which is simultaneously produced
is captured and utilized as an auxiliary power source.
ES: sistemas de cogeneracin

cognition
DF: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism
becomes aware of or obtains knowledge.
ES: cognicin

cohort studies
DF: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are
identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to
factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the
occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome.
Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are
followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup
characteristics.
ES: estudios de cohortes

cold pasteurization
DF: Non-thermal treatment of foods such as
microfiltration, irradiation, or high pressure to
kill microorganisms that could cause disease,
spoilage, or undesired fermentation.
ES: pasteurizacin en fro

colic
DF: A clinical syndrome with intermittent abdominal pain
characterized by sudden onset and cessation. It is usually
associated with obstruction of the intestines; of the
cystic duct; or of the urinary tract.
ES: clico

coliform bacteria
DF: A group of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that
do not form endospores. They are found in many
environments, including the intestinal tract and feces
of animals. Some species are economically important as
livestock pathogens.
ES: bacterias coliformes

colistin
DF: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It
is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and
C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is
less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the
methanesulfonate is used orally.
107

ES: colistina

colitis
DF: Inflammation of the colon section of the large intestine,
usually
with symptoms such as diarrhea (often with blood and
mucus),
abdominal pain, and fever.
ES: colitis

collective action
DF: Individuals contributing to a coordinated effort
on the basis of mutual interests and the
possibility of benefits from coordinated action.
ES: accin colectiva

collectivization
DF: Organizing an economy, industry or enterprise
based on the political or economic theory of group
control, especially over production and
distribution.
ES: colectivizacin

colonizing ability
DF: ability of an organism (e.g, microbe, plant,
animal) to survive and thrive in a new habitat.
ES: aptitud colonizadora

colonoscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal
surface of the colon.
ES: colonoscopa

colony collapse disorder
DF: A syndrome in honey bee colonies in which worker bees do
not return to the hive and results in death of the brood
and queen.
ES: problema de colapso de colonias

color vision
DF: The ability to see different wavelengths in the color
spectrum of visible light due to photoreception by the
retinal cones.
ES: visin cromtica

colposcopy
DF: The examination, therapy or surgery of the cervix and
108

vagina by means of a specially designed endoscope
introduced vaginally.
ES: colposcopia

colts
DF: Male horses less than three years old.
ES: potrillos

combine harvesters
DF: Self-propelled or tractor-drawn harvesting
machines which cut the standing crop (small
grains, sorghum, soybeans, forage grasses, etc.),
thresh the seed from the stem, separate the chaff,
collect the seed, and return the straw to the
ground, as they move across the field.
ES: segadoras-trilladoras

combustion
DF: The chemical reaction of oxygen with another
element or compound. The reaction is accompanied
by the release of heat and, usually, light.
ES: combustin

commercial farms
DF: farms which produce crops and livestock primarily
for sale.
ES: explotacin de venta directa

commercial horticulture
DF: The raising and tending of horticultural crops to
produce products for sale and profit, regardless
of the scale of the enterprise.
ES: horticultura comercial

Common Agricultural Policy
DF: Regulations of the European Union merging members'
agricultural programs by stabilizing and raising prices of
agricultural commodities.
ES: Poltica Agrcola Comn

common cold
DF: A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which
may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a
runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.
ES: resfriado comn

109

common names
DF: The familiar or short name given to an object, popularized
by local custom or by specific groups.
ES: nombres comunes

community development
DF: Action taken to foster sociocultural change and improve
quality of life in local communities.
ES: desarrollo comunitario

community ecology
DF: the study of the relationships among communities
of organisms and their environment.
ES: ecologa comunitaria

community feeding centers
DF: Organizations or facilities that prepare or assemble meals
for distribution either onsite or offsite to needy
recipients who do not reside on the premises. The meals are
provided at little or no cost.
DS: Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report: Number 16.
Economic Research Service, USDA
ES: comedores comunitarios

community gardens
DF: Plots of land, usually in urban areas, that are rented by
individuals for private gardens or are for the benefit of
the people caring for the garden.
ES: jardines comunitarios

community health workers
DF: Persons trained to assist professional health personnel in
communicating with residents in the community concerning
needs and availability of health services.
ES: trabajadores de salud de la comunidad

community programs
DF: Programs administered at the community level intended to
meet a public need, solve a social problem, or improve
quality of life in the community.
ES: programas comunitarios

community supported agriculture
DF: Community supported agriculture consists of a
community of individuals who pledge support to a
farm operation with the growers and consumers
providing mutual support and sharing the risks and
benefits of food production. Members pledge in
110

advance to cover the anticipated costs of the farm
operation and farmer's salary. In return, they
receive shares in the farm's bounty throughout the
growing season.
ES: agricultura comunitaria

companion crops
DF: Crops that are compatible with each other and grow well
together. Companion crops are grown at the same time on
the same land, especially if one provides a benefit to the
other.
ES: cultivos asociados

comparative genomic hybridization
DF: A method for comparing two sets of chromosomal DNA by
analyzing differences in the copy number and location of
specific sequences. It is used to look for large sequence
changes such as deletions, duplications, amplifications, or
translocations.
ES: hibridacin genmica comparativa

comparative risk assessment
DF: The process of comparing and ranking various types of risks
to identify priorities and influence resource allocations.
ES: anlisis comparativo del riesgo

competitive exclusion
DF: The displacement or elimination of a species from
its habitat by another species through
interspecific competition.
ES: exclusin competitiva

complications (disease)
DF: The concurrent coexistence of two or more
conditions or disease states; the conditions may
pre-exist or follow (sequelae) the onset of a
primary disease and may be etiologically unrelated
to each other.
ES: complicaciones (enfermedad)

composite materials
DF: Manufactured products that are made from two or more
materials which have distinct chemical and physical
properties.
ES: materiales compuestos

compost extracts
111

DF: Liquid extracts of compost which may be used as a plant
growth stimulator/fertilizer/insecticide or for plant
disease control.
ES: extractos de compost

composting
DF: The biodecomposition of organic material, such as animal
wastes, plant residues or sludges, in the presence of air,
by controlled methods including mechanical mixing and
aerating.
ES: elaboracin de compost

compressibility
DF: The ability of a material to be reduced in size or
volume by compression.
ES: compresibilidad

compression wood
DF: Abnormal wood formed on the lower side of branches and
inclined trunks of softwood trees. Compression wood
shrinks excessively longitudinally, compared with normal
wood.
ES: madera de compresin

computer-aided design
DF: The use of the computer in design work.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: diseo asistido por computador

computer graphics
DF: The technique of combining computer calculations with
various display devices, printers, plotters, etc. to render
information in graphical or pictorial format.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: grficos por computador

computer literacy
DF: Having the basic skills in the use of computers.
ES: conocimientos y destrezas en computacin

computer simulation
DF: Computer-calculated representation of a process, device, or
concept in mathematical form.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: simulacin por computadora

112

computer vision
DF: Capability of computers to analyze and act on visual input.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: visin artificial

concentrated animal feeding operations
DF: A facility where large numbers of farm animals are
confined, fed and raised such as cattle feedlots, hog
production facilities and closed poultry houses.
ES: operaciones de alimentacin concentrada de animales

concentrated milk
DF: Made by the partial removal of water from fluid
milk, however, unlike evaporated milk it is not
subjected to further heat treatment to prevent
spoilage.
ES: leche concentrada

concentrating
DF: The process of increasing the amount of dissolved
substance in a solution by evaporating the
solvent.
ES: concentracin

concentration (economics)
DF: A measure of the degree to which a few large firms dominate
total sales, production or capacity within an industry or
market.
ES: concentracin (economa)

conception
DF: The fusion between sperm and egg in animals to produce a
zygote.
ES: concepcin

conception rate
DF: The percentage of matings that result in the successful
fusion of egg and sperm to produce a zygote. Term can be
used to describe individuals as well as groups or
populations that share a common characteristic.
ES: tasa de concepcin

conceptus
DF: The product of conception at any stage of
development from fertilization to birth. It
includes the embryo or the fetus as well as the
extraembryonic membranes.
113

ES: conceptus

concerted evolution
DF: Two related genes evolving together as though
constituting a single locus.
ES: evolucin concertada

condiments
DF: Seasonings and flavorings that are generally added to foods
by the consumer after preparation.
ES: condimentos

condition factor
DF: A measurement of the general health condition of fish as
calculated by the ratio of body weight to body length; CF
is used to compare growth conditions of fish and is
indicative of environmental quality.
ES: factor de condicin

cones (retina)
DF: Photosensitive afferent neurons located primarily within
the fovea centralis of the macula lutea. There are three
major types of cone cells (red, blue, and green) with
photopigments of different spectral sensitivity curves.
Retinal cone cells operate in daylight vision (at photopic
intensities) providing color recognition and central visual
acuity.
ES: conos (retina)

confidence interval
DF: A range of values that has a specified probability (e.g.,
95 percent) of containing the statistical parameter (i.e.,
a quantity such as a mean or variance that describes a
statistical
population) in question.
ES: intervalo de confianza

connexins
DF: A group of homologous proteins which form the
intermembrane channels of gap junctions. The
connexins are the products of an identified gene
family which has both highly conserved and highly
divergent regions. The variety contributes to the
wide range of functional properties of gap
junctions.
ES: conexinas

consciousness
114

DF: Sense of awareness of self and the environment.
ES: conciencia

consensus sequence
DF: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino
acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino
acid is the one which occurs most frequently at
that site in the different forms which occur in
nature. The phrase also refers to an actual
sequence which approximates the theoretical
consensus.
ES: secuencia de consenso

consequence assessment
DF: Evaluation of the biological, economic, environmental or
health impacts of the introduction of an agent.
ES: valoracin de las consecuencias

consequential life cycle assessment
DF: A life-cycle modeling method that describes the external
consequences of decisions that change how material, energy
and emissions flow within a discrete product or system.
ES: anlisis de ciclo de vida consecuente

conservation areas
DF: An area of special interest due to its wildlife, natural
features or historic value which is protected by laws or
regulations in order to safeguard and conserve its
character, viability and appearance for future generations.
ES: reas de conservacin

conservation practices
DF: Methods which reduce soil erosion and retain soil
moisture. Major conservation practices include
conservation tillage, crop rotation, contour
farming, strip cropping, terraces, diversions, and
grassed waterways.
ES: prcticas de conservacin

Conservation Reserve Program
DF: A major provision of the Food Security Act of 1985
designed to reduce erosion and protect water
quality on up to 45 million acres of farmland.
Under the program, enrolled landowners agree to
convert environmentally sensitive land to approved
conserving uses for 10-15 years. In exchange, the
landowner receives an annual rental payment for up
to 50 percent of the cost of establishing
115

permanent vegetative cover.
ES: Programa de Reserva para la Conservacin

conservation tillage
DF: Any of several farming methods that provide for
seed germination, plant growth, and weed control
yet maintain effective ground cover throughout the
year and disturb the soil as little as possible.
The aim is to reduce soil loss and energy use
while maintaining crop yields and quality.
No-till is the most restrictive (soil-conserving)
form of conservation tillage. Other practices
include ridge-till, strip-till, and mulch-till.
ES: labranza de conservacin

conserved sequences
DF: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of
nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across
multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences
is represented by a cocnsensus sequence. Amino
acid motifs are often composed of conserved sequences.
ES: secuencias conservadas

constipation
DF: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces.
ES: estreimiento

consumer behavior
DF: The predicted or observable activity or manner in which
people make decisions regarding the procurement of goods or
services; specifically, what, when, why, where, how often
and from whom goods and services are bought.
ES: conducta del consumidor

consumer demand
DF: The consumer's desire to possess a commodity conditioned by
willingness and ability to pay.
ES: demanda del consumidor

consumer expenditure
DF: The goods and services purchased by consumers at the local,
regional, or national level. Consumer expenditure data is
usually reported in broad categories such as the amount of
money spent on food at home, restaurant meals, apparel,
transportation, entertainment, healthcare, household goods,
etc.
ES: gasto del consumidor
116

Consumer Price Index
DF: The Bureau of Labor Statistics general measure of retail
prices (for goods and services) paid by urban wage earners
and clerical workers. Includes prices of about 400 items,
including food, clothing, housing, medical care, and
transportation. The CPI-U is commonly used to deflate time
series data and is the most widely accepted measure of
inflation.
Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, 2005.
ES: ndice de precios al consumidor

consumption (economics)
DF: The utilization of economic goods to satisfy needs or in
manufacturing.
ES: consumo (economa)

contact angle
DF: The angle at which a liquid/vapor meets the solid surface.
ES: ngulo de contacto

contact dermatitis
DF: A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which
sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to
materials or substances coming in contact with the
skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic
mechanisms.
ES: dermatitis de contacto

contagious ecthyma
DF: An infectious dermatitis of sheep and goats,
affecting primarily the muzzle and lips. It is
caused by a poxvirus and may be transmitted to
man.
ES: ectima contagiosa

container transport
DF: Transport of goods using a very large (typically
20- or 40- feet long), standard-sized, sealable
metal box designed to be placed on special
trailers for transportation to/from a shipping
port by trucks or by rail.
ES: transporte en contenedores

contingent valuation
DF: A method of estimating the value people put on,
usually, non-market goods or costs by surveying
their willingness to pay to receive or avoid them.
117

ES: valuacin contingente

continuous cropping
DF: The growing of a single crop species on a field
year after year. Contrast crop rotation and mixed
cropping.
ES: cultivo continuo

contour farming
DF: Field operations such as plowing, planting,
cultivating, and harvesting on the contour, or at
right angles to the natural slope, to reduce soil
erosion, protect soil fertility, and use water
more efficiently.
ES: agricultura de contorno

contraception
DF: Use of devices, agents or procedures
which prevent impregnation or conception.
ES: anticoncepcin

contraceptive vaccines
DF: Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent conception.
ES: vacunas anticonceptivas

contraceptives
DF: Agents, devices, methods, or procedures which
diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception.
ES: anticonceptivos

controlled atmosphere storage
DF: A storage technology in which the gas composition in the
storage facility is controlled in order to delay senescence
and prolong shelf life of fruits, vegetables and other
products.
ES: almacenamiento bajo atmsfera controlada

controlled traffic systems
DF: A practice where all tractor, harvester, seeder
and other farm equipment wheels repeatedly use the
same wheel tracks for every tillage, planting,
spray and harvest operation needed during crop
production.
ES: sistemas de trfico controlado

cooking instruction
118

DF: An educational method utilized to demonstrate food
preparation techniques.
ES: instruccin culinaria

cooking utensils
DF: The assortment of handheld implements used for the
preparation of foods.
ES: utensilios de cocina

cooperatives
DF: An organization formed for the purpose of
producing and marketing goods or products owned
collectively by members who share in the benefits.
ES: cooperativas

coproducts
DF: Any of two or more products produced together from the same
processing or manufacturing unit.
ES: coproductos

cor triatriatum
DF: Malformacin del corazn en la que la vena pulmonar comn
embrionaria no se incorpora en la aurcula izquierda,
dejando una membrana fibromuscular perforada que biseca la
aurcula izquierda, es decir, se forma un corazn con tres
atrios. La abertura entre las dos secciones de la aurcula
izquierda determina el grado de obstruccin al retorno
venoso pulmonar y las hipertensiones venosa pulmonar y
arterial pulmonar.
ES: cor triatriatum

corms
DF: A solid, short, swollen underground stem which
serves as an asexual propagule for the plant,
lasts only one year, and bears the next year's
growth at the top of the old corm.
ES: cormos

Corn Belt region
DF: Region in the Midwestern United States where is
maize is grown on a vast scale, covering Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Ohio.
ES: Zona de maz

corn steep liquor
DF: A coproduct of corn wet milling, in which corn is processed
by steeping. It is used in various food, feed and
119

fermentation products, and as a component of some growth
media.
ES: licor de maceracin de maz

coronary sinus
DF: A short vein that collects about two thirds of the venous
blood from the myocardium and drains into the right atrium.
Coronary sinus, normally located between the left atrium
and left ventricle on the posterior surface of the heart,
can serve as an anatomical reference for cardiac procedures.
ES: seno coronario

coronary vessels
DF: The veins and arteries of the heart.
ES: arterias coronarias

corporate social responsibility
DF: The principle where businesses have a responsibility to
make decisions that favorably impact the social, economic
or environmental development of society.
ES: responsabilidad social corporativa

corporations
DF: A for profit business organization where the
corporation is a distinct entity from the people
who control, manage and own it. Stockholders and
company officials (e.g. board of directors) are
protected from personal loss.
ES: corporaciones

correlation
DF: A statistical relationship of the degree to which two or
more variables exhibit a tendency to vary together.
ES: correlacin

corrosion
DF: The deterioration of a metal by chemical or electrochemical
reaction with its environment.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: corrosin

cortisol
DF: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal
cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either
as an injection or topically, in the treatment of
inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma,
adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some
neoplastic conditions
120

ES: cortisol

cost benefit analysis
DF: An analytical technique that compares the costs and
benefits of investments, program or policy actions in order
to determine which alternative or alternatives maximize net
benefits (economic efficiency).
DS: U.S. Government Accountability Office
ES: anlisis de costo-beneficio

cost of illness analysis
DF: A determination of the economic impact of a disease or
health condition, including treatment costs; this form of
study does not address benefits/outcomes.
DS: National Information Center on Health Services Research and
Health Care Technology, NIH
ES: anlisis de costos de la enfermedad

cotton gin trash
DF: Cotton seed coat fragments that are shattered or
torn off during ginning and appear in the fibers
as contaminants for yarn production.
ES: residuos de fibras en el algodn

cotton ginning
DF: the process of using a cotton gin machine to
separate the cotton seed from the lint.
ES: desmoteado de algodn

couplings
DF: A device that serves to connect one object to
another, such as a device to connect an implement
to a tractor or a horse to a wagon.
ES: acoplamientos

cover crops
DF: A crop grown between periods of regular production
of the main crop for the purposes of protecting
the soil from erosion and improving soil
productivity, health and quality.
ES: cultivos de cobertura

cow-calf operations
DF: Livestock operations in which a base breeding herd of
mother cows and bulls are maintained. Each year's calves
are sold between the ages of 6 and 12 months, along with
culled cows and bulls, except for some heifers retained for
breeding herd replacements.
121

ES: operaciones vaca-ternero

cowpeas
DF: any bean of the genus Vigna.
ES: caupi

cows
DF: Mature females in the family Bovidae.
ES: vacas

Crabtree effect
DF: The effect of increasing fermentation by providing
glucose as a nutrient in certain yeasts.
ES: efecto de Crabtree

crackers
DF: Baked crisp snack foods made from unleavened grain flour
dough to which flavorings or seasonings may be added.
ES: galletas crujientes

cranial cruciate ligament
DF: A ligament which, along with the caudal cruciate ligament,
provides stability to the stifle joint.
ES: ligamento cruzado craneal

Crassulacean acid metabolism
DF: Biochemical pathway where the initial carbon
fixation occurs in the outer mesophyll cells
during the night when the stomates are open. When
stomates are closed during the day, the C4 acids
are transferred from vacuoles to the chloroplasts
where the Calvin cycle occurs to produce glucose.
ES: metabolismo cido crasulceo

creaming
DF: The process in which particles of the dispersed phase of an
emulsion, such as droplets suspended in an immiscible
fluid, migrate upwards or sink, depending on buoyancy or
other physicochemical/rheological properties.
ES: cremado

creep feeding
DF: A method for feeding young animals in which a barrier
("creep") is placed so that only animals small enough are
able to access feed or pasture on one side of the barrier.
ES: alimentacin diferencial del ternero con racin
122

creosote
DF: An oily liquid mixture of phenols, creosols, and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarons, obtained by the
distillation of coal tar or wood tar, especially
from beech wood.
ES: creosota

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome
DF: A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent
between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected
individuals may present with sleep disturbances,
personality changes, ataxia, aphasia, visual loss,
weakness, muscle atrophy, myoclonus, progressive
dementia, and death within one year of disease
onset. Pathological features include prominent
cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform
degeneration and the presence of prions.
ES: sndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob

crisis communication
DF: A type of risk communication that acknowledges a hazard,
validates concern, and communicates effective action.
ES: comunicacin de crisis

crisis response plan
DF: Course of action for dealing with an emergency situation.
ES: planificacin de la respuesta a crisis

crocodile farming
DF: The cultivation of crocodiles for food, leather,
conservation or other purposes.
ES: cultivo de cocodrilos

Crohn disease
DF: A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part
of the digestive tract from mouth to anus, mostly found in
the ileum, the cecum, and the colon.
ES: enfermedad de Crohn

crop acreage
DF: Acres of a specific crop planted in a cropping season by
farmers.
ES: rea de cultivo en acres

crop coefficient
DF: An estimate of consumptive water use by crops based on
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evapotranspiration values.
ES: coeficiente de cultivo

crop residues
DF: Any organic matter left in the field after the
harvest of a crop, e.g. leaves, stalks, stubble,
roots, hulls.
ES: residuos de cultivos

crop rotation
DF: System of cultivation where different crops are
planted in consecutive growing seasons to maintain
soil fertility.
ES: rotacin de cultivos

crop year
DF: The year in which a crop is produced and harvested.
Compare "marketing year."
ES: campaa agrcola

cropping systems
DF: The pattern of crops grown on a given piece of
land, or order in which the crops are cultivated
over a fixed period.
ES: sistemas de cultivo

cross-sectional studies
DF: Studies in which variables are determined in each
member of the study population or in a
representative sample at one particular time.
ES: estudios transversales

cross infection
DF: Infection contracted between individual organisms with
different pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses,
and parasites. The infection could also be acquired from
the surrounding environment, contaminated equipment, or
health and animal care personnel.
ES: infeccin cruzada

crossing over
DF: The reciprocal exchange of segments at
corresponding positions along pairs of homologous
chromosomes by symmetrical breakage and
crosswise rejoining forming cross-over sites
that are resolved during chromosome segregation.
Crossing-over typically occurs during meiosis
124

but it may also occur in the absence of meiosis,
for example, with bacterial chromosomes,
organelle chromosomes, or somatic cell nuclear
chromosomes.
ES: entrecruzamiento

cryopreservation
DF: Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by
freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or
cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form,
structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent
elements of the specimens.
ES: criopreservacin

cryptogams
DF: Plants and plant-like organisms, such as mosses,
ferns, fungi, and algae, that reproduce by spores
and not by seeds.
ES: criptgamas

cryptorchidism
DF: A developmental defect characterized by failure of
the testes to descend into the scrotum.
ES: criptorquidismo

cryptozoites
DF: The state of malaria parasites, Plasmodium, that develop
directly from sporozoites during exoerythrocytic stage.
ES: criptozoitos

crystallins
DF: Major proteins found in the vertebrate lens.
ES: cristalinas

cue-lure
DF: A synthetic kairomone eliciting attraction of
tephritid fruit flies such as Bactrocera
cucurbitae.
ES: cuelure

cuisine
DF: A style or method of food preparation.
ES: gastronomia

culdoscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the female
125

pelvic viscera by means of an endoscope introduced into the
pelvic cavity through the posterior vaginal fornix.
ES: culdoscopia

culling (animals)
DF: The removal from the herd or flock of undesirable and/or
inefficient breeding stock or diseased animals that will be
sent to slaughter.
ES: mantanza selectiva (animales)

culling (plants)
DF: The individual removal of genetically undesirable,
inferior, weak, diseased or infested plants from a planting
in order to ensure the level of genetic purity or vigor of
the crop.
ES: eliminacin por seleccin (plantas)

Cumberland Mountain region
DF: An area in the southeastern section of the Appalachian
Mountain Region located in Virginia, Kentucky, and
Tennessee.
ES: Regin de las montaas Cumberland

cumulative distribution
DF: The sum of the probabilities of each value of a discrete
random variable or the integral of the probability
distribution for a continuous random variable such that a
random variable X is less than or equal to x, for every
value x.
ES: distribucin acumulada

cumulative exposure
DF: The sum total of all exposure to biological, chemical or
physical agents via relevant routes, pathways and sources.
ES: exposicin acumulada

cumulative risk
DF: The combined risk from aggregate exposures to multiple
agents or stressors.
ES: riesgo acumulado

cumulative risk assessment
DF: An analysis, characterization, and possible quantification
of the combined risks to health or the environment from
multiple agents or stressors.
ES: evalucin del riesgo acumulativo
126

curing (crops)
DF: A postharvest treatment of crops to reduce water loss and
decay
during storage. In root and tuber crops, curing refers to
the
process of wound healing with the development and
suberization
of new epidermal tissue called wound periderm. In bulb
crops,
curing refers to the process of drying of the neck tissues
and
of the outer leaves to form dry scales. Crops can be cured
in
the field or in facilities designed for the process.
ES: curado (cosechas)

curing (food products)
DF: Any of a variety of processes that employ
chemicals, smoke, sugar, or spices to preserve
foods and/or modify tenderness, color or flavor;
may be used in combination with drying.
ES: curado (productos alimentarios)

currency exchange rate
DF: The price that one currency converts to another. Nominal
exchange rates are the current value of the foreign
currency in terms of U.S. dollars.
ES: tasa de cambio

customer service
DF: Assistance provided to buyers of goods or
services, such as providing technical information,
complaint resolution, return of goods, etc.
ES: servicio al cliente

cutin
DF: A waxy hydrophobic substance deposited on the
suface of plants, composed of complex long chain
fatty esters and other fatty acid derivatives.
This polymer is a major constituent of the
plant cuticle.
ES: cutina

cyanobacterial toxins
DF: Toxins or poisonous substances produced by
cyanobacteria, particularly by cyanobacterial
blooms.
127

ES: toxinas cianobacterianas

cybrids
DF: The viable cell resulting from the fusion of a
cytoplast (cytoplasm remaining after the
enculeation of a cell) with a whole cell.
ES: cbridos

cyclic peptides
DF: Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together
with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them
are anti-infective agents. Some of them are biosynthesized
non-ribosomally (peptide biosynthesis, non-ribosomal).
ES: pptidos cclicos

cyclophilins
DF: A family of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases that bind
to cyclosporins and regulate the immune system.
ES: ciclofilinas

cycloserine
DF: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.
ES: cicloserina

cyclosporins
DF: A group of closely related cyclic undecapeptides from the
fungi Trichoderma polysporum and Cylindocarpon lucidum.
They have some antineoplastic and antifungal action and
significant immunosuppressive effects. Cyclosporins have
been proposed as adjuvants in tissue and organ
transplantation to suppress graft rejection.
ES: ciclosporinas

cystatins
DF: A homologous group of endogenous cyteine proteinase
inhibitors. The cystatins inhibit most cysteine
endopeptidases such as papain, and other peptidases which
have a sulfhydryl group at the active site.
ES: cistatinas

cystic fibrosis
DF: An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the
exocrine glands. It is caused by mutations in the
gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane
conductance regulator expressed in several organs
including the lung, the pancreas, the biliary system, and
the sweat glands.
128

ES: fibrosis qustica

cysticercosis
DF: Infection with cysticercus, the larval form of the various
tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man).
In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade
subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver,
lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in
neurocysticercosis.
ES: cisticercosis

cystoscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the urinary
bladder.
ES: cistoscopia

cysts (pathology)
DF: Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an
epithelium. Cysts can be of normal, abnormal,
non-neoplastic, or neoplastic tissues.
ES: quistes (patologa)

cytokinesis
DF: That part of the cell cycle process involving the division
of the cytoplasm, occuring after nuclear division doubles
the chromosome number, and resulting in the formation of
two cells, each with one set of chromosomes.
ES: citocinesis

cytopathogenicity
DF: The quality of being able to cause pathological or
destructive changes in cells.
ES: citopatogenicidad

cytoplasmic incompatibility
DF: Reproductive incompatibility between allopatric
populations of the same species in which eggs
fertilized by sperm from males infected with a
rickettsial endosymbiont fail to hatch. This
effect occurs chiefly in insects as well as some
other arthropods, and the most studied and
apparently most common of these reproductive
parasites are Wolbachia spp.
ES: incompatibilidad citoplasmtica

cytoplasmic inheritance
DF: Transmission of parental characters by
extrachromosomal means such as by the DNA in
129

mitochondria, chloroplasts or plasmids.
ES: herencia citoplasmtica

cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses
DF: A group of entomopathogenic viruses that infect
arthropods. According to the International
Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), CPVs are
classified under the family Reoviridae and genus
Cypovirus. Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses have a
very wide host range, affecting mainly
lepidopterous insects. Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis
has been recognized as one of the most important
diseases of the silkworm, inflicting substantial
economic losses to the sericulture industry in
Japan.
DS: Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment
Station
ES: virus de polihedrosis citoplasmtica

cytoskeletal proteins
DF: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the
cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible
framework for the cell, provide attachment points for
organelles and formed bodies, and make communication
between parts of the cell possible.
ES: protenas citoesquelticas

cytosol
DF: The fluid portion of the cytoplasm exclusive of
organelles and membranes.
ES: citosol

cytotoxins
DF: Substances that are toxic to cells; they may be involved in
immunity or may be contained in venoms. These are
distinguished from cytostatic agents in degree of effect.
Some of them are used as cytotoxic antibiotics. The
mechanism of action of many of these are as alkylating
agents or mitosis modulators.
ES: citotoxinas

130

D

Daily Reference Values
DF: Reference values for the dietary intake of fat,
saturated fat, cholesterol, carbohydrate,
protein, fiber, sodium, and potassium. For some
of these nutrients, Dietary Reference Values
depend upon total caloric intake.
ES: Valores Diarios de Referencia

dams (hydrology)
DF: A manmade barrier built across a body of water for
the purpose of impounding water in a reservoir.
ES: dique (hidrologa)

daptomycin
DF: A cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits gram-positive
bacteria.
ES: daptomicina

daunorubicin
DF: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic
isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in
treatment of leukemia and other neoplasms.
ES: daunorubicina

day care centers
DF: Facilities providing care of children, dependent adults, or
elders by persons other than their parents or guardians
ES: centros de cuidado diario

days open
DF: Number of days between calving and conception.
ES: das abiertos

deacidification
DF: To raise the pH of a substance or material to
above 7.0
ES: deacidificacin

dead wood
DF: Dead branches or completely dead standing trees resulting
from natural processes or anthropogenic activity such as
logging.
ES: madera muerta

131

deadheading
DF: The practice of removing dead or spent flowers to encourage
subsequent flowering, prevent seed production or to improve
the plant's appearance.
ES: cortando las flores marchitas

deamidation
DF: A type of chemical reaction in which an amide functional
group is removed.
ES: desamidacin

deblossoming
DF: The practice of removing flowers from plants. Deblossoming
is done on fruit trees in order to increase the size and
quality of the fruit crop.
ES: aborto floral

decarboxylation
DF: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of
carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound.
ES: descarboxilacin

declawing
DF: Permanent surgical removal of the claws, usually of felines
and canines.
ES: remocin de garras de los animales

decontamination
DF: The removal of contaminants or contaminating
material from a product, a person, an object or
an environment.
ES: descontaminacin

decoupling (economics)
DF: The concept of separating farm payments from crop
production or net returns, in order to remove incentives to
increase production.
ES: desacople (economa)

defect action levels
DF: Levels of natural or unavoidable defects in foods
that present no health hazards for humans.
ES: niveles de accin de defectos

deficiency diseases
DF: Diseases caused by an insufficient intake of
132

essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino
acids), vitamins, and minerals or inadequacy
intake of calories.
ES: enfermedades causadas por deficiencias

defoliants
DF: Chemicals which cause leaves or other foliage to drop from
a plant, usually to facilitate harvest.
ES: defoliantes

dehiscence
DF: The splitting open at maturity of pods of capsules along
definite lines or sutures.
DS: Natural Resources Conservation Service Glossary
ES: dehiscencia

delignification
DF: Removal of part or all of the lignin from wood by chemical
treatment.
DS: Wood Handbook, Glossary. Forest Products Laboratory
ES: delignificacin

demand elasticities
DF: Relationships between the change in the price of a
commodity and the corresponding change in the quantity that
is sold. If a small change in price is accompanied by a
relatively large change in the quantity sold, demand is
said to be elastic (responsive to price changes). But if a
large change in the price is accompanied by a small change
in the quantity sold, demand is said to be inelastic.
ES: elasticidad de la demanda

demanufacturing
DF: The disassembly of consumer products for the purpose of
material recovery and recycling.
ES: desfabricacin

demeclocycline
DF: A tetracycline analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl.
Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it
maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.
ES: demeclociclina

demographic statistics
DF: concept limited to the population statistics of
human populations.
ES: estadstica demogrfica

133

demonstration forests
DF: Forests which provide models of forest ecology and
exhibitions of various forest management techniques and
silvicultural practices.
ES: bosques de demostracin

denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
DF: Electrophoresis in which various denaturant gradients are
used to induce nucleic acids to melt at various stages
resulting in separation of molecules based on small
sequence differences including SNPs [single nucleotide
polymorphisms]. The denaturants used include heat,
formamide, and urea.
ES: electroforesis en gel con gradiente de desnaturalizacin

dendrites
DF: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short
and branched and receive stimuli from other
neurons.
ES: dendritas

dendrochronology
DF: The study of annual growth rings of a tree in order to
determine the historical date of their formation and the
age of the tree.
ES: dendrocronologa

dendroclimatology
DF: The study of the annual growth rings of a tree to determine
historical patterns of climate variation.
ES: dendroclimatologa

dengue
DF: An acute infectious human disease, caused by the
dengue virus, that occurs in epidemics in tropical
and subtropical regions and is transmitted by a
mosquito of the genus Aedes (usually A. aegypti,
but also A. albopictus.)
ES: dengue

Dengue virus
DF: A species of the genus Flavivirus that causes an
acute febrile and sometimes hemorrhagic disease in
man. Dengue is mosquito-borne and four serotypes
are known.
ES: Dengue virus

134

deodorization
DF: A process to eliminate or mask odors, especially
offensive odors.
ES: deodorizacin

depsipeptides
DF: Compounds consisting of chains of amino acids alternating
with carboxylic acids via ester and amide linkages. They
are commonly cyclized.
ES: depsipptidos

derivatization
DF: Transformation of a chemical compound into one of similar
chemical structure but which may differ in chemical
properties.
ES: derivatizacin

dermal exposure
DF: Contact between a physical, chemical or
biological agent and the skin.
ES: exposicin drmica

dermatomycoses
DF: Superficial infections of the skin or its
appendages by any of various fungi.
ES: dermatomicosis

dermatomyositis
DF: A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and
skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a
characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with
approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The
skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or
less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose,
cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is
associated with a complement mediated intramuscular
microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle
ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular
atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve
into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in
association with malignant neoplasms.
ES: dermatomiositis

dermis
DF: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath
the epidermis.
ES: dermis
135

desalination
DF: The process of removing salts from water, usually seawater,
soil, or other substances.
ES: desalinizacin

descriptions
DF: A list of characters which gives the attributes or
features of a specific taxon.
ES: descripciones

descriptive studies
DF: A study which identifies patterns, trends, or
characteristics but not causal linkages.
ES: estudios descriptivos

desiccants
DF: Chemicals used for promoting drying of living tissues.
ES: desecantes

design for environment
DF: Design approach emphasizing sustainability principles which
aims to lessen the environmental impact of a product or
process.
ES: diseo para el medio ambiente

desmin
DF: An intermediate filament protein found predominantly in
smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells. Localized at
the Z line.
ES: desmina

desmosomes
DF: A type of junction that attaches one cell to its
neighbor. One of a number of differentiated
regions which occur, for example, where the
cytoplasmic membranes of adjacent epithelial cells
are closely apposed. It consists of a circular
region of each membrane together with associated
intracellular microfilaments and an intercellular
material which may include, for example,
mucopolysaccharides.
ES: desmosomas

desorption
DF: The process of removing an absorbed or adsorbed
substance.
136

ES: desorcin

dessert wines
DF: Wine having an alcoholic content in excess of 14 percent
but not in excess of 24 percent by volume.
ES: vinos de postre

desynapsis
DF: Separation of paired homologous chromosomes at the
diplotene stage of meiotic prophase I.
ES: desinapsis

detection limit
DF: Concentration or quantity that is derived from the smallest
measure that can be detected with reasonable certainty for
a given analytical procedure.
ES: lmites de deteccin

detectors
DF: A device that automatically identifies and records
a stimulus.
ES: detectores

detergents
DF: An agent with polar (hydrophilic) and nonpolar
(hydrophobic) regions that has cleaning properties
due to its ability to bind to other molecules,
esp. oils, and cause them to be soluble in water.
ES: detergentes

deterioration
DF: The process by which products, materials, etc.
fall from a higher to a lower level in quality
ES: deterioro

determinate growth
DF: Plant growth in which the growth of the main axis
is terminated. Typically applied to
inflorescences, where the terminal flower is the
first to mature along the inflorescence.
ES: crecimiento determinado

deterministic risk assessment
DF: Risk evaluation involving the calculation and expression of
risks as single numerical values or single point
estimates of risk, with uncertainty and variability
137

discussed qualitatively.
ES: anlisis determinstico del riesgo

detoxification (processing)
DF: The removal or inactivation of a poison or toxic
substances from a nonliving substance or product.
ES: detoxificacin (procesamiento)

deuterium
DF: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one
proton in the nucleus.
ES: deuterio

deuterium oxide
DF: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium)
with oxygen. It is used to study mechanisms and rates of
chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological
processes.
ES: xido de deuterio

developed countries
DF: Countries that have reached a level of economic
achievement through an increase of production, per
capita income and consumption, and utilization of
natural and human resources.
ES: pases desarrollados

developing countries
DF: Countries in the process of change directed toward
economic growth, that is, an increase in
production, per capita consumption, and income.
ES: pases en vas de desarrollo

developmental orthopedic disease
DF: A general term for all the various limb anomalies
and general growth disturbances of the limbs of
young horses.
ES: enfermedad de desarrollo ortopdico

developmental toxicity
DF: adverse effects of toxic substances, including
abnormal growth, morphology or physiological
function in a developing organism.
ES: toxicidad del desarrollo

dewatered biosolids
138

DF: biosolids that contain 12-45% solids.
ES: bioslidos deshidratados

diabetic retinopathy
DF: Disease of the retina as a complication of diabetes
mellitus. It is characterized by the progressive
microvascular complications, such as aneurysm, interretinal
edema, and intraocular pathologic neovascularization.
ES: retinopata diabtica

diadromous fish
DF: Fish that migrate between freshwater and saltwater
for breeding or feeding.
ES: peces didromos

diagnostic equipment
DF: Nonexpendable items used in examination.
ES: equipo de diagnstico

diagnostic pneumomediastinum
DF: Deliberate introduction of air or gas into the mediastinum
as an aid to examination and diagnosis.
ES: diagnstico de neumomediastino

diagnostic sensitivity
DF: The proportion of known infected reference animals or
people that test positive in a screening test.
ES: sensibilidad disgnstica

diagnostic specificity
DF: The proportion of known uninfected reference animals or
people that test negative in a screening test.
ES: especificidad diagnstica

diallel analysis
DF: mating a group of genotypes in all possible
combinations in order to determine the relative
genetic contribution of each parent to specific
characters in the offspring.
ES: anlisis de dialelos

diastereomers
DF: Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each
other. They have different physical properies but
similiar chemical properties.
139

ES: diasteremeros

dichogamy
DF: The condition of certain species of plants, in
which the stamens and pistil do not mature
simultaneously, so that cross-fertilization
occurs.
ES: dicogamia

dicloxacillin
DF: One of the penicillins which is resistant to penicillinase.
ES: dicloxacilina

diel activity
DF: Behavior occurring within a 24-hour period, including both
daytime (diurnal) and nighttime (nocturnal) hours.
ES: actividad nictmera

dielectric heating
DF: Heating of a dielectric material by a high-frequency
alternating electric field, radio wave or microwave
radiation.
ES: calentamiento dielctrico

dielectric spectroscopy
DF: A technique of measuring the dielectric properties of
materials, which vary over a range of frequencies depending
on the physical properties of the material. The technique
involves measuring, over a range of frequencies, electrical
impedance and phase shift of an electric field as it passes
through the material.
ES: espectroscopia dielctrica

diestrus
DF: A period of sexual quiescence separating phases of
estrus in polyestrous animals.
ES: diestro

diet therapy
DF: A prescribed modification of nutrient intake to treat a
medical condition.
ES: terapia diettica

dietary exposure
DF: Contact between a physical, chemical or biological
agent and an organism by ingestion.
140

ES: exposicin diettica

dietary nutrient sources
DF: The foods and supplements that contribute specific
nutrients to the diet, such as legumes providing a
significant source of protein in vegetarian diets.
ES: fuentes de nutrientes dietticos

Dietary Reference Intakes
DF: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) is a term used to
refer to at least three types of reference values:
Estimated Average Requirement, Recommended Dietary
Allowances (RDA), and Tolerable Upper Intake
Level. They will gradually replace the RDA.
ES: Ingestas Dietticas de Referencia

dietary restriction
DF: Voluntary limitation of nutrient intake, food
intake or food choices by humans in experimental
and non-experimental situations.
ES: restriccin diettica

dietary supplements
DF: Foods, nutrients or other compounds designed to
improve: 1) the nutrient content of foods, 2) the
nutritive value of foods and/or 3) the nutritional
status of organisms.
ES: suplementos dietticos

differentiation antigens
DF: Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living
cells during sequential stages of maturation and
differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high
organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in
studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic
transformation.
ES: antgenos de diferenciacin

digestible energy
DF: Energy in food or feed that is available to humans or
animals by digestion, and measured as the difference
between gross energy content and the energy lost in feces.
ES: energa digestible

digestive tract endoscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive
tract.
141

ES: endoscopia del tracto digestivo

dihaploidy
DF: The chromosomal constitution of cells formed by
haploidization of polyploids; dihaploids resulting from
halving the chromosome copy number of tetraploids are
especially useful in selective breeding of crop plants.
ES: dihaploida

dihydrostreptomycin
DF: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in
the treatment of tuberculosis.
ES: dihidrostreptomicina

dihydroxyphenylalanine
DF: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine.
The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less
physiologic activity than the L-form and is
commonly used experimentally to determine whether
the pharmacological effects of levodopa are
stereospecific.
ES: dihidroxifenilalanina

dimensional stability
DF: The ability of a material to retain its size and
shape in the conditions in which it is used.
ES: estabilidad dimensional

dimerization
DF: A chemical reaction in which two identical subunit
molecules (monomers) form a single chemical structure known
as a dimer.
ES: dimerizacin

direct contact
DF: A mode of exposure to a biological, chemical or physical
agent between an exposed and a susceptible surface in which
surfaces touch.
ES: contacto directo

disability-adjusted life year
DF: A unit of health care status that adjusts age-specific life
expectancy by the loss of health and years of life due to
disability from disease or injury. DALYs are often used to
measure the global burden of disease.
ES: ao de vida ajustado por discapacidad
142

disability weights
DF: A scaling factor that ranks the severity of disease from
zero (perfect health) to one (equivalent to death).
ES: peso de la discapacidad

disaster assistance
DF: Federal payments made to farmers because of a
natural disaster when (1) planting is prevented or
(2) crop yields are abnormally low because of
adverse weather and related conditions. Disaster
payments may be provided under existing
legislation or under special legislation enacted
after an extensive natural disaster.
ES: asistencia en casos de desastres

discriminant analysis
DF: A statistical analytic technique used with discrete
dependent variables, concerned with separating sets of
observed values and allocating new values. It is sometimes
used instead of regression analysis.
ES: anlisis discriminante

disease incidence
DF: The number of new cases of a given disease during a given
period in a specified population. It is differentiated from
[disease] prevalence, which refers to all cases, new or
old, in the population at a given time.
ES: incidencia de la enfermedades

disease occurrence
DF: The frequency of disease in a population without
distinguishing between disease prevalence and incidence.
ES: ocurrencia de la enfermedad

disease outbreaks
DF: Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The
concept includes epidemics and pandemics.
ES: brotes de enfermedades

disease prevalence
DF: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified
population at a designated time. It is differentiated from
[disease] incidence, which refers to the number of new
cases in the population at a given time.
ES: prevalencia de enfermedades

143

disease reservoirs
DF: Animate or inanimate sources which harbor
disease-causing organisms and thus serve as
potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs
should be distinguished from vectors and carriers,
which are agents of disease transmission rather
than continuing sources of potential disease
outbreaks.
ES: reservorios de enfermedades

disease resistance
DF: Describing any organism which has low
susceptibility or has the ability to withstand a
disease caused by infectious agents (i.e.,
viruses, bacteria, fungi) or by parasitic
nematodes, protozoa and helminths.
ES: resistencia a la enfermedad

disease surveillance
DF: The collection, analysis, and communication of information
for the purpose of disease prevention and control,
especially applicable to infectious disease.
ES: vigilancia de una enfermedad

disease surveys
DF: Epidemiological investigations into the occurrence,
incidence and prevalence of disease in a population of
individuals.
ES: encuestas sobre enfermedades

disease vectors
DF: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit
infective organisms from one host to another.
ES: vectores de enfermedades

disinfectants
DF: Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy
harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity.
ES: desinfectantes

disinfection
DF: A process or treatment which destroys pathogenic
microorganisms.
ES: desinfeccin

disomics
DF: having a haploid set of chromosomes plus one
144

additional homologous chromosome, e.g. N+1.
ES: dismicos

disparlure
DF: The sex pheromone of female gypsy moths, Lymantria
dispar, as well as the synthetic sex attractant
used to elicit attraction of male moths.
ES: disparlure

dispersions
DF: A two-phase system consisting of the distribution
of finely divided particles in a continuous
medium.
ES: dispersiones

displaced abomasum
DF: A chronic disease of young ruminants in which the abomasum
is twisted to the left or to the right of its normal
position. Most displacements are detectable on the left
side in dairy cattle and are characterized by a distended
abomasum trapped under the rumen.
ES: abomaso desplazado

disseminated intravascular coagulation
DF: A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances
entering the general circulation causing a systemic
thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting
mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders.
ES: coagulacin intravascular diseminada

dissolved oxygen
DF: The amount of free oxygen in water.
ES: oxgeno disuelto

distance education
DF: Education delivery via one or more communications media
(e.g., correspondence, radio, television, video, computer)
with little or no classroom or other face-to-face contact
between teachers and students.
ES: educacin a distancia

distress
DF: An adverse effect on humans or animals when they cannot
escape from or adapt to physical or mental stress.
ES: angustia

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diterpenoids
DF: Terpenoids having a C20 skeleton.
ES: diterpenoides

diurnal activity
DF: Animal and human activity during the daylight hours.
Compare "nocturnal activity".
ES: actividad diurna

diverticulitis
DF: Inflammation of a diverticulum or diverticula.
ES: diverticulitis

diverticulum
DF: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or
sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ.
ES: divertculo

DNA adducts
DF: Covalent adducts between chemical mutagens and
DNA.
ES: aductos de ADN

DNA barcoding
DF: Techniques for standardizing and expediting taxonomic
identification or classification of organisms that are
based on deciphering the sequence of one or a few regions
of DNA known as the "DNA barcode".
ES: cdigos de barras de ADN

DNA damage
DF: Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal,
intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result
in a mutation or a block of DNA replication. These
deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and
occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances.
They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during
replication or by deamination or other modification of
bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an
abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks;
and intrastrand (pyrimidine dimers) or interstrand
crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired. If the damage
is extensive, it can induce apoptosis.
ES: dao al ADN

DNA fingerprinting
DF: A technique for identifying individuals of a species that
146

is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence.
Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination
of allelic variations occur in the individual at a
statistically relevant number of different loci.
ES: perfil de ADN

DNA footprinting
DF: A method for determining the sequence specificity
of DNA-binding proteins. DNA footprinting utilizes
a DNA damaging agent (either a chemical reagent or
a nuclease) which cleaves DNA at every base pair.
ES: obtencin de la impronta de ADN

DNA fragmentation
DF: Splitting the DNA into shorter pieces by endonucleolytic
DNA cleavage at multiple sites. It includes the
internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, which along with
chromatin condensation, are considered to be the hallmarks
of apoptosis.
ES: fragmentacin de ADN

DNA libraries
DF: A large collection of DNA fragments cloned from a
given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It
may contain complete genomic sequences
(genomic library) or complementary DNA
sequences, the latter being formed from
messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.
ES: bibliotecas de ADN

DNA methylation
DF: Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA
methyltransferases perform this reaction using
s-adenosylmethionine as the methyl group donor.
ES: metilacin del ADN

DNA primers
DF: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of
DNA that are complementary to sequences of
messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to
start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA.
Primers are used extensively in genetic and
molecular biology techniques.
ES: cebadores de ADN

DNA probes
DF: Species- or subspecies-specific DNA
(including complementary DNA; conserved
147

genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes)
used in hybridization studies in order to identify
microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA
homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The
DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA,
if present.
ES: sondas de ADN

DNA repair
DF: The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded
DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule
which contained damaged regions.
ES: reparacin de ADN

DNA replication
DF: The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.
ES: replicacin de ADN

domestication
DF: The process of breeding for one or more desirable
characteristics in plants and animals.
ES: domesticacin

dominant genes
DF: Genes that influence the phenotype both in
the homozygous and the heterozygous state.
ES: genes dominantes

dopamine
DF: One of the catecholamine neurotransmitters in the
brain. It is derived from tyrosine and is the
precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine.
Dopamine is a major transmitter in the
extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important
in regulating movement. A family of receptors
mediate its action.
ES: dopamina

dose response
DF: The relationship between the amount of exposure (dose) to a
substance and the resulting changes in physiological
function or health (response).
for Disease Control
ES: respuesta a la dosis

double-balloon enteroscopy
DF: Endoscopy of the small intestines accomplished while
148

advancing the endoscope into the intestines from the
stomach by alternating the inflation of two balloons, one
on an innertube of the endoscope and the other on an
overtube.
ES: enteroscopia de doble baln

double cropping
DF: Two different crops grown on the same area in one
growing season.
ES: cultivo doble

dough sponges
DF: An intermediate step in the dough making process, usually a
fermented mixture of flour, yeast and liquids.
ES: masa fermentada

downer animals
DF: Animals that cannot stand or walk unassisted, due to
illness or injury.
ES: animales impedidos

downy mildew
DF: A fungus forming grayish downy patches, usually
on the underside of leaves.
ES: mildiu lanoso

doxorubicin
DF: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces
peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin.
ES: doxorrubicina

doxycycline
DF: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with similar
antimicrobial activity. Animal studies suggest that it may
cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. It is
used in some areas for the treatment of
chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria (malaria,
Falciparum).
ES: doxociclina

draft animals
DF: animals used to supply power to pull farming
implements, carts, vehicles, heavy loads, etc.
ES: animales de tiro

drag coefficient
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DF: A ratio quantifying the resistance force on an object
moving in a fluid such as air or water.
ES: coeficiente de arrastre

drainage systems
DF: Manmade systems of furrows, ditches, tile drains,
pipes, etc. which collect and remove water from a
central location.
ES: sistemas de drenaje

drainage water
DF: Any water, usually precipitation or irrigation
water, that enters, interacts with, and then
leaves a landscape.
ES: agua de drenaje

drawbars
DF: A bar across the back of a vehicle, such as a
tractor, to which implements are hitched.
ES: barras de tiro

drawdown
DF: In hydrologic terms, the lowering of the surface elevation
of a body of water, the water surface of a well, the water
table, or the piezometric surface adjacent to the well,
resulting from the withdrawl of water therefrom.
DS: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National
Weather Surface Glossary
ES: abatimiento

dried biosolids
DF: biosolids that contain >50% solids.
ES: bioslidos secos

dried milk
DF: Dairy product made from milk by the removal of 95-98% of
the water.
ES: leche deshidratada

dried skim milk
DF: The product obtained by removing water from pasteurized
skim milk. It contains not more than 5% moisture and not
more than 1.5% milk fat unless otherwise indicated.
ES: leche desnatada en polvo

drip loss
DF: The loss in weight of food products owing to
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extruding and dripping away of tissue juices, such
as meat juices lost during the thawing of frozen
meat.
ES: prdida por goteo

drug carriers
DF: Forms to which substances are incorporated to improve the
delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Drug carriers are
used in drug-delivery systems such as the
controlled-release technology to prolong in vivo drug
actions, decrease drug metabolism, and reduce drug toxicity.
ES: transportadores de frmacos

drug implants
DF: Small containers or pellets of a solid drug
implanted in the body to achieve sustained release
of the drug.
ES: implantes de medicamentos

drugs
DF: Any chemical compounds, including nutrients, that
are used in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment,
or cure of disease, for the relief of pain, or to
control or improve any physiological or
pathological disorder in humans or animals.
ES: medicamentos

dry deposition
DF: The deposition of atmospheric gases and particulates to the
Earth's surface in the absence of precipitation. Compare
"wet deposition."
ES: deposicin seca

dry environmental conditions
DF: Habitats or sites characterized by the limited
water availability.
ES: condiciones ambientales secas

dry period (lactation)
DF: The time in late pregnancy when a cow (or other
lactating animal) ceases to give milk. Commonly,
U.S. dairy cows are dried off 60 days before
calving.
ES: perodo de secado (lactancia)

dryland farming
DF: A system of producing crops in semiarid regions
151

(usually with less than 20 inches of annual
rainfall) without the use of irrigation.
Frequently, part of the land will lie fallow in
alternate years to conserve moisture.
ES: agricultura de secano

dumping (economics)
DF: Selling commodities in a foreign market at a lower price
than in the domestic market; the price to the importer is
less than the normal price of the product charged to the
buyer in the country of origin.
ES: dumping (economa)

duodenoscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal
surface of the duodenum.
ES: duodenoscopia

duplicate genes
DF: Two identical genes showing the same phenotypic
action but localized in different regions of a
chromosome or on different chromosomes.
ES: genes duplicados

durians
DF: a large oval tasty but foul-smelling fruit with a
prickly rind
ES: durion

durum wheat
DF: The hardest of all U.S. wheats, seeded in the
spring, and contains a high amount of protein,
which is good for pasta products (macaroni,
spaghetti, and other noodles), grown in the same
northern area as Hard Red Spring wheat--mainly in
North Dakota.
ES: trigo duro

dust
DF: Particulates capable of temporary suspension in air or
other gases - also particles smaller than an arbitrary
selected size.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: polvo

dynamic programming
DF: Algorithmic technique used for solving an optimization
problem by caching subproblem solutions (memoization)
152

rather than recomputing them.
DS: National Institute of Standards and Technology
ES: programacin dinmica

dyschondroplasia
DF: Abnormal development of cartilage and bone.
ES: discondroplasia

dystocia
DF: Slow or difficult obstetric labor or childbirth.
ES: distocia

153

E

early childhood education
DF: Education of students from preschool through grade
3.
ES: educacin temprana

earlywood
DF: The portion of the growth ring that is formed during the
early part of the growing season. It is usually less dense
and weaker mechanically than latewood.
ES: madera de primavera

Eastern equine encephalitis virus
DF: A species of Alphavirus causing encephalomyelitis in
Equidae and humans. The virus ranges along the Atlantic
seaboard of the United States and Canada and as far south
as the Caribbean, Mexico, and parts of Central and South
America. Infections in horses show a mortality of up to 90
percent and in humans as high as 80 percent in epidemics.
ES: Eastern equine encephalitis virus

eclosion
DF: Escape of the adult insect from the cuticle of the
pupa, the cocoons, or the puparium, or, in
hemimetabolous insects, from the cuticle of the
last nymphal instar.
ES: eclosin (metamorfosis)

eco-efficiency
DF: The relationship between economic outputs of products,
processes and services and their environmental impact, with
the goal being efficient use of materials and energy
throughout the life cycle in order to reduce economic and
ecological costs.
ES: eco-eficiencia

ecolabeling
DF: A symbol, graphic or statement that appears on products or
their packaging in order to convey an environmental aspect
of that product to the consumer.
ES: ecoetiquetado

ecological competition
DF: The simultaneous demand by two or more organisms
154

or species for a necessary resource in their
environment (e.g., nutrients, space, water).
ES: competencia ecolgica

ecological economics
DF: A transdisciplinary field of study that integrates
environmental, social and economic systems that examines
the economic values of non-market products and services
where the economy is connected to, and sustained by, a flow
of energy and materials in the natural environment.
ES: ecologa econmica

ecological footprint
DF: An ecological footprint is a measurement of the area,
whether land- or water-based, required to support a certain
level and/or type of consumption by an enterprise,
activity, individual or population. The footprint
calculation assesses the resources (e.g.the amount of
water, energy, nutrients or land, [natural capital])
required for the production of what is being consumed and
the resources required to assimilate the resulting waste.
ES: huella ecolgica

ecological invasion
DF: interspecific competition where native species are
competing with nonnative species for resources
(e.g., nutrients, space, water, etc.)
ES: invasin ecolgica

ecological value
DF: The worth attributed to an organism, ecosystem, product,
resource or activity, in terms of benefits to the
environment.
ES: valor ecolgico

ecological zones
DF: Large biogeographical units of land/water that are
characterized by their distinct species and
communities. The major ecozones are further
divided into many smaller ecoregions which share
similar natural communities, climate,
meteorological factors, topography, elevation,
soil types, edaphic factors, and/or other physical
characteristics.
ES: zonas ecolgicas

economic behavior
DF: The predicted or observable activity or manner in which
155

decisions are made regarding the management of wealth,
including the manner of buying/selling goods and services,
generating income, allocating economic resources,
borrowing/lending, investment and other financial choices.
ES: comportamiento econmico

economic demand
DF: The desire to purchase economic goods or services at the
market price.
ES: demanda econmica

economic depression
DF: A multi-year extended period of declining economic growth
which is typically seen as being more severe than an
economic recession, e.g., gross domestic product declines
by more than 10 percent.
ES: depresin econmica

economic development
DF: Any effort or process that promotes the improvement of the
economy of a region and the quality of life of its
inhabitants.
ES: desarrollo econmico

economic recession
DF: The contraction phase of the business cycle lasting for a
few months to several years. A recession is generally
viewed as an economic downturn that is less severe than a
economic depression.
ES: recesin econmica

economic sustainability
DF: The application of economic concepts, models, and tools to
the sustainable development of resources, businesses and
communities.
ES: sostenibilidad econmica

economic valuation
DF: Estimating or appraising the worth of things having
financial or monetary value, including property, assets,
goods and services, etc.
ES: valuacin econmica

economies of scale
DF: The increase in production efficiency as the number of
goods being produced increases and production costs per
unit decreases; may also apply to distribution of a service
156

or in marketing.
ES: economas de escala

ecophysiology
DF: The study of the adaptive response of an organism's
physiology to its environment.
ES: ecofisiologa

ecoregions
DF: Physical regions which are characterized by their
distinct species and communities and are also
classified by their similar physical
characteristics such as climate, meteorological
factors, topography, elevation, soil types, etc.
ES: ecorregiones

ecosystem management
DF: A natural resource management strategy or plan which is
ecologically-based and considers all organisms and their
environment with regard to the social, physical, and
economic needs of humans.
ES: manejo de ecosistemas

ecosystem respiration
DF: The total respiration of all organisms living in a given
ecosystem.
ES: respiracin del ecosistema

ecosystem services
DF: Benefits people and other organisms obtain from ecosystems;
examples include: pure water and clean air, scenic
landscapes, wildlife habitat and biodiversity.
ES: servicios ecosistmicos

ecosystems
DF: A functional system which includes the organisms
of a natural community together with their
environment.
ES: ecosistemas

ecotones
DF: Zones of transition where two or more ecosystems
meet.
ES: ecotonas

ecotourism
157

DF: Travel to natural settings with focus on the appreciation,
conservation, preservation and sustainability of the area's
natural resources and its surrounding community.
ES: ecoturismo

ecotoxicology
DF: The term was first coined in 1969 by Ren Truhaut. The
science of poisons and toxic substances occurring in the
environment and their effects. Can be further expanded as
the science of predicting effects of potentially toxic
agents on natural ecosystems and nontarget species.
DS: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Glossary
ES: ecotoxicologa

ecotypes
DF: A subspecific group that is genetically adapted to
a particular habitat.
ES: ecotipos

edaphic factors
DF: A condition of the soil, whether physical,
biological or chemical, that influences the
organisms and processes that occur in the soil.
ES: factores edficos

edema
DF: Abnormal fluid accumulation in tissues or body cavities.
Most cases of edema are present under the skin in
subcutaneous tissue.
ES: edema

edge effects
DF: Ecological characteristics associated with the junction
between two dissimiliar habitat types or ecosystems
affecting the population structure and biological traits of
the associated plant or animal communities.
ES: efectos de borde

edible vaccines
DF: Vaccines or candidate vaccines derived from edible
plants. Transgenic plants are used as recombinant
protein production systems and the edible plant
tissue functions as an oral vaccine.
ES: vacunas comestibles

educational status
DF: Educational attainment or level of education of
individuals.
158

ES: estatus educacional

eel culture
DF: The cultivation of eels for food or other purposes.
ES: cultivo de anguila

EF hand motifs
DF: Calcium-binding motifs composed of two helixes (E
and F) joined by a loop. Calcium is bound by the
loop region. These motifs are found in many
proteins that are regulated by calcium.
ES: motivos EF Hand

effluents
DF: Any liquid waste or byproduct that enters the
environment from a point source.
ES: efluentes

egg masses
DF: The group of eggs (ova) laid by a female in a single
egg-laying event.
ES: masas de huevos

egg weight
DF: The weight of an individual egg.
ES: peso del huevo

Ehrlichia
DF: A genus of bacteria that that is primarily vectored by
ticks and cause disease in humans, ruminants, canids, and
rodents.
ES: Ehrlichia

ehrlichiosis
DF: A tick-borne disease characterized by fever,
headache, myalgias, anorexia, and occasionally
rash. Causal agents belong to the Rickettsiales
order and include Erhlichia spp.; in humans, the
disease is caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum; in
horses, it is caused by Neorickettsia risticii.
ES: ehrlichiosis

El Gran Chaco
DF: A vast plain with varied environment and climatic zones
that extends through northern Argentina, southeastern
Bolivia, northwestern Paraguay and into a small area of
159

southwestern Brazil. Land uses include wildlife habitat,
livestock and crop production and forestry.
ES: El Gran Chaco

El Nino
DF: A warming of the ocean current along the coasts of Peru and
Ecuador that is generally associated with dramatic changes
in
the weather patterns of the region; a major El Nio event
generally occurs every 3 to 7 years and is associated with
changes in the weather patterns worldwide.
DS: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
ES: El Nio Oscilacin del Sur

elaioplasts
DF: Plastids that synthesize and store oils.
ES: elaioplastos

elasticities
DF: Measures of responsiveness of one economic variable to
another.
ES: elasticidad

elasticity of substitution
DF: A measurement of the effect on consumption of each of two
goods if the price of the other changes.
ES: elasticidad de sustitucin

electric generators
DF: A device that converts a heat, chemical or
mechanical energy into electricity.
ES: generadores elctricos

electrofusion
DF: Fusion by the application of an electric current; In
biological systems, the method is used to fuse cells.
ES: electrofusin

electron transport chain
DF: The sequence of electron-carrying proteins that
transfer electrons from electron donors, such as
NADH, to oxygen in aerobic cells.
ES: cadena de transporte de electrones

electrophoresis
DF: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or
colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a
160

solution under the influence of an electric current.
ES: electroforesis

electroporation
DF: A technique in which electric pulses of intensity
in kilovolts per centimeter and of
microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a
temporary loss of the semipermeability of cell
membranes, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of
metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of
drugs, molecular probes, and DNA.
ES: electroporacin

electroretinography
DF: Recording of electric potentials in the retina after
stimulation by light.
ES: electrorretinografa

elementary education
DF: Education of students from kindergarten through
grades 6, 7, or 8 (which is dependent on the
school system).
ES: educacin primaria

elite trees
DF: A tree which is greatly superior to the average tree of the
same species in some inherited characteristics as
determined by progeny tests.
DS: USDA Forest Service
ES: rboles elite

Elytrigia littorea
DF: Intergeneric hybrid of Elymus repens x Thinopyrum junceum.
ES: Elytrigia littorea

Elytrigia obtusiuscula
DF: Interspecific hybrid of Thinopyrum pycnanthum x Thinopyrum
junceum.
ES: Elytrigia obtusiuscula

emaciation
DF: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness
usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition.
ES: emaciacin

embodied energy
DF: The total energy required to produce a product is
161

considered to be figuratively represented or embodied in
the product itself.
ES: energa incorporada

embolism
DF: Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus
which can be a blood clot or other undissolved
material in the blood stream.
ES: embolia

embryo transfer
DF: The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo
or in vitro environment to a suitable host to
improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human
or animal.
ES: transferencia de embriones

embryonic mortality
DF: Death of the embryo during embryogenesis.
ES: mortalidad embrionaria

emergent plants
DF: Aquatic plants which have their upper structures
(e.g. leaves, stems or inflorescences) extended
out of the water.
ES: plantas emergentes

emerging diseases
DF: Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges
(geographic and host) or transmission mode.
ES: enfermedades emergentes

emergy
DF: Available energy of one kind previously required directly
or indirectly to make a product or service (emjoule).
ES: emerga

emissions
DF: Discharges into the environment, such as gases,
particulates, odors, dust, heat, steam, etc.
ES: emisiones

emissions factor
DF: A unique value for scaling emissions to activity data in
terms of a standard rate of emissions per unit of activity
(e.g., grams of carbon dioxide emitted per barrel of fossil
162

fuel consumed, or per pound of product produced).
ES: factor de emisin

employment
DF: The state of being engaged in an activity or service for
wages or salary.
ES: empleo

enantiomers
DF: A pair of stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable
mirror images of each other analogous to human
hands. They have identical physical properties
except for rotation of polarized light and
identical chemical prperties except for reactions
with optical active reagents.
ES: enantimeros

encephalitis
DF: Inflammation of the brain due to infection,
autoimmune processes, toxins, and other
conditions. Viral infections are a relatively
frequent cause of this condition.
ES: encefalitis

encephalomalacia
DF: Softening or loss of brain tissue following
cerebral infarction; cerebral ischemia,
infection, craniocerebral trauma, or
other injury.
ES: encefalomalacia

endangered species
DF: Animals, plants, birds, fish, or other living organisms
threatened with extinction by man-made or natural changes
in the environment.
ES: especies en peligro de extincin

endemic goiter
DF: A form of iodine deficiency disorders characterized by an
enlargement of the thyroid gland in a significantly large
fraction of a population group. Endemic goiter is common in
mountainous and iodine-deficient areas of the world where
the diet contains insufficient amount of iodine.
ES: bocio endmico

endocarditis
DF: Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
163

(endocardium), the continuous membrane
lining the four chambers and heart valves.
ES: endocarditis

endomembrane system
DF: Suspended membranes locating in eukaryotic cytoplasm.
ES: sistema de endomembranas

endometritis
DF: Inflammation of the endometrium, usually caused by
intrauterine infections.
ES: endometritis

endoparasitoids
DF: Parasitoids which at some time in their life history
develop inside the body of their host. Immature
developmental stages may be endoparasitoids, with adults
being free-living.
ES: endoparasitoides

endopolyploidy
DF: A polyploid state in which the chromosomes of a
cell have divided and duplicated repeatedly
without undergoing division of the nucleus or
cell.
ES: endopoliploida

endoscopes
DF: Instruments for the visual examination of interior
structures of the body. There are rigid endoscopes and
flexible fiberoptic endoscopes for various types of viewing
in endoscopy.
ES: endoscopios

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
DF: Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and
cannulation of Vater's ampulla, in order to visualize the
pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection
of contrast media. endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy
(sphincterotomy, endoscopic) may be performed during this
procedure.
ES: colangiopancreatografa endoscpica retrgrada

endoscopic sphincterotomy
DF: Incision of Oddi's sphincter or Vater's ampulla performed
by inserting a sphincterotome through an endoscope
(duodenoscope) often following retrograde cholangiography
164

(cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde).
Endoscopic treatment by sphincterotomy is the preferred
method of treatment for patients with retained or recurrent
bile duct stones post-cholecystectomy, and for
poor-surgical-risk patients that have the gallbladder still
present.
ES: esfinterotoma endoscpica

endoscopy
DF: Procedures of applying endoscopes for disease
diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves
passing an optical instrument through a small
incision in the skin i.e. percutaneous; or through
a natural orifice and along natural body
pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or
through an incision in the wall of a tubular
structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine
or perform surgery on the interior parts of the
body.
ES: endoscopa

endosomes
DF: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when coated vesicles
shed their clathrin coat. Endosomes internalize
macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell
surface.
ES: endosomas

endothelins
DF: 21-amino-acid peptides produced by vascular endothelial
cells and functioning as potent vasoconstrictors.
ES: endotelinas

endotoxemia
DF: A condition characterized by the presence of
endotoxins in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell
wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the
systemic circulation and initiates a
pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory
mediators.
ES: endotoxemia

endotoxins
DF: Toxins closely associated with the living
cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms,
which do not readily diffuse into the culture
medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.
ES: endotoxinas
165

energy conversion
DF: The change of energy from one form to another.
ES: conversin energtica

energy crops
DF: Crops grown specifically to provide the raw materials for
energy production, including food crops such as corn and
sugarcane and nonfood crops such as poplar trees and
switchgrass.
ES: cultivos energticos

energy density
DF: The energy per unit weight or volume.
ES: densidad energtica

energy deprivation
DF: Withholding energy from animals, insects, and
humans in involuntary, controlled or uncontrolled
settings.
ES: privacin de energa

energy efficiency
DF: The ratio of the energy output to the total energy
input of a process.
ES: eficiencia energtica

energy expenditure
DF: the combination of basal energy needs, plus the
thermic effect of food, plus a small amount of
energy needed to perform the most basic sedentary
activities.
ES: gasto energtico

energy flow
DF: The movement and transformation of energy within and among
ecological and industrial systems.
ES: flujo de energa

energy recovery
DF: Saving or recovering energy which would otherwise
be loss from processing or waste.
ES: recuperacin de la energa

engineering
DF: The application of physical, mechanical, and mathematical
166

principles for practical purposes, such as the design,
manufacture and operation of machinery.
ES: ingeniera

enhancer elements
DF: Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase
transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually
function in either orientation and at various
distances from a promoter.
ES: elementos potenciadores

enriched foods
DF: Foods to which nutrients were added in order to
replace losses of the nutrient that occured during
processing.
ES: alimentos enriquecidos

enrichment culture
DF: A technique for isolating organisms in which
nutritional and/or environmental conditions are
controlled to favor the growth of a specific
organism or group of organsims.
ES: cultivo con enriquecimiento

enteral feeding
DF: Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal
or any route connected to the gastrointestinal
system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes
oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using
nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes.
ES: alimentacin enteral

enterobactin
DF: An iron-binding cyclic trimer of
2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine. It is produced by E. coli
and other enteric bacteria.
ES: enterobactina

enterocolitis
DF: Inflammation of the mucosa of both the
small intestine and the large intestine.
Etiology includes ischemia, infections, allergic,
and immune responses.
ES: enterocolitis

enteropathogens
DF: Microorganisms, usually bacteria, capable of
167

causing disease in the intestinal tract.
ES: enteropatgenos

enterotoxemia
DF: Disease caused by the liberation of exotoxins of
Clostridium perfringens in the intestines of
sheep, goats, cattle, foals, and piglets. Type B
enterotoxemia in lambs is lamb dysentery; type C
enterotoxemia in mature sheep produces "struck",
and in calves, lambs and piglets it produces
hemorrhagic enterotoxemia; type D enterotoxemia in
sheep and goats is pulpy-kidney disease or
overeating disease.
ES: enterotoxemia

enterotoxins
DF: Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract
causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common
enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.
ES: enterotoxinas

entrepreneurship
DF: The organization, management, and assumption of risks of a
business or enterprise, usually implying an element of
change or challenge and a new opportunity.
ES: iniciativa empresarial

entropion
DF: The turning inward (inversion) of the edge of the
eyelid, with the tarsal cartilage turned inward
toward the eyeball.
ES: entropin

entropy
DF: A measure of the extent to which the energy of a system is
unavailable.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: entropa

environmental assessment
DF: An environmental analysis that evaluates the
positive and negative changes to the environment
conditions at and around a particular site of a
proposed project. When conducted pursuant to the
National Environmental Policy Act, a more detailed
environmental impact statement may be prepared
pending this general assessment.
ES: evaluacin de impacto ambiental
168

environmental audits
DF: Systematic, independent and objective reviews of verifiable
information concerning environmental events, conditions,
activities, or management systems.
ES: auditora ambiental

environmental economics
DF: A branch of economics that studies the economic impact of
environmental policies and uses economic analysis to inform
environmental decision-making, as in the cost-benefit
evaluation of environmental protection.
ES: economa ambiental

environmental education
DF: Educational programs and training about
environmental issues, environmental protection and
environmental management.
ES: educacin ambiental

environmental engineering
DF: The branch of engineering relating to the environment,
especially water and waste management.
ES: Ingeniera ambiental

environmental enrichment
DF: Modification of the physical environment of
animals, especially those in captivity, for the
purpose of meeting behavioral needs and improving
well-being.
ES: enriquecimiento ambiental

environmental exposure
DF: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical,
physical, or biological agents in the environment
or to environmental factors that may include
ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic
chemicals.
ES: exposicin ambiental

environmental fate
DF: The destiny of a chemical or biological pollutant
after release into the environment.
ES: destino ambiental

environmental governance
DF: The process by which public and/or private sector
169

participants with decision authority coordinate policies,
regulations, standards and practices in the use, management
and protection of natural resources.
ES: gobernanza ambiental

environmental hazards
DF: Physical, chemical, biological or mechanical agents capable
of causing harm to the environment, or a situation or event
with the potential for adverse environmental impact.
ES: riesgos ambientales

environmental impact statements
DF: A document required of federal agencies by the
National Environmental Policy Act for major
projects or legislative proposals significantly
affecting the environment. A tool for decision
making, it describes the positive and negative
effects of the undertaking and cites alternative
actions.
ES: declaraciones de impacto ambiental

environmental indicators
DF: A measurement, statistic or value that provides a
proximate gauge or evidence of the effects of
environmental management programs or of the state
or condition of the environment.
ES: indicadores ambientales

environmental markets
DF: An exchange-based approach to achieve pollution abatement
goals set by environmental regulations that place a cap
on emissions. A credit or offset is given to providers of
pollution abatement. Regulated firms who cannot
economically meet their abatement obligations can purchase
credits from those who can produce credits at a cost lower
than the expected market price.
ES: mercados ambientales

environmental policy
DF: Official statements of principles, intentions,
values, and objective which are based on
legislation and the governing authority of a state
and which serve as a guide for the operations of
governmental and private activities in
environmental affairs.
ES: poltica ambiental

environmental product declaration
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DF: A standardized (ISO 14025/TR) life-cycle assessment-based
mechanism to communicate quantified life-cycle
environmental information for a product.
ES: declaracin ambiental de producto

environmental protection
DF: Environmental protection includes prevention
(avoidance) strategies to protect the environment
from future damage or degradation; and control
measures to restore and maintain environmental
quality.
ES: proteccin ambiental

environmental sustainability
DF: Long-term maintenance of ecosystem components and functions
for future generations.
ES: sostenibilidad ambiental

environmental technology
DF: The application of devices, materials, or techniques to
manage environmental conditions.
ES: tecnologa medioambiental

environmentally preferable purchasing
DF: Buying of renewable, environmentally-friendly or biobased
products to provide benefits including climate change
impact reduction, energy security and sustainable economic
development.
ES: compras verdes

enzootic bovine leukosis
DF: A lymphoid neoplastic disease in cattle caused by
the bovine leukemia virus. Enzootic bovine
leukosis may take the form of lymphosarcoma,
malignant lymphoma, or leukemia but the presence
of malignant cells in the blood is not a
consistent finding.
ES: leucosis bovina enzotica

enzymatic interesterification
DF: An enzymatic reaction in which an enzyme, such as lipase,
catalyzes the rearrangement of fatty acids on the glycerol
backbone of a fat, especially for the purpose of changing
its melting properties.
ES: interesterificacin enzimtica

enzyme polymorphism
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DF: A phenomenon that, in the course of evolution,
characterizes enzymes that are able to maintain their
catalytic capability on the same chemical reaction, even
though their amino acid sequences and/or amino acid
composition are modified via mutagenesis and/or natural
selection. The properties of these enzymes (such as
kinetics and electrophoretic mobility) can be
differentiated by physical, chemical and immunological
techniques.
ES: polimorfismo enzimtico

enzyme stability
DF: The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural
conformation or its activity when subjected to storage,
isolation, and purification or various other physical or
chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and
heat.
ES: estabilidad enzimtica

eosinophilia
DF: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood,
tissues or organs.
ES: eosinofilia

eosinophils
DF: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two
lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and
cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are
uniform in size and stainable by eosin.
ES: eosinfilos

ependyma
DF: A thin membrane that lines the ventricles of the brain and
the central canal of the spinal cord.
ES: epndimo

epidemiological studies
DF: Studies designed to examine associations or
commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are
usually concerned with identifying or measuring
the effects of risk factors or exposures.
ES: estudios epidemiolgicos

epidemiology
DF: The study of the various factors influencing the
occurrence, distribution, prevention, and control
of disease, injury, and other health-related
events in a defined population.
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ES: epidemiologa

epidermolysis bullosa
DF: Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by
the blistering of skin and mucosae.
ES: epidermlisis bullosa

epigenetics
DF: The study of the mechanisms by which genes bring
about their phenotypic effects.
ES: epigentica

epinasty
DF: stronger growth on the upper surface than on the
under surface of a plant part, which causes the
part, such as a leaf, to curl downward.
ES: epinastia

epiphyses
DF: The head of a long bone that is separated from the
shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth
stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the
head and shaft are united.
ES: epfisis

epiphytes
DF: Nonparasitic plants that grow on other plants for
support, rather than rooting in the soil.
ES: epifitas

epirubicin
DF: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin.
The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference
with the synthesis and function of DNA.
ES: epirubicina

epistasis
DF: A form of gene interaction whereby the
expression of one gene interferes with
or masks the expression of a different
gene or genes.
ES: epistasis

epitopes
DF: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific
antibodies.
173

ES: epitopos

equine encephalomyelitis
DF: A group of Alphavirus infections which affect
horses and man, transmitted via the bites of
mosquitoes. Disorders in this category are endemic
to regions of South America and North America.
ES: encefalomielitis equina

equine infectious anemia
DF: Viral disease of horses caused by the equine
infectious anemia virus. It is characterized by
intermittent fever, weakness, and anemia. Chronic
infection consists of acute episodes with
remissions.
ES: anemia infecciosa equina

equipment maintenance and repair
DF: The upkeep, servicing and restoration of equipment to good
working condition.
ES: equipo, mantenimiento y reparacin

ergogenic aids
DF: Combinations of various drugs, vitamins, minerals,
amino acids, and other dietary supplements claimed
to build muscles and/or enhance athletic
performance.
ES: suplementos ergognicos

ergonomics
DF: The science of designing, building or equipping mechanical
devices or artificial environments to the anthropometric,
physiological, or psychological requirements of the people
who will use them.
ES: ergonoma

ergotism
DF: Poisoning caused by ingesting ergotized grain or
by the misdirected or excessive use of ergot as a
medicine.
ES: ergotismo

Erysipelothrix
DF: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic,
rod-shaped bacteria that has a tendency to form
long filaments. Its organisms are widely
distributed in nature and are found in mammals,
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birds, and fishes.
ES: Erysipelothrix

erythrocyte count
DF: The number of red blood cells per unit
volume in a sample of venous blood.
ES: recuento de eritrocitos

erythrocyte sedimentation rate
DF: Measurement of rate of settling of erythrocytes in
anticoagulated blood.
ES: velocidad de sedimentacin globular

erythrocytic stage
DF: The developmental stage of malaria parasite, Plasmodium,
which occurs in host erythrocytes.
ES: fase eritroctica

erythromycin
DF: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by
Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its
major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits
protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits.
This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity
and interferes with translocation of amino acids during
translation and assembly of proteins.
ES: eritromicina

Escherichia coli O157
DF: A verocytotoxin-producing serogroup belonging to the O
subfamily of Escherichia coli which has been shown to cause
severe food-borne disease. A strain from this serogroup,
serotype H7, which produces Shiga toxins, has been linked
to human disease outbreaks resulting from contamination of
foods by E. coli 0157 from bovine origin.
ES: Escherichia coli O157

esophagoscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the esophagus.
ES: esofagoscopia

essential oils
DF: Volatile oils in aromatic plants which give the
characteristic odor or flavor to the plant. Often
used in fragrances and flavorings.
ES: aceites esenciales
175

estate tax
DF: Tax imposed on the transfer of property from a
deceased person to his/her heirs, legatees or
devisees.
ES: impuesto sobre el patrimonio

Estimated Average Requirement
DF: The intake value that is estimated to meet the
requirement defined by a specified indicator of
adequacy in 50 percent of an age- and
gender-specific group. At this level of intake,
the remaining 50 percent of the specified group
would not have its needs met.
DS: National Academy of Sciences, Food and Nutrition Board
ES: Requerimiento Promedio Estimado

estimated exposure dose
DF: The measured or calculated dose to which organisms are
likely to be exposed considering all sources and routes of
exposure.
ES: dosis de exposicin estimada

estimation
DF: A statistical procedure by which random sample
data are used to assign a plausible value to an
unknown quantity.
ES: estimacin

estrogen replacement therapy
DF: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in
postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to
alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor
symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of
osteoporosis. This may also include the use of
progestational agents in combination therapy.
ES: terapia de sustitucin de estrgenos

estrus
DF: The period in the estrous cycle associated with
maximum sexual receptivity and fertility in
non-primate female mammals.
ES: estro

ethanol production
DF: Production of ethanol from biological sources; the
ethanol may be used for biofuels or for alcoholic
beverages.
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ES: produccin de etanol

ethnobotany
DF: The plant lore and agricultural customs of a
people. In the fields of ethnomedicine and
ethnopharmacology, the emphasis is on
traditional medicine and the existence and
medicinal uses of plants and plant extracts
and their constituents, both historically and
in modern times.
ES: etnobotnica

etiolation
DF: Plant growth exhibiting pale or bleached color due
to the deprivation of light.
ES: etiolacin

etiological agents
DF: A chemical, biological or physical entity that may cause
disease in an organism.
ES: agentes etiolgicos

etiology
DF: The branch of science concerned with the causes and
origins of diseases.
ES: etiologa

etioplasts
DF: Chloroplasts which have not been exposed to light and lack
chlorophyll pigment, usually seen when plants are grown in
the dark.
ES: etioplastos

eukaryotic cells
DF: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true
nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.
ES: clulas eucariticas

euphotic zone
DF: Surface layer of a body of water where sufficient
light penetrates to allow photosynthesis to occur,
down to the depth at which the light intensity
falls to 1% of incident light.
ES: zona euftica

European Union
DF: An economic association of European countries founded by
177

the Treaty of Rome in 1957 as a common market for six
nations. It was known as the European Community through
1993. Its goals are a single market for goods and services
without any economic barriers and a common currency with
one monetary authority.
ES: Unin Europea

euryhaline species
DF: Aquatic organisms which can tolerate a wide variation in
water salinity.
DS: NAL Thesuarus Staff
ES: especies eurihalinas

eurytopic species
DF: An organism that is characterized by its ability to live in
a wide variety of habitats and tolerate a wide range of
environmental conditions. Eurytopic species have a wider
geographical distribution as compared with stenotopic
species.
ES: especies euritpicas

eutrophication
DF: Process by which bodies of water become enriched
in dissolved nutrients, e.g. phosphates, nitrates,
nitrogenous compounds. The nutrients deplete the
dissolved oxygen of the water by stimulating the
growth of algae and other aquatic plant life.
ES: eutroficacin

evaporated milk
DF: Dairy product made by removal of about 60% of the water to
concentrate the milk and sterilizing to prevent
spoilage.
ES: leche evaporada

evaporation
DF: The process of a liquid changing into a vapor or gas,
usually water in meteorology.
DS: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Glossary
ES: evaporacin

evaporation rate
DF: In hydrologic terms, the quantity of water, expressed in
terms of depth of liquid water, which is evaporated from a
given surface per unit of time. It is usually expressed in
inches depth, per day, month, or year.
ES: tasa de evaporacin

evapotranspiration
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DF: Combination of evaporation from free water surfaces and
transpiration of water from plant surfaces to the
atmosphere.
ES: evapotranspiracin

even-aged stands
DF: A class of forest or stand composed of trees of about the
same age. The maximum age difference admissible is
generally 10 to 20 years. Compare uneven-aged stands.
ES: plantaciones coetneas

evoked potentials
DF: The recorded electrical responses from nerve, muscle,
sensory receptor, or area of the central nervous system
following stimulation. They range from less than a
microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can
be auditory, somatosensory, visual, or motor, or other
modalities that have been reported.
ES: potenciales evocados

evolutionarily stable strategy
DF: Concept from game theory of a population playing a
strategy (displaying a phenotype) that is
resistant to invasion by organisms playing another
strategy (mutant alleles leading to other
phenotypes).
ES: estrategia evolucionalmete estable

ewes
DF: Female sheep of any age.
ES: ovejas

ex ante analysis
DF: Evaluation of economic values, such as prices, returns,
gains, etc. which are made in advance of future events or
uncertainties.
ES: anlisis ex ante

excise tax
DF: Tax imposed on the manufacture and distribution of
specific nonessential consumer goods, such as
cigarettes and fuel.
ES: impuesto sobre consumos especficos

exercise test
DF: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than
at rest, which is performed in order to allow
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assessment of physiological functions,
particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but
also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense)
exercise is usually required but submaximal
exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise
is often graded, using criteria such as rate of
work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate.
ES: prueba de esfuerzo

exergy
DF: The maximum amount of external-energy that could be drawn
from a system or form of energy in relation to a certain
reference environment. Exergy is not considered to be a
form of energy but a designation of the quality of energy.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: exerga

exine
DF: The outer wall of a pollen grain or spore.
ES: exina

exoerythrocytic stage
DF: The developmental stage of malaria parasite, Plasmodium,
which occurs in host cells other than erythrocytes.
ES: fase exoeritroctica

exopolysaccharides
DF: Microbial polysaccharides that are secreted into the
surrounding environment, and which are often used in
industrial applications.
ES: exopolisacridos

exosomes
DF: Vesicles secreted from multivesicular bodies into the
extracellular environment when the multivesicular bodies
fuse with the plasma membrane. Multivesicular bodies are
formed from endosomes when they accumulate vesicles
(sometimes referred to as "intraluminal vesicles") from
inward budding of the endosome membrane.
ES: exosomas

exotoxins
DF: Toxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal
cells, and released into the culture medium or
environment.
ES: exotoxinas

experimental forests
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DF: Timbered lands dedicated to research on forestry and forest
management, silvicultural practices, forest ecosystems,
wildlife habitats, and forest growth and development.
ES: bosques experimentales

expert opinion
DF: Judgment of an authorative person on a particular subject.
ES: opinin de expertos

explants
DF: Parts of a living organism, such as cells,
tissues, or organs, which are transferred to an
artificial medium for culture.
ES: explantes

export subsidies
DF: A direct or indirect compensation provided by governments
to private commercial firms to promote exports of domestic
products.
ES: subsidios de exportacin

exposure
agent and an organism.
ES: exposicin

exposure assessment
DF: The determination or estimation (qualitative or
quantitative) of the magnitude, frequency, duration and
route of exposure of a population.
ES: evaluacin de la exposicin

exposure characterization
DF: A component of the exposure assessment that analyzes
interactions between a pathogen, the environment and the
host, resulting in an exposure profile. Steps include
pathogen characterization, pathogen occurrence and exposure
analysis.
ES: caracterizacin de la exposicin

exposure duration
DF: The frequency and length of time an organism is in contact
with a biological, physical or chemical agent.
ES: duracin de la exposicin

exposure models
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DF: A mathematical, statistical or visual conceptualization of
the exposure process.
ES: modelos de exposicin

exposure pathways
DF: The route in which a population is exposed to a biological,
chemical or physical agent from its source.
ES: vas de exposicin

exposure profile
DF: The analysis (qualitative or quantitative) of the
magnitude, frequency, duration and route of exposure to a
pathogen during a microbial risk assessment.
ES: perfil de exposicin

exposure scenario
DF: A set of assumptions concerning how an exposure may take
place, including exposure setting, stressor
characteristics, and activities that may lead to exposure.
ES: escenario de exposicin

expressed sequence tags
DF: An Expressed Sequence Tag is a tiny portion of an
entire gene that can be used to help identify
unknown genes and to map their position within a
genome.
DS: National Center for Biotechnology Information, NIH
ES: etiquetas de secuencia expresada

extended families
DF: A group of people who make up a single household,
or live in close proximity to each other, and are
usually related by blood, marriage, or adoption.
ES: familias extendidas

extensibility
DF: The quality of a material to be extended or
stretched without breaking.
ES: extensibilidad

extension agents
DF: An educator employed by a county and/or a State
cooperative extension service to bring
research-based agriculture and quality of life
education to local people to help them address
farm, home, and community problems at the local
level.
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ES: agentes de extensin

extension programs
DF: Structured programs (such as the Master Gardener
Program, Pesticide Certification Program, etc.)
with a target audience and defined curricula which
is conducted within a specific period of time.
ES: programas de extensin

extensive farming
DF: A system of raising crops and animals, usually on large
parcels of land, where a comparatively small amount of
production inputs or labor are used per acre. Compare
intensive farming.
ES: agricultura extensiva

extra-virgin olive oil
DF: A grade of olive oil indicating a virgin oil (processed
with no chemical treatment) with an acidity level of 0.8%,
produced by the first pressing of the olive fruit and
having excellent flavor, color and odor.
ES: aceite de oliva virgen extra

extracellular matrix
DF: A meshwork-like substance found within the
extracellular space and in association with the
basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes
cellular proliferation and provides a supporting
structure to which cells or cell lysates in
culture dishes adhere.
ES: matriz extracelular

extracellular space
DF: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by
interstitial fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous
substances.
ES: espacio extracelular

extraembryonic membranes
DF: The thin layers of tissue that surround the developing
embryo. There are four extra-embryonic membranes commonly
found in vertebrates, such as reptiles; birds; and mammals.
They are the yolk sac, the allantois, the amnion, and the
chorion. These membranes provide protection and means to
transport nutrients and wastes.
ES: membranas extraembrionarias

extrusion
183

DF: A process in which such materials as foods, metals,
polymers, etc. are pushed or drawn out by applying
pressure, often through a die of appropriate shape or
cross-section.
ES: extrusin

exudative epidermitis
DF: An acute, generalized dermatitis that occurs in
young pigs. The causal agent is Staphylococcus
hyicus and is inhibited by antibiotics. A
vesicular-type virus may be a predisposing factor.
Skin lesions develop and exude serum which,
together with sebum, covers the body.
ES: epidermitis exudativa

exuvium
DF: The remaining integument after ecdysis.
ES: exuvio

184

F

facilitated diffusion
DF: The passive movement of molecules exceeding the rate
expected by simple diffusion. No energy is expended in the
process. It is achieved by the introduction of passively
diffusing molecules to an enviroment or path that is more
favorable to the movement of those molecules. Examples of
facilitated diffusion are passive transport of hydrophilic
substances across a lipid membrane through hydrophilic
pores that traverse the membrane, and the sliding of a DNA
binding protein along a strand of DNA.
ES: difusin facilitada

factor VIII
DF: Antihemophilic factor that is part of the factor VIII/von
Willebrand factor complex. Factor VIII is produced in the
liver and acts in the intrinsic pathway of blood
coagulation.
ES: factor VIII

fair market value
DF: The price at which an item might be sold in a free market
to a knowledgeable buyer from a knowledgeable seller and
neither is compelled to buy or sell.
ES: justo valor de mercado

Falconidae
DF: Family including caracaras and falcons.
ES: Falconidae

falling number
DF: A method for the determination of the effect of
alpha amylase activity during the baking process.
ES: tiempo de cada

family day care
DF: Care of children, dependent adults, or elders by
persons other than their parents or guardians.
ES: cuidado familiar diario

family farms
DF: An agricultural business which (1) produces
agricultural commodities for sale in such
quantities so as to be recognized as a farm rather
than a rural residence; (2) produces enough income
(including off farm employment) to pay family and
farm operating expenses, to pay debts, and to
185

maintain the property; (3) is managed by the
operator; (4) has a substantial amount of labor
provided by the operator and family; and (5) may
use seasonal labor during peak periods and a
reasonable amount of full-time hired labor.
ES: explotacin agrcola familiar

family planning
DF: Health care programs or services designed to assist
individuals in the planning of family size. Various methods
of contraception can be used to control the number and
timing of childbirths.
ES: planificacin familiar

family structure
DF: Organizational framework of the family described
by family membership, and the function of each
member and hierarchical relationships of family
members.
DS: ERIC Thesaurus
ES: estructura familiar

family support
DF: Provision of food, money, shelter, etc. to
families by community organizations, such as
church groups and businesses.
ES: apoyo familiar

family violence
DF: Deliberate, often repetitive, physical abuse by
one family member against another: marital
partners, parents, children, siblings, or any
other member of a household.
ES: violencia familiar

famine
DF: General scarcity of food for a great number of
people, causing illness and death.
ES: hambruna

farm area
DF: The area of agricultural land used for farming (crop and
livestock production).
ES: area de la granja

Farm Credit Administration
DF: As an independent agency in the Executive Branch
of the U.S. Government, it is responsible for the
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regulation and examination of the Farm Credit
System.
ES: Administradora del Crdito Agrcola

Farm Credit System
DF: A national network of lending cooperatives owned
by their farmer and rancher borrowers.
ES: Sistema de Crdito Agrcola

farm labor
DF: People gainfully employed by a farm operator to assist with
the farm work, including regular, seasonal, local,
migratory, full-time or part-time employment.
ES: trabajo agrcola

farm operators
DF: An individual or group that controls the day-to-day
management and decision-making of a farming operation.
ES: trabajador agrcola

Farm Service Agency
DF: Stabilizing farm income, helping farmers conserve
land and water resources, providing credit to new
or disadvantaged farmers and ranchers, and helping
farm operations recover from the effects of
disaster are the missions of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture's Farm Service Agency (FSA).
DS: Farm Service Agency, USDA
ES: Direccin del Servicio Agrcola

farm structure
DF: The analysis of who contributes the land,
labor and capital resources required for
agricultural production and how the financial
rewards are distributed among those participants.
ES: estructura agrcola

farm to fork
DF: A description of all steps in the process, from beginning
to end, involving the production, processing, packaging,
handling, storage, preservation, distribution and
preparation of a food product.
ES: granja al tenedor

farmed animal species
DF: animal species that are reared for market.
ES: animales de cra
187

farmers
DF: A person who is engaged in the raising of crops, poultry or
livestock.
ES: agricultores

farms
DF: Any establishment that normally produces and sells
agricultural products.
ES: granjas

farrowing
DF: Giving birth to piglets.
ES: partos porcinos

farrowing rate
DF: The number of sows that farrow divided by the number of
sows mated, usually pertaining to the herd and not the
number of matings for an individual.
ES: tasa de partos en ganado porcino

fat thickness
DF: A measurement of the depth of fat tissue in humans or
animals, or in meat.
ES: grosor de la grasa

fate and transport models
DF: The mathematical equations simulating a physical system
which are used to assess and predict the movement and
behavior of chemicals in the environment.
ES: modelos de transporte y destino

fatty acid metabolism
DF: The physiological processes involved in the biosynthesis
(anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of fatty acids,
generating energy and fatty acid metabolites.
ES: metabolismo de cidos grasos

fatty fish
DF: Fish that have oils throughout the fillet and belly cavity.
They are normally found at or near the water's surface.
ES: peces grasos

fatty liver
DF: Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells
resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid
188

accumulation is usually in the form of triglycerides,
either as a single large droplet or multiple small
droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the
metabolism of fatty acids.
ES: hgado graso

feather meal
DF: Protein feed supplement obtained by hydrolysis of feathers
under heat and pressure.
ES: harina de plumas

feces composition
DF: Chemical composition of the feces.
ES: composicin de las heces

feed additives
DF: Substances added to feeds to alter, improve or maintain
feed characteristics or quality.
ES: aditivos de piensos

feed conversion
DF: Units of feed consumed per unit of weight increase or unit
of production, e.g. milk, meat, eggs.
ES: conversin de piensos

feed grains
DF: Any of several grains most commonly used for
livestock or poultry feed, including corn, grain
sorghum, oats, rye and barley.
ES: granos forrajeros

feed supplements
DF: Nutrients or other compounds designed to improve the
nutrient content and nutritive value of feeds, and/or the
nutritional status of animals.
ES: suplementos de piensos

feeder cattle
DF: Growing beef cattle between the calf stage and sale to
finishing operations.
ES: ganado de engorde

feeder pigs
DF: Young swine in feeding operations which are being grown to
market weight.
189

ES: cerdos de engorda

feedlots
DF: Confinement facilities where cattle are fed to produce beef
for the commercial trade.
ES: feedlot

feedstocks
DF: Raw material used in biological, chemical or industrial
processing, and converted to other products.
ES: materia bsica

feline acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
DF: Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs
in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency
virus (FIV) and in some cats infected with feline
leukemia virus (FeLV).
ES: sndrome de inmunodeficiencia felina adquirida

feline infectious peritonitis
DF: Common coronavirus infection of cats caused by the
feline infectious peritonitis virus (Feline
coronavirus). The disease is characterized by a
long incubation period, fever, depression, loss of
appetite, wasting, and progressive abdominal
enlargement. Infection of cells of the
monocyte-macrophage lineage appears to be
essential in FIP pathogenesis.
ES: peritonitis felina infecciosa

feline panleukopenia
DF: A highly contagious DNA virus infection of the cat
family, characterized by fever, enteritis and bone
marrow changes. It is also called feline ataxia,
feline agranulocytosis, feline infectious enteritis,
cat fever, cat plague, and show fever. It is caused
by feline panleukopenia virus or the closely
related mink enteritis virus or canine parvovirus.
ES: panleucopenia felina

femoral fractures
DF: Fractures of the femur.
ES: fracturas femorales

fens
DF: Wetlands that accumulate peat deposits. Fens are
less acidic than bogs, deriving most of their
water from groundwater rich in calcium and
190

magnesium.
ES: fens

fenuron TCA
DF: Salt of fenuron and trichloroacetic acid.
ES: fenurn ATC

feral animals
DF: animals that have escaped from domestication and
have reverted to the wild state.
ES: fieras

ferredoxins
DF: Iron- or iron-sulfur containing proteins involved in
electron transfer reactions.
ES: ferredoxinas

ferrichrome
DF: A cyclic peptide consisting of three residues of
delta-N-hydroxy-delta-N-acetylornithine. It acts as an iron
transport agent in Ustilago sphaerogena.
ES: ferricromo

fertilization (reproduction)
DF: The fusion between a male gamete and a female gamete to
produce a zygote.
ES: fertilizacin (reproduccin)

fertilizers
DF: Any organic or inorganic material of natural or
synthetic origin which is added to soil to provide
nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium, necessary to sustain plant growth.
ES: fertilizantes

fetal resorption
DF: The disintegration and assimilation of the dead fetus in
the uterus.
ES: reabsorcin del feto

fetoscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the fetus and
amniotic cavity through abdominal or uterine entry.
ES: fetoscopia

191

fetuins
DF: A family of calcium-binding alpha-globulins that are
synthesized in the liver and play an essential role in
maintaining the solubility of calcium in the blood. In
addition the fetuins contain aminoterminal cystatin domains
and are classified as type 3 cystatins.
ES: fetunas

fever
DF: An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually
as a result of a pathologic process.
ES: fiebre

fiber cells
DF: A sclerenchyma cell which is narrowly elongated with
pointed ends and has thickened secondary cells walls. Fiber
cells, like sclereids, may contain lignin, provide
structural support to plant tissues, and may be found in
various parts of the plant.
ES: clulas filamentosas

fiber optics
DF: A technique of transmitting light signals and
images through optical fibers (very fine, flexible
glass or plastic fibers).
ES: ptica de fibras

fiber saturation
DF: The fiber saturation point is the stage in the drying or
wetting of wood at which the cell walls are saturated and
the cell cavities are free from water. It applies to an
individual cell or group of cells, not to whole boards. It
is usually taken as approximately 30% moisture content,
based on ovendry weight.
ES: saturacin de fibra

fiberboards
DF: A generic term inclusive of panel products of various
densities manufactured of refined or partially refined wood
(or other lignocellulosic) fibers. Bonding agents may be
added.
ES: tableros de fibras
192

fibrin
DF: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence
of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot.
ES: fibrina

fibroblast growth factor 1
DF: A 17-kDa single-chain polypeptide growth factor that plays
a significant role in the process of wound healing and is a
potent inducer of physiologic angiogenesis. It binds to
heparin, which potentiates its biological activity and
protects it from proteolysis. The growth factor is an
extremely potent inducer of DNA synthesis in a variety of
cell types from mesoderm and neuroectoderm lineages, and
also has chemotactic and mitogenic activities. It was
originally named acidic fibroblast growth factor based upon
its chemical properties and to distinguish it from basic
fibroblast growth factor (fibroblast growth factor 2).
ES: factor 1 de crecimiento de fibroblasto

fibroblast growth factor 2
DF: A single-chain polypeptide growth factor that plays a
significant role in the process of wound healing and is a
potent inducer of physiologic angiogenesis.
ES: factor 2 de crecimiento de fibroblasto

fibrosis
DF: Any pathological condition where fibrous
connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a
consequence of inflammation or other injury.
ES: fibrosis

ficoll
DF: A synthetic polymer that is produced by a
crosslinking of epichlorohydrin and sucrose.
ES: ficoll

filipin
DF: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces
filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by
interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial
respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent.
Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.
ES: filipina

fillies
DF: Female horses less than three years old.
193

ES: potrancas

filter cake
DF: The solid or semisolid residue deposited on a filter
following filtration of a fluid.
ES: torta de flitracin

filter strips
DF: Strips of grass used to intercept or trap field
sediment, organics, pesticides, and other
potential pollutants before they reach a body of
water.
ES: franjas filtro

filtrates
DF: The product of filtration; A substance that has passed
through a filter.
ES: filtrados

finance
DF: The management of money, banking, investments,
debts, and credit.
ES: finanzas

Finger Lakes region
DF: The area in western New York State around a group of long
narrow lakes, including lakes Seneca, Cayuga, Keuka,
Canandaigua, Owasco and Skaneateles.
ES: Regin Finger Lakes

fingerlings
DF: Young immature fish less than one year old, between 2-25 cm
in length, and often used for stocking, line feeds and
baits.
ES: pececillos

finishing
DF: To bring a feeder animal up to market, or slaughter, weight.
ES: terminacin

fire behavior
DF: The manner in which a fire reacts to the influences of
fuel, weather and topography.
DS: Wildland Fire Terminology, Forest Service
ES: comportamiento del fuego

fire break
194

DF: A natural or constructed barrier used to stop or check
fires that may occur, or to provide a control line from
which to work.
ES: cortafuego

fire detection
DF: The act of discovering, locating and reporting wildfires.
ES: deteccin del fuego

fire intensity
DF: The rate of heat energy released by a fire.
ES: intensidad del fuego

fire regime
DF: The history and pattern of fire frequency, intensity,
severity, seasonality and size in a particular ecosystem.
ES: rgimen de incendios

fire severity
DF: The degree to which an ecosystem is altered or disrupted by
fires. Fire severity is dependent upon the product of fire
intensity and duration, and incorporates both active fire
behavior and immediate post-fire effects on the environment.
ES: severidad del fuego

fire suppression
DF: The overall process of detecting, locating, containing and
extinguishing a fire.
ES: extincin de incendios

fire weather
DF: Weather parameters (e.g., precipitation, relative humidity,
windspeed and direction, etc.) that influence fire
occurrence and subsequent fire behavior.
ES: clima favorable a incendios

First Nations
DF: The aboriginal groups formally recognized by the
Canadian government under the federal Indian Act
of 1876.
ES: Naciones Indgenas

fish culture
DF: The cultivation of fish, including freshwater and marine
species, for food or other purposes.
195

ES: cultivos de peces

fish discards
DF: Caught fish which are returned to the sea, alive or dead;
these include all or a portion of the bycatch, and may or
may not have been brought on board by fishermen.
ES: descartes de la pesca

fish diseases
DF: Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or
aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both
teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks,
rays and skates).
ES: enfermedades de peces

fish fry
DF: Young immature fish at the postlarval stage of development,
characterized by the beginning of exogenous feeding and the
end of dependence on the yolk sac as the primary source of
nutrition.
ES: cra de pez desarrollada

fish industry
DF: Industry involved with the harvesting, processing,
marketing, and distribution of fish, shellfish, molluscs
and other aquatic organisms of commercial value.
ES: industria pesquera

fish kills
DF: The sudden death of fish due to natural causes,
pollutants, or environmental factors such as the
reduction of the dissolved oxygen concentration in
a body of water.
ES: mortalidad de peces

fish larvae
DF: The developmental stage of fish which have hatched from the
egg and receive nutrients from the yolk sac until the yolk
is completely absorbed.
ES: larvas de peces

fish sauce
DF: A pungent, salty seasoning or condiment in
Southeast Asian cuisine that is made from
fermented anchovies or other fish.
ES: salsa de pescado

196

fisheries management
DF: The process to maintain aquatic resources that are
important to fisheries, such as assessment of aquatic
stocks, environmental monitoring and fishery regulation
enforcement.
ES: gestin de pesqueras

fistula
DF: Abnormal communication or passage between two
internal organs, or between an internal organ and
the surface of the body.
ES: fstula

fixed dose procedure
DF: This test uses a dose selected to produce signs of toxicity
but not death. The aim is to set a maximum dose level
beyond which no further testing is needed because the
lethal dose can be predicted.
ES: procedimiento de dosis fija

flagellin
DF: A protein with a molecular weight of 40,000 isolated from
bacterial flagella. At appropriate pH and salt
concentration, three flagellin monomers can spontaneously
reaggregate to form structures which appear identical to
intact flagella.
ES: flagelina

flakeboards
DF: A generic term indicating a manufactured panel product
composed of flakes bonded with a synthetic resin.
ES: tableros de virutas

flatware
DF: The assortment of knives, forks, spoons and other
implements used for eating.
ES: cuchillera

fleece
DF: The wool from all parts of a single sheep or similar animal.
ES: velln

flood irrigation
DF: An irrigation system in which a field is flooded
197

to a depth of a few inches.
ES: riego por inundacin

flood meadows
DF: Natural meadows located where river water or snowmelt
provides seasonal flooding.
ES: praderas de regado

floodplains
DF: Lowland and relatively flat areas adjoining inland
and coastal waters, including flood prone areas of
islands. This land includes, at a minimum, those
areas that are subject to a 1 percent or greater
chance of flooding in any given year.
ES: llanuras sujetas a inundaciones

flor yeasts
DF: Benevolent yeasts which are able to form a film of
yeast cells which floats on the surface of a wine.
ES: levaduras de flor

florfenicol
DF: Florfenicol is a fluorinated derivatives of
chloramphenicol. It is a broad spectrum antibiotics used
for control respiratory tract infections in cattle and
swine.
ES: florfenicol

floricanes
DF: A biennial stem typical of Rubus. In the first
year of growth, the stem is called a primocane,
since it is not capable of flowering and precedes
the floricane. In the second year of growth, the
stem is called a floricane, which flowers, bears
fruit and dies in this second year.
ES: floricanes

fluid mechanics
DF: The study of the mechanical properties of fluids,
i.e. liquids and gases, in motion or at rest.
ES: mecnica de fluidos

fluid milk
DF: Milk commonly marketed as fresh liquid milks and creams.
It is the most perishable and highest-priced form of milk.
ES: leche lquida
198

fluidized beds
DF: Bed of suspended particles (a powder or other
solid particulate material) in an upward flow of
air or other gas, behaving like a fluid. Effective
in transferring heat or moisture between a gas and
a solid, or in operating certain chemical
reactions.
ES: lechos fluidizados

fluorescence in situ hybridization
DF: A type of in situ hybridization in which target
sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so
their location and size can be determined using
fluorescence microscopy. This staining is
sufficiently distinct that the hybridization
signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and
in interphase nuclei.
ES: hibridacin in situ fluorescente

fluorescence microscopy
DF: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye
(usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally
fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to
ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy
utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.
ES: microscopa fluorescente

fluorometry
DF: An analytical method for detecting and measuring
fluorescence in compounds or targets such as cells,
proteins, or nucleotides, or targets previously labeled
with fluorescent agents.
ES: fluorometra

fluvial soils
DF: Soil that has been transported by the action of water in
streams and rivers and has been deposited in the stream
channel.
ES: suelos fluviales

foals
DF: The young of members of the horse family, usually
under one year old.
ES: potros

foam cells
DF: Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes
199

or from smooth muscle cells.
ES: clulas en espuma

focus groups
DF: A method of data collection and a qualitative
research tool in which a small group of
individuals are brought together and allowed to
interact in a discussion of their opinions about
topics, issues, or questions.
ES: grupos focales

foie gras
DF: The liver of a goose or duck that is usually
served as a spread.
ES: foie gras

follicular atresia
DF: The degeneration and resorption of an ovarian follicle
before it reaches maturity and ruptures.
ES: atresia folicular

follistatin
DF: A broadly distributed protein that binds directly
to activins. It functions as an activin
antagonist, inhibits follicle stimulating hormone
secretion, regulates cell differentiation, and
plays an important role in embryogenesis.
Follistatin is a single glycosylated polypeptide
chain of approximately 37-kDa and is not a member
of the inhibin family. Follistatin also binds and
neutralizes many members of the transforming
growth factor beta family.
ES: folistatina

fomites
DF: Inanimate objects that carry pathogenic microorganisms and
thus can serve as the source of infection. Microorganisms
typically survive on fomites for minutes or hours. Common
fomites include clothing, tissue paper, hairbrushes, and
cooking and eating utensils.
ES: material contaminado

food additives
DF: Any substance added to food to: 1) maintain
product consistency, 2) improve or maintain
nutritional value, 3) maintain palatability or
wholesomeness, 4) provide leavening or control pH,
or 5) enhance flavor or impart desired color.
200

ES: aditivos alimentarios

food allergies
DF: In a true food allergy, the body's immune system
recognizes a reaction-provoking substance, or
allergen, in the food--usually a protein--as
foreign and produces antibodies.
ES: alergias alimentarias

food banks
DF: Umbrella organizations or clearinghouses that solicit
marketable and surplus food and grocery products and
distribute these products to local nonprofit charities or
client agencies, which in turn distribute the food directly
to needy individuals and families.
DS: Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report Number 16.
Economic Research Service, USDA
ES: bancos alimentarios

food biopreservation
DF: The use of products from plants and microorganisms to
preserve foods.
ES: biopreservacin de alimentos

food biopreservatives
DF: A wide range of products from plants and microorganisms
which can be used to preserve foods.
ES: biopreservantes de alimentos

food consumption
DF: Food disappearance data, which measures the flow of raw and
processed food commodities through the marketing system.
ES: consumo alimentario

food contact surfaces
DF: A surface of equipment or a utensil with which
food normally comes into contact. Also a surface
of equiment or a utensil from which food may
drain, drip, or splash into a food or onto a
surface normally in contact with food.
ES: superficies de contacto de los alimentos

food defense
DF: The overall process of protecting the food supply from
intentional contamination, including preventive measures,
surveillance, incident reporting and control.
ES: proteccin alimentaria
201

food grains
DF: Cereal seeds most commonly used for human food,
chiefly wheat and rice.
ES: granos alimenticios

food intolerance
DF: The body cannot adequately digest a portion of the
offending food, usually because of some chemical
deficiency.
ES: intolerancia alimentaria

food law
DF: Laws and legislation that govern the quality, processing,
packaging, labeling and safety of food, feeds and food
products.
ES: leyes de alimentos

food loss
DF: The edible amount of food, postharvest, that is available
for human consumption but is not consumed for any reason.
It includes cooking loss and natural shrinkage (for example
moisture loss); loss from mold, pests, or inadequate
climate control; and food waste.
DS: Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System: Glossary, USDA
Economic Research Service
ES: prdida de alimentos

food matrix
DF: The nutrient and non-nutrient components of foods
and their molecular relationships, i.e. chemical
bonds, to each other.
ES: matriz alimentaria

food microbiology
DF: the presence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic
bacteria, viruses and fungi in food and food
products.
ES: microbiologa alimentaria

food miles
DF: Food miles are the distance food travels from where it is
grown to where it is ultimately purchased or consumed by
the end user.
DS: Job Corps Sustainable Living Curriculum and Activity Guide
- Module 2. USDA Forest Service
ES: recorrido de los alimentos

food pantries
202

DF: Organizations that distribute groceries (non-prepared
foods, such as canned goods, cereals, rice, bread and
sometimes fresh fruits or meat) to people in need in the
community.
ES: distribuidores de alimentos

food preservation
DF: A variety of methods used to maintain foods in an
edible state.
ES: preservacin de alimentos

food safety
DF: The fitness of a food for human consumption.
ES: inocuidad alimentaria

food safety objective
DF: The maximum frequency and/or concentration of a hazard in a
food at the time of consumption that provides or
contributes to the appropriate level of protection (ALOP).
ES: objetivo de inocuidad alimentaria

food sanitation
DF: the promotion of hygiene and prevention of disease
by maintenance of sanitary conditions for foods,
food handlers, and food processing/preparation
facilities and equipment.
ES: higiene de los alimentos

food security
DF: Access by all people, at all times to sufficient
food for an active and healthy life. Food
security includes at a minimum: the ready
availability of nutritionally adequate and safe
foods, and an assured ability to acquire
acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways.
ES: seguridad de los alimentos

food service
DF: The practice or business of making, transporting,
and serving or dispensing prepared foods, as in a
restaurant or school.
ES: servicio de alimentacin

food spoilage
DF: Varying degrees of physical, chemical and/or
203

biological deterioration of food sensory
properties, nutrient content, and/or safety. Major
causes include: 1) growth and activity of
microorganisms, 2) natural enzymes, 3) insects,
parasites and rodents, 4) temperature, 5) moisture
and dryness, 6) air/oxygen, 7) light, 9) time.
ES: deterioro de alimentos

food surfaces
DF: The surface of any food or food product.
ES: superficie de los alimentos

food technology
DF: The application of food science to the
preservation, processing and preparation of foods,
and to their packaging, storage and
transportation.
ES: tecnologa alimentaria

food webs
DF: The complex network of linked food chains, trophic levels
and feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem.
ES: redes trficas

foodborne illness
DF: Foodborne disease caused by consuming
contaminated foods or beverages.
ES: enfermedad transmitidas por alimentos

foodshed
DF: The geographical area delimiting local and/or regional
production, transport, marketing, delivery and supply of
food to a population, analogous to a watershed in its
description of a geographical food system.
ES: cuenca alimentaria

foodways
DF: The eating habits, culinary practices, and
food/health beliefs of a people, region, or
historical period, focusing on the medicinal,
sociological, cultural, psychological and/or
historical uses of foods.
ES: hbitos culinarios

foot-and-mouth disease
DF: A highly infectious disease caused by an Aphthovirus in
cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. It is characterized by the
204

development of blisters in the mouth and on the feet
resulting in lameness.
ES: fiebre aftosa

foot rot (plant)
DF: A disease of plants in which the stem or trunk
rots near the ground.
ES: podredumbre del tallo (planta)

footrot
DF: A disease of the horny parts and of the adjacent
soft structures of the feet of cattle, swine, and
sheep.
ES: flemn interdigital

forage
DF: Roughage crops of high feeding value, high in fiber, and
grown especially to feed ruminants. Includes grasses and
legumes cut at the proper stage of maturity and stored to
preserve quality.
ES: forraje

forbs
DF: Broad-leaved herbaceous plants, especially those
growing in a field or prairie, as opposed to
mosses, ferns, or grasses.
ES: plantas herbceas de hojas anchas

foreign exchange
DF: Transactions related to international money(currency)
traded from one country to another by governments or
businesses.
ES: divisas

forest canopy
DF: The more or less continuous cover of upper branches and
foliage of forest trees which is exposed to sunlight and
restricts the sunlight from reaching the understory and the
forest floor.
ES: cubierta forestal

forest decline
DF: A complex disorder involving abiotic and biotic
stresses on a forest stand that results in a slow,
progressive decrease in growth with loss of health
and vigor. Mortality is common. However, affected
trees may recover once the stresses are removed.
205

Natural factors (hurricanes, floods, fires,
drought, pests, etc.) as well as human activity
(deforestation and forest degradation) are
involved.
ES: declinacin del bosque

forest growth
DF: change in timber volume that occurs over an
interval of time.
ES: crecimiento forestal

forest restoration
DF: The process of returning degraded forests to their original
structure, productivity, ecological integrity and species
diversity.
ES: restauracin de bosques

forest stands
DF: A community of forest trees which are generally uniform in
species composition, size, age or condition and are managed
as a single unit.
ES: rodales

forest thinning
DF: The silvicultural practice of removing excess, diseased or
poor quality trees and underbrush to improve the growth,
health and value of the standing timber crop.
ES: raleo forestal

forest types
DF: Natural forests which are characterized by their
dominant tree species.
ES: tipos de bosques

forest yields
DF: volume of timber in a forest at a specific point
in time.
ES: produccin forestal

formalin
DF: A 37% aqueous solution of formaldehyde, used as a
histological fixative, disinfectant or antiseptic.
ES: formalina

formycin
DF: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia
206

interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with
cytostatic properties.
ES: formicina

fortified foods
DF: Foods which contain a higher nutrient content
above natural levels because of the addition of
nutrients during processing.
ES: alimentos fortificados

fortified wines
DF: A wine to which additional alcohol has been added, often in
the form of brandy.
ES: vinos enriquecidos

forwarders
DF: A machine used in the timber industry that carries
logs from the felling site to a roadside for
transport without dragging them on the ground.
ES: autocargadores

foster care
DF: Care and rearing of children in private homes by
persons other than the natural parents, with or
without adoption.
DS: ERIC Thesaurus
ES: hogar de acogida

fouling
DF: Becoming encrusted, clogged or choked with foreign matter.
ES: incrustacin

founder effect
DF: the principle that when a small sample of a larger
population establishes itself as a newly isolated
entity, its gene pool carries only a fraction of
the genetic diversity represented in the parental
population. The evolutionary fates of the
parental and derived populations are thus likely
to be set along different pathways because the
different evolutionary pressures in the different
areas occupied by the two populations will operate
on different gene pools.
ES: efecto fundador

fractal dimensions
DF: A fractal is an irregular fragmented shape and
often discontinuous. A fractal dimension is an
207

extension of the notion of dimension found in
Euclidean geometry. Fractal dimensions can be
non-integer (fractional). There is more than one
way of computing a fractal dimension, one common
type being the Hausdorff-Besicovich dimension.
ES: dimensiones fractales

frameshift mutation
DF: A type of mutation in which a number of
nucleotides deleted from or inserted into a protein
coding sequence is not divisible by three, thereby
causing an alteration in the reading frames of the
entire coding sequence downstream of the mutation.
These mutations may be induced by certain types of
mutagens or may occur spontaneously.
ES: desplazamiento del marco de lectura

free-floating plants
DF: Aquatic plants that float on the water surface and
are not rooted in soil.
ES: plantas flotantes

free air carbon dioxide enrichment
DF: An experimental system for determining
how ecosystems and plant growth respond
to controlled atmospheric concentrations of
carbon dioxide in the field, rather than in an
enclosed space.
ES: enriquecimiento del dixido de carbono al aire libre

free on board
DF: The price of a good at a specific point or stage of
delivery, usually the price before shipping.
ES: libre a bordo

free radical scavengers
DF: Substances that influence the course of a chemical reaction
by ready combination with free radicals.
ES: depuradores de radicales libres

free radicals
DF: Molecules having one or more unpaired electrons which are
highly reactive with other chemical molecules.
ES: radicales libres

free range husbandry
DF: A system of animal management where animals are not
208

confined and can freely roam and forage over a large area
of open land.
ES: ganadera de campos libres

free stalls
DF: Resting cubicles in which dairy animals are free to enter
and leave, as opposed to being confined in stanchions.
ES: cubculos libres

freemartinism
DF: A condition occurring in the female offspring
of dizygotic twins in a mixed-sex pregnancy,
usually in cattle. Freemartinism can occur in
other mammals. When placental fusion between
the male and the female fetuses permits the
exchange of fetal cells and fetal hormones,
testicular hormones from the male fetus can
androgenize the female fetus producing a
sterile XX/XY chimeric "female"(chimerism).
ES: freemartin

freeze drying
DF: The evaporation of water from a frozen product with the aid
of high vacuum.
ES: secado por congelacin

freezing
DF: The removal of heat to change a substance from a
liquid to a solid.
ES: congelacin

freight
DF: Products and commodities transported by a commercial
carrier.
ES: cargamento

freightage
DF: The charge for transporting products and commodities by a
commercial carrier.
ES: costo de transporte

frequency
DF: The number of occurrences of a periodic phenomenon
within a specific amount of time.
ES: frecuencia

209

fresh produce
DF: Raw fruits and vegetables.
ES: productos frescos de origen vegetal

frog culture
DF: The cultivation of frogs for food or other purposes.
ES: crianza de ranas

fronds
DF: The leaf-like structure of a fern, palm, cycad, lichen,
seaweed, or other lower plant.
ES: frondas

frugivores
DF: Organisms that feed primarily on fruits.
ES: frugvoros

fruit cracking
DF: A physiological disorder common in many fruit crops,
especially tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The pericarp,
or skin, of the fruit develops cracks mainly because the
fruit contents absorb water faster than the expansion of
the fruit wall.
ES: magulladuras de frutas

fruit wines
DF: Fruit wine is produced by the alcoholic fermentation of
juice from ripe fruits and/or berries other than grapes.
During production, pure condensed fruit must, fruit brandy,
alcohol, and sugar may be added.
ES: vinos de frutas

fruiting bodies
DF: any specialized reproductive structure that
produces spores or gametes.
ES: cuerpos fructferos

fruits
DF: A collective plant structure containing one or more
embryos, which as a whole, develops from a gynoecium.
DS: Plant Ontology, Plantontology.org
ES: frutos

fuel cells
DF: Device in which chemical energy is converted into
electricity.
210

ES: pilas de combustible

fuel loading
DF: The quantity of living or dead vegetation that is easily
ignited in a given area. Loading is usually expressed in
tons per acre.
ES: carga de combustible (forestal)

fuels (fire ecology)
DF: Living or dead vegetation that can be ignited.
DS: Fire Effects Information System Glossary
ES: combustibles (ecologa de incendios)

fullerene
DF: A polyhedral carbon structure composed of around 60-80
carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They
are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural
resemblance to geodesic domes.
ES: fullereno

fumigants
DF: A pesticide or disinfectant used in the form of a
gas, vapor, fume, or smoke.
ES: fumigantes

functional foods
DF: Foods that are considered, by nature or
manufacture, to contain significant levels of
biologically active components which provide
desirable health benefits beyond basic nutrition.
ES: alimentos funcionales

functional properties
DF: The characteristic chemical or physical behavior
of a compound or substance influencing
functionality.
ES: propiedades funcionales

functional status
DF: Evaluation of the ability to perform normal
physical functions, such as walking, stooping,
grip strength, etc. Used frequently for the
assessment of the health status of the elderly.
ES: estado funcional

funding
DF: Financial resources collected or provided for the
support of a particular purpose.
211

ES: financiamiento

fungal antagonists
DF: Microorganisms exerting an adverse effect on the
growth or reproduction of other fungi. These are
often used as biopesticides in the biological
control of plant pathogenic fungi.
ES: antagonistas fngicos

furrow irrigation
DF: A surface irrigation method in which water is run
in small ditches or furrows, usually spaced
closely together between crop rows or groups of
rows.
ES: riego por surcos

Fusarium wilt
DF: A disease of plants caused by fungi of the genus
Fusarium.
ES: fusariosis

Future Farmers of America
DF: An organization for high school students studying
vocational agriculture.
ES: Future Farmers of America

futures trading
DF: An agreement between two people, one who sells and
agrees to deliver and one who buys and agrees to
receive a certain kind, quality, and quantity of
product to be delivered during a specified
delivery month at a specified price.
ES: negociacin de valores a futuro

212

G

galactosides
DF: Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl
group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose
with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include
both alpha- and beta-galactosides.
ES: galactsidos

Gallus gallus
DF: The red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) is generally accepted
as the ancestor of modern chicken breeds (Gallus gallus
domesticus). Although domestication began around 2500-2100
BC, wild red jungle fowl are still found in their native
range in India and Southeastern Asia.
ES: Gallus gallus

game birds
DF: Birds which are widely hunted for sport.
ES: aves de caza

gametocytes
DF: Undifferentiated plant or animal cells that divide
by meiosis to produce gametes.
ES: gametocitos

gametogenesis
DF: The process of germ cell development from the primordial
germ cells to the mature haploid gametes.
ES: gametognesis

gametophores
DF: Structures bearing the reproductive organs (gametangia) of
mosses and ferns.
ES: gametforos

gametophytes
DF: A phase where sexual organs are produced and bear
gametes in the life cycle of plants having
alternation of generations (i.e., having two or
more forms in the life cycle). Compare
sporophytes.
ES: gametofitos

ganders
DF: Male geese.
213

ES: gansos machos

gap junctions
DF: Connections between cells which allow passage of
small molecules and electric current. Gap
junctions were first described anatomically as
regions of close apposition between cells with a
narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The
variety in the properties of gap junctions is
reflected in the number of connexins, the family
of proteins which form the junctions.
ES: uniones comunicantes

gardeners
DF: Persons who tend a garden.
ES: jardineros

gasification
DF: Heat or chemical process of changing a substance
into gas, often used to produce fuels from
carbonaceous materials, such as coal or biomass.
ES: gasificacin

gasohol
DF: A mixture of gasoline and either methanol or ethanol fuel
that is used as a motor fuel. The mixture is usually 90%
gasoline and 10% alcohol fuel.
ES: gasohol

gastric inhibitory polypeptide
DF: A gastrointestinal peptide hormone of about 43-amino acids.
It is found to be a potent stimulator of insulin secretion
and a relatively poor inhibitor of gastric acid secretion.
ES: polipptido inhibitorio gstrico

gastric mucosa
DF: Lining of the stomach, consisting of an inner epithelium, a
middle lamina propria, and an outer muscularis mucosae. The
surface cells produce mucus that protects the stomach from
attack by digestive acid and enzymes. When the epithelium
invaginates into the lamina propria at various regions of
the stomach, different tubular gastric glands are formed.
These glands consist of cells that secrete mucus, enzymes,
hydrochloric acid, or hormones.
ES: mucosa gstrica

gastrins
DF: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that
214

excite the secretion of gastric juices. They may
also occur in the central nervous system where
they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.
ES: gastrinas

gastritis
DF: Inflammation of the stomach, especially the
gastric mucosa.
ES: gastritis

gastroesophageal reflux
DF: Retrograde flow of gastric juice (gastric acid)
and/or duodenal contents (bile acids; pancreatic
juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due
to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter.
ES: reflujo gastroesofgico

gastrointestinal endoscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the
gastrointestinal tract.
ES: endoscopia gastrointestinal

gastrointestinal hormones
DF: Hormones secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa
that affect the timing or the quality of secretion
of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor
activity of the digestive system organs.
ES: hormonas gastrointestinales

gastrointestinal transit
DF: Passage of food (sometimes in the form of a test
meal) through the gastrointestinal tract as
measured in minutes or hours.
ES: trnsito gastrointestinal

gastroscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior
of the stomach.
ES: gastroscopia

geldings
DF: Castrated male horses.
ES: caballos castrados

gene amplification
DF: A selective increase in the number of copies of a
215

gene coding for a specific protein without a
proportional increase in other genes. It occurs
naturally via the excision of a copy of the
repeating sequence from the chromosome and its
extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via
the production of an RNA transcript of the entire
repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by
the reverse transcription of the molecule to
produce an additional copy of the original DNA
sequence.
ES: amplificacin gentica

gene banks
DF: A large database of gene sequence data.
ES: bancos de genes

gene conversion
DF: The asymmetrical segregation of genes during
replication which leads to the production of
non-reciprocal recombinant strands and the
apparent conversion of one allele into another.
DS: MeSH (Medical Subject Headings)
ES: conversin gentica

gene dosage
DF: The number of copies of a given gene present in a
cell or nucleus.
ES: dosis de genes

gene duplication
DF: Processes occurring in various organisms by which
new genes are copied. Gene duplication may result in a
multigene family; supergenes or pseudogenes.
ES: duplicacin gentica

gene expression
DF: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by
the processes of genetic transcription and genetic
translation.
ES: expresin gentica

gene expression regulation
DF: Any of the processes by which nuclear,
cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence
the differential control (induction or repression)
of gene action at the level of transcription or
translation.
ES: regulacin de la expresin gentica
216

gene flow
DF: The movement of genes from one population to
another of the same species.
ES: flujo gentico

gene frequency
DF: The proportion of one particular in the total of
all alleles for one genetic locus in a breeding
population.
ES: frecuencia gentica

gene fusion
DF: The genetic recombination of the parts of two or
more genes resulting in a gene with different
or additional regulatory regions, or a new
chimeric gene product.
ES: fusin de genes

gene interaction
DF: The involvement of genes at different loci in the
production of a phenotype.
ES: interaccin gentica

gene silencing
DF: Interruption or suppression of the expression of a
gene at transcriptional or translational levels.
ES: silenciamiento gentico

gene targeting
DF: The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome
of an organism at sites where its expression can
be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as
a result of homologous recombination.
ES: manipulacin dirigida de genes

gene transfer
DF: The introduction of functional (usually cloned)
genes into cells and organisms by a variety of
techniques, resulting in genetically transformed
cells and individuals.
ES: transferencia de genes

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
DF: A post- World War II international treaty for the
regulation of trade policy and the reduction of tariffs and
trade barriers which was subsumed into the World Trade
217

Organization in 1995.
ES: Acuerdo General sobre Tarifas y Comercio

General Circulation Models
DF: Hydrodynamic models of the atmosphere on a grid or
spectral resolution that determine the surface
pressure and the vertical distributions of
velocity, temperature, density, and water vapor as
functions of time from the mass conservation and
hydrostatic laws, the first law of thermodynamics,
Newton's second law of motion, the equation of
state, and the conservation law for water vapor.
Abbreviated as GCM. Atmospheric general
circulation models are abbreviated AGCM, while
oceanic general circulation models are abbreviated
OGCM.
DS: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Glossary,
Department of Energy
ES: Modelos de Circulacin General

general partnership
DF: A business partnership in which two or more
persons are co-owners of a business for profit.
ES: sociedad general

generic advertising
DF: The promotion of a particular commodity without reference
to a specific producer, brand name or manufacturer.
Producers join together to expand total demand for the
commodity, thereby helping their own sales. These
activities are often self-funded through assessments on
marketings called check-off programs.
ES: publicidad genrica

genes
DF: Specific sequences of nucleotides along a molecule of DNA
(or, in the case of some viruses, RNA) which represent
functional units of heredity. Most eukaryotic genes contain
a set of coding regions (exons) that are spliced together
in the transcript, after removal of intervening sequence
(introns) and are therefore labeled split genes.
ES: genes

genetic background
DF: The genotypic base of a breeding line or population.
Populations with a broad genetic base respond to selection
more readily than those with a narrow base. Expression of
a particular gene of interest will be affected by the
residual genotype.
218

ES: trasfondo gentico

genetic complementation
DF: The production of a wild-type phenotype by two
different recessive mutant alleles acting
independently in the same diploid cell of
heterokaryon.
ES: complementacin gentica

genetic complementation test
DF: A test used to determine whether or not
complementation (compensation in the form of
dominance) will occur in a cell with a given
mutant phenotype when another mutant genome,
encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced
into that cell.
ES: test de complementacin gentica

genetic conjugation
DF: A biological process whereby two cells come in
contact and exchange genetic material. In
bacteria, the transfer is one-way from donor to
recipient; in protozoa, the exchange is two-way
between the conjugants.
ES: conjugacin

genetic correlation
DF: the portion of a phenotypic correlation between
two traits in a population that can be attributed
to additive genetic effects.
ES: correlacin gentica

genetic distance
DF: The genetic divergence between two individuals,
populations or species. It is commonly a statistic
based on the differences in allele frequencies in
separated populations, but can use other data such
as the number of tandem repeats in
microsatellites, DNA sequences, or even the number
of mutations required to bring about the observed
differences.
ES: distancia gentica

genetic drift
DF: The fluctuation of the allele frequency from one
generation to the next.
ES: deriva gentica

219

genetic engineering
DF: Directed modification of the gene complement of a
living organism by such techniques as altering the
DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a
virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting
cell hybrids, etc.
ES: ingeniera gentica

genetic heterogeneity
DF: The presence of apparently similar characters for which the
genetic evidence indicates that different genes or
different genetic mechanisms are involved in different
pedigrees.
ES: heterogeneidad gentica

genetic markers
DF: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which
can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage
group, or a recombination event.
ES: marcadores genticos

genetic merit
DF: The ability of an individual parent to produce superior
offspring with desirable traits as compared to other
parents.
ES: mrito gentico

genetic polymorphism
DF: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single
interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous
genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes
ranging in size from a single nucleotide site
(polymorphism, single nucleotide) to large nucleotide
sequences visible at a chromosomal level.
ES: polimorfismo gentico

genetic resistance
DF: The relative amount of heritable qualities
possessed by a organism that reduces the degree of
damage to the organism by pests, pathogens,
injuries or other deleterious agents.
ES: resistencia gentica

genetic stability
DF: The tendency of a population to maintain its
genotypes over generations.
ES: estabilidad gentica
220

genetic transduction
DF: Transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an
infected bacterium to another bacterium. This
also refers to the transfer of genes into
eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally
occurring process is routinely employed as a
gene transfer technique.
ES: transduccin gentica

genetic transformation
DF: Change brought about to an organisms genetic
composition by unidirectional transfer
(transfection, transduction, conjugation, etc.)
and incorporation of foreign DNA into
prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by
recombination of part or all of that
DNA into the cell's genome.
ES: transformacin gentica

genetic variance
DF: The phenotypic variance of a trait in a population
due to genetic heterogeneity.
ES: varianza gentica

genetic vectors
DF: Any DNA molecule capable of autonomous replication
within a host cell and into which other DNA
sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many
are derived from plasmids, bacteriophages or
viruses. They are used for transporting foreign
genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors
possess a functional replicator site and contain
genetic markers to facilitate their selective
recognition.
ES: vectores genticos

genetically modified foods
DF: Foods produced from genetically modified
organisms. These species have undergone directed
modification of their gene complement using such
techniques as altering the DNA, substituting
genetic material by means of a virus,
transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell
hybrids, etc.
ES: alimentos modificados genticamente

geneticin
DF: An antibiotic from Micromonospora rhodorangea.
221

ES: geneticina

genome
DF: The complete set of genetic material in the
chromosomes of an organism with its associated
genes.
ES: genoma

genome assembly
DF: A sequencing technique in which many small DNA sequence
pieces are put together using bioinformatics and computer
algorithms to reconstruct the complete set of genetic
material representing that in the chromosomes of an
organism.
ES: ensamblaje de genomas

genome walking
DF: A polymerase chain reaction-based DNA sequencing technique
for idetifying uncloned nucleotide sequences flanking
already characterized DNA regions.
ES: paseo genmico

genomic islands
DF: Distinct units in some bacterial, bacteriophage or plasmid
genomes that are types of mobile genetic elements. Encoded
in them are a variety of fitness conferring genes, such as
virulence factors (in "pathogenicity islands or islets"),
antibiotic resistance genes, or genes required for
symbiosis (in "symbiosis islands or islets"). They range in
size from 10 - 500 kilobases, and their GC content and
codon usage differ from the rest of the genome. They
typically contain an integrase gene, although in some cases
this gene has been deleted resulting in "anchored genomic
islands".
ES: islas genmicas

genomic libraries
DF: A form of gene library containing the complete DNA
sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It
contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences
utilized in protein coding (lacking introns).
ES: bibliotecas genmicas

genomics
DF: The branch of genetics that studies organisms in
terms of their genomes, i.e., their complete DNA
sequence.
222

ES: genmica

genotoxicity
DF: The degree to which a toxin has adverse effects on
DNA.
ES: genotoxicidad

genotype
DF: The genetic constitution of an organism, cell,
individual or taxon, as distinct from its physical
appearance (i.e., phenotype).
ES: genotipo

genotype-environment interaction
DF: Effect of different environmental conditions on
the phenotype and level of performance of an
individual.
ES: interaccin genotipo-ambiente

genotype mixtures
DF: A practice where two or more genotypes of a single
species are used in combination, usually for the
benefit of increased disease resistance, pest
resistance, nitrogen fixation, etc.
ES: mezclas de genotipos

genotyping
DF: Methods used to determine individuals' specific alleles or
SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms).
DS: Medical Subject headings 2013
ES: genotipificacin

gentamicin
DF: A complex of three different closely related aminoglycoside
sulfates, Gentamicins C1, C2, and C1(subA), obtained from
Micromonospora purpurea and related species. They are
broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney
damage. They act to inhibit protein synthesis (genetic
translation).
ES: gentamicina

gentiobiose
DF: Disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in a
beta (1-6) glycosidic linkage.
ES: gentiobiosa

geocoding
DF: The practice of matching standardized tabular data to a
223

specific real world location with established coordinates.
ES: geocodificacin

geodesy
DF: The science concerned with measuring the size and shape of
the changing Earth using reference points that track
elevation and sea levels. The principles of geodesy can be
applied to other planetary bodies.
ES: geodesia

geographic coordinate systems
DF: Any of the standardized systems used to indicate the
location of points on the surface of the Earth, such as
longitude and latitude coordinates.
ES: sistema de coordenadas geogrficas

geographic information systems
DF: An information system for capturing, storing, integrating,
analyzing and displaying geospatial data.
ES: sistemas de informacin geogrfica

geomorphology
DF: The study of the surface of the earth and how it has
changed over time.
ES: geomorfologa

geophagia
DF: The practice of eating soil, chalk or clay.
ES: geofagia

georeferencing
DF: The practice of establishing the relationship between
coordinates on a map or image with the specific real world
coordinates.
ES: georeferenciamiento

geospatial science and technology
DF: The science and technology of gathering, storing,
analyzing, processing and distributing geographic
information.
ES: ciencia y tecnologa geoespaciales

geospatial technology
DF: Technological tools applied in the acquiring, managing,
interpreting, integrating, displaying, and analyzing
geospatial data.
224

ES: tecnologa geoespacial

geostatistics
DF: The application of statistical methods to geospatial data.
Geostatistics are applied to many disciplines such as
geology, hydrology, meteorology, geography, ecology,
forestry and agriculture.
ES: geoestadsticas

germ-free animals
DF: Animals not contaminated by or associated with any
foreign organisms.
ES: animales sin grmenes

germplasm
DF: The cells or tissues from which a new organism can
be generated.
ES: germoplasma

ghee
DF: A type of clarified butter that has a nutty,
caramel-like flavor and aroma.
ES: ghee

ghrelin
DF: Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid peptide with an octanoyl
group on serine in the third position, stimulates
somatotropin secretion and is an antagonist of
somatostatin. It is synthesized in many tissues,
but ghrelin cells are concentrated in the stomach
mucosa. It stimulates food intake and decreases
fat utilization.
ES: ghrelin

giant cells
DF: Any multinucleated mass of cytoplasm not separated into
cells, due to incomplete cell division or when cells fuse.
ES: clulas gigantes

giardin protein
DF: Group of cytoskeletal proteins found in Giardia lamblia
trophozoite attachment organelle, ventral adhesive disc.
ES: protena giardina

giblets
DF: The edible viscera of poultry, consisting of the heart,
225

gizzard and liver. The neck is usually included in the
same package as the giblets when the package is put back
into the whole poultry carcass.
ES: menudillos de ave

gilts
DF: Young female swine, up to and including primiparous (first
litter females) typically less than 15 months of age.
ES: cerdas jvenes

girdling
DF: Injury resulting from removal or tight encircling of the
bark or cambium around the outer circumference of a plant
stem or tree trunk, which may cause death by disrupting
nutrient transport.
ES: anillado

glaciation
DF: The formation, advance or recession of glaciers and ice
sheets covering the landscape.
ES: glaciacin

glanders
DF: A contagious disease of horses that can be
transmitted to humans. It is caused by Pseudomonas
mallei (syn. Burkholderia mallei) and
characterized by ulceration of the respiratory
mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin.
ES: muermo

global positioning systems
DF: A technology that uses the position of satellites to
provide precise location coordinates on the Earth's surface.
ES: sistemas de posicionamiento global

globalization
DF: The world-wide integration of markets for goods,
services and capital.
ES: globalizacin

glomerular filtration rate
DF: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through
glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules
per unit of time. It is considered to be
equivalent to inulin clearance.
ES: tasa de filtacin glomerular
226

glucagon-like peptides
DF: Peptides produced by the endocrine cells of the large and
small intestines that play a variety of roles in the
regulation of energy metabolism and nutrient absorption.
ES: pptidos semejantes a glucagn

gluconeogenesis
DF: Biosynthesis of glucose from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate
precursors, such as lactate; pyruvate; alanine; and
glycerol.
ES: gluconeognesis

glucoregulation
DF: Biochemical processes responsible for the maintenance of
glucose level in living organisms.
ES: glucorregulacin

glutinous rice
DF: Rice with 0-2% amylose or mainly amylopectin in the
endosperm and pollen starch.
ES: arroz glutinoso

glycemic control
DF: The treatment of diabetes mellitus and the control of sugar
(glucose) levels in patient's blood.
ES: control glicmico

glycemic index
DF: A scale of the effects of foods on blood glucose
concentrations shortly after ingestion.
ES: ndice glucmico

glycogenesis
DF: The biosynthesis of glycogen from glucose molecules.
ES: glicognesis

glycogenolysis
DF: The release of glucose from glycogen by glycogen
phosphorylase (phosphorolysis). The released
glucose-1-phosphate is then converted to
glucose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase before entering
glycolysis. Glycogenolysis is stimulated by glucagon or
epinephrine via the activation of phosphorylase kinase.
ES: glicogenlisis

227

glycolysis
DF: A metabolic process that converts glucose into two
molecules of pyruvic acid through a series of enzymatic
reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in
two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic
pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from
complex carbohydrates, such as glycogen and starch.
ES: gliclisis

glyconeogenesis
DF: The biosythesis of glycogen from nonhexose or
non-carbohydrate precursors.
ES: gliconeognesis

glyoxysomes
DF: Microbodies which occur in plant cells, and in some
eukaryotic microorganisms, and which contain enzymes of the
glyoxylate cycle.
ES: glioxisomas

goat diseases
DF: Diseases of the domestic or wild goat of the genus
Capra.
ES: enfermedades de las cabras

goblet cells
DF: A glandular epithelial cell or a unicellular gland. Goblet
cells secrete mucus. They are scattered in the epithelial
linings of many organs, especially the small intestine and
the respiratory tract.
ES: clulas caliciformes

goiter
DF: Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
ES: bocio

goitrogens
DF: Goitrogens are substances which interfere with function of
the thyroid gland.
ES: goitrogenos

gonadosomatic index
DF: The calculation of gonad weight as a percentage of total
body weight; used to measure sexual maturity in relation to
the sexual development of ovaries or testes.
ES: ndice gonadosomtico
228

gonadotropin-releasing hormone
DF: A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis
and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins,
luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating
hormone.
ES: hormona liberadora de gonadotropina

gonads
DF: Organs which produce gametes.
ES: gnadas

good agricultural practices
DF: Guidelines and methods for farmers, growers, food
producers, and those involved in agriculture to
manage the resources important to agriculture,
such as soil, water, and air, to produce safe and
hygienic food products with commitment to
sustainability and conservation, while protecting
human and animal health and welfare as well as the
environment.
ES: buenas prcticas agrcolas

good aquaculture practices
DF: Guidelines, methods or activities designed to promote
sustainable aquaculture through the prevention or
mitigation of damage or adverse effects.
ES: buenas prcticas de acuicultura

good hygiene practices
DF: Guidelines, methods or activities designed to promote and
maintain health through the use of sanitary conditions.
ES: buenas prcticas de higiene

goslings
DF: Baby geese.
ES: cras de gansos

gossyplure
DF: The sex pheromone of the female pink bollworm,
Pectinophora gossypiella, as well as the synthetic
sex attractant used to elicit attraction of male
bollworms.
ES: gossyplure

governance
DF: The process by which a group of individuals is given
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authority to direct, inform, monitor and manage resources
in order to achieve the objectives of a given organization
or program.
ES: gobernanza

government deregulation
DF: The removal, reduction or relaxation of government
regulations and restrictions on a previously regulated
industry or market sector.
ES: desregulacin gubernamental

Graafian follicles
DF: In mammals, the mature ovarian follicle that secretes
estrogen and is the final stage of follicular development.
ES: folculos de Graaf

graft rejection
DF: An immune response with both cellular and humoral
components, directed against an allogeneic
transplant, whose tissue antigens are not
compatible with those of the recipient.
ES: rechazo del injerto

graft versus host reactions
DF: An immunological attack mounted by a graft against
the host because of tissue incompatibility when
immunologically competent cells are transplanted
to an immunologically incompetent host; the
resulting clinical picture is that of graft versus
host disease.
ES: reacciones del injerto contra el husped

grain and figure
DF: The figure of a wood refers to the pattern caused
by color differences in the wood, and is also the
pattern created by different types of grain.
Grain refers to the direction in which the fibers
of the wood are running. Types of grain include:
straight, wavy, irregular, spiral, curly,
interlocking and birds-eye. These wood properties
are interrelated and the terms are frequently used
together.
ES: vetas y dibujo

grain crops
DF: Crops, mostly grass crops, that are grown for
their edible seeds, such as corn, wheat, rye,
buckwheat, amaranth, and etc. Grain markets
230

include soybeans as grains.
ES: cultivos de grano

grain foods
DF: Foods that are based completely or primarily on food grains.
ES: alimentos de granos

grains
DF: The edible whole grains from plants, mostly in the
grass family (Poaceae). Grain markets include
soybeans as grains.
ES: granos

gramicidin
DF: A group of peptide antibiotics from Bacillus brevis.
Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide
and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of
the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN which is used
topically for gram-positive organisms. It is toxic to
blood, liver, kidneys, meninges, and the olfactory
apparatus.
ES: gramicidina

grandlure
DF: A mixture of components of the boll weevil,
Anthonomus grandis, aggregation pheromone.
ES: grandlure

granulation tissue
DF: A vascular connective tissue formed on the surface of a
healing wound, ulcer, or inflamed tissue. It consists of
new capillaries and an infiltrate containing lymphoid
cells, macrophages, and plasma cells.
ES: tejido fibroso

Granulovirus
DF: A genus of the family Baculoviridae, subfamily
Eubaculovirinae, characterized by ovicylindrical
occlusion bodies. The type species is Cydia
pomonella granulovirus.
ES: Granulovirus

grape must
DF: A mixture of grape juice, grape pulp, and grape
skin that is fermented into wine.
ES: mosto de uva
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grass-fed livestock
DF: Meat animals raised primarily on ranges rather than in a
feedlot.
ES: ganado alimentado con pasto

grass sprigs
DF: A portion of a stem and root of grass, used for
transplanting and the establishment of turf and
lawns.
ES: espigas de pasto

grasshoppers
DF: Herbivorous insects of the order, Orthoptera.
Species of economic importance as plant pests
typically belong to the family, Acrididae.
ES: saltamontes

grazing
DF: Feeding on standing vegetation, as by livestock or wild
animals.
ES: pastoreando

grazing lands
DF: (1) Collective term used by NRCS for rangeland,
pastureland, grazed forest
land, native and naturalized pasture, hayland, and grazed
cropland. Although
grazing is generally a predominate use, the term is used
independent
of any use. (2) Land used primarily for production of
forage plants
maintained or manipulated primarily through grazing
management. Includes
all lands having plants harvestable by grazing without
reference to
land tenure, other land uses, management, or treatment
practices.
DS: National Range and Pasture Handbook, NRCS, USDA
ES: tierras de pastoreo

Great Basin States
DF: The elevated region between the Wasatch and Sierra
Nevada Mountains.
ES: Estados de la Gran Cuenca

Great Lakes region
DF: Region in North America, surrounding the five
Great Lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie,
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Ontario).
ES: Regin de los Grandes Lagos

Great Plains region
DF: Region in North America, extending from the
Laurentian Highlands in Canada to Texas.
ES: Regin de las Grandes LLanuras

Great Smoky Mountain region
DF: An area of the Appalachian Mountain region that extends
along the border of North Carolina and Tennessee.
ES: Regin de las montaas Great Smoky

green beans
DF: The immature, green, succulent pods of Phaseolus
vulgaris.
ES: alubias verdes

green box
DF: Domestic or trade policies that are deemed to be minimally
trade distorting and are exempt from amber box reduction
commitments. Examples are disaster relief, inspection and
grading, crop insurance, environmental and conservation
programs, and other programs not directed at particular
products.
ES: caja verde

green chemistry
DF: Pollution prevention through the design of effective
chemical products that have low or no toxicity and use of
chemical processes that reduce or eliminate the use and
generation of hazardous substances.
ES: qumica verde

green infrastructure
DF: An interconnected framework of natural and/or engineered
areas, structures, facilities, features or services
providing environmentally friendly and sustainable benefits
to people and communities.
ES: infraestructura verde

green manures
DF: Crops grown to be incorporated into the soil to
increase soil quality, fertility and structure.
ES: abonos verdes

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green roofs
DF: A specialized roof structure for a building that is
partially or completely covered in vegetation. Green roofs
can reduce water runoff, improve air and water quality,
provide energy conservation and improve aesthetics.
ES: tejados verdes

green waste
DF: The vegetative portion of the waste stream arising from
various sources including waste from domestic and
commercial premises and municipal operations.
ES: residuos verdes

greenhouse effect
DF: A popular term used to describe the roles of
greenhouse gases in keeping the Earth's surface
warmer than it would be otherwise. These "
radiatively active" gases are relatively
transparent to incoming shortwave radiation, but
are relatively opaque to outgoing longwave
radiation, trapping it for subsequent re-radiation
back to the surface, maintaining higher surface
temperatures.
ES: efecto invernadero

greenhouse gas emissions
DF: The discharge of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide and various halogenated
hydrocarbons, into the atmosphere. Combustion of fossil
fuels, agricultural activities and industrial processes
contribute to the emissions of greenhouse gases.
ES: emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero

greenhouse gases
DF: Those gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide,
tropospheric ozone, nitrous oxide, and methane,
that are transparent to solar radiation but opaque
to longwave radiation. Their action is similar to
that of glass in a greenhouse.
ES: gases de invernadero

greenhouse production
DF: production of crops in a greenhouse structure.
ES: cultivos de invernadero

grocery stores
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DF: Stores that carry primarily food items with
relatively small selections of non-food products
such as cleaning products, paper goods, etc.
ES: almacenes

gross domestic product
DF: The value of the total final output of goods and services
produced inside a country during a given year. It equals
gross national product (GNP) less overseas remittances.
ES: producto interno bruto

gross national product
DF: The value of all final goods and services produced during a
year by the factors in a country. It is the sum of
expenditures by consumers and governments, gross investment
spending, and total merchandise exports less imports.
ES: producto nacional bruto

ground-penetrating radar
DF: Used in subsurface detection, a remote sensing
device that transmits a radar pulse into the soil,
and records differential reflection of the pulses.
ES: radar de penetracin de terreno

ground cover plants
DF: Plants that are low-growing, form a dense mat of foliage,
and spread easily by stolons, runners or rhizomes.
ES: plantas de cobertura

grounds maintenance
DF: Tending and care of established landscapes.
ES: cuidado y mantenimiento de terrenos

groundwater extraction
DF: The removal of groundwater usually for use as irrigation
water, or following treatment, for drinking water.
ES: extraccin de aguas subterrneas

growing season
DF: Determined by climate, geographical location, and
crop selection, the period of the year in which
crops grow best.
ES: perodo de crecimiento

growth plate
DF: The area between the epiphysis and the shaft of
235

long bones (diaphysis) within which bone growth
occurs.
ES: placa de crecimiento

growth rings
DF: The layer of wood growth put on a tree during a single
growing season. In the temperate zone, the annual growth
rings of many species (e.g., oaks and pines) are readily
distinguished because of the differences in the cells
formed during the early and late parts of the season. In
some temperate zone species (e.g., black gum and sweetgum)
and many tropical species, annual growth rings are not
easily recognized.
ES: anillos de crecimiento

GTPase-activating proteins
DF: Proteins that activate the GTPase of specific GTP-binding
proteins.
ES: activacin de la protena GTPasa

guaifenesin
DF: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action.
It is used in many cough preparations.
ES: guaifenesina

Guillain-Barre Syndrome
DF: An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell-
mediated cellular immune response directed towards
peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral
nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a
viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization,
lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical
manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of
sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of
respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur.
ES: Sndrome de Guillain-Barr

Gulf of Mexico region
DF: Region in the Southern United States surrounding
the Gulf of Mexico, (including the states of
Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and
Texas).
ES: Regin del Golfo de Mxico

gummosis
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DF: The exudation of gum, latex or sap from some fruit
trees and sugar cane, which may be caused by
insects, mechanical damage, disease microorganisms
or unfavorable weather.
ES: gomosis

guttation
DF: The process in which water being exudated from plant leaves.
ES: gutacin

gynogenesis
DF: the development of an embryo from a fertilized egg
that only involves the maternal chromosomes from
the female nucleus.
ES: ginognesis

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H

H-Y antigen
DF: A sex-specific cell surface antigen produced by
the sex-determining gene of the Y chromosome in
mammals. It causes syngeneic grafts from males to
females to be rejected and interacts with somatic
elements of the embryologic undifferentiated gonad
to produce testicular organogenesis.
ES: antgeno H-Y

habitat conservation
DF: The preservation, maintenance, protection, restoration and
enhancement of habitats for wild species.
ES: conservacin del hbitat

habitats
DF: The natural environment where an organism, population or
community lives, including those biotic and abiotic factors
affecting it.
ES: hbitats

HACCP
DF: A systematic approach to be used in food
processing as a means to assure food safety.
ES: ARPCC

halitosis
DF: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of
causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral
infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.
ES: halitosis

hand-assisted laparoscopy
DF: Placement of one of the surgeon's gloved hands into the
abdominal cavity to perform manual manipulations that
facilitate the laparoscopic procedures.
ES: laparoscopia asistida por la mano

hand, foot and mouth disease
DF: A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children,
characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the
hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.
ES: exantema vrico de manos, pies y boca

haplotypes
DF: The genetic constitution of individuals with
238

respect to one member of a pair of allelic
genes, or sets of genes that are closely
linked and tend to be inherited together
such as those of the major histocompatibility
complex.
ES: haplotipos

haptens
DF: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting
an immune response only when coupled to a carrier.
Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves
cannot elicit an antibody response.
ES: haptenos

haptoglobins
DF: Plasma glycoproteins that form a stable complex
with hemoglobin to aid the recycling of heme iron.
ES: haptoglobinas

hard red spring wheat
DF: The wheat class that contains the highest
percentage of proteins, making it an excellent
bread wheat, with superior milling and baking
characteristics; chiefly grown in Montana, North
Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota; seeded in the
spring, and may have a hard or soft endosperm.
ES: trigo rojo de primavera

hard red winter wheat
DF: The class of wheat used mostly for bread and
all-purpose flour; seeded in the fall; ranges from
medium to high in protein; may have either a hard
or soft endosperm; accounts for more than 40% of
the US wheat crop and more than half of US wheat
exports; produced in the Great Plains. Wide range
of protein, good milling and baking
characteristics. Used to produce bread, rolls,
and, to a lesser extent, sweet goods and
all-purpose flour.
ES: trigo rojo de invierno

hard white wheat
DF: Newest white class of wheat to be grown in the
U.S. Closely related to red wheats (except for
color genes), this wheat has a milder, sweeter
flavor, equal fiber, and similar milling and
baking properties. Used in yeast breads, hard
rolls, bulgur, tortillas, and oriental noodles.
Used in domestic markets and exported in limited
239

quantities.
ES: trigo duro blanco

hardboard
DF: A generic term for a panel manufactured primarily from
interfelted lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood),
consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot press to a
density of 496 kg m3 (31 lb ft3) or greater. May be
manufactured using either a dry-process or wet-process.
ES: tablero duro

hardwood
DF: Generally one of the botanical groups of trees that have
vessels or pores and broad leaves, in contrast to the
conifers or softwoods. The term has no reference to the
actual hardness of the wood.
ES: madera dura

harvest index
DF: Grain weight as a percentage of total above-ground
dry weight at maturity.
ES: ndice de cosecha

hatcheries
DF: Facilities for hatching chicks from eggs.
ES: plantas incubadoras

hay
DF: Grasses, clover, alfalfa and other legumes, or any
other leafy plant material that is cut and dried
to be used for animal feeding.
ES: heno

hay fever
DF: Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year.
It is characterized by acute conjunctivitis with
lacrimation and itching, and regarded as an allergic
condition triggered by specific allergens.
ES: fiebre del heno

haylage
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DF: Low-moisture silage (35-55% moisture). Grass and legume
crops are cut and wilted in the field to a lower moisture
level than normal for grass silage, but the crop is not
sufficiently dry for baling.
ES: henolaje

hazard characterization
DF: The description of adverse effects in terms of their
toxicity, dose response, and exposure route, duration and
timing.
ES: caracterizacin de los peligros

hazard identification
DF: The description of the types and nature of adverse effects
caused by substances, activities or events.
ES: identificacin de los peligros

hazard trees
DF: A tree with structural defects likely to cause failure of
all or part of the tree and with high potential to cause
injury, loss of life or property damage.
ES: rboles de riesgo

head blight
DF: Chlorotic symptoms affecting the inflorescences or seed
heads of cereal crops.
ES: aublo

Head Start
DF: A federal program that promotes the school readiness of
children ages birth to 5 from low-income families by
enhancing their cognitive, social and emotional development.
DS: Office of Head Start, Administration for Children and
Families, U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services
ES: Head Start

headspace analysis
DF: The chemical analysis of the vapor mixture trapped above a
solid or liquid in a sealed vessel.
ES: anlisis mediante la tcnica headspace

health-adjusted life year
DF: The number of years of perfect health that are considered
equivalent to (i.e., have the same utility as) the
remaining years of life in their respective health states.
ES: ao de vida ajustado por la salud
241

health claims
DF: Any claim made on the label or in labeling of a
food that expressly or by implication
characterizes the relationship of any substance
(e.g., a specific food or component of food) to a
disease or health-related condition.
ES: anuncios de salud

health foods
DF: Foods that are considered by the public as having superior
health benefits, such as those produced with little or no
preservatives, processing or pesticides.
ES: alimentos saludables

health hazards
DF: Biological, chemical or physical agent or condition with
the potential to cause an adverse health effect.
ES: riesgos para la salud

health services
DF: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of
disease and the maintenance of health.
ES: servicios de salud

healthy diet
DF: A diet which aims to support nutrition needs, improve
health and reduce the risk of developing diet-related
diseases.
ES: alimentacin saludable

heart failure
DF: A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is
unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the
metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be
caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities
(ventricular dysfunction), or a sudden overload
beyond its capacity.
ES: insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva

heart transplant
DF: The transference of a heart from one human or
animal to another.
ES: trasplante cardaco

heartwater
DF: A tick-borne septicemic disease of ruminants
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caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium of the family
Rickettsiaceae.
ES: cowdriosis

heathlands
DF: A vegetation type dominated by low growing woody plants
from the Ericaceae family and typically found in
uncultivated open land with poor acidic or peaty soils.
ES: brezales

hedging (pruning)
DF: A specialized form of mechanical pruning done in orchards
that involves cutting back the sides of the tree canopy to
reduce crowding between rows of trees, improve equipment
access, improve air circulation and light penetration, and
delay the need for tree thinning.
ES: poda mecanizada

heifers
DF: Bovine females that have not given birth to calves.
ES: vaquilla

heirloom varieties
DF: Varieties whose germplasm has been conserved through the
practice of retaining and passing down 1) seed or 2)
vegetative propagules from generation to generation. The
germplasm may be of significance to a specific region,
community, culture or historic time period.
ES: variedades antiguas

helix-loop-helix motifs
DF: Recurring supersecondary structures characterized
by 20 amino acids folding into two alpha helices
connected by a non-helical "loop" segment. They
are found in many sequence-specific DNA-binding
proteins and in calcium-binding proteins.
ES: motivos hlice-bucle-hlice

helix-turn-helix motifs
DF: DNA-binding protein motif constructed from two
alpha helixes and connected by a short extended
chain of amino acids, so constituting the "turn".
ES: motivo hlice-giro-hlice

helminthiasis
DF: Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth
class.
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ES: helmintiasis

helminths
DF: Wormlike parasites of animals, including parasitic stages of
nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, acanthocephalans and
nematomorphs, especially those parasitizing the intestines
of vertebrates.
ES: helmintos

hemagglutination inhibition test
DF: Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is
added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell
suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest
amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of
hemagglutination.
ES: test de inhibicin de hemaglutinacin

hemagglutination tests
DF: Tests which measure certain antigens, antibodies,
or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate on
the surface of certain erythrocytes.
ES: tests de hemaglutinacin

hematocrit
DF: The volume of packed red cells in a
blood specimen. The volume is
measured by centrifugation in a tube
with graduated markings, or with
automated blood cell counters. It is
an indicator of erythrocyte status in
disease. For example, anemia shows
a low value; polycythemia, a high value.
ES: hematocrito

hematologic diseases
DF: Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.
ES: enfermedades hematolgicas

hematoma
DF: A collection of blood outside the blood
vessels. Hematoma can be localized in
an organ, space, or tissue.
ES: hematoma

hemocoel
DF: A body cavity of arthropods and some molluscs that
contains blood or hemolymph, which functions as
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part of the circulatory system by directly bathing
the organs.
ES: hemocoel

hemocytes
DF: Invertebrate blood cells.
ES: hemocitos

hemoglobinuria
DF: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine,
indicating hemolysis of erythrocytes within the
vascular system.
ES: hemoglobinuria

hemolymph
DF: Bloodlike fluid of the hemocoel in open
circulatory systems of arthropods and most
molluscs.
ES: hemolinfa

hemolysis
DF: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different
causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria,
chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.
ES: hemlisis

hemolytic anemia
DF: A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells
(anemia) or insufficient hemoglobin due to
premature destruction of red blood cells
(erythrocytes).
ES: anemia hemoltica

hemolytic uremic syndrome
DF: A syndrome that is associated with
microvascular diseases of the kidney,
such as renal cortical necrosis. It is
characterized by hemolytic anemia;
thrombocytopenia; and acute renal failure.
ES: sndrome urmico hemoltico

hemophilia
DF: The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency
of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of
blood coagulation characterized by a
permanent tendency to hemorrhage.
245

ES: hemofilia

hemorrhage
DF: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.
ES: hemorragia

hemorrhagic enteritis
DF: An economically important disease of turkeys
caused by a type II aviadenovirus, hemorrhagic
enteritis virus (HEV).
ES: enteritis hemorrgica

hemosiderosis
DF: Condiciones en las que se presenta un aumento generalizado
en los depsitos de hierro de los tejidos del cuerpo,
particularmente del hgado y el sistema fagoctico
mononuclear, sin producirse un dao demostrable en los
tejidos. El nombre se refiere a la presencia de hierro
teible en el tejido en forma de hemosiderina.
ES: hemosiderosis

hemostasis
DF: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow
of blood from vessels carrying blood under
pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the
vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood
elements (eg erythrocyte aggregation),
and the process of blood coagulation.
ES: hemostasis

hens
DF: Adult female chickens.
ES: gallinas

hepatitis
DF: Inflammation of the liver.
ES: hepatitis

hepatitis A
DF: Inflammation of the liver in humans caused by a member of
the hepatovirus genus, human hepatitis A virus. It can be
transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.
ES: hepatitis A

hepatitis B
DF: Inflammation of the liver in humans caused by a member of
the orthohepadnavirus genus, Hepatitis B virus. It is
246

primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as
transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but
can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal
contact.
ES: hepatitis B

hepatitis C
DF: Inflammation of the liver in humans caused by Hepatitis C
virus, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period
is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by
contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated
with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a
significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C
infection is unknown.
ES: hepatitis C

hepatitis D
DF: Inflammation of the liver in humans caused by Hepatitis
delta virus, a defective RNA virus that can only infect
hepatitis B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis
delta virus requires the hepatitis B surface antigens
produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either
concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to
(superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to
hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral
exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or
blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or
intimate personal contact.
ES: hepatitis D

hepatitis E
DF: Acute inflammation of the liver in humans; caused by
Hepatitis E virus, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA
virus. Similar to hepatitits A, its incubation period is
15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by
fecal-oral transmission.
ES: hepatitis E

hepatoma
DF: A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells.
ES: hepatoma

hepatosomatic index
DF: The ratio of liver weight to total body weight; used as a
measure of the energy reserves of an animal, especially in
fish.
ES: ndice hepatosomtico

247

herbicide resistance
DF: The ability of a plant to survive, grow and complete its
normal life cycle after exposure to the application rate
typically used in agricultural systems. The resistance may
be due to natural processes or by genetic engineering.
ES: resistencia a herbicidas

herbicide safeners
DF: Chemicals that selectively protect crops against herbicide
injury.
ES: protectores contra herbicidas

herbicides
DF: Pesticides that kill weeds and other plants that grow where
they are not wanted.
ES: herbicidas

herd replacement rate
DF: The number of animals required to replace animals
that have left the herd during a defined period
(usually 12 months) expressed as a percentage of
the average herd size during the same period.
ES: tasa de reemplazo

heritability
DF: The degree of variation in a trait that is genetically
transmissible from parent to offspring.
ES: heredabilidad

hernia
DF: Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ
through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which
it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such
as the abdominal wall or the respiratory diaphragm.
ES: hernia

herpes simplex
DF: A group of acute infections caused by herpes
simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is
characterized by the development of one or more
small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised
erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane.
It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to
a reactivation of a latent infection.
ES: herpes simplex

herringbone milking parlors
248

DF: Raised, zigzag-designed milking stalls that allow the group
milking of several cows at one time in a pipeline milking
system.
ES: salas de ordeo con estructura de espina de pescado

heterochromatin
DF: The portion of chromosome material that remains
condensed and is transcriptionally inactive during
interphase.
ES: heterocromatina

heterokaryon
DF: Cell containing two or more nuclei from different
origins as a result of fusion.
ES: heterocarin

heterophils
DF: A granulocyte in birds that corresponds to the
neutrophil in man.
ES: heterfilos

heterosis
DF: The adaptive superiority of the heterozygous
genotype with respect to one or more characters in
comparison with the corresponding homozygote.
ES: heterosis

heteroskedasticity
DF: Nonconstancy of the standard deviations of a set of random
variables, most commonly expressed as differing
variabilities or measured as changes in variance.
ES: heteroscedasticidad

heterotrophs
DF: Organisms whose main source of nutrition is
complex organic matter. Contrast with autotrophs.
ES: hetertrofos

high-temperature short-time pasteurization
DF: The temperature and time combination for pasteurization of
milk and milk products. The minimum for milk is 161
degrees F for at least 15 seconds. Higher temperatures are
used in pasteurizing products of high solids content
because of the protection afforded bacteria by solids.
ES: pasteurizacin de tiempo breve a alta temperatura

249

high density lipoprotein cholesterol
DF: Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to high-density
lipoproteins (HDL), including cholesterol esters and free
cholesterol.
ES: colesterol de lipoprotena de alta densidad

High Plains (United States)
DF: The plateau region in the Southern Great Plains extending
from the southern border of South Dakota to the panhandle
of Texas.
ES: Altas Llanuras (Estados Unidos)

highly unsaturated fatty acids
DF: Polyunsaturated fatty acids containing 20 or more carbon
atoms in the carbon chain.
ES: cidos grasos altamente insaturados

hinnies
DF: The offspring of a stallion (male horse) and a
jennet (female ass).
ES: burdganos

hippocampus
DF: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire
length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral
ventricle.
ES: hipocampo

Hispaniola
DF: An island in the north central Caribbean Sea, east
of Cuba, divided between the republic of Haiti on
the west and the Dominican Republic on the east.
ES: La Espaola

histiocytosis
DF: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in
the blood.
ES: histiocitosis

histocompatibility antigens
DF: A group of antigens that includes both the major
and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former
are genetically determined by the major
histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue
type for transplantation and cause allograft
rejections. The latter are systems of allelic
alloantigens that can cause weak transplant
250

rejection.
ES: antgenos de histocompatibilidad

historic preservation
DF: The identification, rehabilitation, maintenance and
protection of historically important architecture,
buildings, sites, landmarks, landscapes or other cultural
objects.
ES: preservacin histrica

historic sites
DF: Any area, site, structure or landmark that has special
significance to the history, pre-history, architecture or
culture of a region, locality, community or nation.
ES: sitios histricos

HIV infections
DF: Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency
virus infections that range from asymptomatic
seropositivity, through AIDS-related complex
(ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS).
ES: infecciones por VIH

hog cholera
DF: A typically acute, highly contagious disease of pigs,
caused by the Classical swine fever virus. It has a sudden
onset with high morbidity and mortality, but can also occur
in chronic and subclinical forms. Symptoms include high
fever, anorexia, hemorrhage, and other digestive, nervous
and pulmonary symptoms, and infection may lead to
reproductive failure.
ES: clera porcino

hoggets
DF: Young sheep from weaning until its first shearing.
ES: moruecos

holomorphs
DF: A "perfect" fungus where both sexual and asexual
stages are known.
ES: holomorfos

home-based businesses
DF: A small business which is based in a residence and is owned
and operated by the resident of the home, although hired
employees may perform work and live elsewhere.
251

ES: empresas desde el domicilio

home health services
DF: Community health and nursing services providing coordinated
multiple services to the patient at the patient's homes.
These home-care services are provided by a visiting nurse,
home health agencies, hospitals, or organized community
groups using professional staff for care delivery.
ES: servicios de salud en el hogar

homeodomain proteins
DF: Proteins encoded by homeobox genes that exhibit
structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and
eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain
proteins are involved in the control of gene
expression during morphogenesis and development.
ES: protenas del homeodominio

homeotic genes
DF: Genes that encode highly conserved transcription
factors that control positional identity of cells
(body patterning) and morphogenesis throughout
development. Their sequences contain a 180
nucleotide sequence designated the homeobox,
so called because mutations of these genes often
results in homeotic transformations, in which one
body structure replaces another. The proteins
encoded by homeobox genes are called
homeodomain proteins.
ES: genes hometicos

homogenization
DF: The process of reducing the particle size in a fluid, so
that particles are dispersed throughout the fluid, giving
it a uniform consistency, e.g. milkfat in dairy products.
ES: homogeneizacin

homokaryon
DF: Cell with two or more identical nuclei as a result
of fusion.
ES: homocarin

horizontal resistance
DF: Host resistance that function equally against all
races of a pest or pathogen.
ES: resistencia horizontal

252

hormone agonists
DF: Chemical substances that have an affinity for and
stimulate physiologic activity at cell receptors
normally stimulated by naturally occurring
hormones, thus triggering a biochemical response.
ES: agonistas hormonales

hormone antagonists
DF: Chemical substances which inhibit the function of
the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their
secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon
their specific sites.
ES: antagonistas hormonales

hormones
DF: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory
effect on the activity of a certain organ or
organs. The term is applied to substances secreted
by various endocrine glands and transported in the
bloodstream to the target organs, and is also
extended to include those substances that are not
produced by the endocrine glands but that have
similar effects.
ES: hormonas

horse diseases
DF: Diseases of domestic and wild horses of the
species Equus caballus.
ES: enfermedades de los caballos

horsemanship
DF: Skill in riding and handling horses.
ES: destreza en la equitacin

horticulturists
DF: Persons educated in the science and art of cultivating
fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants.
ES: horticultores

host plants
DF: Plants which provide shelter, habitat, breeding
sites or serve as a food source as part of the
life cycle of another organism.
ES: plantas huspedes

host preferences
DF: The selection of a particular host species by a pest,
253

pathogen or parasite based on the host's capacity to
provide nutrition, shelter or otherwise support development.
ES: preferencias del hospedero

host range
DF: The variety of different host species that provide
nourishment, shelter or are otherwise associated with a
specific parasite or symbiont.
ES: rango del husped

household pests
DF: Pest species that are found in households, such as
roaches, fleas, bed bugs, rats, mice, etc.
ES: plagas domiciliarias

human development
DF: Physiological, psychological, and sociological
growth or maturation occurring throughout an
individual's lifetime.
ES: desarrollo humano

humane endpoints
DF: An early endpoint that, while accomplishing the
research objectives, is chosen to minimize or
terminate the pain or distress of the experimental
animals rather than waiting for their deaths as
the endpoint.
ES: puntos finales humanitarios

humeral fractures
DF: Fractures of the humerus.
ES: fracturas humerales

humid zones
DF: Regions where the average relative humidity is
high, and the precipitation is sufficient to
support forests.
ES: zonas hmedas

hybrid dysgenesis
DF: P element mediated transposition in the germ line,
first investigated in Drosophila, in which males
of certain strains (P strains) are mated to
females of another strain (M strain), producing
sterile offspring. nzm 9/10/01
ES: disgnesis hbrida
254

hybrids
DF: Heterozygous offspring of two genetically
different parents.
ES: hbridos

hydraulic structures
DF: A manmade structure that serves the purpose of
diverting, restricting, stopping, or otherwise
controlling the natural flow of water.
ES: estructuras hidrulicas

hydric soils
DF: Soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding
or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop
anaerobic conditions in the upper part.
DS: Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA
ES: suelos hdricos

hydrodynamic dispersion
DF: The spread of solutes, colloids, particulate
matter, or heat by the combined processes of
diffusion and physical mixing of fluids along the
path of groundwater flow.
ES: dispersin hidrodinmica

hydrodynamics
DF: The branch of the science of mechanics that deals
with the motion of fluids and the forces acting on
solids immersed in fluids.
ES: hidrodinmica

hydrogen fuel cells
DF: An electrochemical device in which electrons released from
the oxidation of hydrogen gas as the source fuel produce an
electric current.
ES: celdas de combustible de hidrgeno

hydrometers
DF: Measuring instruments to determine the specific
gravity of liquids or solutions.
ES: hidrmetros

hydroperoxides
DF: Chemical derivatives of hydrogen peroxide in which one
hydrogen atom is replaced by an organyl group.
ES: hidroperxidos
255

hydrophobic bonding
DF: Interaction resulting by the exclusion of nonpolar
residues from water. It is an important
determinant of protein conformation and of lipid
structures.
ES: enlace hidrofbico

hydroponics
DF: The growing of plants in a soilless environment where
nutrients are provided by the application of nutrient
solutions.
ES: cultivos hidropnicos

hydroxyl radicals
DF: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent
oxidizing agent.
ES: radicales hidroxilo

hygromycin B
DF: Aminoglycoside produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It
is used as an anthelmintic against swine infections by
large roundworms, nodular worms, and whipworms.
ES: higromicina B

hyperaccumulators
DF: Plants with the ability to accumulate high
concentrations of heavy metals without toxic
effects and are used in phytoremediation of
contaminated soils.
ES: hiperacumuladoras

hyperbilirubinemia
DF: A condition characterized by an abnormal
increase in the amount of bilirubin in the
blood, which may result in jaundice.
Bilirubin, a breakdown product of heme,
is normally excreted in the bile or further
catabolized before excretion in the urine.
ES: hiperbilirubinemia

hypercholesterolemia
DF: A condition with abnormally high levels of cholesterol in
the blood.
ES: hipercolesterolemia

hyperhydricity
256

DF: A physiological disorder occurring in plant tissue
cultures characterized by high water retention
capacity due to adverse culture conditions.
ES: hiperhidricidad

hyperlipidemia
DF: Conditions with excess lipids in the blood.
ES: hiperlipidemia

hyperlipoproteinemia
DF: Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of lipoproteins
in the blood.
ES: hiperlipoproteinemia

hyperparasitism
DF: Parasitism in which a secondary parasite
parasitizes a previously existing (primary)
parasite in a host.
ES: hiperparasitismo

hyperplasia
DF: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or
organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from
hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without
an increase in the number of cells.
ES: hiperplasia

hypersensitive response
DF: A specific reaction of a plant to invading
pathogens, parasites or pests by the production of
biochemicals (e.g. phenolic compounds,
phytoalexins) to prevent further spread of the
invading organism. It is characterized by
necrosis and cell death.
ES: respuesta hipersensible

hypersensitivity
DF: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result
in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure
to that particular antigen.
ES: hipersensibilidad

hypertension
DF: Hypertension is persistently high arterial blood
pressure and may have no known cause or be
associated with other diseases. Hypertension is
considered a risk factor for the development of
257

heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke
and kidney disease.
ES: hipertensin

hyperthyroidism
DF: Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland.
Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase basal
metabolic rate.
ES: hipertiroidismo

hypertrophy
DF: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, due to
cell enlargement and accumulation of fluids and
secretions, not due to tumor formation, nor to
an increase in the number of cells (hyperplasia).
ES: hipertrofia

hyperuricemia
DF: Excessive uric acid or urate in blood as defined by its
solubility in plasma at 37C; greater than 0.42 mmol per
liter (7.0 mg/dL) in men or 0.36 mmol per liter (6.0 mg/dL)
in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of
uric acid or impaired renal clearance.
ES: hiperuricemia

hypervitaminosis
DF: A symptom complex resulting from ingesting excessive
amounts of vitamin.
ES: hipervitaminosis

hypervitaminosis A
DF: A symptom complex resulting from ingesting excessive
amounts of vitamin A.
ES: hipervitaminosis A

hypervitaminosis D
DF: Hypervitaminosis D is a condition that occurs after taking
very high doses of vitamin D. An excess of vitamin D causes
abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood. This can
severely damage the bones, soft tissues, and kidneys over
time. It is almost always caused by forms of vitamin D that
need a doctor's prescription.
DS: MedlinePlus
ES: hipervitaminosis D

hypervitaminosis E
DF: A symptom caused by ingesting excessive amounts of vitamin
E.
258

ES: hipervitaminosis E

hypocholesterolemia
DF: A condition in which the cholesterol levels in the
blood are abnormally low.
ES: hipocolesterolemia

hypolipoproteinemia
DF: Conditions with abnormally low levels of
lipoproteins in the blood.
ES: hipolipoproteinemia

hypotension
DF: Abnormally low blood pressure that can result in inadequate
blood flow to the brain and other vital organs.
ES: hipotensin

hypothalamic hormones
DF: Peptide hormones produced by neurons of various regions in
the hypothalamus. They are released into the pituitary
portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit pituitary gland
functions.
ES: hormonas hipotalmicas

hypothermia
DF: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in
warm-blooded animals.
ES: hipotermia

hypoxia
DF: Relatively complete absence of oxygen in one or more
tissues.
ES: hipoxia

hysteroscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior
of the uterus.
ES: histeroscopia

259

I

iatrogenic disorders
DF: Any adverse condition in a patient occurring as
the result of treatment by a physician, surgeon,
or other health professional, especially
infections acquired by the patient during the
course of treatment.
ES: enfermedades iatrognicas

ice milk
DF: Ice milk is similar to ice cream but it contains less milk
fat (2-5 % vs. 10%) and milk solids(11-14%) and has a
lighter, less creamy texture.
ES: helado de leche

ichthyoplankton
DF: The free-floating component of zooplankton that includes
fish eggs, fry, and larvae.
ES: ictioplancton

idarubicin
DF: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The
compound has shown activity against breast cancer,
lymphomas and leukemias, together with the potential for
reduced cardiac toxicity.
ES: idarubicina

ideal body weight
DF: The body weight required to maintain a state of
overall health. Often defined as Body Mass Index
values between 18.5 and 24.9.
ES: peso corporal ideal

idiopathic diseases
DF: Diseases and disorders of unknown or inapparent cause.
ES: enfermedades idiopticas

image analysis
DF: The extraction of useful information from images.
ES: anlisis de la imagen

imino sugars
DF: Sugars in which the oxygen is replaced by a nitrogen atom.
This substitution prevents normal metabolism resulting in
inhibition of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases.
260

ES: iminoazcares

imitation foods
DF: Products consisting of regular foods and/or chemical
formulations that may be used in place of the foods they
imitate. Often imitation foods are used by consumers for
health or economic reasons.
ES: alimentos sintticos

immigration
DF: The movement of an organism from its native area to a
nonnative area.
ES: inmigracin

immiscible displacement
DF: The simultaneous movement of two or more
immiscible fluids in porous media.
ES: desplazamiento inmiscible

immunization
DF: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune
response. Active immunization involves
administration of antigens or immunologic
adjuvants. Passive immunization involves
administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or
their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA)
or transplantation of immunocompetent cell
producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).
ES: inmunizacin

immunocompetence
DF: The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral
or cellular immune response when challenged by
antigen.
ES: inmunocompetencia

immunocompromised population
DF: A population of individuals with a weakened immune system,
making them susceptible to illness or infection.
ES: poblacin inmunocomprometida

immunocontraception
DF: Contraceptive methods based on immunological processes and
techniques, such as the use of contraceptive vaccines.
ES: inmunoanticoncepcin

immunogenetics
261

DF: A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic
basis of the immune response (immunity).
ES: inmunogentica

immunologic diseases
DF: Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic
mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated or
both.
ES: enfermedades inmunolgicas

immunologic factors
DF: Biologically active substances whose activities
affect or play a role in the functioning of the
immune system.
ES: factores inmunolgicos

immunomodulation
DF: Alteration of the immune system or of an immune response by
agents that activate or suppress its function. This can
include immunization or administration of immunomodulatory
drugs. Immunomodulation can also encompass non-therapeutic
alteration of the immune system effected by endogenous or
exogenous substances.
ES: inmunomodulacin

immunomodulators
DF: Substances that augment, stimulate, activate,
potentiate, or modulate the immune response at
either the cellular or humoral level.
ES: inmunomoduladores

immunosuppression (physiological)
DF: The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to
make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from
previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically
immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult
exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by
exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic
serum, etc.
ES: inmunosupresin (fisiolgica)

immunosuppression (therapy)
DF: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's
immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the
administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs
or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be
specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous
administration of antigen and immunosuppressive
262

drugs.
ES: inmunosupresin (terapia)

import quotas
DF: A quantitative limit placed on the importation of specific
commodities.
ES: cuotas de importacin

imprinting behavior
DF: Rapid learning or behavioral patterning that
occurs at critical points in very early stages of
animal development, by which young individuals of
a species acquire irreversible behavior patterns
of that species.
ES: comportamiento de impronta

impulse control disorders
DF: Disorders whose essential features are the failure to
resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act
that is harmful to the individual or to others.
ES: trastornos del control de impulsos

in situ hybridization
DF: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid
sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic
cells, or bacterial cells through the use of
specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.
ES: hibridacin in situ

in vitro fertilization
DF: A laboratory method where ova are placed in a
medium to which spermatozoa are added for
fertilization. The zygote(s) produced are
introduced into a uterus for development.
ES: fertilizacin in vitro

inactivated vaccines
DF: Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic
acid components have been destroyed by chemical or
physical treatment (e.g., formalin,
beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without
affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of
the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane
proteins.
ES: vacunas de productos inactivados

inbreeding
263

DF: The mating of plants or non-human animals which
are closely related genetically.
ES: endogamia

inbreeding coefficient
DF: When parents are genetically related, the
probability of homozygosity occurring because the
individual has inherited the same ancestral gene
from both its parents.
ES: coeficiente de consanguinidad

incidence
DF: The rate at which a new event occurs at a given time.
ES: incidencia

income elasticities
DF: Relationships between the amount of goods demanded as
income grows (= % change in quantity / % change in income).
ES: elasticidad del ingreso

incubation period
DF: The time from the moment of inoculation (exposure
to the infecting organism) to the appearance of
clinical manifestations of a particular infectious
disease.
ES: perodo de incubacin

indeterminate growth
DF: Plant growth that continues at the apex, or tip,
such as the continued flower development in
indeterminate inflorescences.
ES: crecimiento indeterminado

indicator species
DF: Species that occur only in areas with a particular set of
environmental conditions, so that changes in their
population distribution or condition mirror changes in
environmental conditions and the overall health of that
ecosystem.
ES: especies indicadoras

indigenous peoples
DF: People native to a particular area.
ES: pueblos indgenas

indigenous species
264

DF: Species that are native or naturally belonging to a
particular geographic area or environment. Contrast
introduced species.
ES: especies nativas

indirect contact
DF: A mode of exposure to a biological, chemical or physical
agent involving vectors or fomites.
ES: contacto indirecto

industrial crops
DF: Those crops that are not specifically grown for foodstuffs
(such as fruit crops, vegetable crops and grain crops), but
are specifically grown to yield a useful product for man or
industrial processes, such as fiber, oils, rubber,
chemicals, resions, energy, waxes, or dyes.
ES: cultivos industriales

industrial ecology
DF: The systematic study of material and energy flows in
products, industrial processes, and economies focusing on
the interaction of industrial systems and the ecological
systems of which they are a part.
ES: ecologa industrial

industrial food service
DF: restaurants, snack bars, cafes, etc. located at
places of business for use, primarily, by their
employees.
ES: servicio alimentario industrial

inedible offal
DF: Animal byproducts primarily from meat and poultry plants,
including blood, bone, feathers and viscera.
ES: residuos no comestibles

infarction
DF: Formation of an infarct, which is necrosis in tissue due to
local ischemia resulting from obstruction of blood
circulation, most commonly by a thrombus or embolus.
ES: infarto

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
DF: A herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by
inflammation and necrosis of the mucous membranes
of the upper respiratory tract.
265

ES: rinotraqueitis infecciosa bovina

Infectious bronchitis virus
DF: A species of Coronavirus causing infections in
chickens and possibly pheasants. Chicks up to 4
weeks old are the most severely affected.
ES: Infectious bronchitis virus

Infectious bursal disease virus
DF: A species of Avibirnavirus causing severe
inflammation of the bursa of Fabricius in chickens
and other fowl. Transmission is thought to be
through contaminated feed or water. Vaccines have
been used with varying degrees of success.
ES: Infectious bursal disease virus

infectious canine hepatitis
DF: A contagious disease caused by canine adenovirus
infecting the liver, the eye, the kidney, and other
organs in dogs, other canids, and bears.
Symptoms include fever; edema; vomiting; and
diarrhea.
ES: hepatitis infecciosa canina

inferior vena cava
DF: The venous trunk which receives blood from the lower
extremities and from the pelvic and abdominal organs.
ES: vena cava inferior

inflammation
DF: A pathological process characterized by injury or
destruction of tissues caused by a variety of
cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually
manifested by typical signs of pain, heat,
redness, swelling, and loss of function.
ES: inflamacin

inflation
DF: An increase in the general price level of an economy.
Inflation occurs when the quantity of money in circulation
rises relative to the quantity of goods and services
offered. The result is "too much money chasing too few
goods," and prices are bid up. At high rates of inflation,
people tend to lose confidence in money, and the quantity
of money in circulation increases relative to expenditures
in current prices as people tend to hold (hoard) goods
rather than money. Inflation is associated with a rise in
gross national expenditure at current prices that is
greater than the increase in the real supply of goods and
266

services available.
DS: World Bank-IICA Glossary: Annotated Glossary of Terms Used
in the Economic Analysis of Agricultural Projects
ES: inflacin

influenza
DF: An acute, contagious viral infection caused by
Orthomyxvoviridae and characterized by inflammation of the
respiratory tract and fever.
ES: influenza

information
DF: Data in a context which gives it meaning; any
statement or estimate of fact or opinion,
regardless of form or format ... includes data,
text, spreadsheets, graphics, pictures, voice and
video.
DS: Information Technology Glossary, USDA
ES: informacin

information management
DF: A set of activities with the goal of providing
information, services, and facilities ...presented
in the form that best meets user needs.
ES: gestin de la informacin

information technology
DF: Any equipment or interconnected system that is
used in the automatic acquistion, storage,
manipulation, movement, control, display,
interchange, transmission, routing or reception of
data or information, including computers,
ancillary equipment, system software, support
services, and related resources.
ES: tecnologa de informacin

information transparency
DF: The presentation of information so that it is openly
available, accessible, comprehensive and clearly
understandable.
ES: transparencia de la informacin

infrastructure
DF: The basic facilities, services, and structures
needed for the functioning of a community, country
or area, including public transportation and
roads, telecommunications systems, public water
systems, power lines, and public institutions
including schools, post offices, and prisons.
267

ES: infraestructura

ingestion
DF: The act of taking food, beverages or other
substances into the body by mouth.
ES: ingestin

inhalation exposure
DF: Contact between a physical, chemical or biological
agent and an organism through the respiratory
system.
ES: exposicin por inhalacin

inhibin
DF: Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary follicle stimulating
hormone secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the
Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of
the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues.
ES: inhibina

inhibitory concentration 50
DF: The concentration of a compound needed to reduce population
growth of organisms, including eukaryotic cells, by 50% in
vitro. Though often expressed to denote in vitro
antibacterial activity, it is also used as a benchmark for
cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells in culture.
ES: concentracin inhibitoria 50

inoculation methods
DF: Various methods of applying microorganisms so that they
will survive and grow on the chosen substrate. Includes
the various methods of introducing a pathogen or beneficial
organism to plant parts (roots, stems, leaves, flowers),
soil, seed or culture media.
ES: mtodos de inoculacin

inoculum
DF: Collective term for microorganisms or their parts
(spores, mycelial fragments, etc.) which are
capable of infection or symbiosis when transferred
to a host. Term is also used for the symbiotic or
pathogenic microorganisms that are transferred for
culture.
ES: inculo

inquilinism
DF: A commensal relationship in which the inquiline
species acts as a social parasite of the host
268

species, often living in the nest or depositing
eggs in galls formed by other insects.
ES: inquilinismo

insect models
DF: Insects in which a biological phenomenon that
resembles the same phenomenon in other insects or
other species is investigated.
ES: modelos de insecto

insect sociobiology
DF: includes all aspects of communication and social
organization of insects.
ES: sociobiologa de los insectos

insect viruses
DF: viruses that infect insect hosts.
ES: virus de los insectos

insecticides
DF: Pesticides that kill insects.
ES: insecticidas

insertional mutagenesis
DF: Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the
introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene
or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously
in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro.
Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a
cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt genetic translation
of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition
of regulatory elements and cause unregulated
expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in
tumor formation.
ES: mutagnesis insercional

instant foods
DF: Foods in dried form that are ready to eat with the
addition of water.
ES: alimentos instantneos

instrumentation
DF: The use of instruments, devices, apparatus or other
equipment for measurement, analysis, monitoring or control.
ES: instrumentacin

269

insulin
DF: A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays
a major role in the regulation of glucose
metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous
glucose production (glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis) and
indirectly by suppressing glucagon secretion and
lipolysis.
ES: insulina

insulin resistance
DF: A reduced ability of the body's cells to respond
to insulin. Incidence is increased with various
conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity,
uremia, etc.
ES: resistencia a la insulina

integrated pest management
DF: A pest management strategy using a systematic approach in
which pest populations are monitored to determine if and
when control methods are required. Integrated pest
management (IPM) uses biological, chemical, physical,
cultural and/or genetic control methods in order to
minimize pesticide use, reduce production costs, and
protect the environment.
ES: manejo integrado de plagas

intensive farming
DF: A system of raising crops and animals, usually on small
parcels of land, where a comparatively large amount of
production inputs or labor are used per acre. Compare
extensive farming.
ES: agricultura intensiva

intensive forestry
DF: Utilization of a wide variety of forest management and
silvicultural techniques in order to maximize the
productivity of a unit of forest area.
ES: silvicultura intensiva

Interagency Risk Assessment Consortium
DF: An association of representatives from federal agencies,
institutes and centers who collectively work to further
research, coordination, and communication in the area of
food safety risk assessment.
ES: Consorcio Interagencia de la Evaluacin de Riesgo

intercropping
DF: The growing of two or more different species of
270

crops simultaneously, as in alternate rows in the
same field or single tract of land.
ES: cultivo intercalar

interest (finance)
DF: The fee paid for the use of borrowed money,
usually a percentage of the amount loaned.
ES: inters (finanzas)

interferon-alpha
DF: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood
leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to
antiviral activity, it activates natural killer cells and
B-lymphocytes, and down-regulates vascular endothelial
growth factor expression through PI-3 kinase and MAPK
kinases signaling pathways.
ES: interfern-alfa

interferon-beta
DF: One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in
response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by
double-stranded RNA. It is a cytokine with antiviral,
antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity.
ES: interfern-beta

interferon-gamma
DF: The major interferon produced by mitogenically or
antigenically stimulated lymphocytes. It is structurally
different from Type I interferon and its major activity is
immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression
of class II histocompatibility antigens in cells that do
not normally produce them, leading to autoimmune diseases.
ES: interfern-gamma

interferons
DF: Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response
to a wide variety of inducers. They confer
resistance against many different viruses, inhibit
proliferation of normal and malignant cells,
impede multiplication of intracellular parasites,
enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis,
augment natural killer cell activity, and show
several other immunomodulatory functions.
ES: interferones

intergenic DNA
DF: Any of the DNA in between gene-coding DNA, including
untranslated regions, 5 and 3 flanking regions, introns,
271

non-functional pseudogenes, and non-functional repetitive
sequences. This DNA may or may not encode regulatory
functions.
ES: ADN intergnicas

interior design
DF: The practice of planning the design of interior
spaces, including the arrangement of furnishings
and other decorative elements.
ES: decoracin de interiores

intermediate filament proteins
DF: Filaments 7-11 nm in diameter found in the cytoplasm of all
cells. Many specific proteins belong to this group, e.g.,
desmin, vimentin, prekeratin, decamin, skeletin,
neurofilin, neurofilament protein, and glial fibrillary
acid protein.
ES: protenas de los filamentos intermediarios

intermediate filaments
DF: Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter
(about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments
and the microtubules. They may be composed of any
of a number of different proteins and form a ring
around the cell nucleus.
ES: filamentos intermedios

Intermountain West region
DF: The inland area from the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra
Nevada and Cascades mountains and from southern Canada to
northern New Mexico and Arizona.
ES: Regin de las montaas del oeste de Estados Unidos

internal transcribed spacers
DF: A sequence region of non-functional RNA located between
structural ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) on a precursor messenger
RNA.
ES: espaciadores transcritos internos

Internet
DF: A loose confederation of computer communication
networks around the world. The networks that make
up the Internet are connected through several
backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US
Government ARPAnet project and was designed to
facilitate information exchange.
ES: Internet
272

interneurons
DF: small neuron interposed between afferent and
efferent neurons or between any two neurons.
ES: interneuronas

interrow tillage
DF: Tillage between the rows of growing plants
ES: labranza entre filas

interspecies dose conversion
DF: The process of extrapolating from animal doses to human
equivalent doses.
ES: conversin de dosis interespecfica

intestinal mucosa
DF: The epithelial membrane that lines the
intestines, producing mucus at its free border.
ES: mucosa intestinal

intracytoplasmic sperm injection
DF: An assisted fertilization technique consisting of the
microinjection of a single viable sperm into an extracted
ovum.
ES: inyeccin intracitoplasmtica de espermatozoides

introduced species
DF: Species that were intentionally or unintentionally brought
by humans into a new geographic area or environment which
is outside of their native range. Contrast indigenous
species.
ES: especies introducidas

introgression
DF: The incorporation of genes of one species, which
is not completely reproductively isolated, into
the gene pool of another by interspecific
hybridization and backcrossing to the parental
species. Natural introgression is rare and
hybrids are less well adapted than the parental
species.
ES: introgresin

invasive species
DF: Invasive species are those plants, animals, and
microbes not native to a region which, when
introduced either accidentally or intentionally,
273

cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human
health. See Executive Order 13112 (February 1999).
ES: especies invasivas

inventories
DF: Supplies of raw materials, finished goods, or goods in
process that are held by an enterprise. Inventories
sometimes include spare parts for machinery and equipment.
ES: inventarios

invertebrate viruses
DF: viruses that infect invertebrate hosts.
ES: virus de los invertebrados

iodide peroxidase
DF: A hemeprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of the iodide
radical to iodine with the subsequent iodination of many
organic compounds, particularly proteins.
ES: yoduro peroxidasa

iodine value
DF: In rendering, a measure of the chemical unsaturation of the
fat expressed as the number of grams of iodine absorbed by
100 grams of fat sample.
ES: ndice de yodo

ion channels
DF: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes.
The stimulus for ion channel gating can be due to a variety
of stimuli such as ligands, a transmembrane potential
difference, mechanical deformation or through intracellular
signalling peptides and proteins.
ES: canales inicos

ion exchange
the ion exchange resins, and a fluid whereby ions may be
exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is
used in water purification, in research, and in industry.
ES: intercambio de iones

ion exchange chromatography
DF: Separation technique in which the stationary phase
consists of ion exchange resins. The resins
contain loosely held small ions that easily
exchange places with other small ions of like
274

charge present in solutions washed over the
resins.
ES: cromatografa de intercambio de iones

ionophores
DF: Chemical agents that increase the permeability of
biological or artificial lipid membranes to
specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively
small organic molecules that act as mobile
carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion
permeable channels across membranes.
ES: ionforos

Ireland
DF: An island surrounded by the North Atlantic, Irish
and Celtic Seas, comprised of Northern Ireland
(part of the United Kingdom) in the northwest
part of the island, and the Irish Republic in the
remaining area.
ES: Irlanda

Iridovirus
DF: A genus of Iridoviridae comprising small
iridescent insect viruses. The infected larvae and
purified virus pellets exhibit a blue to purple
iridescence.
ES: Iridovirus

iron overload
DF: An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a
greater than normal absorption of iron from the
gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This
may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron
intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory
anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis.
ES: exceso de hierro

irrigation
DF: Application of water to soil for the purpose of
plant production.
ES: irrigacin

ischemia
DF: A hypoperfusion of the blood through an organ or tissue
caused by a pathologic constriction or obstruction of its
blood vessels, or an absence of blood circulation.
ES: isquemia
275

islets of Langerhans
DF: Irregular microscopic structures, consisting of cords of
endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas
among the exocrine acini. There are four major cell types.
The most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete insulin.
Alpha cells (5-20%) secrete glucagon. PP cells (10-35%)
secrete pancreatic polypeptide. Delta cells (~5%) secrete
somatostatin.
ES: islotes de Langerhans

isoelectric focusing
DF: Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a
gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site
(or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric
point.
ES: enfoque isoelctrico

isoelectric point
DF: The pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at
which the dipolar ions are at a maximum.
ES: punto isoelctrico

isogenic lines
DF: Lines which differ genetically at only one or a
few loci. Homozygous lines, clones, and identical
twins are genetically identical at all loci.
ES: lneas isognicas

isomaltulose
DF: A reducing disaccharide and isomer of sucrose composed of
one glucose and one fructose moiety via an
alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkage.
ES: isomaltulosa

isozymes
DF: Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each
isoenzyme has the same mechanism and
classification, but differs in its chemical,
physical, or immunological characteristics.
ES: isozimas

276

J

jackfruits
DF: Resembling breadfruits, jackfruits are much larger
and can weigh up to 100 pounds. It is usually
boiled, tastes like potato, and is eaten as a
vegetable in South Pacific and Malaysian cuisines.
ES: fruta del pobre

jaundice
DF: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia,
characterized by yellowish staining of the skin;
mucous membrane; and sclera. Clinical jaundice
usually is a sign of liver dysfunction.
ES: ictericia

jerky
DF: Thin pieces of cooked and dried meat. Jerky is
traditionally dried in the sun and may be smoked and/or
marinated for flavor.
ES: charqui

Jews
DF: People who practice Judaism and/or identify their ethnic
identity or ancestry as Jewish.
ES: los judos

josamycin
DF: A macrolide antibiotic from Streptomyces narbonensis. The
drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of
pathogens.
ES: josamicina

jurisprudence
DF: The science, philosophy, and knowledge of law,
rights, and customs of a locality so that justice
can be administered.
ES: jurisprudencia

juvenile delinquency
DF: Behavior of children or adolescents which is
criminal (violation of the law) or characterized
by antisocial behavior which is subject to legal
action.
ES: delincuencia juvenil

juvenile wood
277

DF: Inner core of xylem surrounding the pith. The
cells are smaller and less structurally developed
than those of the outer xylem. The time during
which juvenile wood is formed is termed the
juvenile phase.
ES: madera joven

278

K

kallikreins
DF: Proteolytic enzymes from the serine endopeptidase
family found in normal blood and urine.
Specifically, kallikreins are potent vasodilators
and hypotensives and increase vascular
permeability and affect smooth muscle.
ES: calicrenas

kanamycin
DF: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus
from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A,
the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor
components.
ES: kanamicina

karyotyping
DF: Mapping of the full chromosome set of the nucleus
of a cell.
ES: elaboracin del cariotipo

kefir
DF: A sour brew of fermented milk with the consistency
of liquid yogurt, which may contain 2 1/2 percent
alcohol.
ES: kfir

keratinosomes
DF: Secretory organelles found in the cytoplasm of
keratinocytes and some pneumocytes.
ES: queratinosomas

keratoconjunctivitis
DF: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and
conjunctiva.
ES: queratoconjuntivitis

ketone bodies
DF: Chemical substances such as diacetic acid,
hydroxybutryric acid and acetone, which are
produced in the liver of animals. Excessive
amounts in the body result in ketosis.
Elimination of ketones in urine is called
ketonuria.
ES: cuerpos cetnicos

279

ketosis
DF: A metabolic disease characterized by an elevated
concentration of ketone bodies in body tissues and
fluids.
ES: cetosis

kidding rate
DF: The number of nannygoats that kid divided by the number
mated, as pertaining to the flock and not the number of
matings for an individual.
ES: tasa de partos en ganado caprino

kidney transplant
DF: The transference of a kidney from one human or
animal to another.
ES: transplante de rin

kimchi
DF: A Korean dish made of pungent, pickled cabbage.
ES: kimchi

kin recognition
DF: The discrimination behavior exhibited by animals towards
other animals which are genetically related, often relying
on chemical signals.
ES: reconocimiento de los parientes

kindergarten
DF: The first year of formal education for children usually
between 4 and 6 years of age, preparing them for first
grade in elementary school.
ES: jardn de nios

kinematics
DF: A branch of mechanics that deals with motion (of
an object) without concern for mass or the forces
that cause the motion.
ES: cinemtica

kinesin
DF: A microtubule-associated mechanical adenosine
triphosphatase, that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to
move organelles along microtubules toward the plus end of
the microtubule.
ES: kinesin

280

kinetochores
DF: Large multiprotein complexes that bind the
centromeres of the chromosomes to the microtubules
of the mitotic spindle during metaphase in the
cell cycle.
ES: cinetocoros

kitasamycin
DF: A macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces
kitasatoensis. The drug has antimicrobial activity against
a wide spectrum of pathogens.
ES: kitasamicina

kitchen waste
DF: Food items left over from food preparation, cooking and
serving in home or food service kitchens. These include
peels, rinds, husks, meat scraps, bones, shells, etc. as
well as leftover food from consumers' plates.
ES: desechos de cocinera

kraft pulping
DF: Kraft pulping involves cooking (digesting) wood
chips in an alkaline solution (sodium hydroxide,
hydrosulfide, and sodium sulfide) for several
hours during which time the chemicals attack the
lignin in the wood. The dissolved lignin is later
removed leaving behind the cellulose fibres.
Unbleached kraft pulp is dark brown in colour, so
before it can be used in many papermaking
applications it must undergo a series of bleaching
processes.
ES: elaboracin de pulpa kraft

kriging
DF: A complex function that looks at the existing spatial
distribution of an element in several locations to derive a
prediction of the spatial distribution of that same element
in new or unobserved spaces.
ES: krigeage

kuru
DF: A prion disease found exclusively among the Fore
linguistic group natives of the highlands of New Guinea.
It is marked by the subacute onset of tremor and ataxia
followed by motor weakness and incontinence. The condition
is associated with ritual cannibalism, and has become rare
since this practice has been discontinued. Pathologic
features
include a noninflammatory loss of neurons that is most
281

prominent in the cerebellum, glial proliferation, and
amyloid plaques.
ES: kuru

kwashiorkor
DF: A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency,
usually in children, characterized by retarded
growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema,
and pathologic changes in the liver.
ES: kwashiorkor

282

L

La Nina
DF: La Nia, a phase of El Nio-Southern Oscillation, is a
periodic cooling of surface ocean waters in the eastern
tropical Pacific along with a shift in convection in the
western Pacific further west than the climatological
average. These conditions affect weather patterns around
the world.
DS: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
ES: La Nia

labor force
DF: Employed persons and those looking for work.
ES: mano de obra

labor market
DF: Factors affecting the supply of and demand for
workers.
ES: mercado laboral

labor productivity
DF: Output per unit of labor input.
ES: productividad en el trabajo

labor unions
DF: Association of workers formed for the purpose of
collective bargaining with employers for the
benefit of the workers, such as wages, working
conditions, etc.
ES: sindicatos de trabajadores

laboratory rearing
DF: Rearing in the laboratory environment.
ES: laboratorio de cra

Laburnocytisus
DF: Graft chimera of Chamaecytisus and Laburnum.
ES: Laburnocytisus

lacerations
DF: Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.
ES: laceraciones

lactation
DF: The processes of milk secretion by the maternal mammary
glands after parturition. The proliferation of the mammary
283

glandular tissue, milk synthesis, and milk expulsion or let
down are regulated by the interactions of several hormones
including estradiol; progesterone; prolactin; and oxytocin.
ES: lactacin

lactic fermentation
DF: Fermentation carried out by lactic acid bacteria
in which sugar is converted either entirely, or
almost entirely, to lactic acid or to a mixture of
lactic acid and other products.
ES: fermentacin lctica

lactose
DF: A disaccharide of glucose and galactose unique to milk.
ES: lactosa

lacustrine sediments
DF: Materials deposited in lake water and later
exposed through the water level lowering or the
land uplifting.
ES: sedimento lacustre

lacustrine soils
DF: Soils formed on or from lacustrine deposits, i.e.
material deposited in lake water and later
exposed.
ES: suelos lacustre

lairage
DF: Temporary holding pens for farm animals to rest during
transit to slaughterhouses, docks, or markets; lairage
functions to permit animals to recover from transport
stress.
ES: estabulacin

lambing rate
DF: The number of ewes that lamb divided by the number of ewes
mated, usually pertaining to the flock and not the number
of matings for an individual.
ES: tasa de partos en ganado ovino

laminae (animals)
DF: A thin strata or platelike structure, as one of
the layers of sensitive vascular tissue between
the bone and horn in the hoof of a horse.
ES: laminillas (animales)
284

laminar flow
DF: Uninterrupted flow of a gas or liquid in which the
velocity at any point is relatively steady, as
over or past a smooth surface. Cf. turbulent
flow.
ES: flujo laminar

laminated veneer lumber
DF: An engineered wood product created by paralled
lamination of veneers glued under heat and
pressure with the grain of each veneer running
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the billet.
ES: madera de chapas laminadas

lampante olive oil
DF: A nonedible oil derived from olive fruit and is used for
industrial purposes.
ES: aceite de oliva lampante

land cover
DF: The physical materials characterizing the surface of land.
These include trees, grasses or other vegetation, rocks as
well as human-modified structures. Land cover is often
observed by remote sensing technology.
ES: cobertura de la tierra

Land Grant universities
DF: The term used to identify a public university in each state
that was originally established as a land grant college of
agriculture pursuant to the Morrill Act of 1862. In most
states the original agricultural colleges grew over time
into full-fledged public universities by adding other
colleges (e.g., arts and sciences, medicine, law, etc.); in
states where a public university existed prior to 1862, the
first Morrill Act resulted in a college of agriculture
being added to the university.
Edition.
ES: universidades Land Grant

land retirement
DF: The process of taking agricultural land out of
production.
ES: retiro de tierras

land transportation
DF: Transport of people and goods by land vehicles.
285

ES: transporte terrestre

landforms
DF: Natural surface features of the earth.
ES: accidentes geogrficos

landraces
DF: Traditional crop cultivars or animal breeds with
enough genetic integrity to be morphologically
identifiable that evolved with or have been
genetically improved by traditional
agriculturalists.
ES: razas nativas

Landsat
DF: The Landsat Program is the longest running
enterprise for acquisition of imagery of the earth
from space. The first Landsat satellite was
launched in 1972.
DS: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
ES: Landsat

landscape management
DF: The application of management principles to conserve,
protect, enhance and restore landscape resources impacted
by natural events and anthropogenic activities.
ES: manejo del paisaje

landscapes
DF: The characteristics that distinguish a certain geographic
area including its physical environment, biological
composition, and anthropogenic activities.
ES: paisajes

landscaping
DF: The design and installation of plant materials
(including turf) and architectural elements.
ES: paisajismo

laparoscopy
DF: A procedure in which a laparoscope is inserted
through a small incision near the navel to examine
the abdominal and pelvic organs in the peritoneal
cavity. If appropriate, biopsy or surgery can be
performed during laparoscopy.
ES: laparoscopa

286

laparotomy
DF: technique of surgical incision of abdominal wall
at any point; usually exploratory
ES: laparotoma

Lapland
DF: A region of extreme northern Europe including
northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. It
is largely within the Arctic Circle.
ES: Laponia

lard
DF: Rendered fat derived from swine. Its composition,
characteristics and consistency vary according to the
feeding regime.
ES: manteca de cerdo

larvicides
DF: Chemical agents that kill the larval stage of a
pest or parasite.
ES: larvicidas

laryngoscopy
DF: Examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the
larynx performed with a specially designed endoscope.
ES: laringoscopia

lasalocid
DF: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces
lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the
calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a
coccidiostat, especially in poultry.
ES: lasalocida

latent period
DF: The time that elapses between exposure to an
injurious agent and the manifestation of response.
ES: perdo latente

lateral move irrigation
DF: A sprinkler irrigation system suited to small or
rectangular fields, with a wheeled mechanism for moving the
irrigation towers or pipes from one end to the opposite end
of the field.
ES: irrigacin de movimiento lateral

287

latex agglutination test
DF: Agglutination tests in which the antigen is
adsorbed onto latex particles before mixing with
the antibody specific for the adsorbed antigen.
ES: prueba del ltex

Latin America
DF: Collectively, those countries in the Western
Hemisphere in which the predominant language is a
Romance (French, Spanish, Portuguese) language.
ES: Latinoamrica

Latinos
DF: People who identify their nationality, ethnic identity, or
ancestry as Latin American
ES: latinos

laxatives
DF: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the
bowel, a cathartic or purgative.
ES: laxantes

leaf area index
DF: The total area of the upper surface of leaves per
unit area of ground that is directly below the
plant.
ES: ndice de rea foliar

lean fish
DF: Oceanic deep water fish which contain oils only in their
liver.
ES: peces magros

least squares
DF: A statistical method for finding a line or curve
(i.e., the 'best fit') that represents a
relationship between two measured quantities
(e.g., height and age of a stand of trees). The
measurements are plotted as points on a graph. If
they fall near the same line, the least squares
method is used to find the minimum of the sum of
the squares of the vertical distances of each data
point from the proposed line.
ES: mnimos cuadrados

leghemoglobin
DF: A hemoglobin-like oxygen binding heme protein present in
288

the nitrogen fixing root nodules of leguminous plants.
ES: leghemoglobina

leiomyosarcoma
DF: A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth
muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue,
it is common in the viscera. It is the most common
soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract
and uterus.
ES: leiomiosarcoma

lentic systems
DF: An aquatic ecosystem in which the water is still and not
rapidly moving, such as is found in ponds and swamps.
Compare lotic systems.
ES: sistemas lnticos

lepromatous leprosy
DF: A chronic communicable infection which is a principal or
polar form of leprosy. This disorder is caused by
Mycobacterium leprae and produces diffuse granulomatous
skin lesions in the form of nodules, macules, or papules.
The peripheral nerves are involved symmetrically and neural
sequelae occur in the advanced stage.
ES: lepra lepromatosa

leptin
DF: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white
adipocytes. Leptin serves as a feedback signal
from fat cells to the central nervous system in
regulation of food intake, energy balance, and
fat storage.
ES: leptina

leptospirosis
DF: Infections with bacteria of the genus Leptospira.
ES: leptospirosis

lethal concentration 50
DF: Concentration of a material in the air that kills 50% of
the test animals when administered as a single exposure in
a specific time period (usually 1 hour); a common measure
of acute toxicity of vapors, dusts, mists and gases. Note
that lethal concentration values are used when the route of
administration is by inhalation. LC values are often
expressed as parts of material per million parts of air
(ppm). Compare "lethal dose 50".
289

ES: concentracin letal 50

lethal dose 50
DF: The amount of a single dose of a solid or liquid substance
required to kill 50% of the tested population. It is
usually expressed in mg/kg (milligram of material per
kilogram of body weight) and is used for all routes of
exposure other than inhalation. Compare "lethal
concentration 50".
ES: dosificacin letal mediana

lethal genes
DF: Genes whose loss of function or gain of function mutation
leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They
may be essential genes required for viability, or genes
which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a
time when the essential gene function is required for
viability.
ES: genes letales

lethal yellowing
DF: A fatal disease of coconut and other palms. It
has swept through the coconut-growing regions of
Jamaica, Cuba, the Cayman Islands, and Florida,
and is presently destroying palms in the Yucatan.
The disease is caused by phytoplasmas and is
spread by plant-sucking insects called
plant-hoppers. The first visible sign is the
dropping of all fruit; this is followed by the
withering of new flowers, and yellowing leaves.
There is no effective cure; trees die within 3-6
months after appearance of the first symptoms.
ES: amarilleo letal

leucine zipper
DF: DNA-binding motifs formed from two alpha-helixes
which intertwine for about eight turns into a
coiled coil and then bifurcate to form Y shaped
structures. Leucines occurring in heptad repeats
end up on the same sides of the helixes and are
adjacent to each other in the stem of the Y (the
"zipper" region). The DNA-binding residues are
located in the bifurcated region of the Y.
ES: leucina zipper

leucomycins
DF: An antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces
kitasatoensis. The complex consists of a mixture of at
least eight biologically active components, A1 and A3 to
A9. Leucomycins have both antibacterial and antimycoplasmal
290

activities.
ES: leucomicinas

leukemia
DF: A progressive, malignant disease of the
blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted
proliferation and development of leukocytes and
their precursors in the blood and bone marrow.
ES: leucemia

leukocyte count
DF: A count of the number of white blood cells per
unit volume in venous blood. A differential
leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of
the different types of white cells.
ES: recuento de leucocitos

leukocyte disorders
DF: Disordered formation of various types of
leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or
deficiency of these cells.
ES: trastornos leucocticos

leukopenia
DF: Condition in which the number of leukocytes in the
circulating blood is below normal levels.
ES: leucopenia

leukotoxins
DF: Cytotoxins that cause degeneration and necrosis of
leukocytes.
ES: leucotoxinas

Leydig cells
DF: Steroid-producing cells in the interstitial tissue of the
testis. They are under the regulation of pituitary
hormones; luteinizing hormone; or interstitial
cell-stimulating hormone. Testosterone is the major
androgen produced.
ES: clulas de Leydig

lianas
DF: Woody vines which are rooted in the soil and typically
produce long serpentine stems that climb into the canopy of
trees in order to reach sunlight.
ES: lianas
291

lice
DF: Ectoparasites of animals and humans which feed on
host blood, skin or feathers.
ES: piojos

lidar
DF: The use of reflected laser pulses to measure distance,
position or velocity.
ES: lidar

life cycle assessment
DF: A technique to assess the environmental aspects and
potential impacts associated with a product, process, or
service, by: compiling an inventory of relevant energy and
material inputs and environmental releases [outputs];
evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated
with identified inputs and releases [outputs]; interpreting
the results to help you make a more informed decision.
ES: evaluacin del ciclo de vida

life cycle costing
DF: The life cycle cost of a product or project includes
discounted costs of operation, maintenance, contracting,
and disposal/decommissioning in addition to initial
acquisition cost.
ES: costeo del ciclo de vida

life cycle design
DF: Life cycle design incorporates environmental impact
considerations into each phase of product design so the
ultimate impacts of the product are minimized and optimized
with both economic and physical performance.
ES: diseo del ciclo de vida

life cycle engineering
DF: A process to develop specifications to meet a set of
performance, cost, and environmental requirements and goals
that span the product, system, process, or facility life
cycle.
DS: Cooper, Joyce Smith and Bruce Vigon. November 2001. Life
Cycle Engineering Guidelines. EPA/600/R-01/101
US Environmental Protection Agency
ES: ingeniera del ciclo de vida

life cycle impact assessment
DF: The phase of life cycle assessment which evaluates
potential environmental impacts of a product, process, or
system throughout its life cycle.
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ES: evaluacin del impacto del ciclo de vida

life cycle inventory
DF: A process of quantifying energy and raw material
requirements, atmospheric emissions, waterborne emissions,
solid wastes, and other releases for the entire life cycle
of a product, process, or activity. Life cycle inventory
is a phase of life cycle assessment.
ES: inventario del ciclo de vida

life events
DF: Specific events in a person's life that are
significant and may require some sociological,
psychological or physical change in that
individual's pattern of living, such as marriage,
divorce, birth of a child, illness, unemployment,
bereavement, etc.
ES: sucesos de la vida

life skills
DF: Personal and social skills needed by everyone in
daily living.
ES: destrezas para la vida

light
DF: Electromagnetic radiation that produces a visual sensation.
ES: luz

light harvesting complex
DF: A pigment-protein complex that harvests light
energy and converts it to exciton energy that can
migrate to the photosynthetic reaction center
where photosynthesis occurs. The light is absorbed
by pigment molecules (e.g., chlorophyll,
bacteriochlorophyll, carotenoids, phycobilin) that
are attached to the protein.
ES: complejo captador de luz

liming materials
DF: Agrochemicals containing calcium and/or magnesium compounds
capable of neutralizing soil acidity.
ES: enmiendas calizas

limited liability partnership
DF: A partnership formed by two or more persons in
which partners are statutorily provided
full-shield protection from partnership
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liabilities, debts and obligations.
ES: sociedad de responsabilidad limitada

limited partnership
DF: A business organization where a partnership is
formed by two or more persons and has one or more
general partners and one or more limited partners.
ES: sociedad comanditaria

limiting amino acids
DF: The amino acid that is in shortest supply in
relation to need.
ES: aminocidos terminales

limnology
DF: The study of the physical, chemical, hydrological,
and biological aspects of fresh water bodies.
ES: limnologa

limnophilic species
DF: Organisms which prefer to live in lakes, ponds, marshes,
pools or other slow moving, still or stagnant water.
ES: especies limnfilas

lincomycin
DF: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var.
lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of
staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis
infections.
ES: lincomicina

line planting (agroforestry)
DF: Woody perennials in a linear arrangement adjacent to
cropland or grassland.
ES: plantaciones lineales

linear programming
DF: An optimization problem characterization in which a set of
parameter values are to be determined, subject to given
linear constraints.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: programacin lineal

lint cotton
DF: Cotton fibers that have been removed from the seed
during the cotton ginning process.
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ES: algodn de hilas

lint yield
DF: The quantity of cotton fiber produced per unit of land.
ES: rendimiento de fibra

lipid bodies
DF: Cytoplasmic inclusion which contains lipids and has an
unusual membrane composed of a single layer of
phospholipids. Lipid bodies are especially found in
oil-rich seeds.
ES: cuerpos lpidos

lipid peroxidation
DF: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen
peroxide as an electron acceptor.
ES: peroxidacin lipdica

liposomes (artificial)
DF: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made
from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for
the delivery of a variety of biological molecules
or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug
delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to
study membranes and membrane proteins.
ES: liposomas

liquid biosolids
DF: Biosolids that contain 1-12% solids.
ES: bioslidos lquidos

liquid junction potential
DF: The movement of chemical compositions across the juction
between two electrolyte solutions and introduce a potential
difference between the two solutions.
ES: potencial de unin lquida

liquid state fermentation
DF: A controlled fermentation process in which microorganisms
are grown in a liquid culture medium.
ES: fermentacin en estado lquido

listeriosis
DF: An infection with bacteria of the genus Listeria,
especially L. monocytogenes.
ES: listeriosis
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literacy
DF: Ability to read and write.
ES: alfabetizacin

litters (young animals)
DF: A collective term for the offspring produced at a
single birth by a multiparous, nonhuman mammal.
ES: camadas (animales jvenes)

littoral zone
DF: Shallow area on or near the shore of a lake, river or other
body of water.
ES: zona litoral

live fences
DF: A form of line planting meant for the demarcation and
enclosure of a piece of cropland or pasture land.
ES: cercas vivas

live mulches
DF: Typically, plants that grow close to the ground
and are sown or planted as an understory to the
main crop. Live mulches protect the soil from
erosion and minimally compete with the growth of
the main crop.
ES: material orgnico vivo de cobertura

live vaccines
DF: Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which
have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by
radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial
passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected
tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce
avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing
protective immunity.
ES: vacunas vivas

liver cirrhosis
DF: Liver disease in which the normal
microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and
the hepatic architecture have been variably
destroyed and altered with fibrous septa
surrounding regenerated or regenerating
parenchymal nodules.
ES: cirrosis heptica

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liver transplant
DF: The transference of a part of or an entire liver
from one human or animal to another.
ES: transplante de hgado

local food systems
DF: Local food systems are collaborative efforts that integrate
food production, processing, marketing/distribution and
consumption within a given geographical area, place or
community. Local food systems may also be characterized by
certain market and non-market distribution channels: farm
direct marketing channels including farmers markets,
community supported agriculture (CSA), farm-to-institution
programs; community and home gardening; and gleaning
programs.
ES: sistemas alimentarios locales

local lymph node assay
DF: This assay is an alternative method for the identification
of chemicals that have the ability to cause skin
sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis. Endpoints
have been established so fewer animals are required and
less painful procedures are used.
ES: ensayo local en ndulos linfticos

locusts
DF: Pest insects highly destructive to plants,
typically belonging to the family Acrididae.
Species migrate in dense plagues.
ES: langostas (insecto)

lodging
DF: The condition of a plant, especially a cereal,
that has been flattened in the field or damaged so
that it cannot stand upright by weather conditions
or because the stem is not strong enough to
support the plant.
ES: encamado

long chain fatty acids
DF: Fatty acids with aliphatic tails thirteen to twenty one
carbons.
ES: cidos grasos de cadena larga

longitudinal studies
DF: Studies in which variables relating to an
individual or group of individuals are assessed
over a period of time.
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ES: estudios longitudinales

loss modulus
DF: A measure of the energy dissipated as heat in a
viscoelastic material, such as a polymer, when subjected to
deformation, representing an indirect measure of polymer
viscosity.
ES: mdulo de prdida

lotic systems
DF: An aquatic ecosystem in which the water is actively moving,
such as is found in streams and rivers. Compare lentic
systems.
ES: sistemas lticos

louping ill
DF: An acute tick-borne arbovirus infection causing
meningoencephalomyelitis of sheep.
ES: encefalitis ovina

low acid foods
DF: Food with pH values higher than 4.6.
ES: alimentos bajos en cido

low fat milk
DF: Milk containing at least 8.25% solids and from which
sufficient milk fat has been removed to produce a milk fat
content of 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0%.
ES: leche baja en grasa

lowlands
DF: In physical geography, a broad expanse of land
that is low in relation to the surrounding area.
ES: tierras bajas

lumbar spine
DF: The lower back region of the spine between the thoracic and
sacral vertebrae, consisting of five lumbar vertebrae.
ES: columna lumbar

luteolysis
DF: Degradation of corpus luteum. In the absence of
pregnancy and diminishing trophic hormones, the
corpus luteum undergoes luteolysis which is
characterized by the involution and cessation of
its endocrine function.
298

ES: lutelisis

lymphadenitis
DF: inflammation of the lymph nodes.
ES: linfadenitis

lymphangitis
DF: Inflammation of lymphatic vessels.
ES: linfangitis

lymphatic diseases
DF: Diseases of lymph; lymph nodes; or lymphatic vessels.
ES: enfermedades linfticas

lymphocyte count
DF: The number of lymphocytes per unit volume of blood.
ES: recuento de linfocitos

lymphocyte proliferation
DF: Morphologic alteration of small B lymphocytes or
T lymphocytes in culture into large blast-like cells
able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide
mitotically. It is induced by interleukins, mitogens
such as phytohemagglutinins, and by specific
antigens. It may also occur in vivo, as in graft
rejection.
ES: proliferacin de los linfocitos

lymphokines
DF: Soluble protein factors generated by activated
lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily
those involved in cellular immunity.
ES: linfoquinas

lymphotoxin
DF: A tumor necrosis factor family member that is
released by activated lymphocytes.
ES: linfotoxina

lysogeny
DF: The phenomenon by which a temperate phage
incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial
host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation
between prophage and bacterium which results in
the perpetuation of the prophage in all the
descendants of the bacterium. Upon induction
299

(virus activation) by various agents,
such as ultraviolet radiation, the phage
is released, which then becomes virulent
and lyses the bacterium.
ES: lisogenia

300

M

macroalgae
DF: Algae that are easily seen by the naked eye, are
multicellular and appear in a variety of colors
(red, green, brown) and forms (filamentous,
leaf-like, mats, sheets, fur-like clumps).
ES: macroalgas

macrodispersion
DF: A dispersion system in which the dispersed particles are
relatively large in size.
ES: macrodispersin

macrophage activation
DF: The process of altering the morphology and
functional activity of macrophages so that they
become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by
lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation
factor (MAF) and the macrophage
migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune
complexes, C3b, and various peptides,
polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants.
ES: activacin macrfagos

macrophytes
DF: Aquatic plants that are macroscopic (easily seen
by the naked eye) and can be emergent, floating or
submerged.
ES: macrofitos

maedi-visna disease
DF: Demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis of sheep and
goats caused by the Visna-maedi virus. It is
similiar to but not the same as scrapie.
ES: enfermedad infecto-contagiosa maedi-visna

Maghreb
DF: Region of Northwestern Africa including Morocco,
Algeria, Tunisia and sometimes Libya.
ES: Maghreb

magnetic fields
DF: Regions of space wherein magnetic dipoles would experience
a magnetic force or torque; often represented as the
geometric array of the imaginary magnetic lines of force
that exist in relation to magnetic poles. Magnetic fields
are also considered to be the regions of influence of
301

magnetized bodies or electric currents.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: campos magnticos

Magnolia soulangeana
DF: Interspecific hybrid between Magnolia heptapeta x Magnolia
quinquepeta.
ES: Magnolia soulangeana

Maillard reaction
DF: One of a group of non-enzymatic reactions in which
aldehydes, ketones, or reducing sugars react with
amino acids, peptides, or proteins.
ES: reaccin de Maillard

major genes
DF: Genes that cause large trait differences between
organisms that inherit different alleles.
ES: genes mayores

major histocompatibility complex
DF: The genetic region which contains the loci of
genes which determine the structure of the
serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined
(LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control
the structure of the immune response-associated
(Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes
which control the ability of an animal to respond
immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes
which determine the structure and/or level of the
first four components of complement.
ES: complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad

Malassezia
DF: Genus of fungi which causes skin disease.
ES: Malassezia

malignant catarrhal fever
DF: A herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by
catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory
and alimentary epithelia, keratoconjunctivitis,
encephalitis and lymph node enlargement.
ES: fiebre catarral maligna

malnutrition
DF: A condition caused by inadequate intake or
inadequate digestion of nutrients. It may result
from eating an inadequate or unbalanced diet,
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digestive problems, absorption problems, or other
medical conditions.
ES: desnutricin

malt
DF: Product made by wetting grain (commonly barley)
and allowing it to germinate long enough to
produce adequate amounts of enzymes, and used
especially in brewing and distilling.
ES: malta (productos)

mammary neoplasms (animal)
DF: Tumors or cancer of the mammary gland in animals.
ES: neoplasias mamarias animales

maneuverability
DF: The speed at which a vehicle or wheeled equipment
can change direction without the loss of control.
ES: maniobrabilidad

map projections
DF: The method of representing the three-dimensional shape of
the Earth on a two-dimensional surface, such as the
Mercator projection and the Robinson projection.
ES: proyecciones geogrficas

marbling
DF: The presence of thin strips or flecks of fat within a meat
cut. More marbling is usually associated with greater
palatability.
ES: marmolado

mare reproductive loss syndrome
DF: A reproductive disorder of horses characterized by
epidemics of abortion and fetal death, and associated with
exposure to Eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma
americanum, larvae.
ES: sndrome de prdida reproductiva de la yegua

Marek disease
DF: A transmissible viral disease of birds caused by
avian herpesvirus 2 (Herpesvirus 2, Gallid) and
other Mardivirus. There is lymphoid cell infiltration
or lymphomatous tumor formation in the
peripheral nerves and gonads, but may also
involve visceral organs, skin, muscle, and the eye.
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ES: enfermedad de Marek

marine science
DF: The study of saltwater bodies of water, including the
oceans and seas, their chemical and physical properties and
processes, and the aquatic organisms living in these
environments.
ES: ciencias del mar

maritime climate
DF: A fairly humid climate with small and mild annual
temperature range that typically occurs in a region
influenced by oceanic airflow.
ES: clima martimo

market access
DF: The extent to which a good or a service can compete with
locally-made products in another market.
ES: acceso al mercado

market economy
DF: An economic system in which goods and services are
exchanged in a market free from government regulation or
direction, and production and consumption of goods and
services is driven by consumer demand and producer supply.
ES: economa de mercado

market prices
DF: A price at which a good or service is actually exchanged
for another good or service (as an in-kind payment) or for
money (in which case it is a financial price). A market
price can refer to a transaction that occurs at any
location, not necessarily a village or wholesale market.
Distinguish from "shadow price".
ES: precios de mercado

market structure
DF: Characteristics of an industry that relate to its economic
performance, such as the number of buyers and sellers,
product differentiation among firms, barriers to entry,
costs, degree of integration and diversification.
ES: estructura de mercado

market value
DF: Highest estimated price for an item to be sold in an open,
competitive market that a buyer would pay and a seller
would accept.
304

ES: valor de mercado

marketing cooperatives
DF: A type of cooperative which assemble and market
commodities produced mostly by their members.
ES: cooperativas de marketing

marketing orders and agreements
DF: Orders and agreements allow producers to promote
orderly marketing through collectively influencing
the supply, demand, or price of a particular
commodity so as to create orderly marketing.
Research and promotion can be financed with pooled
funds. Once approved by a required number of a
commodity's producers-usually two-thirds-the
marketing order is binding on all handlers of the
commodity within the geographic area of
regulation. It may limit the quantity of goods
marketed, or establish the grade, size, maturity,
or quality of the goods. Marketing orders have
been established for milk, fruits, vegetables, and
other commodities. Marketing agreements may
contain more diversified provisions, but are
enforceable only against those handlers who enter
into the agreement. An order can be terminated
when a majority of all producers favor its
termination or when USDA determines that the order
no longer serves its intended purpose.
ES: rdenes y acuerdos para la comercializacin

marketing year
DF: The 12-month period beginning just after harvest during
which a crop may be sold domestically, exported, or put
into reserve stocks. Compare "crop year."
ES: campaa de comercializacin

marshes
DF: Wetlands that do not accumulate appreciable peat
deposits and are dominated by herbaceous
vegetation.
ES: marismas

masa
DF: A corn dough made by boiling corn in powdered
lime, washing it, letting it dry, and then
grinding the remaining mixture. Water is added to
this ground meal to form dough that is used to
make tortillas and tamales.
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ES: masa de maz

mash
DF: A crushed fermentable mixture, typically malt, grain meal
or fruit, used to produce alcoholic beverages such as
whiskey or beer.
ES: macerado

mash feed
DF: A ground feed of cereals, cereal products, and
sometimes supplements which may be fed in a wet or
dry form to poultry and livestock.
ES: alimento molido

mass media
DF: Instruments or technological means of
communication that reach large numbers of people
with a common message: press, radio, television,
etc.
ES: medios de comunicacin de masas

material flow analysis
DF: A systematic evaluation of how materials and energy flow
through a defined system.
ES: anlisis del flujo de materiales

material identification
DF: The designation of the components of a product in words,
symbols or numbers.
ES: identificacin del material

materials handling
DF: The treatment of materials during manufacture, processing,
movement, storage, use, reuse, and/or disposal.
ES: manejo de materiales

materials life cycle
DF: All the stages involved in management of materials,
including manufacture, processing, distribution, use,
maintenance, recycling and disposal.
ES: ciclo de vida de los materiales

maternal effect
DF: The influence of the mother's phenotype or
genotype on the phenotype of its offspring.
ES: efecto maternal
306

maternal immunity
DF: Resistance to a disease-causing agent induced by
the introduction of maternal immunity into the
fetus by transplacental transfer or into the
neonate through colostrum and milk.
ES: inmunidad maternal

maternal lineage
DF: The kinship relation between an offspring and its female
parent.
ES: linaje materno

mating systems
DF: Modes of gene transmission from one generation to
the next by sexual reproduction.
ES: sistemas de apareamiento

maturity groups
DF: A classification of some crop varieties,
especially soybeans, based on their growth and
development. For example, a soybean with
maturity group O or OO only needs a short growing
season before harvest; whereas, a soybean with
maturity group V and VI needs a longer growing
season before the plant is completely developed
and ready for harvest. There are 13 soybean
maturity groups, i.e., OOO, OO, O, I, II, III, IV,
V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X. Maturity groups are
also described in the context of their
indeterminate / determinate growth habit.
ES: grupos de madurez

mead
DF: A fermented beverage made of honey, water and yeast.
ES: aquamiel

meadows
DF: Natural or artificial grasslands primarily grown for making
hay rather than for grazing livestock.
ES: prados

meat and bone meal
DF: The protein residue left after the moisture and fat have
been extracted in the normal rendering process. It
includes bone, but excludes extraneous material such as
hair, hoof or horn.
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ES: harina de carne y huesos

mechanical pulp
DF: Pulp that has not been cooked or chemically
treated.
ES: pasta mecnica

mechanics
DF: A branch of physics that focuses on motion and on
the reaction of physical systems to internal and
external forces.
ES: mecnica

mediastinoscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the anterior
superior mediastinum of the thorax.
ES: mediastinoscopia

medical foods
DF: A food which is formulated to be consumed or administered
enterally under the supervision of a physician and which is
intended for the specific dietary management of a disease
or condition for which distinctive nutritional
requirements, based on recognized scientific principles,
are established by medical evaluation.
ES: alimentos medicados

Mediterranean climate
DF: Climate typical of, but not exclusive to, the
Mediterranean region with cool, moist winters and
warm, dry summers.
ES: clima mediterrneo

medium density fiberboards
DF: An engineered wood product formed by breaking down
softwood into wood fibres, compressing it with a
binding material, such as glue, wax and resin, and
forming panels by applying high temperature and
pressure. These panels have a density of around
800 kg/m3.
ES: paneles de madera conglomerada de densidad media

medroxyprogesterone
DF: A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary
practice as an estrus regulator.
ES: medroxiprogesterona

308

megacolon
DF: Pathological enlargement of the colon.
ES: megacolon

megadose
DF: An exceptionally large dose.
ES: megadsis

megaesophagus
DF: A motility disorder of the esophagus in which the lower
esophageal sphincter (near the cardia) fails to relax
resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and
dysphagia. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly
contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).
ES: megaesfago

megaspores
DF: The larger of the two types of spores, produced in
heterosporous plants, that develops into a female
gametophyte.
ES: megsporas

megasporocytes
DF: A cell that undergoes meiosis to produce four
megaspores.
ES: megasporocitos

Melanesia
DF: One of the three main divisions of Pacific Ocean Islands,
in the
southwest Pacific Ocean, northeast of Australia and south
of the equator. It includes the Solomon Islands,
Vanatu, Tuvalu, New Caledonia, Fiji.
ES: Melanesia

melanin
DF: Insoluble polymers of tyrosine derivatives found in and
causing darkness in skin (skin pigmentation), hair, and
feathers providing protection against sunburn induced by
sunlight. Carotenes contribute yellow and red coloration.
ES: melanina

melanocytes
DF: Mammalian pigment cells that produce melanins, pigments
found mainly in the epidermis, but also in the eyes and the
hair, by a process called melanogenesis. Coloration can be
altered by the number of melanocytes or the amount of
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pigment produced and stored in the organelles called
melanosomes. The large non-mammalian melanin-containing
cells are called melanophores.
ES: melanocitos

melanogenesis
DF: The production of melanin by living cells.
ES: melanognesis

melanoidins
DF: Dark-colored polymers formed through the Maillard reaction
by the combination of reducing sugars and amino acids
heated at high temperature.
ES: melanoidinas

melezitose
DF: A sugar that is obtained from the exudate of some trees
(e.g. larch and Douglas fir). This sugar is less sweet
than sucrose, and on partial hydrolysis yields glucose and
turanose.
ES: melezitosa

melibiose
DF: A disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one
glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic
linkage.
ES: melibiosa

meliponiculture
DF: The cultivation of stingless bees on a commercial scale for
honey production or pollination.
ES: meliponicultura

melting
DF: The process of going from a solid to a liquid
state.
ES: fusin

membrane fluidity
DF: The motion of phospholipid molecules within the
lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of
phospholipids present, their fatty acid
composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl
chains, the cholesterol concentration, and
temperature.
ES: fluidez de la membrana
310

membrane permeability
DF: A quality of cell membranes which permits the
passage of solvents and solutes into and out of
cells.
ES: permeabilidad de la membrana

membrane potential
DF: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular
membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage
measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured
inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside
versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium,
chloride, and other ions across cells' or organelles
membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane
potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical,
chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane
potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less
negative (depolarization).
ES: potencial de la membrana

meningitis
DF: Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or
spinal cord. Infections (viral, bacterial, and
fungal) are the most common causes of this
condition, but other inflammatory conditions may
produce this syndrome.
ES: meningitis

menstruation
DF: The periodic shedding of the endometrium and associated
menstrual bleeding in the menstrual cycle of humans and
primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating
progesterone, and occurs at the late luteal phase when
luteolysis of the corpus luteum takes place.
ES: menstruacin

mesic conditions
DF: Habitats or sites characterized by moderate
environmental conditions, neither decidedly wet
(hydric conditions) nor dry (xeric conditions).
ES: condiciones msicas

mesothelioma
DF: A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue
(peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as
broad sheets of cells, with some regions
containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and
other regions showing adenomatous patterns.
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ES: mesotelioma

message assessment
DF: An evaluation of how effectively a message is communicated
and received.
ES: anlisis del mensaje

message mapping
DF: A model that hierarchically organizes an organization's
messages regarding controversial issues.
ES: mapeo de mensajes

meta-analysis
DF: Works consisting of studies using a quantitative method of
combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn
from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries
and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic
effectiveness, plan new studies, etc.
ES: meta-anlisis

metabolic diseases
DF: Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal
metabolic process. It can be congenital due to
inherited enzyme abnormality or acquired due to
disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a
metabolically important organ such as the liver.
ES: enfermedades metablicas

metabolic engineering
DF: Methods and techniques used to genetically modify cells'
biosynthetic product output and develop conditions for
growing the cells as bioreactors.
ES: ingeniera metablica

metabolic studies
DF: A research method in which the biochemical
pathways of metabolism are investigated, including
uptake, biotransformations and production of
metabolites and energy.
ES: estudios metablicos

metabolic syndrome
DF: A combination of health conditions including
diabetes, hyperlipidemia and obesity, that place a
person at high risk for heart disease.
ES: sndrome metablico
312

metabolizable energy
DF: The net energy in food or feed that is available to humans
or animals by digestion and absorption, and measured as the
difference between gross energy content and the energy lost
as being undigested or indigestible.
ES: energa metabolizable

metabolome
DF: The complete set of metabolites and endogenous
small molecules involved in metabolism of whole
cells. Metabolome varies with the physiological
or developmental stage of the cell.
ES: metaboloma

metabolomics
DF: The branch of genetics that studies organisms in
terms of their metabolomes, that is, the complete
set of metabolites and endogenous small molecules
involved in metabolism of whole cells.
ES: metabolmicos

metagenomics
DF: Analysis of the genetic material in a collection of
organisms, usually applied to uncultured, mixed-species
microbial communities in their natural environment.
ES: metagenmica

metastasis
DF: Transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of
the body to another remote from the primary site.
ES: metstasis

metestrus
DF: The period following estrus during which the
phenomena of estrus subside in those animals in
which pregnancy or pseudopregnancy does not occur.
ES: metestro

methacycline
DF: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to
tetracycline but excreted more slowly and maintaining
effective blood levels for a more extended period.
ES: metaciclina

methanogens
DF: Microorganisms, especially of the group Archaea, that can
313

grow and produce methane under anaerobic conditions.
ES: metangenos

micelles
DF: Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held
loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of
micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds
that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of
interaction between the micelle and its environment.
Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles
are referred to as emulsions.
ES: micelas

microarray technology
DF: A new way of studying how large numbers of genes
interact with each other and how a cell's
regulatory networks control vast batteries of
genes simultaneously. The method uses a robot to
precisely apply tiny droplets containing
functional DNA to glass slides. Researchers then
attach fluorescent labels to DNA from the cell
they are studying. The labeled probes are allowed
to bind to complementary DNA strands on the
slides. The slides are put into a scanning
microscope that can measure the brightness of each
fluorescent dot; brightness reveals how much of a
specific DNA fragment is present, an indicator of
how active it is.
DS: National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH
ES: tecnologa de micromatriz

microbial biomass
DF: The total amount of organic matter present in
microorganisms typically in a particular environment.
ES: biomasa microbiana

microbial fuel cells
DF: Device in which chemical energy is converted into
electricity by microorganisms.
ES: pilas de biocombustible

microbial genetics
DF: A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic
mechanisms and processes of microorganisms.
ES: gentica microbial

microbial load
DF: The number and type of microorganisms contaminating an
object or organism.
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ES: carga microbiana

microbial pesticides
DF: Microbial pesticides consist of a microorganism (e.g., a
bacterium, fungus, virus or protozoan) as the active
ingredient. Microbial pesticides can control many different
kinds of pests, although each separate active ingredient is
relatively specific for its target pest(s).
ES: plaguicidas microbianos

microbiological criteria
DF: A microbiological criterion for food defines the
acceptability of a product or a food lot, based on the
absence or presence, or number of microorganisms including
parasites, and/or quantity of their toxins/metabolites, per
unit(s) of mass, volume, area, or lot.
DS: General Requirements (Food Hygiene). Codex Alimentarius
(Supplement to Volume 1B) . Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards
Programme. Codex Alimentarius Commission. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. World
Health Organization. Rome, 1997
ES: criterios microbiolgicos

microbiological risk assessment
likelihood of adverse effects from pathogenic
microorganisms.
ES: evaluacin de riesgo microbiolgico

microbodies
DF: Electron-dense cytoplasmic particles bounded by a single
membrane, such as peroxisomes; glyoxysomes; and glycosomes.
ES: microcuerpos

microcystins
DF: Cyclic heptapeptides found in Microcystis and other
Cyanobacteria. Hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects have
been noted. They are sometimes called cyanotoxins, which
should not be confused with chemicals containing a cyano
group (CN) which are toxic.
ES: microcistinas

microfilament proteins
DF: Monomeric subunits of primarily globular actin and found in
the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often
associated with microtubules and may play a role in
cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell
or the organelles within the cell.
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ES: protenas de microfilamentos

microfilaments
DF: Fibers composed of microfilament proteins, which are
predominately actin. They are the smallest of the
cytoskeletal filaments.
ES: microfilamentos

microfossils
DF: Very small fossils which are identified and studied using
microscopy, such as preserved microorganisms,
nannoplankton, skeletons of protists, shells, pollen
grains, and teeth.
ES: microfsiles

micronaire
DF: A combined measure of cotton fiber fineness and maturity
based upon fiber perimeter and fiber wall thickness.
ES: micronaire

Micronesia
in the
west Pacific Ocean, north of the equator. The
principal island groups include the Caroline
Islands, Nauru, Kiribati, the Northern Mariana
Islands, and the Marshall Islands.
ES: Micronesia

microRNA
DF: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25
nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded
microRNA gene transcripts by the same ribonuclease III,
Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs.
ES: microARN

microsatellite repeats
DF: A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed
throughout the genome. They are characterized by a short
repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100
times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).
ES: repeticiones de microsatlite

microsomes
DF: Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic
reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are
isolated by differential centrifugation and are
composed of three structural features: rough
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vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes.
ES: microsomas

microspores
DF: The smaller of the two types of spores, produced
in heterosporous plants, that develops into a male
gametophyte.
ES: micrsporas

microsporocytes
DF: A cell that undergoes meiosis to produce four
microspores.
ES: microsporocitos

Microsporum
DF: Genus of fungi which causes mycoses in humans and animals.
ES: Microsporum

microstructure
DF: The microscopic fine structure of an organism, material or
object.
ES: microestructura

microtubules
DF: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the
cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are
composed of the protein tubulin.
ES: microtbulos

microvilli
DF: Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly
increase the surface area of the cell.
ES: microvellosidades

Mid-Atlantic region
DF: Region on the East Coast of the United States,
including Delaware, District of Columbia,
Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.
ES: Regin del Atlntico Medio

Middle East
DF: An extensive region comprising the countries of
southwest Asia and northeast Africa
ES: Oriente Medio

317

middlings
DF: The coarse particles containing the wheat germ and the fine
particles of wheat bran separated during milling.
Valuable for feed, middlings contain a large proportion of
protein and digestible nutrients.
ES: middlings

midpoint indicator
DF: A point in the cause-effect chain (environmental mechanism)
of a particular impact category, prior to the endpoint, at
which characterization factors can be calculated to reflect
the relative importance of an emission or extraction in a
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI).
ES: indicador de punto medio

migrant workers
DF: People who migrate from one section to another section of
the same country or migrate to another country in order to
find gainful employment.
ES: trabajadores migrantes

migratory behavior
DF: The periodic and cyclic movement of organisms from one
place to another, usually driven by the availability of
resources, climatic conditions or for mating.
ES: migracin estacional

mikamycin
DF: An antibiotic complex originally isolated from Streptomyces
mitakaenis. It contains two principle ingredients:
streptogramin A (mikamycin A) and streptogramin B
(mikamycin B).
ES: micamicina

milbemycins
DF: Family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal &
acaricidal activity. milbemectin is a mixture of
milbemycins A3 and A4; structure in first source;
moxidectin (CL 301,423) is milbemycin B.
ES: milbemicinas

mildews
DF: A common name for a fungus that leaves a thin
white coating on the surface of plants and other
materials where it grows.
ES: mildiu

318

milk chocolate
DF: A chocolate mixture usually including cocoa butter, cocoa
liquor, a sweetener and milk or milk powder, most
frequently used as a candy or flavoring.
ES: chocolate de leche

milk ejection
DF: Expulsion of milk from the mammary alveolar lumen, which is
surrounded by a layer of milk-secreting epithelial cells
and a network of myoepithelial cells. Contraction of the
myoepithelial cells is regulated by neuroendocrine signals.
ES: eyeccin lctea

milk equivalent
DF: The quantity of fluid milk used in a processed dairy
product, usually expressed on a milk fat basis, e.g. one
pound of cheese is the equivalent of 9.88 pounds of milk.
ES: unidad equivalente de leche

milk fat
DF: Lipid component of animal milks.
ES: grasa lctea

milk fever
DF: A disease of pregnant and lactating cows and ewes
leading to generalized paresis and death. The
disease, which is characterized by hypocalcemia,
occurs at or shortly after parturition in cows and
within weeks before or after parturition in ewes.
ES: fiebre vitularia

milk substitutes
DF: Foods that are used to replace cow's milk in the
human diet, made with nondairy ingredients.
ES: sustitutos de leche

milkshakes
DF: A cold beverage made of milk and flavorings.
ES: batidos

mimicry (behavior)
DF: The resemblance of one organism to another or to
natural objects among which it lives for
protection and camouflage from predators.
ES: mimetismo (comportamiento)

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mineral oil
DF: An oil derived from a mineral source (petroleum) as
contrasted to oils derived from plants or animals.
ES: aceite mineral

minimum inhibitory concentration
DF: A microbial sensitivity test which measures the
lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent
that inhibits the growth of a microorganism.
ES: concentracin mnima inhibitoria

minisatellite repeats
DF: Tandem arrays of moderately repetitive, short (10-60 bases)
DNA sequences found dispersed throughout the genome, at
the ends of chromosomes (telomeres), and clustered near
telomeres. Their degree of repetition is two to several
hundred
at each locus. Loci number in the thousands but each locus
shows a distinctive repeat unit.
ES: repeticiones de minisatlite

minocycline
DF: A tetracycline analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking
the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective
against tetracycline-resistant Staphylococcus infections.
ES: minociclina

miscible displacement
DF: The mixing and movement of two or more completely
soluble fluids in a porous medium.
ES: desplazamiento miscible

miso
DF: A fermented soybean paste that may also contain
rice, barley or wheat.
ES: miso

missense mutation
DF: A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one
directing the incorporation of a different amino
acid. This substitution may result in an inactive
or unstable product.
ES: mutacin missense

Mississippi Delta region
DF: Region in the Southeastern United States
surrounding the lower Mississippi River, including
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areas of Arkansas, Mississippi and Louisiana.
ES: Regin del Delta del Mississippi

mitosis
DF: A type of cell nucleus division by means of which the two
daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of
the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the
species.
ES: mitsis

mixed cropping
DF: The growing of several crops simultaneously in the
same field but not in rows.
ES: cultivo mixto

mixed economy
DF: An economic system in which some goods and services are
directed and administered by the government and some goods
and services are privately owned and are exchanged in a
free market.
ES: economa mixta

mixed infection
DF: Infection with more than one pathogen or parasite at the
same time.
ES: infeccin mixta

model food systems
DF: Simple food or nonfood items used as tools to
study food properties or interactions. For
example, heated olive oil may be used to observe
the migration of food packaging materials.
ES: modelos de sistemas de alimentos

model uncertainty
DF: Uncertainty due to necessary simplification of real-world
processes, misspecification of the model structure, model
misuse, or use of inappropriate surrogate variables or
inputs.
ES: incertidumbre del modelo

moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer
DF: A high resolution spectroradiometer aboard the Terra and
Aqua spacecraft designed to gather spectral data in 36
bands in order to increase the understanding of global
environmental dynamics and processes. Launched in 1999.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
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ES: espectrorradimetro de imgenes de resolucin moderada

modified atmosphere packaging
DF: A packaging technique where the gas composition surrounding
the product is changed in order to prolong shelf life and
reduce natural deterioration, such as gas permeable
packaging materials or gas flushing with nitrogen.
ES: envasado bajo atmsfera modificada

modifiers (genes)
DF: Genes that control or change the phenotypic
expressions of other genes by interfering with
transcription.
ES: modificadores (genes)

moldings (decorative trim)
DF: Patterned and shaped pieces of wood, plastic or other
material that are used as a decorative trim.
ES: molduras

molds (fungi)
DF: A fungus with visible downy mycelium upon which
powdery conidia can be seen.
ES: moho (hongo)

molecular chaperones
DF: A family of cellular proteins that mediate the
correct assembly or disassembly of polypeptides,
and their associated ligands. Although they take
part in the assembly process, molecular
chaperones are not components of the final
structures.
ES: chaperones moleculares

molecular cloning
DF: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from
prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a
replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus
vector, and the introduction of the resultant
hybrid molecules into recipient cells without
altering the viability of those cells.
ES: molecular clonacin

molecular dynamics
DF: The study of molecular conformations and molecular motions,
using computer simulation techniques.
ES: dinmica molecular
322

molecular epidemiology
DF: The application of molecular biology to the answering of
epidemiological questions, including the role of genetic
factors in disease occurrences in populations and
individuals as well as the molecular detection and
identification of infectious pathogens.
ES: epidemiologa celular

molecular farming
DF: Transgenic plants or transgenic animals that are
grown to produce proteins and other industrial
compounds for a variety of uses, such as
pharmaceuticals, vaccines, industrial enzymes,
blood thinners, blood clotters, growth hormones,
topical contraceptives, bioplastics, etc.
ES: cultivo molecular

molecular imprinting
DF: A methodology for chemically synthesizing polymer molds of
specific molecules or recognition sites of specific
molecules. Applications for molecularly imprinted polymers
(MIPs) include separations, assays and biosensors, and
catalysis.
ES: huella molecular

molecular mimicry
DF: The process in which structural properties of an
introduced molecule imitate or simulate molecules
of the host.
ES: imitacion molecular

molecular motor proteins
DF: Proteins that are involved in or cause cell movement such
as the rotary structures (flagellar motor) or the
structures whose movement is directed along cytoskeletal
filaments.
ES: protenas motoras moleculares

molluscicides
DF: Pesticides that kill snails and slugs.
ES: molusquicidas

molluscs
DF: Aquatic invertebrate organisms such as oysters and
clams in the phylum Mollusca that typically have a
body enclosed in a firm, calcareous shell.
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ES: moluscos

mononuclear leukocytes
DF: Leukocytes found in the systemic circulation having large,
non-lobed nuclei and lacking coarse cytoplasmic granules.
ES: leucocitos mononucleares

monophyly
DF: The phylogenetic relationship grouping organisms consisting
of all descendants of a single common ancestor, and whose
evolutionary history is characterized by shared derived
characteristics.
ES: monofilia

monosomics
DF: having a diploid set of chromosomes where one
homologous chromosome is missing, e.g. 2N-1.
ES: monosmicos

monoterpenoids
ES: monoterpenoides

monoxenic culture
DF: a culture containing one species growing in the
presence of one other species.
ES: cultivo monoxnico

monuron TCA
DF: Salt of monuron and trichloroacetic acid.
ES: monurn TCA

morphogenesis
DF: The development of anatomical structures to create the form
of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides
form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.
ES: morfognesis

morphometry
DF: The measurement of the form or structures of
organisms and their parts.
ES: morfometra

mortadella
DF: A large, seasoned, smoked Italian sausage made of
ground pork, beef, and pork fat.
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ES: mortadela

mortality
DF: All deaths reported in a given population.
ES: mortalidad

motilin
DF: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from
the duodenum. At low pH it inhibits gastric
motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a
stimulating effect.
ES: motilina

motor neurons
DF: A neuron conducting impulses outwards from the
brain or spinal cord.
ES: neuronas motoras

moxalactam
DF: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure
to the cephalosporins except for the substitution of an
oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of
certain cephalosporins. It has been proposed especially for
the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier
and for anaerobic infections.
ES: moxalactam

mucins
DF: High molecular weight mucoproteins that protect the surface
of epithelial cells by providing a barrier to particulate
matter and microorganisms. Membrane-anchored mucins may
have additional roles concerned with protein interactions
at the cell surface.
ES: mucinas

mucoproteins
DF: Conjugated proteins in which mucopolysaccharides are
combined with proteins. The mucopolysaccharide moiety is
the predominant group with the protein making up only a
small percentage of the total weight.
ES: mucoprotenas

mucosal immunity
DF: Nonsusceptibility to the pathogenic effects of
foreign microorganisms or antigenic substances as
a result of antibody secretions of the mucous
membranes. Mucosal epithelia in the
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gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive
tracts produce a form of IgA that serves to
protect these ports of entry into the body.
ES: inmunidad mucosa

mules
DF: The hybrid offspring of a jackass and a mare.
ES: mulas

mulesing
DF: The surgical removal or the physical destruction of skin
near the tail and perineal area of sheep in order to reduce
the incidence of flystrike.
ES: mulesing (mutilacin)

multi-criteria decision making
DF: A process whereby information from multiple conflicting
alternatives is analyzed in order to make a better choice
of action.
ES: toma de decisiones multicriterio

multibacillary leprosy
DF: A form of leprosy classified by the World Health
Organization for the purpose of treatment, based on
clinical manifestations and skin smear results. Patients
with multibacillary leprosy have six or more lesions with
or without positive skin smear results for the causative
agent Mycobacterium leprae. Multibacillary leprosy
encompasses borderline lepromatous, midborderline, and
lepromatous leprosy.
ES: lepra multibacilar

multienzyme complexes
DF: Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by
catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic
intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water
molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with
large supramolecular structures such as mitochondria or
ribosomes.
ES: complejos multienzimticos

multigene family
DF: A set of genes descended by duplication and
variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may
be clustered together on the same chromosome or
dispersed on different chromosomes.
ES: familia de multigenes
326

multiparasitism
DF: Parasitism of a single host by different species
of parasites.
ES: multiparasitismo

multiple cropping
DF: The growing of more than one crop consecutively in
the same field in a single year.
ES: cultivo mltiple

multiple use forestry
DF: any practice of forestry fulfilling two or more
management objectives, such as production of
timber and forest recreation.
ES: silvicultura de uso mltiple

multipliers
DF: In macroeconomics, the proportionate increase in national
income (in the form of consumption of final goods and
services), that occurs from each unit increase in new
spending from some "autonomous" source such as private
investment, the government, or the outside world (through
exports). The sum total of all additional consumption
induced by the initial spending generally exceeds the
amount of the initial spending itself. The quantitative
measure of this additional consumption relative to the
initial increase in investment spending is the multiplier.
Many variants of the basic multiplier can be calculated.
ES: multiplicadores

multiprotein complexes
DF: Macromolecular complexes formed from the association of
defined protein subunits.
ES: complejos multiproteicos

multistrata agroforestry systems
DF: An agroforestry system whose components (crops, trees,
shrubs, livestock, wildlife, etc.) occupy distinct layers
of the vertical structure of the community. An example is
the production of coffee intercropped with bananas
occupying the lowest strata, shaded by medium-sized fruit
trees in the middle vertical strata, with an overstory of
tall timber trees in the upper canopy strata.
ES: sistemas agroforestales multiestrato

multivariate analysis
327

DF: A set of techniques used when variation in several
variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics,
multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method
that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent
variables.
ES: anlisis de multivarianza

municipal solid waste
DF: Locally collected garbage, includes residential,
commercial, and institutional wastes.
ES: desechos slidos municipales

murine typhus
DF: An infectious disease clinically similar to epidemic
louse-borne typhus, but caused by Rickettsia typhi, which
is transmitted from rat to man by the rat flea, Xenopsylla
cheopis.
ES: tifus murino

Musa paradisiaca
DF: Interspecific hybrid between Musa acuminata x Musa
balbisiana.
ES: Musa paradisiaca

muscalure
DF: A synthetic sex pheromone eliciting attraction of the female
housefly, Musca domestica.
ES: muscalure

muscle strength
DF: The amount of force generated by muscle contraction.
Muscle strength can be measured during isometric, isotonic,
or isokinetic contraction, either manually or using a
device such as a muscle strength dynamometer.
ES: fuerza muscular

muscular atrophy
DF: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring
with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following
immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and
particularly in denervation.
ES: atrofia muscular

muscular dystrophy
DF: A general term for a group of inherited disorders
which are characterized by progressive
degeneration of skeletal muscles without the
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involvement of the nervous system.
ES: distrofia muscular

mushroom bodies
DF: Paired pedunculate masses in the protocerebrum,
involved in visual integration and behavior.
ES: cuerpos pedunculados

mushroom compost
DF: A specially formulated and processed compost usually
containing manure, straw and other waste materials which is
used in mushroom production.
ES: compost de setas

mushroom poisoning
DF: Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily
from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.
ES: intoxicacin por setas

Muslims
DF: People who practice the religion of Islam.
ES: musulmanes

mustard
DF: A flavoring that comes from the ground seeds of the mustard
(Brassica) plant available as a powder or a paste.
ES: mostaza

mustard greens
DF: The young, dark green leaves of mustard plants
that are used as a cooked vegetable or as a salad
green. The leaves have a strong, peppery taste.
ES: verduras de mostaza

mutagenesis
DF: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may
occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens.
ES: mutagnesis

mutation
DF: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic
material that causes a change in the genotype and
which is transmitted to daughter cells and to
succeeding generations.
ES: mutacin
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mutton
DF: Meat from sheep that are over one year old.
ES: cordero (carne)

mycetocytes
DF: specialized cells that house intracellular
symbiotic or commensal microorganisms which
collectively make up a mycetome.
ES: micetocitos

mycobacillin
DF: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic isolated from culture
filtrates of Bacillus subtilis that acts as an antifungal
agent.
ES: micobacilina

mycobacterial diseases
DF: Infections with bacteria of the genus
Mycobacterium, including leprosy (M. leprae),
paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis),
tuberculosis, and atypical mycobacterium
infections.
ES: enfermedades micobacteriales

Mycobacterium avium
DF: A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other
birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes
disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in
sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M.
avium complex, which infects primarily humans.
ES: Mycobacterium avium

Mycogone
DF: Genus of fungus that is pathogenic on cultivated mushroom.
ES: Mycogone

mycoherbicides
DF: Formulations of plant pathogenic fungi which
control the growth of or kill undesirable plants
and weeds.
ES: micoherbicidas

mycoparasites
DF: A fungus which is parasitic on another fungus.
ES: micoparsitos
330

mycoplasmosis
DF: Infections with species of the genus Mycoplasma.
ES: micoplasmosis

mycotoxicosis
DF: Poisoning caused by the ingestion of mycotoxins
(toxins of fungal origin).
ES: micotoxicosis

mycotoxins
DF: Toxic compounds produced by fungi.
ES: micotoxinas

mycoviruses
DF: A virus that infects and replicates in cells of
fungi.
ES: micovirus

myelin sheath
DF: The lipid-rich sheath surrounding axons in both
the central and peripheral nervous systems. The
myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and
allows faster and more energetically efficient
conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by
the cell membranes of glial cells (Schwann cells
in the peripheral and oligodendroglia in the
central nervous system).
ES: vaina de mielina

myeloma
DF: A malignancy of mature plasma cells engaging in monoclonal
immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by
hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free
monoclonal immunoglobin light chains) in the urine,
skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures.
ES: mieloma

myiasis
DF: The invasion of living tissues of man and other
mammals by dipterous larvae.
ES: miasis

myoblasts
DF: Embryonic (precursor) cells of the myogenic lineage that
develop from the mesoderm. They undergo proliferation,
migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into
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the appropriate form of myocytes.
ES: mioblastos

myocardial diseases
DF: Any disease of the myocardium or muscular layer of
the heart wall. These diseases are diseases of
tissue, as differentiated from heart diseases,
which are usually diseases of heart function.
ES: enfermedades miocrdicas

myocardial infarction
DF: Gross necrosis of the myocardium, as a result of
interruption of the blood supply to the area.
ES: infarto del miocardio

myocardial ischemia
DF: A disorder of cardiac function caused by
insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of
the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to
narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary
arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus
(coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to
diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small
vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of
the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may
result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial
infarction).
ES: isquemia miocrdica

myocardial stunning
DF: Prolonged dysfunction of the myocardium after a brief
episode of severe ischemia, with gradual return of
contractile activity.
ES: aturdimiento miocrdico

myocarditis
DF: Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart
(myocardium) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle
cells.
ES: miocarditis

myocardium
DF: The muscle tissue of the heart. It is composed of striated,
involuntary muscle cells connected to form the contractile
pump to generate blood flow.
ES: miocardio

332

myosin
DF: A diverse superfamily of proteins that function as
translocating proteins. They share the common
characteristics of being able to bind actins and hydrolyze
MgATP. Myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are
involved in locomotion, and light chains which are involved
in regulation.
ES: miosina

myosin heavy chains
DF: The larger subunits of myosins. The heavy chains
have a molecular weight of about 230 kD and each
heavy chain is usually associated with a
dissimilar pair of myosin light chains.
ES: cadenas pesadas de miosina

myosin light chains
DF: The smaller subunits of myosins that bind near the
head groups of myosin heavy chains. The myosin
light chains have a molecular weight of about 20
KDa and there are usually one essential and one
regulatory pair of light chains associated with
each heavy chain.
ES: cadenas ligeras de miosina

myositis
DF: Inflammation of skeletal muscle. Infectious,
autoimmune, and paraneoplastic processes represent
some of the more common conditions that may be
associated with myositis.
ES: miositis

myostatin
DF: A growth differentiation factor that is a potent inhibitor
of skeletal muscle growth. It may play a role in the
regulation of myogenesis and in muscle maintenance during
adulthood.
ES: miostatina

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N

nafcillin
DF: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.
ES: nafcilina

Nairobi sheep disease
DF: An arbovirus infection of sheep and goats
transmitted by ticks. It is characterized by high
fever and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis.
ES: enfermedad de los ovinos de Nairobi

nanocapsules
DF: Nanometer-sized, hollow, spherically-shaped objects that
can be utilized to encapsulate small amounts of
pharmaceuticals, enzymes, or other catalysts.
ES: nanocpsulas

nanoclays
DF: A nanomaterial composed of a clay mineral with sheet
thicknesses of one nanometer.
ES: nanoarcillas

nanocomposites
DF: Nanocomposites are materials that are made by the
introduction of nanoparticles into a matrix. The resulting
nanocomposite may exhibit enhanced physical, mechanical,
electrical, and optical properties.
ES: nanocompuestos

nanocrystals
DF: Crystals with the size of approximately 10nm.
ES: nanocristales

nanodiamonds
DF: Diamond particles measuring less than 100 nanometers.
ES: nanodiamantes

nanoemulsions
DF: Translucent dispersions of nanosized scale droplets
(nanodroplet size range from 1 to 100 nm).
ES: nanoemulsiones

nanofibers
DF: Submicron-sized fibers with diameters typically between 50
and 500 nanometers. The very small dimension of these
334

fibers can generate a high surface area to volume ratio,
which makes them potential candidates for various
biomedical and other applications.
ES: nanofibras

nanomaterials
DF: Materials with at least one dimension in the range of 1 to
100 nanometers.
ES: nanomateriales

nanomedicine
DF: The branch of medicine concerned with the application of
nanotechnology to the prevention and treatment of disease.
It involves the monitoring, repair, construction, and
control of human biological systems at the molecular level,
using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures.
ES: nanomedicina

nanometals
DF: Metal particles in the size range of 1 to 100 nanometers.
ES: nanometales

nanoparticles
DF: Nanoparticles are bits of material in which all three
dimensions of the particles are within the nanoscale (in
the range of 1 to 100 nanometers).
DS: U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative
ES: nanopartculas

nanorods
DF: Nanoscale structures that are shaped like long dowels. The
structures have a diameter that is measured in the
nanoscale with an extended length parameter.
DS: NCI Thesaurus
ES: nanobarras

nanosilver
DF: Nanosized silver particles in a range of 1-100 nm and which
contain 20-15,000 silver atoms.
ES: nanoplata

nanospheres
DF: Spherical particles, usually ranging between 50nm to 1000nm
in size, that have potential as drug carriers and imaging
agents.
ES: nanosferas

nanotechnology
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DF: The understanding and control of matter at dimensions
between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers (a nanometer is
one-billionth of a meter), where unique phenomena enable
novel applications. Encompassing nanoscale science,
engineering, and technology, nanotechnology involves
imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at
this length scale.
DS: U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative
ES: nanotecnologa

nanotubes
DF: Nanostructures having a closed, tubular morphology that can
be single-walled or multi-walled. The structures are
believed to be defect free, leading to high strength
despite their low density; and can be either electrically
conductive or semiconductive, depending on their helicity.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: nanotubos

nanowires
DF: Nanometer-scale wires made of materials that conduct
electricity. They can be coated with molecules such as
antibodies that will bind to proteins and other substances.
ES: nanoalambres

naphthacenes
DF: Polyacenes with four ortho-fused benzene rings in a
straight linear arrangement. This group is best known for
the subclass called tetracyclines.
ES: naftacenos

narcotics
DF: Agents that induce narcosis. This term is
considered outdated due to imprecision but
continues to be widely used. Originally, agents
that caused somnolence or induced sleep
(stupor); now, any derivative, natural or
synthetic, of opium or morphine or any substance
that has their effects. Narcotics are potent inducers of
analgesia and opioid-related disorders.
ES: narcticos

narrative appeal
DF: Persuasive tactic which uses descriptive evidence in the
form of stories to communicate a message, usually evoking
an emotional response.
ES: llamado narrativo

nastic movement
DF: The movement of plant parts in response to non-directional
336

stimuli. The stimulus may be external, such as the
movement of Mimosa leaves when touch (thigmonasty), or
internal, such as the sudden movement of plant parts due to
changes in turgor pressure (seismonasty). Nyctinasty is
the movement of organs, such as the opening of flowers
during the day and closing at night, in response to the
diurnal cycle.
ES: nastia

natamycin
DF: Amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from
Streptomyces natalensis or S. chattanoogensis. It is used
for a variety of fungal infections, mainly topically.
ES: natamicina

National Institute of Food and Agriculture
DF: An agency within U.S. Department of Agriculture formerly
known as the Cooperative State Research, Education, and
Extension Service, and renamed to the National Institute of
Food and Agriculture on September 30, 2009.
ES: Instituto Nacional de Alimentos y Agricultura

national parks
DF: An area of land and/or sea usually owned and administered
by a national government and is protected from human
exploitation and development. The area is intended to
provide environmentally and culturally sensitive
scientific, educational and recreational opportunities.
ES: parques nacionales

natriuretic peptides
DF: Peptides that regulate the water-electrolyte balance in the
body, also known as natriuretic peptide hormones.
ES: pptidos natriurticos

natto
DF: A Japanese condiment and flavoring which has a
glutinous texture and strong cheeselike flavor and
is made of steamed, fermented and mashed soybeans.
ES: natto

natural capital
DF: The stock of natural resources, land and ecosystems that
provides a flow of economically valuable goods or services
into the future. Example: A forest (stock) may produce
goods such as new trees for timber; and ecosystem services
such as carbon sequestration, erosion control and wildlife
habitat.
337

ES: capital natural

natural enemies
DF: Living organisms found in nature that kill,
weaken, or reduce the reproductive potential of
other organisms.
ES: enemigos naturales

natural pruning
DF: The natural dying and breaking off of the lower branches of
trees due to shading from the upper canopy.
ES: poda natural

natural resource management
DF: The application of scientific and technical principles in
the management of natural resources, such as land, water,
soil, plants and animals, in order to meet ecological,
economic, social and policy objectives.
ES: manejo de recursos naturales

natural resources conservation
DF: The protection, preservation, or restoration of natural
resources such as forests, soil, water and wildlife.
ES: conservacin de la naturaleza

nauplii
DF: A first stage of the larva of some crustaceans
which is free-swimming and has three pairs of
appendages, a single median eye, and little or no
segmentation. The term is commonly found in
association with the brine shrimp, Artemia.
ES: nauplii

navicular disease
DF: Chronic inflammation of the navicular bone and
bursa of the front foot in horses, causing
lameness and a short stride.
ES: enfermedad navicular

necropsy
DF: A postmortem examination to determine cause of death or to
study pathology of a disease.
ES: necropsia

necrosis
DF: The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying
338

from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive,
uncontrolled action of degradative enzymes, leading to
mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, and cell
lysis. Distinguish it from apoptosis which is a normal,
regulated cellular process.
ES: necrosis

necrotizing hepatopancreatitis
DF: A severe bacterial disease of farmed shrimp caused by a
gram-negative alpha-proteobacterium.
ES: hepatopancreatitis necrotizante

needs assessment
DF: Systematic identification of a population's needs
or the assessment of individuals to determine the
proper level of services needed.
ES: identificacin de necesidades

negative sense, single-stranded RNA viruses
DF: A group of RNA viruses whose negative single strand of
viral RNA (3' to 5') has base sequence complementary to the
positive sense strand (5' to 3'). The negative viral RNA
must be converted by RNA polymerase to positive-sense RNA
before it can be translated into protein.
ES: negative sense, single-stranded RNA viruses

nekton
DF: Actively-swimming aquatic organisms which, unlike plankton,
are able to navigate against water currents.
ES: necton

nematicides
DF: Pesticides that kill nematodes.
ES: nematicidas

neomycin
DF: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is
composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting
translation during protein synthesis.
ES: neomicina

neonicotinoid insecticides
DF: The neonicotinoids are a class of insecticides with a
common mode of action that affects the central nervous
system of insects, causing paralysis and death.
ES: insecticidas neonicotinoides
339

neoplasm antigens
DF: Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on
surfaces of tumor cells that are usually
identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these
are of either embryonic or viral origin.
ES: antgenos de neoplasias

neoplasms
DF: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms
show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the
properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to
benign neoplasms.
ES: neoplasmas

Neorickettsia
DF: A genus of bacteria that causes disease in humans, horses,
dogs and other canids.
ES: Neorickettsia

Neospora
DF: A genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass Coccidia.
Its species are parasitic in dogs, cattle, goats, and
sheep, among others. Neospora caninum, a species that
mainly infects dogs, is intracellular in neural and other
cells of the body, multiplies by endodyogeny, has no
parasitophorous vacuole, and has numerous rhoptries. It is
known to cause lesions in many tissues, especially the
brain and spinal cord as well as abortion in the expectant
mother.
ES: Neospora

nephrosis
DF: Pathological processes of the kidney without inflammatory
or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary
disorder or secondary complication of other diseases.
ES: nefrosis

nephrotic syndrome
DF: A condition characterized by severe proteinuria, greater
than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of
protein in the urine results in complications such as
hypoproteinemia; generalized edema; hypertension; and
hyperlipidemias. Diseases associated with nephrotic
syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.
ES: sndrome nefrtico

nerve endings
340

DF: Branch-like terminations of nerve fibers, sensory or motor
neurons. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of
afferent pathway to the central nervous system. Endings of
motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle
cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are
called presynaptic terminals.
ES: terminaciones nerviosas

nerve fibers
DF: Slender processes of neurons, including the axons
and their glial envelopes (myelin sheath). Nerve
fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the
central nervous system.
ES: fibras nerviosas

nervous system diseases
DF: Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous
system. This includes disorders of the brain,
spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves,
nerve roots, autonomic nervous system,
neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
ES: enfermedades del sistema nervisoso

nestedness
DF: A measurement or analysis of the patterns of species
distribution within naturally fragmented habitats (such as
islands). A nested pattern is where the species composition
in fragmented habitats is a subset of those habitats with
more species.
ES: anidamiento

nestmate recognition
DF: A discrimination behavior exhibited by social insects
belonging to different colonies, mediated by odors,
chemical signals, or pheromone differences between
individual colony members.
ES: reconocimiento de compaeros de nido

net ecosystem exchange
DF: A measurement of the quantity of carbon entering and
leaving the ecosystem, usually associated with carbon
dioxide flux from the ecosystem to the atmosphere.
ES: intercambio neto del ecosistema

net ecosystem production
DF: The difference between the amount of organic carbon fixed
in an ecosystem by photosynthesis (gross primary
productivity) and total ecosystem respiration. NEP
341

represents the total amount of organic carbon available for
storage or loss in the ecosystem. Whether NEP is greater
or less than zero determines if an ecosystem is autrophic
or heterotrophic.
ES: produccin neta del ecosistema

netilmicin
DF: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of sisomycin, an
aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to
gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.
ES: netilmicina

neurites
DF: In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons
stimulated by growth factors and other molecules.
These projections may go on to form a branched
tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be
reabsorbed at a later stage of development.
"Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed
outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural
cell.
ES: neuritas

neurocysticercosis
DF: Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal
structures with the larval forms of the genus Taenia
(primarily T. solium in humans).
ES: neurocisticercosis

neurodegenerative diseases
DF: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized
by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders
are often associated with atrophy of the affected central
or peripheral nervous system structures.
ES: enfermedades neurodegenerativas

neuroendoscopy
DF: Procedures that use neuroendoscopes for diseasse diagnosis
and treatment. Neuroendoscopy, generally an integration of
the neuroendoscope with a computer-assisted neuronavigation
system, provides guidance in neurosurgical procedures.
ES: neuroendoscopia

neurofibrils
DF: The delicate interlacing threads, formed by
aggregations of neurofilaments and neurotubules,
coursing through the cytoplasm of the body of a
neuron and extending from one dendrite into
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another or into the axon.
ES: neurofibrilas

neurogenesis
DF: Formation of neurons which involves the differentiation and
division of stem cells in which one or both of the daughter
cells become neurons.
ES: neurognesis

neuroglia
DF: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They
not only provide physical support, but also
respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical
composition of the extracellular milieu,
participate in the blood-brain barrier and
blood-retinal barrier, form the myelin insulation
of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration
during development, and exchange metabolites with
neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter
uptake systems, voltage-dependent and
transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release
transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in
many other functions) is unclear.
ES: neurogla

neurohormones
DF: A hormone, e.g. norepinephrine, vasopressin,
antidiuretic hormone, or acetylcholine, secreted
by neurosecretory cells or acting on a part of
the nervous system.
ES: neurohormonas

neuromuscular disorders
DF: A general term encompassing lower motor neuron disease;
peripheral nervous system diseases; and certain muscular
diseases. Manifestations include muscle weakness;
fasciculation; muscle atrophy; spasm; myokymia; muscle
hypertonia, myalgias, and muscle hypotonia.
ES: trastornos neuromusculares

neurons
DF: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each
neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites.
Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit
impulses in the nervous system.
ES: neuronas

neuropathology
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DF: The study of diseases and disorders of the nervous system.
ES: neuropatologa

neuropeptides
DF: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular
messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones
released by non-neuronal cells.
ES: neuropptidos

neurotrophins
DF: Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory
and sympathetic nerve cells.
ES: neurotrofinas

neutral oil
DF: An oil obtained by distillation, which is untreated with
either acid or alkali.
ES: aceite neutro

neutralizing antibodies
DF: Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity
of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.
ES: anticuerpos neutralizantes

neutropenia
DF: A decrease in the number of neutrophils found in the blood.
ES: neutropenia

neutrophils
DF: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to
five lobes connected by slender threads of
chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine
inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral
dyes.
ES: neutrfilos

New England region
DF: Region in Northeast section of the United States,
including Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
ES: Regin de Nueva Inglaterra

New Guinea
DF: An island in the west Pacific Ocean divided into
Irian Jaya (Indonesia) and Papua New Guinea
(independent from 1975, formerly an United Nations
344

trust territory).
ES: Nueva Guinea

Newcastle disease
DF: A highly infectious viral disease of poultry. Symptoms
include reduced yield of often soft and misshapen eggs,
lack of appetite, troubled breathing, nasal discharges and
diarrhea. High mortality amongst young birds is common.
ES: enfermedad de Newcastle

Newcastle disease virus
DF: The most well known avian paramyxovirus in the genus
Avulavirus and the cause of a highly infectious
pneumoencephalitis in fowl. It is also reported to cause
conjunctivitis in humans. Transmission is by droplet
inhalation or ingestion of contaminated water or food.
ES: Newcastle disease virus

news media
DF: The various modes of communicating news to the public.
ES: medios de noticias

nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase
DF: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nicotinamide
mononucleotide (NMN) from nicotinamide and
5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, the rate-limiting step in
the biosynthesis of the NAD coenzyme. It is also known as a
growth factor for early B-lymphocytes, or an adipokine with
insulin-mimetic effects (visfatin).
ES: nicotidamida fosforribosiltransferasa

nigericin
DF: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and
ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by
Streptomyces hygroscopicus.
ES: nigericina

night vision
DF: The ability to see in the darkness of night or at low
levels of illumination due to photoreception by the retinal
rods.
ES: visin nocturna

nisin
DF: A 34-amino acid polypeptide antibiotic produced by
Streptococcus lactis. It has been used as a food
preservative in canned fruits and vegetables, and cheese.
345

ES: nisina

nitrilase
DF: Hydrolases act on aromatic nitriles, aliphatiic nitriles
and acid amides.
ES: nitrilasa

nitrogen-fixing trees
DF: Trees that can convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable
form through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that
live in root nodules; they have many uses in agroforestry
including mulch, nitrogen fertilizer, food and fodder.
ES: rboles fijadores de nitrgeno

nixtamalization
DF: Nixtamalization involves cooking and steeping corn
in a lime solution, then washing and grinding the
corn to form masa, a dough used to make tortillas,
taco shells, corn chips, etc.
ES: nixtamalizacin

no observed adverse effect level
DF: The highest exposure level at which there are no
biologically significant increases in the frequency or
severity of adverse effect between the exposed population
and its appropriate control; some effects may be produced
at this level, but they are not considered adverse or
precursors of adverse effects.
ES: nivel sin efecto adverso observado

nociception
DF: Sensing of noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli
by nociceptors. It is the sensory component of visceral and
tissue pain (nociceptive pain).
ES: nocicepcin

nocturnal activity
DF: Animal and human activity during the night. Compare
"diurnal activity".
ES: actividad nocturna

nogalamycin
DF: An anthrocycline from a Streptomyces nogalater variant. It
is a cytolytic antineoplastic that inhibits DNA-dependent
RNA synthesis by binding to DNA.
ES: nogalamicina
346

non-vascular plants
DF: Plants, such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which do
not contain the specialized vascular tissue (xylem and
phloem) such as is found in the ferns, gymnosperms, and
angiosperms.
ES: plantas no vasculares

nonindustrial private forests
DF: Forest land owned by a private individual, group or
corporation not part of the timber industry.
ES: bosques privados no industrials

nonnutritive sweeteners
DF: Sweeteners that do not have any significant energy
or nutrient content
ES: edulcorantes no nutritivos

nonprofit corporations
DF: A business organization where the income or profit
of the corporation is not distributed to
corporation members, directors or officers.
ES: sociedades sin fines de lucro

nonsense mutation
DF: A mutation in which a sense codon (which codes for
an amino acid) is converted to the same sequence
as a stop codon. This abnormal occurrence causes
premature termination of protein translation
resulting in the production of truncated proteins
which may be non-functional.
ES: mutacin sin sentido

nonsteroidal estrogens
DF: Non-steroidal compounds with estrogenic activity.
ES: estrgenos no esteroidales

nontariff trade barriers
DF: Any government measure other than tariffs that restricts
trade flows.
ES: barreras comerciales no arancelarias

norlignans
DF: Groups of plant secondary metabolites containing
diphenylpentane skeleton.
ES: norlignanos
347

normoxia
DF: A state of normal oxygen levels, where the ambient oxygen
pressure is equal to the partial pressure of oxygen of air
at sea level.
ES: normoxia

Northern blotting
DF: Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically
separated and immobilized by blotting on
nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon
membrane followed by hybridization with labeled
nucleic acid probes.
ES: tcnica de Northern blot

notifiable disease
DF: A disease required to be reported to federal, state, or
local health authorities because of infectivity, severity,
or prevalence.
ES: enfermedad de declaracin obligatoria

novel foods
DF: Foods produced from ingredients that have not
traditionally been used for human consumption in
the area of the world in question, or that are
produced by a new or extensively modified process.
ES: alimentos nuevos

novobiocin
DF: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It
has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin
binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase
(ATPase) activity.
ES: novobiocina

noxious weeds
DF: A weed arbitrarily defined by laws as being
especially undesirable. The definition of this
term will vary according to legal interpretations.
ES: maleza nociva

nuclear localization signals
DF: Short, predominantly basic amino acid sequences identified
as nuclear import signals for some proteins. These
sequences are believed to interact with specific receptors
at the nuclear pore.
ES: seales de localizacin nuclear
348

nuclear matrix
DF: The residual framework structure of the cell nucleus that
maintains many of the overall architectural features of the
cell nucleus including the nuclear lamina with nuclear pore
complex structures, residual cell nucleoli and an extensive
fibrogranular structure in the nuclear interior.
ES: matriz nuclear

nuclear membrane
DF: The membrane system of the cell nucleus that surrounds the
nucleoplasm. It consists of two concentric membranes
separated by the perinuclear space. The structures of the
envelope where it opens to the cytoplasm are called the
nuclear pores.
ES: envoltorio nuclear

nuclear transplantation
DF: Moving a cell nucleus from one cell to another
enucleated cell, usually an oocyte which is then
stimulated to develop into an embryo which is then
transferred to a recipient female.
ES: transplante nuclear

nucleocapsid
DF: A unit of basic viral structure consisting of the
viral genome and surrounding capsid.
ES: nucleocpside

nucleocytoplasmic interaction
DF: The reciprocal interaction of the cytoplasmic
environment and nuclear gene expression.
ES: interaccin nucleocitoplsmica

nucleocytoplasmic transport
DF: Active transport mechanisms for movement across the nuclear
membrane into the cytoplasm.
ES: transporte nucleocitoplsmico

nucleolus organizer region
DF: The chromosome region which is active in nucleolus
formation and which functions in the synthesis of
ribosomal RNA.
ES: regin organizadora del nuclolo

Nucleopolyhedrovirus
DF: A genus of the family Baculoviridae, subfamily
349

Eubaculovirinae, characterized by the formation of
crystalline, polyhedral occlusion bodies in the
host cell nucleus.
ES: Nucleopolyhedrovirus

nucleoporins
DF: Proteins that form the structure of the nuclear
pore. They are involved in active, facilitated and
passive transport of molecules in and out of the
cell nucleus.
ES: nucleoporinas

nucleosomes
DF: The repeating structural units of chromatin, each
consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA
wound around a protein core. This core is composed
of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.
DS: MeSH (Medical Subject Headings)
ES: nucleosomas

nucleotide sequences
DF: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic
acids and polynucleotides.
ES: secuencias de nucletidos

nuclides
DF: A general term used to describe the full range of elements
and their isotopes.
ES: nucleidos

null alleles
DF: Mutant forms of a gene producing no gene product or
expressing a nonfunctional gene product, therefore lacking
normal gene function.
ES: alelos nulos

nullisomics
DF: having a diploid set of chromosomes where one
homologous pair is missing, e.g. 2N-2.
ES: nulismicos

nurse plants
DF: Plants that provide shelter for younger or more valuable
trees, crops or other plants by protecting them from damage
by frost, wind, sunlight, predators, pests, etc.
ES: plantas nodrizas

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nursing homes
DF: Facilities which provide nursing supervision and
limited medical care to persons who do not require
hospitalization.
ES: hogares de ancianos

nutation
DF: Movement of plant parts caused by irregular growth, such as
the circular movement detected in growing seedlings and the
"searching" movement of growing young tendrils.
ES: nutacin

nutrient availability
DF: The availability of nutrients to be taken up and used by
living biological organisms.
ES: disponibilidad de nutrientes

nutrient management
DF: Managing the amount, source, placement, form, and
timing of the application of nutrients and soil
amendments to ensure adequate soil fertility for
plant production and to minimize the potential for
environmental degradation, particularly water
quality impairment.
ES: manejo de nutrientes

nutrient offtake
DF: Nutrient removal from the soil system through the
harvest of crops.
ES: extraccin de nutrientes

nutrient resorption (physiology)
DF: An organism's assimiliation of nutrients that had been
previously released.
ES: reabsorcin de nutrientes (fisiologa)

nutrients
DF: Any substance that contributes to the growth and
health of a living organism.
ES: nutrientes

nutrigenomics
DF: The study of the relationship between nutritional
physiology and genetic makeup. It includes the effect of
different food components on gene expression and how
variations in genes effect responses to food components.
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ES: nutrigenmica

nutrition-genotype interaction
DF: Nutrient regulation of gene expression.
ES: interaccin nutricin-genotipo

Nutrition Evidence Library
DF: La Nutrition Evidence Library (NEL) del USDA se especializa
en llevar a cabo revisiones sistemticas que sirven de
insumo a polticas y programas federales de nutricin. El
personal de la NEL colabora con actores y cientficos
destacados en el uso de metodologas de punta para revisar,
evaluar y sintetizar objetivamente las investigaciones, a
fin de responder preguntas importantes relacionadas con la
dieta.
DS: USDA
ES: Nutrition Evidence Library

nutrition monitoring
DF: This U.S. government, interagency activity is
mandated by Congress with the purpose of
monitoring the nutritional and health status of
the American population.
ES: supervisin de la nutricin

nutrition risk assessment
likelihood of adverse effects related to nutritional
status, nutrient intake, or nutritionally-related medical
conditions.
ES: valoracin del riesgo nutricional

nutritional intervention
DF: A clinical trial of diets or dietary supplements
customized to one or more specific risk groups,
such as cancer patients, pregnant women, Down
syndrome children, populations with nutrient
deficiencies, etc.
ES: intervencin nutricional

nutritive value
DF: An indication of the contribution of a food to the
nutrient content of the diet. This value depends
on the quantity of a food which is digested and
absorbed and the amounts of the essential
nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals,
vitamins) which it contains.
ES: valor nutritivo

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nystatin
DF: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by
Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces
species. The biologically active components of the complex
are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.
ES: nistatina

353

O

oases
DF: Fertile or green spots in a desert or wasteland,
made so by the presence of the water due to the
water table reaching the surface.
ES: oases

obesity
DF: Increase in body weight as the result of an
excessive accumulation of fat in the body. Often
defined as a Body Mass Index greater than or equal
to 30.
ES: obesidad

observational studies
DF: A research method in which investigators watch attentively
to gather data without manipulation.
ES: estudios de observacin

obsessive-compulsive disorder
DF: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent
obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive
ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as
senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and
seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual
generally recognizes as senseless and from which the
individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide
a release from tension.
ES: trastorno obsesivo compulsivo

obstetric labor
DF: The repetitive uterine contraction during childbirth which
is associated with the progressive dilation of the uterine
cervix ( cervix uteri). Successful labor results in the
expulsion of the fetus and placenta. Obstetric labor can be
spontaneous or induced.
ES: trabajo de parto

occupational accidents
DF: An unforeseen incident, especially one causing
injury or death, occurring in the workplace or
while performing job duties.
ES: accidentes ocupacionales

occupational diseases
DF: Diseases due to factors involved in one's
employment.
354

ES: enfermedades ocupacionales

occupational exposure
DF: Contact with a physical, chemical or biological
agent in the workplace.
ES: exposicin ocupacional

occupational health and safety
DF: The promotion of a safe and healthy environment to support
the physical and mental well-being among humans in the
workplace.
ES: salud y seguridad ocupacionales

occupational therapy
DF: Skilled treatment that helps individuals achieve
independence in all facets of their lives. It assists in
the development of skills needed for independent living.
ES: terapia ocupacional

occupations
DF: General categories of job or work specializations, as
characterized by duties, skill levels, status, pay,
responsibility levels, or other distinguishing factors.
DS: ERIC Thesaurus
ES: ocupaciones

occurrence
DF: The frequency of an event or characteristic without
distinguishing between prevalence and incidence.
ES: ocurrencia

octreotide
DF: A potent, long-acting synthetic somatostatin octapeptide
analog that inhibits secretion of growth hormone and is
used to treat hormone-secreting tumors; diabetes mellitus;
hypotension, orthostatic; hyperinsulinism;
hypergastrinemia; and small bowel fistula.
ES: octreotide

odds ratio
DF: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case
control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure
among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among
noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross
section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among
the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the
unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds
ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent
355

cases.
ES: cociente de las probabilidades

ohmic heating
DF: Heating that results from the flow of current
through a medium with electrical resistance.
ES: calentamiento hmico

oil fields
DF: the surface area overlying an oil reservoir or reservoirs.
The term usually includes not only the surface area, but
also the reservoir, the wells, and the production equipment.
DS: U.S. Occupational Safety & Health Administration
ES: campos petroleros

oilseed cakes
DF: The solid byproduct or residue obtained after
extracting oil from oilseeds.
ES: residuos de oleaginosas

Older Americans Act Nutrition Program
DF: El programa de nutricin para la tercera edad, autorizado
en virtud del Ttulo III de la Ley de Proteccin para
Estadounidenses de Edad Avanzada, brinda subsidios a
agencias estatales sobre la vejez, a fin de apoyar la
entrega de comidas en comedores o a domicilio a personas
mayores de 60 aos. Est diseado para abordar problemas de
insuficiencia alimentaria y aislamiento social entre las
personas mayores.
DS: Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, 2004.
ES: Older Americans Act Nutrition Program

oleandomycin
DF: Antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus.
ES: oleandomicina

oligodeoxyribonucleotides
DF: A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the
phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as
bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose
moieties.
ES: oligodesoxirribonucletidos

oligomycin
DF: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by
various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered
macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and
inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of
phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as
356

tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are
rutamycin, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly
venturicidin X).
ES: oligomicina

oligonucleotide probes
DF: Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in
hybridization studies in order to identify and
study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA
segments near or within a specific gene locus or
gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA,
if present.
ES: sondas de oligonucletidos

oligoribonucleotides
DF: A group of ribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the
phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in
forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
ES: oligorribonucletidos

olive cake
DF: The solid byproduct or residue derived from olive
pressing, that consists of pulp and pit of the
olive fruit.
ES: orujillo de aceituna

omega-3 fatty acids
DF: A group of fatty acids, often of marine origin,
which have the first unsaturated bond in the third
position from the omega carbon.
ES: cidos grasos omega-3

omega-6 fatty acids
DF: Fatty acids which have the first unsaturated bond in the
sixth position from the omega carbon.
ES: cidos grasos omega-6

on-farm food safety
DF: Strategies and practices performed at the site of
the production of food commodities in order to
decrease the risk of foodborne illness.
ES: inocuidad alimentaria en granjas

oncogenes
DF: Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to neoplastic
cell transformation. They include, for example, genes for
activators or stimulators of cell proliferation such as
357

growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases,
signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and
transcription factors. A prefix of "v-" before oncogene
symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by
retroviruses; the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol of an
oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog
(proto-oncogenes) of a v-oncogene.
ES: oncogenes

oncospheres
DF: The motile first larval stages of cyclophyllidean
cestodes, morphologically characterized by hooks
which aid in migration through the host intestine.
ES: oncosferas

online courses
DF: Educational lessons delivered via the Internet to students.
Students and instructor may not meet face to face but
interact through web-based software and email.
ES: cursos en lnea

oocysts
DF: Zygote-containing cysts of sporozoan protozoa.
Further development in an oocyst produces small
individual infective organisms called sporozoites.
Then, depending on the genus, the entire oocyst
is called a sporocyst or the oocyst contains
multiple sporocysts encapsulating the sporozoites.
ES: oocistos

open free stalls
DF: Open air stalls in which dairy animals are free to enter
and leave, as opposed to being confined in stanchions. The
free stalls are usually covered by a roof, but are exposed
to the weather and are typically used in regions where
there are mild winter temperatures.
ES: estabulacin libre abierta

operator regions
DF: Regulatory elements of an operon to which
activators or repressors bind to effect the
transcription of genes in the operon.
ES: regiones del operador

operon
DF: In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a
common promoter, whose transcription into a single
polycistronic messenger RNA is under the control of an
358

operator region.
ES: opern

ophthalmology
DF: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and
function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment
of its defects and diseases.
ES: oftalmologa

opium alkaloids
DF: Alkaloids found in opium from Papaver that induce analgesic
and narcotic effects by action upon opioid receptors.
ES: alcaloides del opio

opportunity costs
DF: The economic outcome of giving up an opportunity,
often associated with investments.
ES: costo de oportunidad

opsin
DF: Photosensitive proteins in the membranes of photoreceptor
cells such as the rods and the cones. Opsins have varied
light absorption properties and are members of the
G-protein-coupled receptors family. Their ligands are
vitamin A-based chromophores.
ES: opsina

oral contraceptives
DF: Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order
to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of
pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or
progesterone or both.
ES: anticonceptivos orales

organ culture
DF: Maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro,
originating from three-dimensional cultures of
undisaggregated cells in a manner that retains
some or all of the histological features of the
tissue in vivo.
ES: cultivo de rganos

organ transplantation
DF: Transference of an organ between individuals of
the same species or between individuals of
different species.
359

ES: transplante de rganos

organic foods
DF: Organic food is produced without: antibiotics;
growth hormones; most conventional pesticides;
petroleum- based fertilizers or sewage
sludge-based fertilizers; bioengineering; or
ionizing radiation. USDA certification is required
before a product can be labeled "organic".
Companies, including restaurants, that handle or
process organic food must be certified also.
ES: alimentos ecolgicos

organogenesis
DF: Formation of differentiated cells and complicated tissue
organization to provide specialized functions.
ES: organognesis

Oriental traditional medicine
DF: Medical practice or discipline that is based on the
knowledge, cultures, and beliefs of the people in East Asia.
ES: medicina oriental tradicional

oriented strandboards
DF: An engineered structural wood-based panel composed
of wood strands, flakes or wafers bonded under
heat and pressure with a waterproof resin. The
external layers are aligned in the panel direction
and the inner layers are either cross-aligned or
randomly-oriented. Common uses are sheathing in
walls, floors, and roofs.
ES: lminas de chapa orientadas

Orientia
DF: A genus of bacteria that is vectored by mites and causes
scrub typhus in humans.
ES: Orientia

ornamental trees
DF: A tree cultivated for its beauty rather than for
use. It is usually a small flowering tree used
for understory or massed in the open for color and
texture.
ES: rboles ornamentales

Orthobunyavirus
DF: A genus of the family Bunyaviridae containing over
150 viruses, most of which are transmitted by
360

mosquitoes or flies. They are arranged in groups
defined by serological criteria, each now named for
the original reference species (previously called
serogroups).
ES: Orthobunyavirus

orthophotography
DF: The practice of removing positional distortions (due to
camera tilt, topographical relief, etc.) from an aerial
photograph to produce an accurate image of the Earth's
surface and equalize the distances represented on the image.
ES: ortofotografa

osmotic pressure
DF: The pressure required to prevent osmosis through a
semipermeable membrane separating two solutions of
differing solute concentions.
ES: presin osmtica

osmotic stress
DF: A change in osmotic pressure causing a rapid passage of
water or other solvent across a membrane by osmosis; in
living cells this may result in rupture of the cell
membrane and lysis of the cell.
ES: estrs osmtico

osteoarthritis
DF: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the
most common form of arthritis, especially in older
persons. The disease is thought to result not from
the aging process but from biochemical changes and
biomechanical stresses affecting articular
cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often
called osteoarthrosis deformans.
ES: osteoartritis

osteochondrosis
DF: Any of a group of bone disorders involving one or more
ossification centers (epiphyses). It is characterized by
degeneration or necrosis followed by revascularization and
reossification.
ES: osteocondritis

osteomalacia
DF: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due
to impaired mineralization, with excess
accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness,
muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight,
361

resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and
calcium.
ES: osteomalacia

osteomyelitis
DF: An infectious inflammation of the bone usually
caused by a bacteria. It may remain localized or
may spread through the bone.
ES: osteomielitis

otoliths
DF: Structures of the inner ear which function in orientation
and equilibrium sensing of vertebrates. Otoliths contain
calcium concretions useful for species identification and
age determination of fish, and provide information about
their life history and ecology.
ES: otolitos

outbreak investigation
DF: In epidemiology, the collection of data concerning the
diagnosis, time and place, and most significantly the
source of a disease outbreak.
DS: NAL Thesaurus
ES: investicacin de brotes

outbreeding depression
DF: The reduction in the fitness of progeny from crosses
between genetically different populations.
ES: depresin por alogamia

outcrossing
DF: Mating individuals that belong to different
strains or families within the same breed or
variety.
ES: cruzamiento exogmico

outreach
DF: Efforts to increase the awareness, availability and
utilization of information or services through interaction
with a target population.
ES: alcance

ova
DF: The female germ cell (gamete).
ES: vulos

overfishing
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DF: Extensive fisheries activities that are beyond the capacity
for the population to replenish their stocks. Overfishing
upsets the aquatic ecosystem and leads to depletion of
biological resources.
ES: sobreexplotacin pesquera

overstory
DF: That portion of the foliage of plants and trees forming the
upper or uppermost layer of a plant community.
ES: estrato superior

overweight
DF: Weight in excess of the body weight required to
maintain overall health. Often defined as a Body
Mass Index greater or equal to 25 but less than
30.
ES: sobrepeso

ovicides
DF: Chemical agents that kill the egg stage of a pest
or parasite.
ES: ovicidas

ovine pulmonary adenomatosis
DF: A contagious, neoplastic, pulmonary disease of sheep
characterized by hyperplasia and hypertrophy of pneumocytes
and epithelial cells of the lung. It is caused by
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus.
ES: neumona intersticial atpica de los bovinos

ovipary
DF: Producing eggs that develop and hatch outside the
mother's body.
ES: ovparo

ovolarvipary
DF: Producing eggs that are hatched within the female,
and the larvae developed or protected within the
uterus until the correct time for their emergence,
found in certain nematodes and other
invertebrates.
ES: ovolarvparo

ovovivipary
DF: Bearing live young which have hatched from eggs
retained within the mother's body.
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ES: ovovivparo

oxacillin
DF: An antibiotic similar to flucloxacillin used in resistant
staphylococci infections.
ES: oxacilina

oxen
DF: Domesticated and castrated male bovines that are used for
work, as opposed to steers that are used for meat.
ES: bueyes

oxidative phosphorylation
DF: The biochemical process in which ATP is
synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate in
cell metabolism.
ES: fosforilacin oxidante

oxygen consumption
DF: The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue, or
the rate at which oxygen enters the blood.
ES: consumo de oxgeno

oxygen evolving complex
DF: The oxygen evolving complex (OEC) is a protein
complex in Photosystem II.
ES: complejo productor de oxgeno

oxylipins
DF: Eighteen-carbon cyclopentyl polyunsaturated fatty acids
derived from alpha-linolenic acid via an oxidative pathway
analogous to the eicosanoids in animals. Biosynthesis is
inhibited by salicylates. A key member, jasmonic acid of
plants, plays a similar role to arachidonic acid in animals.
ES: oxilipinas

oxytetracycline
DF: A tetracycline analog isolated from the actinomycete
Streptomyces rimosus and used in a wide variety of clinical
conditions.
ES: oxitetraciclina

Ozarks
DF: An area of low mountains in northwestern Arkansas,
southeastern Missouri and northeastern Oklahoma.
ES: Meseta de Ozark
364

ozonolysis
DF: Ozone treatment which splits a double bond in a hydrocarbon
chain, such as in the cleavage of alkenes or alkynes.
ES: ozonlisis

365

P

p-anisidine value
DF: A measurement of the aldehyde content in a fat or oil. As
aldehydes are secondary oxidation products produced during
lipid oxidation, the p-anisidine value measures the
oxidative status of the fat or oil, correlating with its
flavor quality.
ES: valor p-anisidina

pachytene stage
DF: The stage in the first meiotic prophase, following zygotene
stage, when crossing over between homologous chromosomes
begins.
ES: fase paquiteno

Pacific Islanders
the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other
Pacific
Islands.
ES: habitantes de las Islas del Pacfico

Pacific Rim
DF: The coastal regions bordering the Pacific Ocean.
ES: Pases de la cuenca del Pacfico

palm kernel oil
DF: The oil from the kernel or "nut" of the palm.
Compare with palm oils.
ES: aceite de palmiche

palm oils
DF: Oils pressed from the pulp of the fruit of various
palms (Arecaceae). The African palm (Elaeis
guineensis) is a common source for palm oil. Palm
oils are high in saturated fat and carotene, and
used in foods, soaps, cosmetics, candles. Compare
with palm kernel oil.
ES: aceite de palma

palynology
DF: The branch of science in studying spores and pollen.
ES: palionologa

Pampas region
DF: An extensive, flat and fertile grassland of
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temperate South America east of the Andes and
mostly in Argentina and extending into Uruguay.
The vast plains are some of the riches grazing
areas in the world. The temperate climate and
fertile soils are conducive for cultivation.
ES: Regin de las Pampas

pancreatic hormones
DF: Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells
in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. The
alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells
secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete
somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic
polypeptide.
ES: hormonas pancreticas

pancreatic polypeptide
DF: A 36-amino acid pancreatic hormone that is secreted mainly
by endocrine cells found at the periphery of the islets of
Langerhans and adjacent to cells containing somatostatin
and glucagon. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), when
administered peripherally, can suppress gastric secretion,
gastric emptying, pancreatic enzyme secretion, and
appetite. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) has been
associated with obesity in rats and mice.
ES: polipptido pancretico

pancreatin
DF: A mammalian pancreatic extract composed of
proteinase, amylase, and lipase activities.
ES: pancreatina

pandemic
DF: Widespread outbreak of a disease, throughout a
country or population.
ES: pandemia

paneer
DF: A fresh soft white cheese, orginating from India, which is
used in Indian, Afghan and Iranian cookery
ES: paneer

Pantanal
DF: An immense freshwater wetland system of South America
situated along the Paraguay River and its tributaries.
ES: Pantanal

367

papilloma
DF: A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting
from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a
benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous
or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma
covered by neoplastic cells.
ES: papiloma

parallel evolution
DF: The development of similar characteristics in
species that are not closely related due to
adaptation to similar environmental pressures.
ES: evolucin paralela

parameter uncertainty
DF: Uncertainty in a parameter due to lack of reasonable
knowledge of its relationship, or due to lack of accuracy
with which it can be described or estimated.
ES: incertidumbre del parmetro

paraphyly
DF: The phylogenetic relationship grouping organisms that
include some but not all descendants of their most recent
common ancestor.
ES: parafilia

parasexual cycle
DF: Genetic recombination in some fungi other than by
typical sexual reproduction.
ES: ciclo parasexual

parasite load
DF: Measure of the number of the parasites present in a host
organism.
ES: carga parasitaria

parasitemia
DF: The presence of parasites (especially malarial
parasites) in the blood.
ES: parasitemia

parasympatholytics
DF: Agents that inhibit the activity of the
parasympathetic nervous system.
ES: parasimpatolticos

368

parasympathomimetics
DF: Drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic
nervous system activity. Included here are drugs
that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and
drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity,
usually by slowing the breakdown of
acetylcholine (cholinesterase inhibitors).
ES: parasimpaticomimticos

paratenic hosts
DF: An intermediate host in which no development of
the parasite occurs.
ES: huspedes paratnicos

parentage
DF: The kinship relation between an offspring and its parents.
ES: parentesco

parenteral feeding
DF: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and
utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate
nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are
administered by a route other than the alimentary canal
(e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).
ES: alimentacin parenteral

parity (economics)
DF: A level for agricultural commodity prices
maintained by governmental support and intended to
give farmers the same purchasing power they had
during a selected base period.
ES: paridad (economa)

parity (reproduction)
DF: The number of times a female has given birth.
ES: paridad (reproduccin)

parkland agroforestry systems
DF: A type of agroforestry system in which large canopy trees
are widely spaced in croplands or grasslands. The trees
may be either planted or from natural regeneration.
ES: agroforesteria de parques

parr
DF: Juvenile salmonid fish which have dispersed from the
freshwater spawning site and are characterized by vertical
striped markings ("parr marks") on the body.
369

ES: parr

parthenogenesis
DF: reproduction in which young are produced by
unfertilized females.
ES: partenognesis

participatory management
DF: A management practice in which employees participate in
management decision making within an organization.
ES: gestin participativa

particleboards
DF: Structural panel products made of wood fragments,
such as chips or shavings, that are mechanically
pressed into sheet form and bonded together with
resin under heat and pressure.
ES: tableros de partculas

pasteurellosis
DF: Infections with bacteria of the genus Pasteurella.
ES: pasteurelosis

pasteurization
DF: Process of heating milk or other liquids to
destroy microorganisms that can cause disease or
spoilage while minimizing chemical changes that
affect taste or aroma.
ES: pasteurizacin

pastoralism
DF: A way of life based on the raising and herding of
livestock, such as sheep, goats, or horses.
ES: pastoralismo

patch-clamp technique
DF: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell
membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All
patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal
between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually
attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants
include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch,
and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used
to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the
membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp
methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage
is measured, are also used.
370

ES: tcnica de patch-clamp

paternity
DF: The kinship relation between an offspring and its male
parent.
ES: paternidad

pathogen characterization
DF: A step in exposure characterization that examines the
characteristics of a pathogen which affects its
transmission and pathogenicity.
ES: caracterizacin del patgeno

pathogen occurrence
DF: A step in exposure characterization describing the
frequency of appearance of a pathogen in the environment.
ES: ocurrencia de patgenos

pathogen survival
DF: A population statistic used in an epidemiological
context that refers to the number of pathogenic
microorganisms that survive.
ES: sobrevivencia de agentes patgenos

pathogenesis
DF: The development of a disease or disease process.
ES: patognesis

pathogenicity
DF: Ability of infectious agents (i.e., viruses,
bacteria, fungi), parasitic nematodes, protozoa or
helminths to cause disease.
ES: patogenicidad

pathogenicity islands
DF: Clusters of genetic elements in an organism's genome
encoding genes conferring virulence.
ES: islas de patogenicidad

pathogens
DF: Microorganisms, viruses and parasites that can cause
disease.
ES: patgenos

pathotypes
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DF: Populations of the same species which differ by
their pathogenic capability.
ES: patotipos

paucibacillary leprosy
DF: A form of leprosy classified by the World Health
Organization for the purpose of treatment, based on
clinical manifestations and skin smear results. Patients
with paucibacillary leprosy have fewer than six skin
lesions with no causative agent Mycobacterium leprae on any
slit-skin smear testing. Paucibacillary leprosy encompasses
indeterminate, borderline tuberculoid, and tuberculoid
leprosy.
ES: lepra paucibacilar

peat
DF: Partially decomposed organic matter of a
vegetative nature formed under wet conditions.
ES: turba

peat soils
DF: Soil type derived from dead organic matter in a
wet area. The reduced available oxygen results in
slower decomposition of the organic material so
that the plant residues are recognizable.
ES: suelos turbosos

peatlands
DF: Peatland is a generic term for an extensive tract
of wetland where peat has formed. They develop
more extensively in northern areas where water
drainage is blocked, precipitation is retained,
and organic matter decomposition is slowed.
ES: turberas

pecan husks
DF: The green fleshy tissue that covers and encases the
developing pecan nut.
ES: hollejos de pacana

pedigree
DF: The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of
a particular condition or trait, indicating
individual family members, their relationships,
and their status with respect to the trait or
condition.
ES: linaje
372

pelagic fish
DF: Fish living in the open ocean near the surface, as opposed
to coastal areas or the ocean floor.
ES: peces pelgicos

penetrance
DF: The percent frequency with which a dominant or
homozygous recessive gene or gene combination
manifests itself in the phenotype of the carriers.
ES: penetrancia

penicillamine
DF: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation
product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an
antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.
ES: penicilamina

penicillanic acid
DF: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant
antibacterial activity.
ES: cido penicilnico

penicillic acid
DF: A mycotoxin with antibiotic and carcinogenic activity
produced by various strains of Penicillium and Aspergillus.
It has been found in tobacco, sausages, and corn.
ES: cido peniclico

penicillin V
DF: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the
treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible
gram-positive organisms.
ES: penicilina V

penicillins
DF: A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic
acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The
penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for
biological activity. The side-chain structure determines
many of the antibacterial and pharmacological
characteristics.
ES: penicilinas

pentagastrin
DF: A synthetic polypeptide that has effects like
gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the
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secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic
factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.
ES: pentagastrina

people with special needs
DF: People who are identified as needing special
assistance, special physical environment, special
training, special technology, or etc. which is
beyond what is typically required by most of the
population. People with special needs may
include the disabled, financially disadvantaged,
limited English-speakers, children with emotional
problems, or homeless people.
ES: personas con necesidades especiales

peptic ulcers
DF: Ulcers occurring in those portions of the
digestive tract that come into contact with
gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. They
occur when the amount of acid and pepsin secreted
is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal
barrier.
ES: lcera pptica

peptide antibiotics
DF: Antibiotics whose structure contains two or more moieties
derived from amino acids.
ES: antibiticos pptidos

peptide hormones
DF: Peptides that are secreted into the blood and have
endocrine function. Peptide hormones include
insulin, oxytocin and somatostatin. These
hormones have systemic actions.
ES: hormonas peptdicas

peptide libraries
DF: A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized
peptides, frequently consisting of all possible
combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid
peptide.
ES: biblioteca de pptidos

peptide mapping
DF: Analysis of peptides that are generated from the digestion
or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of proteins, by
electrophoresis; chromatography; or mass spectometry. The
resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety
374

of purposes including the identification of the proteins in
a sample, genetic polymorphisms, patterns of gene
expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.
ES: mapeo de pptidos

percentage ingredient labeling
DF: Quantitative declarations of ingredients that
appear on products.
ES: etiquetado nutricional con porcentajes

periodicity
DF: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals;
in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities
(including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual,
seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).
ES: periodicidad

periparturient diseases and disorders
DF: Diseases, disorders and complications that occur shortly
before, during, or after birth.
ES: trastornos y enfermedades puerperales

peripheral nerves
DF: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord,
including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal
nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal
cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The
connective tissue layers include, from the outside
to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium,
and the endoneurium.
ES: nervios perifricos

peripheral nervous system diseases
DF: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the
brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of
the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves,
sensory nerves, and motor nerves.
ES: neuropata

periphyton
DF: Underwater plants and animals that are firmly
attached to solid surfaces such as rocks, logs,
pilings, leaves and stems of aquatic plants, etc.
ES: perifiton

perishable foods
DF: Foods that are subject to loss of quality, usually by
375

destruction, decay or spoilage.
ES: alimentos perecederos

peritonitis
DF: Inflammation of the peritoneum.
ES: peritonitis

peroxides
DF: Chemical compounds containing a peroxy group in which two
oxygen atoms are bound to each other by a single covalent
bond and carry two unpaired electrons and two negative
charges.
ES: perxidos

Persian Gulf States
DF: A term commonly applied to a number of states on
the east coast of the Arabian Pennisula.
ES: Estados del Golfo Prsico

persuasion
DF: A mode of communication concerned with inducing or urging
the adoption of certain beliefs, theories, or lines of
action by others.
ES: persuasin

pertussis toxin
DF: One of the virulence factors produced by Bordetella
pertussis. It is a multimeric protein composed of five
subunits S1-S5. S1 contains mono ADPribose transferase
activity.
ES: toxina pertussis

pervaporation
DF: Pervaporation is a process in which a liquid stream
containing two or more components is placed in contact with
one side of a non-porous polymeric membrane while a vacuum
or gas purge is applied to the other side. The components
in the liquid stream sorb into the membrane, permeate
through the membrane, and evaporate into the vapor phase
(hence the word pervaporate). The vapor, referred to as
"the permeate", is then condensed. Due to different species
in the feed mixture having different affinities for the
membrane and different diffusion rates through the
membrane, a component at low concentration in the feed can
be highly enriched in the permeate.
ES: pervaporacin

376

pest resistance
DF: Resistance or tolerance of a host to a pest.
ES: resistencia a las plagas

pesticide law
DF: Laws, legislation and regulations governing the
manufacture, transport, distribution, sale, labeling,
packaging, composition, disposal, safety, use and
registration of pesticides.
ES: ley de pesticidas

pesticides
DF: A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances
intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or
mitigating any pest.
ES: plaguicidas

pests
DF: A general term for organisms which may cause
illness or damage to humans or to crops,
livestock, or materials important to humans.
ES: plagas

petrochemicals
DF: Chemicals derived from petroleum (crude oil) or from
natural gas.
ES: petroqumicos

petrolatum
DF: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from
petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical
protectant, and lubricant.
ES: petrolato

Peyer's patches
DF: Lymphoid tissue on the mucosa of the small
intestine.
ES: folculos linfticos agregados

phagosomes
DF: Membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles formed by
invagination of phagocytized material. They fuse
with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes in which the
hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome digest the
phagocytized material.
ES: fagosomas
377

Phakopsora pachyrhizi
DF: Fungal causal agent of soybean rust disease in
Glycine max.
ES: Phakopsora pachyrhizi

phalanges
DF: The bones of the fingers or toes.
ES: falanges

phalloidine
DF: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from Amanita
phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver,
kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the
study of liver damage.
ES: faloidina

pharmacogenomics
DF: A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic
variability in individual responses to drugs and drug
metabolism (biotransformation).
ES: farmacogenmica

pharmacognosy
DF: The science of drugs prepared from natural sources,
including plants, minerals, animals and other organisms.
ES: farmacognosia

pharmacokinetics
DF: Dynamic and kinetic mechanisms of exogenous
chemical and drug absorption; biological transport;
tissue distribution; biotransformation; elimination;
and toxicology as a function of dosage, and rate
of metabolism. It includes toxicokinetics,
the pharmacokinetic mechanism of the toxic effects
of a substance. ADME and ADMET are short-
hand abbreviations for absorption,
distribution, metabolism, elimination and
toxicology.
ES: farmacocintica

phaseolotoxin
DF: Bacterial toxin formed by Pseudomonas syringae pv.
phaseolicola, the causal agent of halo blight in
beans, consisting of the tripeptide ornithine,
alanine, and homoarginine and an inorganic group
(N-sulfodiaminophosphinyl) attached to the N-5
amino group of orthinine which acts as an
378

inhibitor of ornthine carbamoyltransferase,
blocking arginine biosynthesis.
ES: faseolotoxina

phenology
DF: The study of periodic biological phenomena with
relation to climate, particularly seasonal
changes. These phenomena can be used to interpret
local seasons and the climatic zones.
ES: fenologa

phenotype
DF: The outward appearance of the individual. It is
the product of interactions between genes, and
between the genotype and the environment.
ES: fenotipo

phenotypic plasticity
DF: The capacity of an organism of a given genotype to change
its phenotype in response to changes in the environment.
ES: plasticidad fenotpica

phenotypic variation
DF: Changes in the outward appearance of an individual.
ES: variacin fenotpica

philopatry
DF: Behavior manifested by an individual returning to, or
remaining in, its birthplace or home area.
ES: filopatra

phoresy
DF: A commensal relationship in which one organism is
transported by a larger organism of another
species.
ES: foresia

photoaffinity labeling
DF: A labeling technique that uses photoactive molecules in
order to identify binding sites on proteins.
ES: etiquetado por fotoafinidad

photoaging
DF: Physiological aging resulting from chronic exposure to
ultraviolet radiation, especially to sunlight. In skin, the
379

effects of UVA and UVB rays change its structure and
elasticity over time.
ES: envejecimiento solar

Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida
DF: Bacterial causal agent of fish pasteurellosis.
ES: Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida

photobleaching
DF: Light-induced change in the chemical group that
gives rise to color in a molecule, resulting in
the loss of its absorption of light of a
particular wave length.
ES: fotoblanqueo

photochemistry
DF: The study of the effects of light on chemical
reactions.
ES: fotoqumica

photogrammetry
DF: The science of deducing precise measurements from
photographs.
ES: fotogrametra

photoheterotrophs
DF: Organisms that depend on light for energy and
complex organic matter for carbon.
ES: fotoheterotrofos

photoinhibition
DF: The reduction in photosynthesis rate at high light
intensities when the light energy exceeds the
saturation point (maximum photosynthetic rate) and
the normal electron flow is interrupted.
ES: fotoinhibicin

photomorphogenesis
DF: Biological development, growth and differentiation which is
regulated by light.
ES: fotomorfognesis

photoperiodism
DF: The physiological and behavioral response of an
organism to the relative duration of light and
darkness.
380

ES: fotoperiodismo

photophosphorylation
DF: ATP formation from ADP and phosphate in
chloroplasts using light energy during
photosynthesis.
ES: fotofosforilacin

photorespiration
DF: The consumption of oxygen, due to the oxidation of
carbohydrates, and the output of carbon dioxide
during photosynthesis.
ES: fotorespiracin

photosensitivity disorders
DF: Abnormal responses to sunlight or artificial light
due to extreme reactivity of light-absorbing
molecules in tissues. It refers almost exclusively
to skin photosensitivity, including sunburn,
reactions due to repeated prolonged exposure in
the absence of photosensitizing factors, and
reactions requiring photosensitizing factors such
as photosensitizing agents and certain diseases.
With restricted reference to skin tissue, it does
not include photosensitivity of the eye to light,
as in photophobia or photosensitive epilepsy.
ES: trastornos por fotosensibilidad

photostability
DF: The ability of a chemical, material or product to
withstand exposure to light without adverse
effects.
ES: fotoestabilidad

photosynthates
DF: The resulting chemical products of photosynthesis.
ES: fotosintatos

photosynthesis
DF: The synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide
and water by chlorophyll using light as energy and
producing oxygen.
ES: fotosntesis

photosynthetic reaction centers
DF: A protein complex which receives the light energy
trapped by chlorophyll, bacteriochlorophyll and
381

accessory pigments and inititates the electron
transfer process that transduces the light energy
to ATP.
ES: centros de reaccin fotosinttica

photosynthetically active radiation
DF: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is the
energy source utilized for photosynthesis and generally
coincides with the visible light spectrum (approximately
400-700 nm). PAR is characterized by the greater
absorption of the blue light and red light wavelengths by
pigments.
ES: radiacin fotosintticamente activa

phototoxicity
DF: The adverse condition due to overexposure to
light.
ES: fototoxicidad

phototoxins
DF: Photosensitive agents, chemical substances that
cause extreme skin sensitivity to the ultraviolet
rays of the sun.
ES: fototoxinas

photovoltaic cells
DF: An electronic device consisting of layers of semiconductor
materials fabricated to form a junction (adjacent layers of
materials with different electronic characteristics) and
electrical contacts and being capable of converting
incident light directly into electricity (direct current).
DS: U.S. Energy Information Administration Glossary,
Deptartment of Energy
ES: clulas fotovoltaicas

photoyellowing
DF: Discoloration of products due to light.
ES: fotoamarillamiento

phreatophytes
DF: Deep-rooted plants whose roots extend into or below the
capillary zone to obtain water from the water table.
ES: freatofitos

phycobilin
DF: A water-soluble proteinaceous pigment that aids
photosynthesis and is found in red algae and
cyanobacteria.
382

ES: ficobilina

phycobilisome
DF: A small, spherical light-harvesting structure in
red algae and cyanobacteria composed mainly of
phycobilin. Phycobilisomes contain the pigments
that transfer light energy to chlorophyll A.
ES: ficobilisoma

phylloplane
DF: The microenvironment on the surface of a leaf.
ES: filoplano

phyllosphere
DF: The three-dimensional microenvironment surrounding
a leaf.
ES: filosfera

phyllotaxy
DF: The arrangement of leaves on a stem.
ES: filotaxia

phylogeny
DF: The relationships of groups of organisms as
reflected by their genetic makeup.
ES: filogenia

phylogeography
DF: The study of the evolutionary spatial distribution of
organisms based on genotype.
ES: filogeografa

physical chromosome mapping
DF: Mapping of the linear order and distance of genes
on a chromosome using methods other than genetic
recombination.
ES: mapeamiento fsico de cromosomas

physical control
DF: The management, eradication or exclusion of pests by
nonchemical, abiotic methods or physical barriers.
ES: control fsico

physiological transport
DF: The movement of materials (including biochemical
383

substances and drugs) across cell membranes and
epithelial layers.
ES: transporte fisiolgico

phytochemicals
DF: Any non-mineral, non-vitaminic, bioactive plant
constituent that researchers regard as possibly
useful in health promotion or in the prevention or
treatment of disease.
ES: fitoqumicos

phytochrome
DF: A bluish conjugated plant pigment protein that
exists in two forms, Pr and Pfr, that absorbs red
light and then initiates physiological responses
such as germination, growth and flowering.
ES: fitocroma

phytoplankton
DF: Free-floating, mainly microscopic, photosynthetic
organisms, such as algae, dinoflagellates, and
diatoms, in aquatic systems.
ES: fitoplncton

phytoremediation
DF: The use of plants to uptake, store, degrade, immobilize,
transform, or volatilize harmful substances in order to
mitigate damage to human health or the environment.
ES: fitoremediacin

phytosiderophores
DF: Chelating compounds in plants, common in grasses, that
sequester iron.
ES: fitosiderforos

phytosociology
DF: The branch of plant ecology concerning the composition,
distribution, characteristics and interrelationships of
plant species living in plant communities.
ES: fitosociologa

phytosterols
DF: General term for the sterols found in plants.
ES: fitosteroles

phytotherapy
384

DF: Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate
pain.
ES: fitoterapia

pica (eating disorder)
DF: The persistent eating of nonfood items.
ES: pica

pickling
DF: A method of preserving and flavoring foods by
soaking them in brine or vinegar, often spiced.
ES: encurtido (proceso)

Picornaviridae
DF: A family of small RNA viruses comprising some important
pathogens of humans and animals. Transmission usually
occurs mechanically.
ES: Picornaviridae

piedmont
DF: Land area at or near the base of a mountain or
mountain range.
ES: piamonte

pioneer species
DF: The first members of a population to arrive in a new area,
usually a bare, barren, uncolonized or disturbed
environment. Pioneer species begin the process of
ecological succession and are usually replaced by
successional species.
ES: especies pioneras

piperacillin
DF: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, ampicillin derived
ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for Pseudomonas
infections. It is also used in combination with other
antibiotics.
ES: piperacilina

pirlimycin
DF: A clindamycin derivative.
ES: pirlimicina

pistil
DF: The female organs of a flower comprising the ovary, stigma
and style.
385

ES: pistilo

pituitary gland
DF: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella
turcica tissue. It is connected to the
hypothalamus by a short stalk.
ES: hipfisis

pituitary hormone-releasing hormones
DF: Peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release
of pituitary hormones.
ES: hormonas liberadoras de hormona hipofisaria

placebos
DF: Any dummy medication or treatment. Although placebos
originally were medicinal preparations having no specific
pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the
concept has been extended to include treatments or
procedures, especially those administered to control groups
in clinical trials in order to provide baseline
measurements for the experimental protocol.
ES: placebos

placental hormones
DF: Hormones produced in the placenta during
pregnancy.
ES: hormonas placentarias

plague
DF: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia
pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and
their ectoparasites. This condition persists due
to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea
ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is
the most common form.
ES: peste bubnica

plankton
DF: Community of tiny aquatic plants and animals,
and photosynthetic bacteria, that are either
free-floating or suspended in the water, with
little or no power of locomotion.
ES: plancton

plant-based foods
DF: foods originating from plant sources.
386

ES: alimentos basados en vegetales

plant-incorporated protectants
DF: Pesticidal substances derived from exogenous genetic
materials which are synthesized by transgenic plants.
ES: protectores incorporadas en las plantas

plant available water
DF: The portion of water in a soil that can be
absorbed by plant roots, that is, water held at a
tension of less than 1500 kPa in the soil.
ES: agua disponible para la vegetacin

plant communities
DF: The various plant populations (species) that live in the
same habitat or environment, typically with one or more
dominant species.
ES: comunidades vegetales

plant competition
DF: The simultaneous demand of two or more plant
individuals or species for a necessary resource in
their environment (e.g., nutrients, water, space).
ES: competicin vegetal

plant gums
DF: A comprehensive term for nonvolatile viscous plant
exudates, which either dissolve or swell up in contact with
water. Many substances referred to as gums, such as pine
and spruce gum, are actually oleoresins.
ES: gomas

plant hormones
DF: Any of the chemical substances produced in a plant in
minute quantities which affect physiological processes,
growth and development.
ES: hormonas vegetales

plant litter
DF: the accumulation of leaves, twigs, bark, needles,
stems, fruits, branches and other plant parts on
the surface of the soil.
ES: hojarasca

387

plant micronutrients
DF: Mineral nutrients required in minute quantities by
plants.
ES: micronutrientes de la planta

plant morphology
DF: The form, shape and 3D spatial relationships (structure) of
plant parts and whole plants.
ES: morfologa de las plantas

plant source protein
DF: Dietary proteins originating from plant material.
ES: proteina de fuente vegetal

plant strata
DF: The vertical structure of plant communities.
ES: estrato vegetal

plant viruses
DF: viruses that infect plant hosts.
ES: virus de las plantas

plantlets
DF: Young plants or small plants, usually vegetatively
produced from a parent.
ES: plntulas

plasma cells
DF: Specialized forms of antibody-producing
B-lymphocytes. They synthesize and secrete
immunoglobulin. They are found only in lymphoid
organs and at sites of immune responses and
normally do not circulate in the blood or lymph.
ES: clulas plasmticas

plasmid curing
DF: The treatment of cells with a substance that
interferes with plasmid replication.
ES: curado de plsmidos

plasmids
DF: Extrachromosomal, usually circular DNA molecules that are
self-replicating and transferable from one organism to
another. They are found in a variety of bacterial,
archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used
in genetic engineering as cloning vectors.
388

ES: plsmidos

plasmodesmata
DF: Cytoplasmic bridges between neighboring cells in
plant tissues.
ES: plasmodesmos

plasmolysis
DF: Shrinkage or contraction of the cytoplasm away
from the wall of a living plant or bacterial cell,
due to outward osmotic flow of water.
ES: plasmolisis

plasticulture
DF: The use of plastics in crop production and cultivation
protection, including plastic film mulches, row covers,
tunnels, and greenhouses.
ES: plasticultura

plastids
DF: Any of various cytoplasmic, membrane-bound
organelles of plant and algal cells and certain
protists, that contain pigments, starch, oil, or
protein.
ES: plastidios

Platanus acerifolia
DF: A probable interspecific hybrid between Platanus orientalis
Platanus occidentalis.
ES: Platanus acerifolia

plate count
DF: The number of bacterial or fungal colonies that develop in
culture media in a petri dish with a known amount of
inoculum.
ES: conteo sobre placa

plate waste
DF: Food that is uneaten, left remaining on the consumer's
plate after a meal, and usually discarded.
ES: sobras de comida

plateaus
DF: A plateau is a topographical feature consisting of
a relatively level, elevated area of land.
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ES: mesetas

platelet activation
DF: A series of progressive, overlapping events,
triggered by exposure of the platelets to
subendothelial tissue. These events include shape
change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release
reactions. When carried through to completion,
these events lead to the formation of a stable
hemostatic plug.
ES: activacin plaquetaria

platelet aggregation
DF: The attachment of platelets to one another. This
clumping together can be induced by a number of
agents (e.g., thrombin; collagen) and is part of
the mechanism leading to the formation of a
thrombus.
ES: agregacin plaquetaria

pleckstrin
DF: A protein found in blood platelets having a molecular
weight of 47 kD and which acts as a substrate for protein
kinase C.
ES: pleckstrin

pleiotropy
DF: Phenomenon whereby a particular gene affects
multiple traits.
ES: pleiotropa

ploidy
DF: The degree of replication of the chromosome set in the
karyotype.
ES: ploida

plus trees
DF: A tree which in its outward appearance (phenotype) is
superior to the average tree of the same species grown at a
similar site. Visibly superior characteristics may include
morphology, vigor, pest or disease resistance, growth,
etc., but these characteristics have not been clonally or
progeny tested.
ES: rboles plus

plywood
DF: A glued wood panel made up of relatively thin layers of
veneer with the grain of adjacent layers at right angles or
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of veneer in combination with a core of lumber or of
reconstituted wood. The usual constructions have an odd
number of layers.
ES: contrachapado

pneumocytes
DF: Epithelial cells that line the pulmonary alveoli.
ES: neumocitos

pneumonia
DF: Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung
parenchyma.
ES: neumona

pneumonic pasteurellosis
DF: Bovine respiratory disease found in animals that
have been shipped or exposed to cattle recently
transported. The major agent responsible for the
disease is Mannheimia haemolytica and less
commonly, Pasteurella multocida or
Haemophilus somnus. All three agents are
normal inhabitants of the bovine nasal
pharyngeal mucosa but not the lung. They are
considered opportunistic pathogens
following physiological stress, and/or a
viral infection. The resulting bacterial
fibrinous bronchopneumonia is often fatal.
ES: pasteurelosis neumnica

point mutation
DF: A mutation caused by the substitution of one
nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA
molecule having a change in a single base pair.
ES: mutacin puntual

point source pollution
DF: Point source pollution refers to the pollution
that comes from a specific, identifiable source,
such as a pipe, channel, tank, pit or ditch.
ES: contaminacin de origen puntual

poisoning
DF: A condition or physical state produced by the
ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure
to a deleterious agent.
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ES: envenenamiento

polled trait
DF: characteristic of those animals, especially
cattle, that normally do not develop horns.
ES: caracter sin cuernos

pollutants
DF: Any substance introduced into environment that has adverse
effects on biological systems or organisms.
ES: contaminantes (polucin)

pollution load
DF: The quantity of pollutants present in an
environment.
ES: carga contaminante

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
DF: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as
the diffusion medium.
ES: electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida

polycystic ovary syndrome
DF: A complex disorder characterized by infertility, hirsutism;
obesity; and various menstrual disturbances such as
oligomenorrhea; amenorrhea; anovulation. Polycystic ovary
syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged
ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The
term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.
ES: sndrome de ovario poliqustico

Polydnaviridae
DF: A family of insect viruses isolated from endoparasitic
hymenopteran insects belonging to the families
Ichneumonidae and Braconidae.
ES: Polydnaviridae

polyembryony
DF: Development of more than one embryo from a single
ovule or seed.
ES: formacin de varios embriones

polyethism
DF: division of labor among members of an insect
colony.
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ES: polietismo

polyethylene film
DF: Plastic film made from polyethylene.
ES: pelcula de polietileno

polyglutamic acid
DF: A peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid.
ES: acid poliglutmico

polymer nanocomposites
DF: Nanostructured materials produced by the reinforcement of
polymer matrices with nanoscale fillers. The polymer
nanocomposites show enhanced physical, chemcial and
mechanical properties.
ES: nanocompuestos polmricos

polymerase chain reaction
DF: In vitro method for producing large amounts of
specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length
and sequence from small amounts of short
oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers).
ES: reaccin en cadena de la polimerasa

polymorphism
DF: The occurrence of different forms of individuals
in a single species.
ES: polimorfismo

polymyositis
DF: Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple
muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition
associated with medication toxicity; infections; malignant
neoplasms; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is
frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity
characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical
weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk
muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most
frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of
pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung
disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur.
Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of
muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response.
ES: polimiositis

polymyxin B
DF: A mixture of polymyxins B1 and B2, obtained from Bacillus
polymyxa strains. They are basic polypeptides of about
393

eight amino acids and have cationic detergent action on
cell membranes. Polymyxin B is used for infections with
gram-negative organisms, but may be neurotoxic and
nephrotoxic.
ES: polimixina B

polymyxins
DF: Basic lipopeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus
polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action
and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least
eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been
identified, each designated by a letter.
ES: polimixinas

Polynesia
in the
central and south Pacific Ocean. The principal island
groups include the Hawaiian islands, Samoa, and
the islands of French Polynesia.
ES: Polinesia

polyphyly
DF: The phylogenetic relationship grouping organisms with an
evolutionary history descending from more than one common
ancestor.
ES: polifilia

polyploidy
DF: The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing
multiples of the normal number of chromosomes;
includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy
(symbol: 4N), etc.
ES: poliploidia

polyps
DF: Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the
lumen of the digestive tract or the respiratory tract.
Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular
mound-shaped structures attached to the mucous membrane of
the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad
base.
ES: plipos

polyribosomes
DF: A multiribosomal structure representing a linear
array of ribosomes held together by messenger
RNA; They represent the active complexes in
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cellular protein synthesis and are able to
incorporate amino acids into polypeptides
both in vivo and in vitro.
ES: polirribosomas

polyunsaturated fatty acids
DF: Unsaturated fatty acids containing more than one double
bond between carbon atoms.
ES: cidos grasos polisaturados

pomace
DF: The pulpy residue remaining after the juice has
been pressed from fruit.
ES: orujo (pulpa)

population
DF: A group of individuals defined by a particular set of
characteristics, e.g., organisms of a particular species
living in a given region or area.
ES: poblacin

population ecology
DF: The field of ecology dealing with the dynamics of
populations within species, and the patterns in
space and time of the interactions of these
populations with environmental factors.
ES: ecologa poblacional

porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
DF: A syndrome characterized by outbreaks of late term
abortions, high numbers of stillbirths and
mummified or weak newborn piglets, and respiratory
disease in young unweaned and weaned pigs. It
is caused by Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome
virus.
ES: sndrome respiratorio y de la reproduccin porcina

pork bellies
DF: The source of bacon. The pork belly is the lower side of a
hog remaining after the loin and spareribs have been
removed.
ES: panceta de cerdo

porphyria
DF: A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by
errors in the biosynthetic pathway of heme in the liver,
the bone marrow, or both. They are classified by the
395

deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme
defect, or the clinical features that include neurological
(acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be
hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the
hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.
ES: porfiria

position effect (genetics)
DF: Change in the phenotypic expression of a gene due
to a change in the physical location of the gene
with respect to neighboring genes.
ES: efecto de posicin (gentica)

positive sense, single-stranded RNA viruses
DF: A group of RNA viruses whose positive single strand of
viral RNA (5' to 3') contains the coding triplets, like
mRNA, that can be directly translated into viral protein.
ES: positive sense, single-stranded RNA viruses

positron-emission tomography
DF: An imaging technique using compounds labelled with
short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as
carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to
measure cell metabolism. It has been useful in study of
soft tissues such as cancer; cardiovascular system; and
brain.
ES: tomografa por emisin de positrones

post-translational modification
DF: Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational
modifications of peptides or proteins in the cell of
origin. These modifications include carboxylation;
hydroxylation; acetylation; phosphorylation; methylation;
glycosylation; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and
crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and
electrophoretic motility.
ES: modificacin post-translational

posterior cruciate ligament
DF: A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the
anterolateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur,
passes posteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and
attaches to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia.
ES: ligamento cruzado posterior

posterior pituitary
DF: Neural tissue of the pituitary gland, also known as the
neurohypophysis. It consists of the distal axons of neurons
396

that produce vasopressin and oxytocinin in the supraoptic
nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus. These axons travel
down through the median eminence, the hypothalamic
infundibulum of the pituitary stalk, to the posterior lobe
of the pituitary gland.
ES: neurohipfisis

postharvest food safety
DF: Ensuring the fitness of food for human consumption during
all steps once the food product leaves the farm.
ES: seguridad alimentaria postcosecha

postharvest treatment
DF: The preparation of gathered or harvested
commodities, such as food crops, feed crops or
wood, for fresh market or processing. This may
include, postharvest pest or disease control,
various types of preservation techniques, packing,
grading, curing (crops) or ripening initiation.
ES: tratamiento postcosecha

postlarvae
DF: A stage in development past the larval form but not yet a
juvenile form, most often seen in fish, bivalves and
crustaceans.
ES: poslarvas

postoperative complications
DF: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a
surgical procedure. They may or may not be related
to the disease for which the surgery was done, and
they may or may not be direct results of the
surgery.
ES: complicaciones postoperatorias

postprandial state
DF: The physiological condition occuring after a meal.
ES: estado postprandial

Potato spindle tuber viroid
DF: Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) can cause a destructive
disease of potato and receives particular attention for
certified seed production. It is often transmitted through
breeders' progenies mechanically, as well as through pollen
and true seed.
ES: Potato spindle tuber viroid

397

potentially hazardous foods
DF: A natural or synthetic food that requires temperature
control because it is in a form capable of supporting the
rapid and progressive growth of infectious or toxigenic
microorganisms; the growth and toxin production of
Clostridium botulinum; or, in raw shell eggs, the growth of
Salmonella enteritidis.
ES: alimentos potencialmente peligrosos

poults
DF: Young fowl, especially turkeys, of either sex usually not
more than two months of age.
ES: pavos jvenes

pour point
DF: The lowest temperature at which a fluid will pour or flow,
often indicative as a measure of the flow characteristics
of oils.
ES: punto de fluidez

powdery mildew
DF: A fungus forming a white powdery coating on leaves
and stems.
ES: moho en polvo

power take-offs
DF: Mechanism on a tractor which enables the engine
power to be used to operate attached tools, such
as a pump or saw.
ES: tomas de fuerza

Prairie Pothole region
DF: A wetland region encompassing the Northern Great Plains
region from the upper Midwest and extending into Canada.
The region has large shallow depressions that were created
by retreating glaciers and has wetlands that are either
temporary, seasonal, or permanent in nature.
ES: Regin de los Prairie Potholes

prairies
DF: Characterized by fertile soil, a mesic climate,
and covered originally with coarse grasses, a
prairie is an extensive, level or rolling,
predominantly treeless grassland.
ES: praderas

prebiotics
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DF: Non-digestible food components which selectively
stimulate the growth or activities, or both, of
beneficial intestinal microorganisms, thereby
improving health.
ES: prebiticos

precaution advocacy
DF: A type of risk communication that aims to increase concern
for a real hazard in order to motivate preventative action.
ES: promocin de la precaucion

precautionary principle
DF: An approach to decision making in risk management
which justifies preventive measures or policies
despite scientific uncertainty about detrimental
effects.
ES: principio precautorio

precision
DF: The agreement between the numerical values of two
or more measurements that have been made in an
identical fashion.
ES: precisin

precision agriculture
DF: A management strategy that utilizes site-specific
information to precisely and economically manage and
optimize production inputs.
ES: agricultura de precisin

precooling
DF: To reduce the temperature of a product before packaging,
shipping or other processing.
ES: preenfriamiento

prediction
DF: The prediction or projection of the nature of
future problems or existing conditions based upon
the extrapolation or interpretation of existing
scientific data or by the application of
scientific methodology.
ES: prediccin

predictive microbiology
DF: Predictive microbiology uses mathematical models
to define growth kinetics of food microorganisms
and to predict microbial behavior under various
399

environmental conditions. It is used to assess the
risks of food processing and handling from farm to
table; and, to implement control measures to
protect the microbiological quality of foods,
important for both food safety and product
quality.
ES: microbiologa predictiva

pregnancy outcome
DF: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy,
including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous
abortion, induced abortion.
ES: resultado de la gestacin

pregnancy rate
DF: The percentage of a population that becomes pregnant.
Pregnancy rate is generally used for groups of individuals
that share a common characteristic or belong to the same
population.
ES: ndice de gestacin

prejuveniles
DF: A developmental stage resembling the juvenile form but
lacking certain characteristics.
ES: prejuvenil

premenopause
DF: The period before menopause. In premenopausal women, the
climacteric transition from full sexual maturity to
cessation of ovarian cycle takes place between the age of
late thirty and early fifty.
ES: premenopausia

prepared foods
DF: Food products that have been manufactured, often with the
intention of making food preparation and meal delivery
easier for food industry and private consumers.
ES: alimentos preparados

prepatent period
DF: Period between infection with a parasite and the
production of eggs by a female; equivalent to the
incubation period of microbial infections, but
biologically different because the parasite is
going through developmental stages in the host.
ES: perodo prepatente

400

prescribed burning
DF: Planned use of carefully controlled fire to achieve
predetermined management goals, such as wildlife
management, fire
hazard reduction, etc.
ES: quema recomendada

pressure ulcers
DF: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the skin and
tissues when one stays in one position for a long period of
time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are
the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic
under sustained and constant pressure.
ES: lceras de presin

prevalence
DF: The portion of a population with a specific characteristic,
as in the total number of cases at a given time.
ES: prevalencia

primary contact
DF: Initial exposure to a biological, chemical or physical
agent.
ES: contacto primario

primary energy
DF: Primary energy should be used to designate those sources
that only involve extraction or capture, with or without
separation from contiguous material, cleaning or grading,
before the energy embodied in that source can be converted
into heat or mechanical work.
DS: United Nations, Concepts and Methods in Energy Statistics,
1982.
ES: energa primaria

primary productivity
DF: The total quantity of fixed carbon (organic
matter) per unit area over time produced by
photosynthesis in an ecosystem.
ES: productividad primaria

primary transmission
DF: Initial transfer of a pathogen to a susceptible organism.
ES: transmisin primaria

primocanes
DF: A biennial stem typical of Rubus. In the first
year of growth, the stem is called a primocane,
401

since it is not capable of flowering and precedes
the floricane. In the second year of growth, the
stem is called a floricane, which flowers, bears
fruit and dies in this second year.
ES: primocanes

principal component analysis
DF: Mathematical procedure that transforms a number of possibly
correlated variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated
variables called principal components.
ES: anlisis de componentes principales

prion diseases
DF: A group of genetic, infectious, or sporadic
degenerative human and animal nervous system
disorders associated with abnormal prions. In
humans, these conditions generally feature
dementia, ataxia, and a fatal outcome. Diseases in
this category include Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome;
scrapie; bovine spongiform encephalopathy; chronic
wasting disease of mule deer and elk; and
transmissible mink encephalopathy. Pathologic
features include a spongiform encephalopathy
without evidence of inflammation.
ES: enfermedades por prin

prions
DF: Small proteinaceous infectious particles which
resist inactivation by procedures that modify
nucleic acids and contain an abnormal isoform of a
cellular protein which is a major and necessary
component. The abnormal (scrapie) isoform is
PrPSc; the cellular isoform is PrPC. The primary
amino acid sequence of the two isoforms is
identical. Among diseases caused by prions are
scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and
Creuzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome.
ES: priones

prioritization
DF: The ranking of activities in order of importance based on
the capacity to accomplish them in a timely manner; the
establishment of priority.
ES: priorizacin

pristinamycin
DF: An antibiotic mixture originally isolated from Streptomyces
pristinaspiralis. It is a mixture of compounds from
streptogramin group A: pristinamycin IIA and IIB and from
402

streptogramin group B: pristinamycin IA, pristinamycin IB,
pristinamycin IC.
ES: pristinamicina

private enterprises
DF: Organizations engaged in the production, distribution
and/or sale of goods or services and owned and operated by
a single or group of private persons or institutions.
ES: empresas privadas

private forestry
DF: Forest operations on land owned by a private individual,
group, or corporation and is not owned by a body of
government.
ES: silvicultura privada

private sector
DF: That distinct portion of the institutional,
industrial, or economic structure of a country
that is controlled or owned by non-governmental,
private interests.
ES: sector privado

privatization
DF: Process of shifting publicly controlled services and/or
facilities to the private sector.
ES: privatizacin

probabilistic risk assessment
DF: Risk evaluation involving the calculation and expression of
risks using multiple risk descriptors to provide the
likelihood of various risk levels. Probabilistic risk
results approximate a full range of possible outcomes and
the likelihood of each, which often is presented as a
frequency distribution graph, thus allowing uncertainty or
variability to be expressed quantitatively.
ES: valoracin probabilstica del riesgo

probability
DF: The study of chance processes or the relative frequency
characterizing a chance process.
ES: probabilidad

probability distribution
DF: The probability of each value of a discrete random variable
or the probability of the value of a continuous random
variable falling within a particular interval.
403

ES: distribucin de probabildad

probiotics
DF: Live, nonpathogenic, nontoxic microbial organisms
which, when administered in adequate amounts,
confer a health benefit on the host.
ES: probiticos

process energy
DF: Energy used in industry-specific processes, such as
chemical reactors, steel furnaces, glass melters, casting,
concentrators, distillation columns, etc. Categories of
process energy include process heating (e.g., kilns, ovens,
furnaces, strip heaters), process cooling and
refrigeration, machine drive (e.g., motors, pumps
associated with process equipment), electro-chemical
processes (e.g., reduction process), and other direct
process uses.
DS: Advanced Manufacturing Office, Office of Energy Efficiency
and Renewable Energy, Department of Energy, 2012
ES: energa de proceso

processed cheeses
DF: Blends of several types of cheese mixed and melted
together with added emulsifiers and preservatives,
sometimes sold in individually wrapped thin
slices.
ES: quesos fundidos

processed foods
DF: Foods that are manufactured, usually on a large scale,
using any of a wide variety of processing techniques, most
often with the goal of preserving food for market.
ES: alimentos procesados

proctoscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the rectum.
ES: proctoscopia

procyclic forms
DF: Morphologic stage in the life cycle of trypanosomes during
infection of the arthropod vector.
ES: formas procclicas

producer responsibility
DF: Policy measure requiring manufacturers to be responsible
for design, management, and financing programs that improve
end-of-life/postconsumer management for their product and
404

related packaging.
ES: responsabilidad del productor

product authenticity
DF: The degree to which a product meets the standards for
quality, composition and manufacture.
ES: autenticidad del producto

product category rule
DF: A product category rule is a set of detailed rules,
requirements, and guidelines for developing environmental
declarations for a class of products. PCRs set the methods
and life-cycle assessment boundary conditions that underpin
an environmental product declaration.
ES: regla de categora de producto

product life cycle
DF: All stages of a product's development, from extraction of
fuel for power to production, marketing, use and disposal.
ES: ciclo de vida de los productos

product pathogen pathway analysis
DF: An evaluation of the entire process from start to finish
that examines the risk of adverse effects within a
population and models specific combinations of pathogens
and products.
ES: anlisis secuencial de un producto patgeno

production costs
DF: The sum, measured in dollars, of all purchased
inputs and other expenses necessary to produce
farm products. Cost of production statistics may
be expressed as an average per animal, per acre,
or per unit of production (bushel, pound, or
hundredweight) for all farms in an area or in the
country.
ES: costos de produccin

proestrus
DF: A phase of the estrous cycle that precedes estrus.
During proestrus, the Graafian follicles undergo
maturation.
ES: proestro

progeny testing
DF: Evaluation of the genotype of individuals by
studying the progeny derived from it by controlled
405

breeding.
ES: prueba de progenie

progestational hormones
DF: Compounds that interact with progesterone receptors in
target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those
of progesterone. Primary actions of progestins, including
natural and synthetic steroids, are on the uterus and the
mammary gland in preparation for and in maintenance of
pregnancy.
ES: hormonas progestacionales

prognosis
DF: A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on
a individual's condition and the usual course of the
disease as seen in similar situations.
ES: pronstico

program eligibility
DF: Requirements that a person or group must meet in
order to receive goods or services.
ES: cumplir requisitos

prokaryotic cells
DF: Cells, such as those of bacteria and blue green
algae, which lack a nuclear membrane so that the
nuclear material is either scattered in the
cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region.
ES: clulas procariticas

proliferating cell nuclear antigen
DF: Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA
repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is
required for the coordinated synthesis of both
leading and lagging strands at the replication
fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression
correlates with the proliferation activity of
several malignant and non-malignant cell types.
ES: antgeno nuclear de clula proliferativa

promoter regions
DF: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or
indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA
polymerase during the initiation of transcription.
Highly conserved sequences within the promoter
include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA
BOX in eukaryotes.
406

ES: regiones promotoras (gentica)

prophase
DF: The first phase of cell nucleus division, in which the
chromosomes become visible, the cell nucleus starts to lose
its identity, the mitotic spindle apparatus appears, and
the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles.
ES: profase

propolis
DF: A resinous substance obtained from beehives that
is used traditionally as an antimicrobial. It is a
heterogeneous mixture of many substances.
ES: propleos

proprioception
DF: The mechanism involved in the self-regulation of
posture and movement through stimuli originating
in the receptors.
ES: propriocepcin

prospective studies
DF: A study in which groups with and without an intervention of
interest are followed over time.
ES: estudios prospectivos

prostaglandins
DF: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated
20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid,
via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely
potent mediators of a diverse group of
physiological processes.
ES: prostaglandinas

prostate-specific antigen
DF: A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase
and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both
normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important
marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.
ES: antgeno prosttico especfico

prostheses
DF: Artificial substitutes for body parts, and
materials inserted into tissue for functional,
cosmetic, or therapeutic purposes. Prostheses can
be functional, as in the case of artificial arms
and legs, or cosmetic, as in the case of an
artificial eye. Implants, all surgically inserted
407

or grafted into the body, tend to be used
therapeutically.
ES: prtesis

protandry
DF: Maturation first of the male gonads, then of the
female gonads in a hermaphroditic organism.
ES: protandria

proteasome endopeptidase complex
DF: A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role
in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear
proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa
catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory
sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins
and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.
ES: complejo proteosomo endopeptidasa

protected designation of origin
DF: Geographical indications on foods and other agricultural
products, based upon European Union regulations, ensuring
that only products originating in a given region are
commercially identifiable as such.
ES: denominacin de origen protegida

protein binding
DF: The process in which substances, either endogenous
or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes,
protein precursors, or allied compounds.
ES: unin de protenas

protein conformation
DF: The three-dimensional shape or form of a
polypeptide chain. The polypeptide folds into a
protein structure which is determined by the
lowest energy state attainable. This lowest
energy level is determined by the amino acid
sequence of the polypeptide chain.
ES: conformacin de protenas

protein degradation
DF: General breakdown of protein structures in
products or organisms.
ES: degradacin de protenas

protein deposition
DF: Protein laid down in tissues when protein
408

synthesis exceeds protein degradation.
ES: deposicin proteica

protein efficiency ratio
DF: An assessment of dietary protein quality by calculating
weight gain divided by intake of a specific protein during
a given period.
ES: relacin de eficiencia proteica

protein energy malnutrition
DF: The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet
the body's metabolic demands, as a result of
either an inadequate dietary intake of protein,
intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased
demands due to disease, or increased nutrient
losses.
ES: desnutricin proteico-calrica

protein engineering
DF: Procedures by which protein structure and function are
changed or created in vitro by altering existing or
synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis
of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures
may include the design of molecular models of proteins
using computer graphics or other molecular modeling
techniques; site-specific mutagenesis of existing genes;
and directed molecular evolution techniques to create new
genes.
ES: ingeniera de protenas

protein folding
DF: The biochemical process by which a protein assumes
its three-dimensional conformation. It begins
even before a protein has been completely
synthesized and proceeds through discrete
intermediate structures (primary, secondary, and
tertiary) before the final structure (quaternary
structure) is formed.
ES: plegamiento de protenas

protein hydrolysates
DF: A solution of amino acids and peptides prepared from
protein by acid, alkali or enzymatic hydrolysis.
ES: hidrolizados de protena

protein products
DF: For discussions of the naturally-occurring protein
component(s) of plants or animals, which may have
409

undergone processing, such as protein isolates.
ES: productos protenicos

protein quaternary structure
DF: The three dimensional structure of a protein made
up of two or more subunits; the manner in which
the subunits fit together.
ES: estructura cuaternaria de las protenas

protein secondary structure
DF: The level of protein structure in which regular
hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous
stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha
helices, beta strands (which align to form beta
sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first
folding level of protein conformation.
ES: estructura secundaria de las protenas

protein sources
DF: Foods in the diet that provide protein.
ES: fuentes proteicas

protein subunits
DF: Single chains of amino acids that are the units of
multimeric proteins. Multimeric proteins can be composed of
identical or non-identical subunits.
ES: subunidades de las protenas

protein tertiary structure
DF: The three-dimensional conformation of a
polypeptide chain of a globular protein in its
native folded state. The tertiary structure is
determined by four interactions: hydrogen bonding,
electrostatic interactions (ionic), hydrophobic
interactions and covalent cross-linkages.
ES: estructura terciaria de las protenas

proteome
DF: The complete set of the proteins produced from the
genetic code inside the cell.
ES: proteoma

proteomics
DF: That branch of genetics which studies organisms in
terms of their proteome, that is, by the complete
set of the proteins produced from the genetic code
inside the cell.
410

ES: protemica

prothoracicotropic hormone
DF: hormone produced by neurosecretory cells that
stimulates the prothoracic gland to produce
ecdysteroids.
ES: hormona de la glndula protorcica

proto-oncogenes
DF: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral
oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are
important regulators of biological processes and
appear to be involved in the events that serve to
maintain the ordered procession through the cell
cycle. Proto-oncogenes have names of the form
c-onc.
ES: proto-oncogenes

protogyny
DF: Maturation first of the female gonad, then the
male gonad in an hermaphroditic organism.
ES: protoginia

proton pump
DF: A membrane protein that transports protons
(hydrogen ions) across a membrane against a
concentration gradient.
ES: bomba de prottones

protonemata
DF: The filamentous structure which grows following spore
germination in mosses, ferns and some liverworts,
eventually developing into a mature plant.
ES: protonemas

protoplasts
DF: Plant, fungal or bacterial cells that have had the cell
wall removed, leaving the cytoplasm, nucleus and plasma
membrane intact.
ES: protoplastos

provenance
DF: Geographic origin, such as of organisms, seed,
nursery stock or inoculum.
ES: procedencia

411

proventriculitis
DF: Inflammation of the proventriculus.
ES: proventriculitis

proviruses
DF: Duplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes,
corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are
transmitted from one cell generation to the next
without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are
often associated with neoplastic cell transformation
and are key features of retrovirus biology.
ES: provirus

PrPSc proteins
DF: Abnormal isoform (PrPSc) of prions resulting from
a posttranslational modification of the cellular
prion protein (PrPC protein). PrPSc proteins are
disease-specific proteins seen in certain human
and animal neurodegenerative diseases (prion
diseases).
ES: protenas PrPSc

pseudogenes
DF: Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at
different loci, but rendered non-functional by
additions or deletions in structure that prevent
normal transcription or translation. When lacking
introns and containing a poly-A segment near the
downstream end (as a result of reverse copying
from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded
DNA), they are called processed genes.
ES: seudogenes

pseudohermaphroditism
DF: Congenital condition in which a person has
internal gonads (testes or ovaries) of one sex and
external physical characteristics of the other
sex.
ES: seudohermafroditismo

psittacosis
DF: Infection with Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia
psittaci), transmitted to man by inhalation of dust-borne
contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected birds.
This infection results in a febrile illness characterized
by pneumonitis and systemic manifestations.
ES: psitacosis

412

psychology
DF: The science dealing with the study of mental
processes and behavior in man and animals.
ES: psicologa

psychrophilic bacteria
DF: Bacteria that live or thrive at low temperatures.
ES: bacterias psicrfilas

psychrotrophic bacteria
DF: Bacteria that can grow at low temperatures but
grow optimally between 15 and 20C.
ES: bacterias psicotrpicas

ptaquiloside
DF: A norsesquiterpene from bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum);
not a pteridine; can be activated to alkylate DNA.
ES: ptaquilosida

public health
DF: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and
control of disease and disability, and the promotion of
physical and mental health of the population on the
international, national, state, or municipal level.
ES: salud pblica

public housing
DF: Housing which is typically provided to low-income
persons or families, and is owned and operated by
a government.
ES: vivienda pblica

public sector
DF: The area of a nation's economy that is
tax-supported and under government control.
ES: sector pblico

public services and goods
DF: Services and products provided to the general
public.
ES: bienes y servicios pblicos

pullets
DF: Young female chickens.
ES: pollitas
413

pulmonary gas exchange
DF: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood.
ES: intercambio gaseoso pulmonar

pulpwood
DF: wood destined or suited for pulp manufacture,
including standing or felled trees, logging
residues, sawmill wastes, etc.
ES: madera para pasta

pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
DF: Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric
field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to
other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate
double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of
thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the
electric field direction one is able to separate DNA
molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.
ES: electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado

pulvinus
DF: A mass of large thin-walled cells forming a
cushionlike swelling at the base of petiole or
petiolule and functioning in turgor movements of
leaves or leaflets.
ES: pulvinus

pupariation
DF: Formation of the puparium.
ES: pupariacin

puparium
DF: The hardened integument within which the pupa is
formed from the skin of the last larval instar, as
in dipteran flies.
ES: puparium

pupation
DF: The act of becoming a pupa.
ES: pupacin

purebreds
DF: Animals of known ancestry within a recognized breed that
are eligible for registry in the official herdbook of that
breed.
414

ES: pura sangre

pycnidia
DF: A rounded or flask-shaped asexual fruiting body
containing conidia or spores found in certain
fungi, e.g. rust or smut fungi.
ES: picnidia

pyometra
DF: Accumulation of pus in the uterus, normally caused
by severe bacterial infection.
ES: pimetra

pyrimidine nucleosides
DF: Pyrimidines with a ribose attached that can be
phosphorylated to pyrimidine nucleotides.
ES: pirimidina nuclesidos

pyrolysis
DF: A chemical change brought about by heat alone in
the absence of oxygen. Can lead to substances of
smaller molecular weight or larger molecular
weight than the original compound.
ES: pirlisis

415

Q

Q fever
DF: An acute infectious disease caused by Coxiella
burnetti. It is characterized by a sudden onset of fever,
headache, malaise, and weakness. In humans, it is
commonly contracted by inhalation of infected
dusts derived from infected domestic animals.
ES: fiebre Q

qualitative risk assessment
DF: A risk assessment based on data which, although
insufficient for numerical risk estimations, allows risk
ranking or separation into descriptive categories of risk
and identification of inherent uncertainty.
ES: evaluacin cualitativa del riesgo

quality-adjusted life year
DF: A unit of health care outcomes that adjusts gains (or
losses) in years of life subsequent to a health care
intervention by the quality of life during those years.
QALYs can provide a common unit for comparing cost-utility
across different interventions and health problems.
ES: ao de vida ajustado por calidad

quantitative genetics
DF: The area of genetics concerned with the
inheritance of continuously-varying traits. Most
practical improvement programs involve the
application of quantitative genetics.
ES: gentica cuantitativa

quantitative polymerase chain reaction
DF: Methods used for detecting the amplified DNA products from
the polymerase chain reaction as they accumulate instead of
at the end of the reaction.
ES: reaccin en cadena de la polimerasa cuantitativa

quantitative risk assessment
DF: A risk assessment that uses numerical expressions of risk
and indication of inherent uncertainty.
ES: evaluacin cuantitativa del riesgo

quantity food preparation
DF: Cooking methods, planning and preparation needed
when preparing food for a large number of people.
416

ES: preparacin de alimentos en grandes cantidades

quantum dots
DF: Nanometer-sized fragments (30 nm to 1 micron) of
semiconductor crystalline material which hold a discrete
number of electrons and emit photons. The wavelength is
based on the quantum confinement size of the dot and the
number of electrons can be altered by modifying the
electrostatic environment of the dot.
ES: puntos cunticos

quarg
DF: A soft, unripened, fresh cheese that is about the
consistency of yogurt.
ES: quarg

quorum sensing
DF: Quorum sensing is a bacterial cell-to-cell communication
process in which bacterial cells coordinate their gene
expression by producing and releasing signal molecules,
autoinducers, in response to cell density fluctuation.
ES: deteccin de quorum

417

R

radiation resistance
DF: Ability of an organism, especially pathogenic
microorganisms, to withstand irradiation without
death, severe injury or adverse effect.
ES: resistencia a la radiacin

radiation use efficiency
DF: A measurement that relates dry matter production to the
photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) energy that is
intercepted.
ES: eficiencia de uso de la radiacin

radio transmitters
DF: Devices for producing radio-frequency power, for purposes
of radio transmission.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: radiotransmisores

radiocarbon dating
DF: The determination of the age of an organic
substance by measuring the loss rate of
radiocarbon (carbon-14). The method is based on
the principle that all living plants and animals
take in small amounts of radiocarbon, and the
intake ends when they die.
ES: datacin por carbono radiactivo

radiography
DF: The practice of producing an image on a
radiosensitive surface using radiation other than
visible light.
ES: radiografa

radiology
DF: The scientific study of the medical use of
radiation.
ES: radiologa

radiometers
DF: A device that measures radiant energy and
electromagnetic radiation.
ES: radimetros

radiometry
DF: The science of measuring radiation.
418

ES: radiometra

rainfed farming
DF: A system of producing crops without the use of irrigation.
ES: cultivo de temporal

ranchers
DF: People who raise livestock on rangeland.
ES: rancheros

rangelands
DF: Land on which the historic climax plant community is
predominantly
grasses, grasslike plants, forbs, or shrubs. Includes lands
revegetated
naturally or artificially when routine management of that
vegetation is
accomplished mainly through manipulation of grazing.
Rangelands include
natural grasslands, savannas, shrublands, most deserts,
tundra, alpine
communities, coastal marshes, and wet meadows.
DS: National Range and Pasture Handbook, NRCS, USDA
ES: tierras de pasto

rapid amplification of cDNA ends
DF: A rapid method for cloning full-length cDNA when the
sequence is only partially known. cDNA copies of a region
within an RNA transcript are sequenced from a small known
sequence to the 5' or 3' end of the transcript.
ES: amplificacin rpida de los extremos de ADNc

raster data
DF: A type of spatial data that is represented in a
two-dimensional matrix where the value stored for each cell
corresponds to a specific characteristic of the location.
ES: datos de rster

ratites
DF: Large flightless birds having small or rudimentary wings
and breastbones lacking a keel. Some species are
domesticated and raised for food or feathers.
ES: ratites

ratooning
DF: Production of a subsequent crop that results from
the regrowth from roots of the previous harvested
crop, as in sugarcane, pineapple, and banana.
419

ES: utilizacin de renuevas de la raz

raw milk
DF: Fresh, unprocessed milk as it comes from a cow, goat or
other mammal.
ES: leche cruda

rayon
DF: A manufactured, semi-synthetic fiber composed of
regenerated cellulose which is produced from
naturally-occurring polymers. It is used in fabrics for
its high luster, silk-like quality.
ES: rayn

reactive dyes
DF: Class of dyes that bond to fiber molecules and are
fixed by reacting chemically, especially used in
dyeing cellulosic, protein, and nylon fibers.
ES: colorantes reactivos

reactive oxygen species
DF: Reactive oxygen species are molecules containing oxygen
with unpaired and unstable electron configurations which
are highly reactive with other molecules.
ES: especies de oxgeno reactivo

ready-to-cook foods
DF: Foods that are processed and/or prepared to be ready to
cook with very little additional effort.
ES: alimentos listos para cocinar

reciprocal crosses
DF: A pair of crosses where the first cross is the progeny of
breeding a male from population A with a female from
population B, and the second cross is the progeny of
breeding a male from population B with the female from
population A.
ES: cruzamientos recprocos

recombinant fusion proteins
DF: Recombinant proteins produced by the genetic translation of
fused genes formed by the combination of nucleic acid
regulatory sequences of one or more genes with the protein
coding sequences of one or more genes.
ES: protenas recombinantes de fusin

recombined milk
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DF: Recombined milk is the product obtained from the
blend of skimmed milk, milk fat and water.
ES: leche recombinada

Recommended Dietary Allowances
DF: The dietary intake level that is sufficient to
meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all
individuals in the group.
DS: National Academy of Sciences, Food and Nutrition Board
ES: Raciones Dietticas Recomendadas

reconstituted foods
DF: Foods which were concentrated or condensed and
have been brought to their original strength by
adding water.
ES: alimentos reconstituidos

reconstituted milk
DF: Reconstituted milk is the product obtained by the
addition of potable water to dried milk.
ES: leche reconstituida

recreational vehicles
DF: Any vehicle used for traveling, temporary camping
or for pleasure, such as a motor home, dune buggy,
camper, etc.
ES: vehculos de recreacin

recruitment
DF: The addition of new individuals into a population.
ES: contratacin

red light
DF: Red light is the 625-740 nm wavelengths of the visible
light spectrum (approximately 400-700 nm) which appears
red to the eye.
ES: luz roja

red rice
DF: An unmilled, long-grain rice with red bran.
ES: arroz rojo

reefs
DF: long ridges of rock or sand at or near the water's
surface.
ES: arrecifes
421

Reference Daily Intakes
DF: Formerly refered to as the U.S. Recommended Daily
Allowances, these guidelines for dietary intake of
certain essential vitamins and minerals are
independent of total caloric intake.
ES: Consumos Diarios de Referencia

refined grains
DF: Grain products whose natural chemical and nutrient
composition has been altered by processing, such as with
milling, debranning or germ removal. Refined grain
products generally have a finer texture than whole grains.
ES: granos refinados

regeneration (biological)
DF: The renewal or regrowth of an anatomical part, such as one
which has been injured or completely lost.
ES: regeneracin (biolgica)

regression analysis
DF: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best
describes the relationship between a dependent variable and
one or more independent variables.
ES: anlisis de regresin

regulator genes
DF: Genes which control the activity of other genes by coding
for proteins (repressors or activators) or RNAs which
regulate gene expression or a physiological process in an
organism.
ES: genes reguladores

regulon
DF: In eukaryotes, a genetic unit consisting of a noncontiguous
group of genes under the control of a single regulator
gene. In bacteria, regulons are global regulatory systems
involved in the interplay of pleiotropic regulatory domains
and consist of several operons.
ES: reguln

relapse
DF: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a
remission.
ES: recada

relative risk
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DF: The measure of the difference in risk between two groups,
typically expressed as a ratio.
ES: riesgo relativo

relay cropping
DF: The seeding of one crop into another standing
crop, e.g., winter wheat into standing soybeans.
A practice of starting one crop in another.
ES: cultivo de rotacin

release assessment
DF: Evaluation of the probability of introduction of an agent
from its origin until the point of entry into a country or
area.
ES: evaluacin de la liberacin

reliability
DF: The degree to which a test, experiment, or
measurement instrument gives the same results over time.
ES: confiabilidad (estadstica)

remediation
DF: The return to the original uncontaminated state.
ES: reparacin

remission
DF: Spontaneous diminution or abatement of the
symptoms of a disease.
ES: remisin

remote sensing
DF: The practice of obtaining information about the Earth's
surface land and water features from images acquired at a
distant vantage point. Includes aerial photography,
satellite imaging and radar sensing methods.
ES: teledeteccin

renal calculi
DF: Stones in the kidney, usually formed in the
urine-collecting area of the kidney (kidney pelvis). Their
sizes vary and most contain calcium oxalate.
ES: clculos renales

renal clearance
DF: A measure of kidney function, namely the volume of
plasma from which a substance is completely
423

removed by the kidney in a given amount of time.
ES: depuracin renal

rendering
DF: The process of subjecting animal carcasses and parts,
especially fatty tissues, to grinding, extraction, heat or
other treatments to melt out the fats and convert them into
meat byproducts.
ES: fusin de grasas

renewable energy sources
DF: Energy sources from natural resources, such as sunshine,
wind, flowing water, biofuels, etc., which produce energy
indefinitely without being depleted.
ES: fuentes de energa renovable

renin-angiotensin system
DF: A blood pressure regulating system of interacting
components that include renin; angiotensinogen; angiotensin
converting enzyme; angiotensin I; angiotensin II; and
angiotensinase.
ES: sistema del renin-angiotensin

repeatability
DF: The ability of a device or procedure to perform the same
action consistently or to provide the same data given
identical conditions in a given laboratory.
ES: repetibilidad

repetitive sequences
DF: Multiple copies of a nucleotide sequence in a
genome.
ES: secuencias repetitivas

replant disease
DF: A disease affecting susceptible plants such as
apples, pears, plums, cherries and roses when they
are placed into soil previously occupied by a
related species. The exact causes are not known,
but in the first year the new plants will grow
poorly. One theory is that replant disease is due
to a whole menagerie of tree pathogens - fungi,
bacteria, nematodes, viruses and other organisms.
ES: enfermedad de replante

repletion
DF: The restoration of nutritional adequacy, after a
424

period of deficiency of food, energy or specific
nutrients to animals and humans.
ES: replecin

replication origin
DF: A unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA
replication is initiated and proceeds
bidirectionally or unidirectionally. It contains
the sites where the first separation of the
complementary strands occurs, a primer RNA is
synthesized, and the switch from primer RNA to DNA
synthesis takes place.
ES: origen de rplica

replicon
DF: Any DNA sequence capable of independent
replication or a molecule that possesses a
replication origin and which is therefore
potentially capable of being replicated in a
suitable cell.
ES: replicn

reporter genes
DF: Genes whose expression is easily detectable and
therefore used to study promoter activity at many
positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA
technology, these genes may be attached to a
promoter region of interest.
ES: genes reporteros

reproducibility
DF: The ability of a test method or procedure, given the same
inputs, to provide the same data consistently when tested
across different laboratories.
ES: reproducibilidad

reproductive toxicology
DF: Study of the adverse effects of substances on the
embryo, fetus, neonate and prepubertal mammal and
the adult reproductive and neuroendocrine systems.
DS: Toxicology Glossary of the Specialized Information
Services, NIH
ES: toxicologa reproductiva

reproductives
DF: Caste members of social insect colonies that
contribute to offspring production, including
queens, egg-laying workers, and males.
425

ES: reproductores

reptile culture
DF: The cultivation of reptiles for food or other purposes.
ES: cultivo de reptles

research and development
DF: Investigation done to achieve the improvement of
products or technologies or the development of new
products or new technologies.
ES: investigacin y desarrollo

reserve networks
DF: A collection of protected areas, sites or nature reserves
which conserve species or habitat types in order to protect
biological diversity and the greatest number of species.
ES: redes de reserva

resin canals
DF: Tubular intercellular spaces lined with
resin-secreting cells, common in the wood, bark,
and leaves of many gymnosperms and some
angiosperms.
ES: canales resinferos

resistin
DF: A 12-kDa cysteine-rich polypeptide hormone secreted by fat
cells in the adipose tissue. It is the founding member of
the resistin-like molecule (RELM) hormone family. Resistin
suppresses the ability of insulin to stimulate cellular
glucose uptake.
ES: resistina

resorption
DF: Absorption or, less commonly, adsorption of material by a
system from which the material was previously released.
ES: reabsorcin

respiratory mucosa
DF: The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract, including
the nasal cavity; the larynx; the trachea; and the bronchi
tree. The respiratory mucosa consists of various types of
epithelial cells ranging from ciliated columnar to simple
squamous, mucous goblet cells, and glands containing both
mucous and serous cells.
ES: mucosa respiratoria

426

respiratory rate
DF: The number of times an organism breathes with the lungs
(respiration) per unit time, usually per minute.
ES: frecuencia respiratoria

respiratory tract endoscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the
respiratory tract.
ES: endoscopia de las vas respiratorias

response elements
DF: Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are
recognized by specific regulatory transcription
factors, thereby causing gene response to various
regulatory agents. These elements may be found in
both promotor and enhancer regions.
ES: elementos de respuesta

resting energy expenditure
DF: the combination of basal energy needs, plus the
thermic effect of food, plus a small amount of
energy needed to perform the most basic sedentary
activities.
ES: gasto de energa en reposo

restriction mapping
DF: Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and
generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or
other segments of DNA.
ES: mapeamiento de restriccin

retained trees
DF: Trees and saplings that were saved from destruction because
of their value or use in agricultural land.
ES: rboles retenidos

reticulocytes
DF: Immature erythrocytes. In humans, these are
erythroid cells that have just undergone extrusion
of their cell nucleus. They still contain some
organelles that gradually decrease in number as
the cells mature.
ES: reticulocitos

reticuloendotheliosis
DF: A disorder characterized by increased cell growth and
hyperplasia of reticuloendothelial tissue.
427

ES: reticuloendoteliosis

retort pouches
DF: A flexible package in which food is sterilized and
hermetically sealed for long-term unrefrigerated
storage.
ES: bolsas retortables

retrogradation
DF: A process of physical and chemical changes in
aqueous solutions or gels brought on by aging,
resulting in simpler molecular forms.
ES: retrogradacin

retrospective studies
DF: A kind of nonexperimental study in which all the phenomena
investigated occurs prior to the onset of the study.
DS: National Institute of Standards and Technology
ES: estudios retrospectivos

retrotransposons
DF: Elements that are transcribed into RNA,
reverse-transcribed into DNA and then inserted
into a new site in the genome. Long terminal
repeats (LTRs) similar to those from retroviruses
are contained in retrotransposons and
retrovirus-like elements. Retroposons, such as
long interspersed nucleotide elements and short
interspersed nucleotide elements do not contain
LTRs.
ES: retroelementos

reverse osmosis
DF: The application of pressure to stop or reverse the
transport of solvent through a semipermeable membrane
separating two solutions of different solute concentration.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: smosis inversa

reverse transcription
DF: The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template.
ES: transcripcin reversa

reworks
DF: Foods which are reprocessed as alternative food
products because of defects.
ES: productos reprocesados

428

rheology
DF: The branch of physics dealing with the deformation
and flow of matter, and is particularly concerned
with the properties of matter that determine its
behavior when a mechanical force is exerted upon
it.
ES: rheologa

rheophilic species
DF: Organisms which prefer to live in running or fast moving
water.
ES: especies refilas

rheumatoid arthritis
DF: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the
joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the
synovial membranes and articular structures,
widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen
fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and
rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is
unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been
implicated.
ES: artritis reumatoide

rhinoscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the nasal
cavity.
ES: rinoscopia

rhizoplane
DF: The microenvironment on the surface of a root.
ES: rizoplano

rhizosphere
DF: The soil surrounding and directly influenced by
plant roots.
ES: rizosfera

rice wines
DF: An alcoholic beverage made from fermented rice.
ES: vinos de arroz

rickets
DF: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D,
especially in infancy and childhood, with
disturbance of normal ossification.
429

ES: raquitismo

Rickettsia
DF: A genus of bacteria that causes typhus and spotted fevers
in humans.
ES: Rickettsia

rickettsial diseases
DF: Infections with bacteria of the order
Rickettsiales.
ES: enfermedades rickettsiales

rifampicin
DF: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces
mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum,
including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium.
In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA
polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the
enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis.
Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular
and extracellular organisms.
ES: rifampicina

rifamycins
DF: A group of anti-bacterial agents characterized by a
chromophoric naphthohydroquinone group spanned by an
aliphatic bridge not previously found in other known
anti-bacterial agents. They have been isolated from
fermentation broths of Streptomyces mediterranei.
ES: rifamicinas

Rift Valley fever
DF: An acute infection caused by the Rift Valley fever virus,
an RNA arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic animals
and humans. In animals, symptoms include hepatitis,
abortion, and death. In humans, symptoms range from those
of a flu-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis,
or blindness.
ES: fiebre del Valle del Rift

Rift Valley fever virus
DF: A mosquito-borne species of the Phlebovirus genus and
member of the sandfly fever group viruses found in eastern,
central, and southern Africa, producing massive hepatitis,
abortion, and death in sheep, goats, cattle, and other
animals. It also has caused disease in humans.
ES: Rift Valley fever virus

430

rinderpest
DF: A viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals caused by
Morbillivirus (Rinderpest virus). It may be
acute, subacute, or chronic with the major lesions
characterized by inflammation and ulceration of
the entire digestive tract.
ES: peste bovina

riparian buffers
DF: Streamside plantings of trees, shrubs, and grasses
that can intercept contaminants from both surface
water and ground water before they reach a stream
and that help restore damaged streams.
ES: tampones ribereos

riparian soils
DF: Soil that is contained in the soil banks alongside and near
rivers and streams which is subject to erosion by the
action of water.
ES: tierras ribereas

risk
DF: The probability that an adverse event will occur, including
measures of the probability of an unfavorable outcome.
ES: riesgo

risk-benefit analysis
DF: Comparison of the short- and long-term risks to the overall
societal benefits of an activity, chemical use, or
technology. When risks and benefits are expressed in
monetary terms, this is effectively cost-benefit analysis.
Edition.
ES: anlisis riesgo-beneficio

risk analysis
DF: The analytical process for assessing, managing and
communicating information about potential hazards or other
undesirable events, and quantifying their probability and
expected consequences.
ES: anlisis del riesgo

risk assessment
likelihood of adverse effects. A risk assessment generally
has four steps: hazard identification, hazard
characterization, exposure assessment and risk
characterization.
431

ES: evaluacin de riesgo

risk assessment process
DF: A description of the framework, plan and course of action
used to perform a risk assessment activity.
ES: proceso de valoracin del riesgo

risk assessors
DF: Persons who perform risk assessment.
ES: evaluadores del riesgo

risk characterization
DF: The last phase of the risk assessment process that
estimates the potential for adverse health or ecological
effects to occur from exposure to a stressor and evaluates
the
uncertainty involved.
ES: caracterizacin del riesgo

risk communication
DF: An educational process where potential risks are
communicated to individuals or groups of
individuals in order to promote risk awareness and
prevent adverse incidents.
ES: comunicacin de riesgo

risk communication process
used to perform a risk communication activity.
ES: proceso de comunicacin de riesgo

risk communicators
DF: Persons who perform risk communication.
ES: comunicadores de riesgo

risk description
DF: A narrative that defines and limits an adverse condition
for decision making.
ES: descripcin del riesgo

risk estimate
DF: Quantification of the likelihood and severity of adverse
effects, including associated uncertainties.
ES: estimacin del riesgo

432

risk management
DF: The process an organization undertakes to minimize
financial, health or other risks by identifying
potential hazards or adverse effects and by
planning for and handling incidents which do occur
in such a manner that their effect and cost are
minimized.
ES: gestin de riesgos

risk management process
used to perform a risk management activity.
ES: proceso de gestin de riesgos

risk managers
DF: Persons who perform risk management.
ES: administradores del riesgo

risk perception
DF: The subjective judgment made about the severity and aspects
of a risk.
ES: percepcin del riesgo

risk profile
DF: The process of describing a problem and its context, in
order to identify those elements of the hazard or risk
relevant to various risk management decisions. The risk
profile would include identifying aspects of hazards
relevant to prioritizing and setting the risk assessment
policy and aspects of the risk relevant to the choice of
safety standards and management options.
DS: Codex Alimentarius Commission Procedural Manual 10 ed., pp.
44-45, Rome 1997 and Risk Analysis I. Definitions
Related to Risk Management CX/GP 98/3
ES: perfil de riesgo

risk ranking
DF: The placement of hazard elements into an ordinal sequence
for decision making based on qualitatiive or quantitative
information.
ES: graduacin del riesgo

risk reduction
DF: Measures taken to reduce adverse effects.
ES: reduccin de riesgos

risk screening
DF: A process that separates hazard elements into descriptive
433

categories of interest to decision makers based on specific
criteria.
ES: evaluacin preliminar del riesgo

RNA editing
DF: A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of
mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it.
ES: edicin de ARN

RNA libraries
DF: A large collection of RNA fragments obtained by molecular
cloning with applications as tools in genetic screening.
ES: bibliotecas de ARN

RNA probes
DF: RNA usually prepared by transcription from cloned
DNA, which complements a specific mRNA or DNA and
is generally used for studies of virus genes,
distribution of specific RNA in tissues and cells,
integration of viral DNA into genomes,
transcription, etc. Whereas DNA probes are
preferred for use at a more macroscopic level for
detection of the presence of DNA/ RNA from
specific species or subspecies, RNA probes are
preferred for genetic studies.
ES: sondas ARN

RNA splicing
DF: The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or
intervening sequences (introns) before the final
RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.
ES: empalme del ARN

Rocky Mountain region
DF: Region in North America, extending from the Arctic
region in Canada south towards the Mexican
frontier. (In the United States, includes areas
of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Nevada,
Wyoming, Idaho and Montana).
ES: Regin de las Rocallosas

Rocky Mountain spotted fever
DF: An acute febrile illness caused by Rickettsia
rickettsii (genus Rickettsia, family
Rickettsiaceae). It is transmitted to humans by
bites of infected ticks and occurs only in North
and South America. Characteristics include a
sudden onset with headache and chills and fever
434

lasting about two to three weeks. A cutaneous rash
commonly appears on the extremities and trunk
about the fourth day of illness.
ES: fiebre maculosa de las Montaas Rocosas

rodenticides
DF: Pesticides that are used for controlling mice and other
rodents.
ES: rodenticidas

rods (retina)
DF: Photosensitive afferent neurons located in the peripheral
retina, with density increases radially away from the fovea
centralis. Being much more sensitive to light than the
retinal cone cells, the rod cells are responsible for
twilight vision (at scotopic intensities) as well as
peripheral vision, but provide no color discrimination.
ES: fotosensores lineales (retina)

roosters
DF: Adult male chickens usually kept for breeding.
ES: gallos

root crown
DF: The growing point where the roots meet the
stem.
ES: corona de la raz

root shoot ratio
DF: The ratio of roots to shoots in a plant, either measured by
dry weight or fresh weight.
ES: cociente raz

ropiness
DF: A condition in food products in which the
overgrowth of certain bacteria cause a viscous,
stringy slime.
ES: viscosidad (descomposicin de alimentos)

rose hips
DF: The fruit of the rose plant.
ES: escaramujos

rough endoplasmic reticulum
DF: A type of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where
polyribosomes are present on the cytoplasmic
435

surfaces of the ER membranes. This form of ER is
prominent in cells specialized for protein
secretion and its principal function is to
segregate proteins destined for export or
intracellular utilization.
ES: retculo endoplsmico spero

rough rice
DF: Unmilled rice that still contains the husk.
ES: arroz con cscara

roundwood
DF: solid wood that is in the round state. This term
is also used for the volume of logs required to
produce a given quantity of lumber, panels, pulp,
paper or other wood products.
ES: madera en rollo

Rous sarcoma virus
DF: Group of alpharetroviruses (Alpharetrovirus) producing
sarcoma and other tumors in chickens and other fowl, and
also in pigeons, ducks, and rats.
ES: Rous sarcoma virus

roxithromycin
DF: Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is
concentrated by human phagocytes and is bioactive
intracellularly. While the drug is active against a wide
spectrum of pathogens, it is particularly effective in the
treatment of respiratory and genital tract infections.
ES: roxitromicina

rule of three (crisis communication)
DF: The principle that in a high stress situation, messages
should contain no more than three key elements, repeated
three times each.
ES: regla de tres (comunicacin de crisis)

ruminants
DF: Mammals that have four stomachs and even-toed hooves.
ES: rumiantes

runoff
DF: The part of precipitation or irrigation water on
land that has limited interaction with the
landscape and ultimately reaches surface water,
such as streams, ponds, impoundments, reservoirs,
436

oceans, rivers, etc.
ES: escorrenta

rural health clinics
DF: The provision of health services via medical clinics in
rural areas.
ES: clnicas rurales de salud

rural utilities
DF: The delivery of public services such as water,
electricity, gas, telephone and telecommunications
to rural communities.
ES: servicios pblicos rurales

437

S

sacral spine
DF: The vertebrae of the pelvic region, below the lumbar spine.
These vertebrae are usually fused together to form a solid
unit.
ES: regin sacra

safety assessment
DF: An evaluation of the adverse effect of a biological,
chemical or physical agent based on toxicity and exposure
data; as contrasted with risk assessment, probability
analysis is not involved in safety assessment.
ES: valoracin de la seguridad

safety equipment
DF: Equipment and devices designed to prevent or
reduce the risk of injury or accidents.
ES: equipo de seguridad

safety factor
DF: A mathematical adjustment (generally a 10-fold reduction)
used to account for the extrapolation of data to arrive at
an risk level that is considered safe.
ES: factor de seguridad

safety standards
DF: Criteria for ensuring the safety of activities, processes,
or products,.
ES: estandares de seguridad

sago
DF: A powdered starch derived from sago palms (and
other tropical palm species) and used in foods and
as textile stiffening. Sago starch is similar to
tapioca.
ES: sag

Sahel
DF: A dryland belt that stretches across Africa and is
the transition zone between the Sahara Desert to
the north and tropical forests to the south.
ES: Sahel

sales
DF: Total products and services sold.
438

ES: ventas

sales tax
DF: Tax imposed on the retail price of an item which
is collected by the retailer.
ES: impuesto a las ventas

saline soils
DF: A nonsodic soil containing sufficient soluble salt to
adversely affect the growth of most crop plants with a
lower limit of electrical conductivity of the saturated
extract (ECe) being 4 deciSiemens / meter (dS/m), which is
equivalent to a value of 4 mmhos/cm.
DS: University of Arizona Cooperative Extension
ES: suelos salinos

salmonellosis
DF: Infections with bacteria of the genus Salmonella.
ES: salmonelosis

salpingitis
DF: Inflammation of the oviducts (Fallopian tubes).
ES: salpingitis

salt marsh plants
DF: Plants that grow in salt marshes and are salt
tolerant as well as tolerant of wet conditions.
ES: plantas de marismas

salt marshes
DF: Typically, transitional areas between land and
ocean, where the salinity and level of the water
are dependent on the tides. However, there are
also inland salt marshes in arid areas where the
water has a high salt level due to evaporation.
Salt water marshes are dominated by salt tolerant
(halophytic) vegetation. They are environmentally
delicate areas, extremely vulnerable to pollution.
ES: pantanos de sal

salt substitutes
DF: Substances which taste salty but contain less sodium
chloride than table salt, or are sodium free.
ES: sustitutos de la sal

salt tolerance
DF: The ability of an organism to resist the adverse
effects of excessive soluble salts in an
439

environment.
ES: tolerancia a la sal

salting
DF: To treat, preserve or season with common salt.
ES: sazonar

salvage logging
DF: Cutting primarily to utilize dead and downed material and
scattered poor-risk trees that will not be merchantable if
left in the stand until the next scheduled cut.
DS: Wood Handbook Glossary, Forest Service
ES: corta de recuperacin

Samoa
DF: A group of islands in the SW Pacific Ocean
divided into American Samoa (administered by the
U.S. Department of Interior) and Western Samoa (an
independant country)
ES: Samoa

sanitary and phytosanitary regulations
DF: Government standards to protect humans, animals and plants
from diseases, pests or contaminants.
ES: regulaciones sanitarias y fitosanitarias

sanitation
DF: The development and application of measures
designed to promote health and prevent disease.
ES: saneamiento

sanitizing
DF: To make physically clean and sterile.
ES: sanitizado (proceso)

saphenous vein
DF: The vein which drains the foot and leg.
ES: vena safena

saplings
DF: A young tree that is more mature than a seedling but is not
yet seed-producing. A silvicultural tree class in which
size limits vary by region but is generally accepted as 2-4
inches in diameter and 4 to 4-1/2 feet in height in the
United States.
ES: rboles jvenes
440

saponins
DF: A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants.
Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycone
moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a
steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be
glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose.
ES: saponinas

sarcopenia
DF: Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which
results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.
ES: sarcopenia

sarcoplasmic reticulum
DF: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of
skeletal muscle fibers that assist with muscle
contraction and relaxation by releasing and
storing calcium ions.
ES: retculo sarcoplasmatico

Sargasso Sea
DF: Large tract of still water in the middle of the North
Atlantic Ocean that is predominated by Sargassum seaweed.
ES: Mar de Sargasso

satellite DNA
DF: Highly repetitive DNA sequences found in
heterochromatin, mainly near centromeres. They are
composed of simple sequences (very short) repeated
in tandem many times to form large blocks of
sequence. Additionally, following the accumulation
of mutations, these blocks of repeats have been
repeated in tandem themselves. The degree of
repetition is on the order of 1000 to 10 million
at each locus. Loci are few, usually one or two
per chromosome. They were called satellites since
in density gradients, they often sediment as
distinct, satellite bands separate from the bulk
of genomic DNA owing to a distinct base
composition.
ES: ADN satlite

satellite RNA
DF: Small, linear single-stranded RNA molecules functionally
acting as molecular parasites of certain RNA plant viruses.
ES: satlite de ARN

441

savannas
DF: A tropical or subtropical biome, consisting mainly
of coarse grasses with scattered shrubs and trees
due to distinct wet and dry seasons; often a
transitional zone between a grassland and a
woodland.
ES: sabanas

sawlogs
DF: A log large enough to be sawed economically into
boards on a sawmill. Sawlogs are usually at least
8 inches in diameter at the small end.
ES: trozas de aserradero

Scandinavia
DF: A region encompassing Denmark, Norway, and Sweden,
sometimes expanded to include Finland and Iceland.
ES: Escandinavia

scanning tunneling microscopy
DF: A type of scanning probe microscopy in which a very sharp
conducting needle is swept just a few angstroms above the
surface of a sample. The tiny tunneling current that flows
between the sample and the needle tip is measured, and from
this are produced three-dimensional topographs. Due to the
poor electron conductivity of most biological samples, thin
metal coatings are deposited on the sample.
ES: microscopia de efecto tnel

scavenging behavior
DF: Searching for and feeding on dead carcasses or decaying
organic matter.
ES: comportamiento carroero

Scedosporium
DF: A genus of fungus which is pathogenic on animals and humans.
ES: Scedosporium

scenario uncertainty
DF: Uncertainty due to descriptive errors, aggregation errors,
errors in professional judgment, or incomplete analysis.
ES: escenario de incertidumbre

school children
DF: Children in the 6 to 11 year age range.
ES: nios en edad escolar
442

Schwann cells
DF: Neuroglial cells of the peripheral nervous system
which form the insulating myelin sheaths of
peripheral axons.
ES: clulas de Schwann

scintigraphy
DF: The production of an image obtained by cameras that detect
the radioactive emissions of an injected radionuclide as it
has distributed differentially throughout tissues in the
body.
ES: gammagrafa

sclereids
DF: A type of sclerenchyma cell which is various in shape
(e.g., isodiametric, branched, star-shaped, etc.) and
characteristically has cell walls which are pitted, thick,
and lignified. Sclereids, like fiber cells, occur in many
parts of the plant and povide structural support to plant
tissues.
ES: esclereidas

sclerophyll forests
DF: Temperate forests composed predominantly of broad-leaved
evergreen trees and shrubs in regions with warm rainy
winters and dry hot summers.
ES: bosques esclerfilos

sclerosis
DF: A pathological process consisting of hardening or
fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a
vessel or a nerve.
ES: esclerosis

sclerotization
DF: The hardening and darkening of the chitin in the
exoskeleton.
ES: esclerotizacin

scombroid poisoning
DF: Scombroid poisoning is caused by the ingestion of foods
that contain high levels of histamine and possibly other
vasoactive amines and compounds.
ES: envenenamiento por escombroides

scrapie
443

DF: A fatal disease of the nervous system in sheep and
goats, characterized by pruritus, debility, and
locomotor incoordination. It is caused by
proteinaceous infectious particles called prions.
ES: scrapie

screening
DF: A systematic examination or assessment, done to
detect a particular substance or attribute.
ES: evaluacin preliminar

scrub typhus
DF: An acute infectious disease caused by Orientia
tsutsugamushi.
ES: tifus de las malezas

seafoods
DF: Edible aquatic (freshwater or marine) organisms
such as fish, shellfish, or seaweed that is used
as food.
ES: alimentos de origen marino

seal of quality
DF: Labels on products that reflect participation in a
voluntary inspection and labeling program that esablishes
quality standards for products from a specific industry
and/or locality.
ES: sello de calidad

seasonal wetlands
DF: Ephemeral wetlands formed during the wettest time
of year which dry and disappear with seasonal
change. These seasonal wetlands are important in
amphibian life cycles and as a source of food and
water for wildlife.
ES: tierras hmedas estacionales

seaweed culture
DF: The cultivation of macroalgae or seaweeds for food or other
purposes.
ES: cultivo de algas

secondary attack rate
DF: A measure of the frequency of new cases of a disease among
the contacts of known cases.
DS: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
ES: tasa de ataque secundario
444

secondary contact
DF: Exposure to a biological, chemical or physical agent
following initial exposure.
ES: contacto secundario

secondary education
DF: Education of students from grade 7, 8, or 9
through grade 12 (which is dependent on the school
system).
ES: educacin secundaria

secondary forests
DF: The first forest regenerated on land that was
originally covered by primary forest which was
drastically altered in structure by selective
cutting or clearcutting for agricultural use.
ES: bosques secundarios

secondary metabolites
DF: Chemicals synthesized by organisms that do not
appear to have a direct role in the organism's
growth. Many are used in foods, pharmaceuticals,
and other industrial applications.
ES: metabolito secundario

secondary productivity
DF: The amount of carbon incorporated by heterotrophs
(animals, saprophytes, herbivores, etc.) from
organic matter (food) per unit area over time.
ES: productividad secundaria

secondary transmission
DF: Transfer of a pathogen from an infected organism to
additional organisms.
ES: transmisin secundaria

secretin
DF: A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal
mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the
blood sugar level.
ES: secretina

secretory granules
DF: Vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus containing
material to be released at the cell surface.
445

ES: grnulos secretorios

sediment contamination
DF: contamination of sediments.
ES: contaminacin del sedimento

seed cotton
DF: Unginned cotton which consists of the seed with
the attached lint as picked from the boll.
ES: fibra de algodn sin desmotar

seed exchange
DF: Any act of giving and receiving seeds, usually with no
exchange of money.
ES: intercambio de semillas

seed orchards
DF: A plantation of trees selected for their hereditary
characters, so grown and treated as to produce abundant,
easily harvested seed crops.
ES: huertos semilleros

seed priming
DF: Pretreatment of seeds by various methods in order
to improve seed germination rate, percentage
germination, and improve uniformity of seedling
emergence by controlling the water available in
the seed. The pretreatment initiates the early
stages of germination, but does not permit radicle
protrusion, and then the seeds are dried until
needed.
ES: acondicionamiento de semillas

seed stratification
DF: The practice of placing seeds in moist media and specific
temperature regimes in order to break seed dormancy and
promote germination.
ES: estratificacin de semillas

seed trees
DF: Trees that produce seeds; usually a superior tree left
standing at the time of cutting to produced seeds for
reforestation.
ES: rboles semilleros

seedling production
DF: production of plants propagated by seed to be sold
446

and/or used as transplants.
ES: produccin de plntulas

selection criteria
DF: The traits of the breeding plant or animal that
are desirable in their progeny.
ES: criterio de seleccin

selection index
DF: Prediction of the long term breeding objectives.
ES: ndice de seleccin

selection response
DF: Selection response is a measurement of the
progress made by selection, which is,
specifically, the difference between the mean
values of the progeny of one generation and the
mean of the next generation.
ES: respuesta de seleccin

selenoproteins
DF: Selenoproteins are proteins that specifically incorporate
selenocysteine into their amino acid chain. Most
selenoproteins are enzymes with the selenocysteine residues
being responsible for their catalytic functions.
ES: selenoprotenas

self-efficacy
DF: A person's sense of his own capabilities in order
to cope with a wide variety of demanding
situations.
ES: autoeficacia

self-perception
DF: A person's view of himself.
ES: autopercepcin

semiarid zones
DF: Regions characterized by low and erratic rainfall, periods
of drought, and where the prevalent vegetation is scattered
short grasses, bunchgrasses or shrubs.
ES: zonas semiridas

senescence
DF: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and
function of an organism that occur as a result of
447

the passage of time.
ES: envejecimiento

sensors (equipment)
DF: A device that receives and responds to a signal or
stimulus.
ES: sensores

sensory disorders
DF: Disorders of the special senses (i.e., vision,
hearing, taste, and smell) or somatosensory system
(i.e., afferent components of the peripheral
nervous system).
ES: trastornos de la sensacin

sensory neurons
DF: Neurons that conduct impulses inwards to the brain
or spinal cord.
ES: neuronas sensoriales

sepsis (infection)
DF: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or
suspected infectious etiology.
ES: sepsis (infeccin)

septicemia
DF: Systemic illness caused by infection of the blood by
pathogenic microorganisms and the toxins they release.
ES: septicemia

sequence alignment
DF: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base
sequences from an organism or organisms in such a
way as to align areas of the sequences sharing
common properties.
ES: alineamiento de secuencias

sequence analysis
DF: A multistage process that includes the
determination of a sequence (protein,
carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and
analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting
sequence information.
ES: anlisis de secuencia

sequence homology
448

DF: The degree of similarity between sequences.
Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences
provide useful information about the genetic
relatedness of certain species.
ES: homologa de secuencia

serological surveys
DF: Epidemiological investigations which involve the detection
and identification of antibodies to specific antigens in
populations of individuals.
ES: encuestas serolgicas

serotonin
DF: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized
from the essential amino acid, l-tryptophan. In
humans it is found primarily in the central
nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood
platelets. Serotonin mediates several important
physiological functions including
neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility,
hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity.
ES: serotonina

serotypes
DF: Subdivision of a species or subspecies
distinguishable from other such strains on the
basis of antigenicity.
ES: serotipos

sesquiterpenoids
ES: sesquiterpenos

sex allocation
DF: Ability of the female to control the gender of
offspring.
ES: asignacin por sexo

sex chromatin
DF: In the interphase nucleus, a condensed mass of
chromatin representing an inactivated X
chromosome. Each X chromosome, in excess of one,
forms sex chromatin (Barr body) in the mammalian
nucleus.
ES: cromatina sexual

sex determination
449

DF: The genetic mechanism by which the sex of an individual in
a given species is fixed. In many species, sex is
determined by the sperm that fertilizes the egg. In humans,
the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the
sex genotype.
ES: determinacin del sexo

sex hormones
DF: Hormones having estrogenic or androgenic activity.
ES: hormonas sexuales

sex preselection
DF: Methods for control of genetic sex of offspring.
ES: preselecin de sexo

sex reversal
DF: A change in the gender identity of an organism from one sex
to the opposite sex, due to life history or environmental
(e.g. temperature dependence) events, or by surgical and
pharmacologic intervention.
ES: reversion sexual

shade agroforestry systems
DF: An agroforestry system where the trees in the overstory
provide shade to shade-loving crops growing in a lower
strata, such as Vanilla growing on native timber species.
ES: sistemas de sombra

shade trees
DF: A tall tree which provides shade at ground level
due to its large canopy.
ES: rboles de sombra

shadow prices
DF: The value used in economic analysis for a cost or a benefit
in a project when the market price is felt to be a poor
estimate of economic value. Shadow price technically
implies a price that has been derived from a complex
mathematical model. Shadow prices are estimates of
efficiency prices. For final goods and services, the
shadow price is the value in use. For intermediate goods
and services, the shadow price is the opportunity cost, the
benefit foregone by using a scarce resource for one purpose
instead of its next best alternative use.
ES: precios de cuenta

450

shallots
DF: A type of onion which is formed with a head made
up of several cloves, resembling garlic.
ES: chalotes

sharecropping
DF: A farm leasing agreement in which both landowner and tenant
farmer receive a share of the harvested crop. The
farmowner contributes farmland and farm buildings, whereas
the tenant provides labor and equipment and usually resides
on the farm. Both may share the cost of farm inputs such
as seed, fertilizers and pesticides; the risk from
variation in crop prices and yields is also shared, as
compared with cash rents.
ES: aparcera

shear strength
DF: Maximum shear stress that can be sustained by a
material before rupture. It is the ultimate
strength of a material subjected to shear loading.
ES: resistencia al cizallamiento

sheep diseases
DF: Diseases of domestic and mountain sheep of the
genus Ovis.
ES: enfermedades de las ovejas

sheet erosion
DF: Soil erosion occurring from a thin, relatively
uniform layer of soil particles on the soil
surface.
ES: erosin laminar

shelf life
DF: The length of time during which a product or
material may be stored and maintain quality
suitable for use or consumption.
ES: tiempo de vida

shell gland
DF: The specialized glandular part of the oviduct that
forms the egg's shell.
ES: glndula nidamental

shelterbelts
DF: A row or rows of trees, shrubs, or other plants
used to reduce wind erosion, protect young crops
451

and control blowing snow. Shelterbelts also
provide excellent protection from the elements for
wildlife, livestock, houses and farm buildings.
ES: cortaviento

shelterwood systems
DF: Even-aged silvicultural system in which a new stand is
established under the protection of a partial canopy of
trees.
ES: sistemas de regeneracin bajo cubierta

shifting cultivation
DF: A farming system, common in the tropics, in which
land is cleared, the debris burned, and crops
grown for a relatively short period until yields
decline. The land is then abandoned. The
original land is cleared and cropped again after a
uncontrolled fallow period of 3-20 years, usually
when soil fertility has been naturally restored by
woody vegetation.
ES: cultivo migratorio

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli
DF: Strains of Escherichia coli with the ability to produce at
least one or more of at least two antigenically distinct,
usually bacteriophage-mediated cytotoxins: Shiga toxin 1
and Shiga toxin 2. These bacteria can cause severe disease
in humans including bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic
syndrome.
ES: Escherichia coli productora de la toxina shiga

shipping
DF: Transport of goods by watercraft.
ES: embarque

sialome
DF: The complete set of mRNA transcripts and proteins expressed
in the salivary glands, especially of hematophagous
arthropods such as ticks, fleas and mosquitoes.
ES: sialome

sibling species
DF: Species that are morphologically nearly identical and
closely related genetically, but which are reproductively
isolated and cannot interbreed sucessfully to produce
fertile offspring.
ES: especies hermanas
452

siderophores
DF: Microbial compounds that sequester and transport
ferric iron.
ES: siderforos

Sierra Nevada region (California)
DF: A 400 mile long mountain range located in eastern
California.
ES: Regin de Sierra Nevada (California)

sigma factors
DF: A protein which is a subunit of RNA polymerase. It
effects initiation of specific RNA chains from
DNA.
ES: factores sigma

sigmoidoscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the sigmoid
flexure.
ES: sigmoidoscopia

signal peptide
DF: Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins
that selectively guide the distribution of the
proteins to specific cellular compartments.
ES: pptido seal

silage
DF: Any crop that is harvested green and preserved in
a succulent condition by partial fermentation in a
more-or-less airtight container such as a silo.
ES: ensilado

silvicultural systems
DF: Long-range harvest and management schemes designed
to optimize the growth, regeneration, and
administration of particular forest types.
ES: sistemas silvcolas

silviculture
DF: The science, art, and practice of establishing and
tending forest stands to produce forest stands
with the desired composition, constitution and
growth rate.
ES: silvicultura
453

silvopastoral systems
DF: The combined use of forestland or woodland for
both wood production and animal production by
grazing of the coexisting indigenous forage, or
vegetation that is managed like indigenous forage.
DS: Terminology for Grazing Lands and Grazing Animals. Forage
and Grazing Terminology Committee
ES: sistemas silvopastoriles

Sindbis virus
DF: The type species of Alphavirus normally transmitted to
birds by Culex mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India,
Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be
associated with fever in humans.
ES: Sindbis virus

single nucleotide polymorphism
DF: A single nucleotide variation in a genetic
sequence that occures at appreciable frequency in
the population.
ES: polimorfismo de nucletido simple

singlet oxygen
DF: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated
photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a
variety of biological molecules such as nucleic acids;
proteins; and lipids; causing oxidative damages.
ES: oxgeno singlete

sinus venosus atrial septal defect
DF: A congenital heart defect of the atrial septum affecting
venous blood flow of the inferior or superior vena cava.
ES: comunicacin interauricular tipo seno venoso

sires
DF: Male parents.
ES: sementales

sisomicin
DF: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is
closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of
the gentamicin complex (gentamicins).
ES: sisomicina

site-directed mutagenesis
DF: Genetically engineered mutagenesis at a specific site in
the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an
454

insertion or deletion
ES: mutagnesis en sitio dirigido

site-specific recombination
DF: DNA rearrangements occurring between specific DNA segments
which may exhibit little sequence homology. Recombinase
enzymes bind to short DNA sequences, cleaving and rejoining
the DNA strands. Sequences may move between nonhomologous
sites within a single chromosome or between two chromosomes.
ES: recombinacin especfica de sitio

skeletal development
DF: Gross development of bones from fetus to adult.
ES: desarrollo del esqueleto

skim milk
DF: Milk from which sufficient cream has been removed to reduce
its milk fat content to less than 0.5 % (usually less than
0.1%).
ES: leche desnatada

skin grafting
DF: The grafting of skin in humans or animals from one
site to another to replace a lost portion of the
body surface skin.
ES: trasplante de piel

slash
DF: Debris left over after logging, pruning, thinning or brush
cutting; includes logs, chips, bark, branches, stumps and
broken understory trees or brush.
ES: restos de corta

sludge
DF: The solid or semi-solid residual waste remaining when
liquid is removed during industrial waste treatment.
ES: lodo

small farms
DF: Farms with less than $250,000 gross receipts annually, on
which day-to-day labor and management are provided by the
farmer and/or the farm family that owns the production or
owns, or leases, the productive assets.
ES: granjas pequeas

small interfering RNA
455

DF: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31
nucleotides) involved in gene silencing functions,
especially RNA interference (RNAi).
ES: pequea interferencia de ARN

small nuclear RNA
DF: Short chains of RNA (100-300 nucleotides long) that are
abundant in the nucleus and usually complexed with proteins
in snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins). Many function
in the processing of messenger RNA precursors. Others, the
snoRNAs (small nucleolar rna), are involved with the
processing of ribosomal RNA precursors.
ES: ARN nuclear pequeo

small schools
DF: Although the designation of "small" is relative to locale,
small schools of grades K-12 usually do not exceed 750
students.
DS: ERIC Thesaurus
ES: escuelas pequeas

smelting
DF: A process for separating metal from an ore, usually by
heating in a furnace beyond the melting point.
ES: fundicin

smoke management
DF: Application of fire intensities and meteorological
processes to minimize degradation of air quality during
prescribed fires.
ES: manejo de humo

smoking (food products)
DF: The application of smoke from burning wood to
foods in order to preserve them and add a smoky
flavor.
ES: ahumar

smoltification
DF: The hormonally-regulated process by which anadromous fish
undergo physical and physiological adaptation for migration
from freshwater to saltwater, typically occurring at 1-2
years of age.
ES: esmoltificacin

smolts
DF: Adolescent salmonid fish which have lost their parr marks
and have developed a silvery coloring on the body. Smolts
456

are physiologically adapted to a marine environment and are
ready to begin migration to saltwater.
ES: salmones jvenes

smooth endoplasmic reticulum
DF: A type of endoplasmic reticulum lacking associated
ribosomes on the membrane surface. It exhibits a
wide range of specialized metabolic functions
including supplying enzymes for steroid synthesis,
detoxification, and glycogen breakdown. In muscle
cells, smooth endoplasmic reticulum is called
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
ES: retculo endoplsmico liso

snags
DF: Standing dead trees from which the leaves and most of the
branches have fallen.
ES: rbol muerto en pie

snow damage
DF: Damage to plants from snow.
ES: dao por nieve

soaps
DF: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty
acids.
ES: jabones

soapstock
DF: The fatty material from which soap is made; a
byproduct of oilseed refining.
ES: solubilizado de aceite

social barriers
DF: Differences (inequalities),in gender, ethnicity, race,
religion, health or socioeconomic status, between
individuals or groups that prevent them from achieving or
accomplishing their goals, or deny their opportunity to
access resources and to advance their interests.
ES: barrera sociales

social capital
DF: The social relationships and interconnectedness between and
among people, businesses and institutions that are valuable
assets which produce economic benefits to individuals and
society.
457

ES: capital social

social cohesion
DF: A property of social groups describing the strength of
participants' commitment to other group members and to the
group as a whole.
ES: cohesion social

social marketing
DF: The application of marketing practices to the
development of programs designed to influence the
behavior of target audiences so that individuals
and society benefit.
ES: mercadotecnia social

social networks
DF: The social relationships and interconnectedness between and
among people and entities in a society.
ES: red social

social parasitism
DF: the coexistence in the same nest of two insect
species, of which one is parasitically dependent
upon the other.
ES: parasitismo social

social sciences
DF: Disciplines concerned with the interrelationships of
individuals in a social environment including social
organizations and institutions. Includes sociology and
anthropology.
ES: ciencias sociales

socialism
DF: An economic system that is regulated, directed and
administered by the government rather than private
enterprises and which supports the principle of equal
distribution of wealth among individuals.
ES: socialismo

socioeconomic development
DF: Activities involving both social and economic factors which
result in the growth of the economy and societal progress
and is measureable in both economic and social terms, e.g.,
growth in the number of jobs created and increase in life
expectancy.
ES: desarrollo socioeconmico
458

socioeconomics
DF: The branch of economics which examines the relationship
between economic factors and society.
ES: socioeconoma

sodding
DF: The placement and establishment of sod strips to
cover bare soil areas.
ES: instalacin de csped

sodic soils
DF: A nonsaline soil containing sufficient exchangeable sodium
(Na) to adversely affect crop production and soil structure
under most conditions of soil and plant type. The sodium
adsorption ratio of the saturation extract (SARe) is at
least 13.
DS: University of Arizona Cooperative Extension
ES: suelos sdicos

sodium dodecyl sulfate
DF: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl
sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of
aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent,
detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes;
also as research tool in protein biochemistry.
ES: dodecil sulfato de sodio

sodium glucose transporter
DF: Monosaccharide transport proteins that function as active
symporters. They utilize sodium or hydrogen ions to
transport glucose across cell membranes.
ES: transportadores de sodio-glucosa

soft red winter wheat
DF: A wheat class seeded in the fall, has low to
medium protein content, with a soft endosperm; and
is used in making cakes, pastries, flat breads,
and crackers. Grown in the eastern third of the
U.S., east of the Mississippi River. It has a high
yield, but relatively low protein.
ES: trigo blando rojo de invierno

soft white wheat
DF: A wheat class used much in the same way as Soft
Red Winter (for bakery products other than bread).
Grown mainly in the Pacific Northwest, and to a
lesser extent in California, Michigan, Wisconsin,
and New York, of low protein, but high yield.
459

Produces flour for cakes, crackers, cookies,
pastries, quick breads, muffins, snack foods.
ES: trigo blando blanco

softwood
DF: Generally, one of the botanical groups of trees that have
no vessels and in most cases have needlelike or scalelike
leaves, the conifers, also the wood produced by such trees.
The term has no reference to the actual hardness of the
wood.
ES: madera blanda

softwood plywood
DF: Structural material made of layers of softwood
veneer glued together, under heat and pressure,
with the grains of adjoining layers at right
angles to each other.
ES: contrachapado de madera blanda

soil erosion
DF: The wearing away of the land surface by water,
wind, ice, or other geologic agents.
ES: erosin del suelo

soil nutrient balance
DF: Account of the total inputs and outputs of a
particular nutrient in an agroecosystem.
ES: equilibrio nutritivo del suelo

soil organic carbon
DF: That portion of non-living organic compounds in the top one
meter of soil, e.g. humus, which is important to soil
quality and plant nutrition and is replenished by the
decomposition of plant material.
ES: carbono orgnico del suelo

soil remediation
DF: The removal of contaminants and pollutants from soil.
ES: reparacin de suelos

soil salinity
DF: The amount of soluble salts in a soil.
ES: salinidad del suelo
460

soil taxonomy
DF: A classification of soil types according to properties,
organized in hierarchical levels.
ES: taxonoma de suelos

soil vapor extraction
DF: Soil vapor extraction is an in situ remedial
technology that reduces concentrations of volatile
constituents in petroleum products adsorbed to
soils in the unsaturated (vadose) zone. A vacuum
is applied through wells near the source of
contamination in the soil. Volatile constituents
of the contaminant mass "evaporate" and the vapors
are drawn toward extraction wells. Extracted vapor
is then treated (commonly with carbon adsorption)
before being released to the atmosphere.
ES: extraccin de vapores del suelo

soil washing
DF: A treatment technology that contacts soil with a
wash solution, which then is vigorously agitated
to transfer contaminants by dissolving or
suspending them into the wash solution. Soil
washing separates soil into particle size
fractions, whereby the contaminants typically
adhere to the finer soil particles to reduce the
amount of solids requiring treatment. The cleaned
coarser fractions can be returned to the site.
ES: purificacin del suelo

soil water regimes
DF: The presence or absence either of ground water or
of plant available water (i.e., water held at a
tension of less than 1500 kPa) in the soil or in
specific horizons during periods of the year. A
generally accepted classification of soil moisture
regimes from wet to dry includes aquic, udic,
ustic, aridic, and xeric.
ES: regmenes hdricos del suelo

soil weathering
DF: The breakdown of rock and minerals by physical,
chemical, geological, and biological processes, or
combinations thereof. The rate and nature of soil
weathering are largely dependent on atmospheric
agents.
ES: meteorizacin del suelo

461

solar collectors
DF: Devices that absorb and accumulate solar radiation for use
as a source of energy.
ES: colectores solares

solar drying
DF: The utilization of solar radiation or solar energy
for the removal of moisture.
ES: secado al sol

sole proprietorship
DF: A business organization where that business is
owned and managed by one person.
ES: empresas individuales

somaclonal variation
DF: Genetic variation arising from the break-up and
reassembly of DNA in dividing vegetative plant
cells grown in culture.
ES: variacin somaclonal

somatic cells
DF: Cells of a plant or animal other than the germ
cells.
ES: clulas somticas

somatic embryogenesis
DF: The initiation of embryos from previously
differentiated somatic cells of plants. In this
regeneration process, all the plantlets produced
have the same genetic makeup. Both sexual and
somatic embryos possess a primordial root and
shoot.
ES: embriognesis somtica

somatosensory disorders
DF: Disorders of sensory information received from
superficial and deep regions of the body. The
somatosensory system conveys neural impulses which
pertain to proprioception, tactile sensation,
thermal sensation, pressure sensation, and pain.
ES: trastornos somatosensoriales

somatotropin
DF: A protein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland,
which stimulates growth of muscle, bone and mammary
development in young animals and increases milk production
462

in lactating animals by making available nutrients for milk
synthesis and secretion.
ES: somatotropina

sophorolipids
DF: Microbial glycolipids with surfactant and bioactive
properties which are produced by fermentation.
ES: soforolpidos

sorption
DF: The process by which one material is taken up by
another.
ES: sorcin

sorption isotherms
DF: For each product there is a relationship between
its water activity value and moisture content at a
specific temperature. This relationship is most
often expressed as a graph or table of the
moisture content versus humidity at a constant
temperature.
ES: isotermas de sorcin

SOS response (genetics)
DF: An error-prone mechanism or set of functions for
repairing damaged microbial DNA. SOS functions (a
concept reputedly derived from the SOS of the
international distress signal) are involved in DNA
repair and mutagenesis, in cell division
inhibition, in recovery of normal physiological
conditions after DNA repair, and possibly in cell
death when DNA damage is extensive.
ES: respuesta SOS (gentica)

source attribution
DF: The process of determining what proportion of a particular
biological, chemical or physical agent is acquired from a
given origin and through a given exposure pathway.
ES: atribucin de fuentes

sous vide
DF: Cooking in a plastic pouch.
ES: sous vide

Southern blotting
DF: A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for
detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically
463

separated and immobilized by blotting on
nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon
membrane followed by hybridization with labeled nucleic
acid probes.
ES: tcnica de Southern blot

sows
DF: Any breeding female swine that has farrowed at least one
litter or has reached 12 months of age.
ES: cerdas

sparkling wines
DF: Wine made effervescent with carbon dioxide resulting solely
from the fermentation of the wine within a closed
container, tank or bottle.
ES: vinos espumosos

spatial data
DF: Information pertaining to the location, spatial dimensions
and
relationships of objects in multidimensional space, and may
be represented as points, lines, areas, surfaces, polygons
or
pixels with their associated coordinates or topology.
ES: datos espaciales

spaying
DF: Removal of the ovaries and uterus of a female animal,
especially a pet, for the purpose of sterilization.
ES: esterilizacin (animal)

special diets
DF: A diet regimen designed to address specific nutritional,
physiological and/or medical goals.
ES: dietas especiales

special education
DF: Education programs for students who need
specialized teaching methods or materials because
they have different intellectual, physical,
emotional or social characteristics than the
normal student.
ES: educacin especial

species dispersal
DF: The movement of individuals of a species away from an
existing population in an area of origin.
464

ES: dispersin de las especies

specific energy
DF: Energy density based specifically upon weight.
ES: energa especfica

specific growth rate
DF: A quantitative measure of cell mass increase per unit of
time.
ES: tasa de crecimiento especfico

specific heat
DF: The ratio of the amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of a substance 1 degree Celsius to
the heat required to raise the temperature of an
equal mass of water 1 degree Celsius.
ES: calor especfico

specific pathogen-free animals
DF: Animals or humans raised in the absence of a
particular disease-causing virus or other
microorganism.
ES: animales sin patgenos especficos

spectinomycin
DF: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is
active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the
treatment of gonorrhea.
ES: espectinomicina

spent hens
DF: A breeder or commercial type of egg laying hen that no
longer performs at a desired production level.
ES: gallinas viejas

spent mushroom compost
DF: A residual waste product remaining after mushroom
harvesting.
ES: compost a base de residuos de la produccin de hongos

sperm capacitation
DF: The structural and functional changes by which spermatozoa
become capable of oocyte fertilization. It normally
requires exposing the sperm to the female genital tract for
a period of time to bring about increased sperm motility
and the acrosome reaction before fertilization in the
465

fallopian tubes can take place.
ES: capacitacin

spermatogonia
DF: primordial male germ cell which give rise to the
spermatocytes.
ES: espermatogonios

spermatophores
DF: Capsule containing sperm to be directly or indirectly
transferred to from males to females.
ES: espermatforos

spheronization
DF: The process whereby small spheres of a material are formed.
ES: esferonizacin

spindle pole body
DF: The microtubule organizing center of yeast,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which functions like the
centrosome of mammalian cells.
ES: corpsculo polar del huso

spiramycin
DF: A macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces
ambofaciens. The drug is effective against gram-positive
aerobic pathogens, N. gonorrhoeae, and staphylococci. It is
used to treat infections caused by bacteria and Toxoplasma
gondii.
ES: espiramicina

splenomegaly
DF: Enlargement of the spleen.
ES: esplenomegalia

spliceosomes
DF: Organelles in which the splicing and excision
reactions that remove introns from precursor
messenger RNA molecules occur. One component of a
spliceosome is five small nuclear RNA molecules
(U1, U2, U4, U5, U6) that, working in conjunction
with proteins, help to fold pieces of RNA into the
right shapes and later splice them into the
message.
ES: espliceosomas

466

splints (medical)
DF: Rigid or flexible appliances used to maintain in position a
displaced or movable part or to keep in place and protect
an injured part.
ES: frulas (mdico)

split application
DF: The repetitive application of fertilizer, composts, manures
or other soil amendments by dividing the total volume into
smaller amounts over the course of the growing season.
ES: aplicacin fraccionada

sponge cakes
DF: A light soft cake, usually made without added fat or
shortening and leavened with eggs.
ES: torta de biscocho

sporophytes
DF: A phase where spores are produced in the life
cycle of plants having alternation of generations
(i.e., having two or more forms in the life cycle.) Compare
with gametophytes.
ES: esporofitas

spring wheat
DF: A general term for wheat sown in the early spring
and harvested in the late summer or early autumn
of the same year.
ES: trigo de primavera

sprouts (food)
DF: The tender new shoots of germinated seeds (such as mung
beans, soybeans, lentils, alfalfa and radish) that are
eaten raw or cooked in stir-fry recipes.
ES: brotes de granos

stakeholders
DF: Individuals, groups or organizations that have an interest
in or are affected by the activities of government,
business or other organization.
ES: grupos de inters

stanchions
DF: A specially designed headgate to hold an animal in place
while allowing feeding and resting.
ES: cepos
467

stand composition
DF: The proportion of each plant species in a managed unit,
such as a forest, sward or crop.
ES: composicin del rodal

stand density
DF: The average total basal area per acre of a given
stand.
ES: densidad del rodal

stand tables
DF: a table showing the number of trees by species and
diameter classes per unit area of a stand.
ES: tablas de rodales

standardization
DF: A process to remove the effects of differences or other
confounding variables in order to establish uniform
criteria by which values, practices, performance, etc. may
be measured and compared.
ES: estandarizacin

standards of identity
DF: Standards of identity define what a given food product is,
its name, and the ingredients that must be used or may be
used in the manufacture of the food.
ES: estndares de identidad de un producto

standing reflex
DF: response of a female animal that is willing to be
served by a male.
ES: reflejo de inmovilidad

staple (fibers)
DF: Short fibers cut to a specific length to be
twisted together to form a yarn for weaving or
knitting into fabrics, or for tufting into
carpets. Cotton, flax, and wool exist only as
staple fibers. Nylon and polyester are synthetic
fibers available in staple form.
ES: fibra corta

staple foods
DF: Foods that are basic to the diet/cuisine of the
culture, like wheat flour, rice, corn, yams,
sugar, salt, etc.
468

ES: alimentos bsicos

statistical appeal
DF: Persuasive tactic which uses statistical evidence to
communicate a message, usually evoking a cognitive response.
ES: llamado estadstico

steam
DF: Water in vapor form resulting when water is heated to a
temperature of 212 degrees F (100 degrees C).
ES: vapor

steatitis
DF: Inflammation of adipose tissue; a
histopathological indicator of vitamin E
deficiency in animals fed on diets rich in fatty
acids with three or more double bonds.
ES: esteatitis

steers
DF: Male bovines castrated before reaching sexual maturity.
ES: becerros castrados

stenohaline species
DF: Aquatic organisms which cannot tolerate a wide variation in
water salinity.
ES: especies estenohalinas

stenotopic species
DF: An organism tolerating only a narrow range of environmental
conditions or adaptable to only a narrow range of
environmental changes. Unable to live in a wide variety of
habitats, stenotopic species have a restricted geographic
distribution as compared with eurytopic species.
ES: especie estenotpica

stereoisomers
DF: Compounds that are alike in that the atoms are
bonded to the same other atoms but are different
from each other in the way the atoms are oriented
in space.
ES: estereoismeros

sterigmatocystin
DF: A carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by strains of
the mold, Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus
469

nidulans.
ES: esterigmatocistina

sterile insect technique
DF: Method of insect control, utilizing sterilizing doses of
radiation, in which sterile insects (usually males) are
mass-released into the environment to compete with wild
populations for mates.
ES: tcnica del insecto estril

sterilized milk
DF: Milk that has been heated to a temperature and for
a time that kills all bacteria and spores, giving
it an extended shelf life.
ES: leche esterilizada

sterilizing
DF: The destroying of all forms of life, especially
microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means.
ES: esterilizacin (microorganismos)

stingless bees
DF: Social bees belonging to the subfamily Meliponinae
which defend nests by biting, not stinging.
Species include important pollinators.
ES: abejas sin aguijn

stocker cattle
DF: Heifers and/or steers that are being raised on pasture or
other forage for later sale as feedlot replacements.
ES: ganado de cra

stocks and shares
DF: A part of the ownership of a company which people
buy as an investment. Each investor's ownership
represents a piece of the corporation's assets and
earnings.
ES: valores

stoichiometry
DF: Ratios of moles of compounds in a reaction.
ES: estequiometra

stormwater
DF: Excess water from a meteorological event which has
limited interaction with the landscape and flows
470

to surface water or to drainage systems.
Stormwater causes an increase in stream flow above
that of the base flow.
ES: agua de tormenta

stratigraphy
DF: The branch of geology concerned with the
formation, composition, ordering in time, and
arrangement in space of sedimentary rocks.
DS: USGS Paleontology Glossary
ES: estratigrafa

stream channels
DF: The long, narrow depression in land where a natural stream
of water flows or once flowed.
ES: canales de arroyos

street trees
DF: A tree planted along a street to provide shade or
for ornamental purposes.
ES: rboles de la calle

strength training
DF: Exercise that builds muscular strength by
utilizing resistance movements.
ES: entrenamiento de fuerza

streptavidin
DF: A tetrameric bacterial protein which binds tightly
to biotin.
ES: estreptavidina

streptomycin
DF: An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete
Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation
and elongation processes during protein synthesis.
ES: estreptomicina

stress fractures
DF: Fractures due to the strain caused by repetitive exercise.
They are thought to arise from a combination of muscle
fatigue and bone failure, and occur in situations where
bone remodeling predominates over repair. The most common
sites of stress fractures are the metatarsus; fibula;
tibia; and femoral neck.
ES: fracturas por estrs

471

stress relaxation
DF: A time-dependent decrease in stress in a material
subjected to prolonged constant strain due to
viscoelastic deformation. Stress relaxation
behavior is determined in a creep test.
ES: relajacin de tensiones

stridulation
DF: Sound communication by insects produced by the
friction of rigid body parts (e.g., legs, wings).
ES: estridulacin

strip cropping
DF: The growing of crops in a systematic arrangement
of strips or bands which serve as vegetative
barriers to wind and water erosion. The strips or
bands may run perpendicular to the slope of the
land or to the direction of prevailing winds.
ES: cultivo en franjas de nivel

stroke
DF: A sudden, nonconvulsive loss of neurologic
function due to an ischemic or hemorrhagic
intracranial vascular event. In general,
cerebrovascular accidents are classified by
anatomic location in the brain, vascular
distribution, etiology, age of the affected
individual, and hemorrhagic vs nonhemorrhagic
nature. (From Adams, et al., Principles of
Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)
ES: accidente cerebrovascular

stromal cells
DF: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose
connective tissue. These are most often associated with the
uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic
system and elsewhere.
ES: clulas estromales

strongyloidiasis
DF: Infections with nematodes of the genus
Strongyloides.
ES: estrongiloidiasis

structural genes
DF: A gene that encodes a protein with a chief function as part
of a physical structure within a cell. This is in contrast
to genes that encode proteins with a function that is
472

enzymatic or regulatory.
DS: NCI Thesaurus
ES: genes estructurales

structure-activity relationships
DF: The relationship between the chemical structure of
a compound and its biological or pharmacological
activity.
ES: relaciones estructura-actividad

structure fires
DF: Fires originating in and burning any part or all of any
building, shelter or other structure.
ES: incendio de estructuras

stubble tillage
DF: A tillage system which retains a high percentage of crop
residue on the soil surface, thereby reducing wind erosion.
ES: labranza de rastrojos

stumpage
DF: Value of timber as it stands uncut, that is, uncut
marketable timber.
ES: valor en pie (madera)

subalpine forests
DF: A transition zone from dense forest below treeline to
alpine tundra above treeline.
DS: U.S. National Park Service
ES: bosques subalpinos

subcellular fractions
DF: Components of a cell produced by various
separation techniques which, though they disrupt
the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the
structure and physiology of its functioning
constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural
analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology
of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)
ES: fracciones subcelulares

subchronic exposure
agent and an organism for an intermediate period of time
(typically a matter of days or months).
ES: exposicin subcrnica

subhumid zones
473

DF: Regions where the climate is intermediate between
semiarid and humid, and the precipitation supports
dense growth of tall or short grasses, but not
forests.
ES: zonas subhmedas

submerged aquatic plants
DF: Aquatic plants with leaves at or below the water
surface.
ES: plantas acuticas sumergidas

subsidies
DF: Payment or benefit given to partially offset the
cost of specific activities, such as the
manufacture, production, or export of an article.
ES: subsidios

subsistence farming
DF: A farming system where the food and goods produced are
predominantly consumed by the farm family and there is
little surplus for sale in the market.
ES: agricultura de subsistencia

substance abuse
DF: The use of illegal substances or the inappropriate use of
legal substances, including the repeated use of substances
to produce pleasure, to alleviate stress, and/or to alter
or avoid reality.
ES: abuso de sustancias

substance P
DF: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears
in both the central and peripheral nervous
systems. It is involved in transmission of pain,
causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal
smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and
immune responses.
ES: sustancia P

substitution lines
DF: Chromosome of a donor genotype is substituted into a
recipient genotype.
ES: lneas de sustitucin

sugarcane trash
DF: The dried leaves that are left over in the field after the
sugarcane is harvested. Farmers usually burn the trash
474

since it resists biodegradation, is highly indigestible as
fodder, has a low density biomass and is bulky to transport.
ES: desechos de caa

suicide genes
DF: Genes that are used transgenically, i.e., via gene transfer
techniques to induce cell death.
ES: genes suicidas

sulbactam
DF: A beta-lactamase inhibitor with very weak antibacterial
action. The compound prevents antibiotic destruction of
beta-lactam antibiotics by inhibiting beta-lactamases, thus
extending their spectrum activity. Combinations of
sulbactam with beta-lactam antibiotics have been used
successfully for the therapy of infections caused by
organisms resistant to the antibiotic alone.
ES: sulbactam

superantigens
DF: Microbial antigens that have in common an
extremely potent activating effect on T-cells that
bear a specific variable region.
ES: superantgenos

superior vena cava
DF: The venous trunk which returns blood from the head, neck,
upper extremities and chest.
ES: vena cava superior

supermarkets
DF: Large stores that routinely stock non-food related
items such as toys, clothes, extensive selections
of health care/pharmacy items, books and
magazines, garden products, notions, etc. in
addition to a wide variety of foods.
ES: supermercados

superoxide anion
DF: Reduced dioxygen molecule in which the two oxygen molecules
are bound by a single covalent bond and carry one unpaired
electron with a single electric charge.
ES: anin superxido

superparasitism
DF: Parasitism of a host by more parasites of the same
species than can survive to maturity. It can be
475

caused by one ovipositional event, or by
subsequent ovipositions by the same female or by
conspecific females.
ES: superparasitismo

supply chain
DF: The network of firms that bring products to market, from
companies that produce raw materials to retailers and
others that deliver finished products to consumers.
Economic value is added through the coordinated management
of the flow of physical goods and associated information at
each stage of the chain.
DS: Food Marketing System in the U.S. Glossary, Economic
Research Service
ES: cadena de suministro

supply elasticities
DF: The degree to which a price of a good changes as a result
of a unit change in supply (= % change in quantity supplied
/ % change in price).
ES: elasticidades de abastecimiento

suppression subtractive hybridization
DF: A nucleic acid hybridization technique for investigating
genetic variation by examining differential gene expression
through cDNA comparisons.
ES: hibridacin sustractiva de supresin

suppressor genes
DF: Genes that have a suppressor allele or suppressor mutation
which cancels the effect of a previous mutation, enabling
the wild-type phenotype to be maintained or partially
restored.
ES: genes supresores

surface antigens
DF: Antigens on surfaces of cells, including
infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are
usually protein-containing groups on cell
membranes or walls.
ES: antgenos de superficie

surface tension
DF: The stretching force required to form a liquid
film; the force tends to minimize the area of the
surface.
ES: tensin de la superficie

476

surface water
DF: All water naturally open to the atmosphere, such
as rivers, lakes, ponds, streams, estuaries,
impoundments, seas, etc.
ES: agua superficial

surface water level
DF: The level of the surface of a body of water.
ES: nivel del agua superficial

surgical transplantation
DF: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead,
within an individual, between individuals of the
same species, or between individuals of different
species.
ES: transplantes quirrgicos

surimi
DF: A processed seafood product that is typically made
from Alaskan pollack that is flavored, precooked,
and reformed into shapes that resemble shellfish.
Imitation crabmeat is an example of surimi.
ES: surimi

suspension systems
DF: A vehicle system composed of springs, shock
absorbers, torsion bars, stabilizers, etc. that
serves to cushion the impacts caused by the wheels
moving over the road surface.
ES: sistemas de suspensin

sustainability science and engineering
DF: A science rooted in the concept of sustainable development,
defined as development "that meets the needs of the present
generation without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs." Sustainability
science examines the interactions between the natural
environment, society (political, economic, and industrial
systems) and human health and quality of life.
ES: ciencia de la sostenibilidad

sustainable agricultural intensification
DF: Sustainable crop production intensification provides
opportunities for optimizing crop production per unit area,
taking into consideration the range of sustainability
aspects including potential and/or real social, political,
economic and environmental impacts.
DS: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
477

ES: intensificacin sostenible de la agricultura

sustainable agriculture
DF: An integrated system of plant and animal production
practices having a site-specific application that will,
over the long-term
(A) satisfy human food and fiber needs;
(B) enhance environmental quality and the natural resource
base upon which the agriculture economy depends;
(C) make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources
and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate,
natural biological cycles and controls;
(D) sustain the economic viability of farm operations; and
(E) enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as
a whole.
DS: "Agricultural research, extension, and teaching," Title 7
U.S. Code, Ch. 64. 2011 ed.
ES: agricultura sustentable

sustainable communities
DF: A community that is environmentally, economically, and
socially healthy and resilient through management of its
natural, financial, and human resources to meet current
needs while ensuring that sufficient resources are
equitably available into the future.
ES: comunidades sostenibles

sustainable development
DF: Economic development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
ES: desarrollo sustentable

sustainable engineering
DF: The design, commercialization and use of processes and
products that are feasible and economical while reducing
the generation of pollution at the source and minimizing
the risk to human health and the environment.
ES: ingeniera sostenible

sustainable manufacturing
DF: Sustainable manufacturing is the creation of manufactured
products, through economically-sound processes that
minimize negative environmental impacts while conserving
energy and natural resources. Sustainable manufacturing
also enhances employee, community, and product safety.
ES: fabricacin sostenible

sustainable technology
DF: Technologies focusing on sustainability principles:
478

resource conservation, reuse and recycling, energy
efficiency, minimizing environmental impact and pollution
reduction.
ES: tecnologa sostenible

sustained yield management
DF: management of resources to achieve the goal of
obtaining a perpetual and steady supply of
product.
ES: manejo de rendimiento sostenido

swamps
DF: Wetlands dominated by woody vegetation but without
appreciable peat deposits. Swamps may be fresh or
salt water and tidal or non-tidal.
ES: pantanos

sward
DF: A mixture of grass, legumes and other species
which are close-growing and form a dense stand
that covers the ground.
ES: proteccin herbcea

swayback
DF: Congenital locomotor ataxia of lambs, goats and
other ruminants, thought to be associated with
copper deficiency. Symptoms are progressive
incoordination of the hind limbs The disease is
characterized by disruption of neuron and myelin
development in the central nervous system. It is
caused by a deficiency of metabolizable copper in
the mother during the last half of her pregnancy.
ES: ataxia enzotica

sweetbreads
DF: The thymus glands of veal, young beef, lamb and
pork used as food.
ES: mollejas

sweetcorn
DF: Fresh kernels of a variety of corn (Zea mays) with
a high sugar content and a low starch content,
eaten as a vegetable.
ES: maz dextrinoso

sweetened condensed milk
DF: Made by the partial removal of water from fluid
479

milk, with a suitable sweetener added in amounts
sufficient to prevent spoilage.
ES: leche condensada endulzada

sweeteners
DF: Substances that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc.,
such as sugar, saccharine or other low-calorie synthetic
products.
ES: edulcorantes

swelling (materials)
DF: An increase in the volume of a gel or solid
associated with the uptake of a liquid or gas.
ES: expansin (materiales)

swine diseases
DF: Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of
the genus Sus.
ES: enfermedades de los porcinos

swine erysipelas
DF: An acute and chronic contagious disease of young
pigs caused by Erysipelothrix insidiosa (syn.
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae).
ES: erisipela porcina

swine vesicular disease
DF: An enterovirus infection of swine clinically
indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease,
vesicular stomatitis, and vesicular exanthema.
ES: enfermedad vesicular porcina

symbionts
DF: An organism that is associated with an organism of another
species and participating in a beneficial symbiotic
relationship.
ES: simbitico

sympathomimetics
DF: Drugs that mimic the effects of stimulating
postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves.
Included here are drugs that directly stimulate
adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly
by provoking the release of adrenergic
transmitters.
ES: simpatomimticos
480

sympatric speciation
DF: A mechanism for the evolution of new species whereby two
populations of a species exhibiting the same or overlapping
geographical distributions gradually evolve through genetic
divergence into two different species.
ES: especiacin simptrica

sympatry
DF: Species or populations occupying the same or overlapping
geographical areas, or sharing a common range, without
interbreeding.
ES: simpatra

symplast
DF: The intracellular compartment of a plant consisting of the
interconnected cytoplasm of separate cells which are linked
by plasmodesmata, in which water and low molecular weight
molecules flow between cells.
ES: simplasto

synapse
DF: Specialized junctions at which a neuron
communicates with a target cell. At classical
synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases
a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles
which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and
activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite,
cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a
specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell.
ES: sinapsis

synaptic transmission
DF: The communication from a neuron to a target
(neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a
synapse.
ES: transmisin sinptica

synaptonemal complex
DF: The three-part structure of ribbon-like
proteinaceous material that serves to align and
join the paired homologous chromosomes. It is
formed during the zygotene stage of the first
meiotic division. It is a prerequisite for crossing-over.
ES: complejo sinaptonmico

synaptosomes
481

DF: Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of
vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached
subsynaptic area of the membrane of the
post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial
structures produced by fractionation after
selective centrifugation of nervous tissue
homogenates.
ES: sinaptosomas

synthetic biology
DF: A field of biological research combining engineering in the
formulation, design, and building (synthesis) of novel
biological structures, functions, and systems.
ES: biologa sinttica

synthetic genes
DF: Biologically functional sequences of DNA
chemically synthesized in vitro.
ES: genes sintticos

synthetic hormones
DF: Synthetic chemical compounds which mimic the
activity of endogenous hormones produced in the
body, but which differ in structure from naturally
occurring
hormones.
ES: hormonas sintticas

synthetic rubber
DF: A manmade elastomer manufactured by polymerization of
petroleum-derived products or other hydrocarbons, as
compared with natural rubber obtained from trees.
ES: caucho sinttico

synthetic vaccines
DF: Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of
pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured
with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter
vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have
been modified.
ES: vacunas sintticas

syringomyelia
DF: Longitudinal cavities in the spinal cord, most often in the
cervical region, which may extend for multiple spinal
levels. The cavities are lined by dense, gliogenous tissue
and may be associated with spinal cord neoplasms; spinal
cord traumatic injuries; and vascular malformations.
482

ES: siringomielia

system optimization
DF: The procedure used in the design of a system to maximize or
minimize some performance index. May entail the selection
of a component, a principle of operation, or a technique.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: optimizacin de los sistemas

systematic review
DF: A form of structured literature review that addresses a
question that is formulated to be answered by analysis of
evidence, and involves objective means of searching the
literature, applying predetermined inclusion and exclusion
criteria to this literature, critically appraising the
relevant
literature, and extraction and synthesis of data from
evidence base to formulate findings.
DS: National Information Center on Health Services
Research and Health Care Technology, NIH
ES: revisin sistemtica

systems analysis
DF: The formal study of complex systems carried out to support
decision making. Systems analysis examines the
implementation and impacts of alternative technologies or
courses of action considering the probable consequences of
the alternatives in terms of uncertainty, risk, costs, and
benefits. Systems analysis requires interdisciplinary
approaches to guide decisions on public and private
strategy and programs, resource use and protection,
research and development in technology, regional and urban
development, educational systems, and health and other
social services.
ES: anlisis de sistema

483

T

table wines
DF: Any wine containing less than 14 percent alcohol
by volume, usually meant to be served with meals.
Not to be confused with sweet wines, dessert
wines, fortified wines, etc.
ES: vinos de mesa

tacrolimus
DF: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of
Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive
activity in vivo and prevents the activation of
T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic
stimulation in vitro.
ES: tacrolimo

tadpoles
DF: The aquatic larval stage of frogs and toads, which hatch
from eggs laid in the water. Young tadpoles resemble fish
with gills and later develop lungs, legs and lose their
tals as they become adults.
ES: renacuajos

taiga
DF: Taiga is a humid, subarctic biogeographic region
of northern Asia, Europe, and North America. It is
characterized by coniferous evergreens growing
with a groundcover of lichens and mosses, although
some broadleaf trees (aspens, birches, willows)
adapted to the cold climate do occur. The taiga is
found just south of tundra.
ES: taiga

taiga soils
DF: Acidic soils of a taiga biome due to the
coniferous vegetation that typically grows there.
When the coniferous needles drop, they release
acids as they decompose.
ES: suelos de taiga

taint
DF: An unwanted flavor or odor in fresh or processed
food. The taint may come from degradation of the
food or from contamination from another source.
ES: corrupcin

tallow
484

DF: The fat rendered from the adipose tissue of cattle and
sheep used in candlemaking, soap manufacture, etc. Grades
are based on hardness, moisture, insolubles, titer, clarity
and free fatty acid content.
ES: sebo

tampering
DF: To alter, injure, reduce the value of or impair
the quality of an object or product.
ES: manipulacin indebida

tandem repeat sequences
DF: Copies of DNA sequences which lie adjacent to each
other in the same orientation (direct tandem
repeats) or in the opposite direction to each
other (inverted tandem repeats).
ES: secuencias repetidas en tandem

tangelos
DF: Fruit of the hybrid of the grapefruit (Citrus
paradisi) and tangerine (Citrus reticulata).
ES: tangelos

tangors
DF: Fruits of the hybrid of the sweet orange (Citrus
sinensis) and Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata).
ES: tangors

tankers
DF: A ship, plane, or truck constructed to transport
bulk quantities of liquids, such as milk, oil, or
slurries.
ES: transportadores de lquidos

tanning
DF: The process of applying chemical agents to hides
in the manufacture of leather.
ES: curtido

target region amplification polymorphism
DF: A PCR-based technique for genotyping germplasm which uses
targeted candidate gene sequences to generate polymorphic
genetic markers.
ES: polimorfismos para la amplificacin de regiones blanco

tariffs
485

DF: Charges assessed by a government on imported items at their
point of customs entry into the country, and paid for by
the importer.
ES: aranceles

tarsus (ankle region)
DF: The distal region of the leg (in arthropods),
together with the proximal region of the foot
comprising the ankle region (in vertebrates).
Compare with tarsus (bone).
ES: tarso (regin del tobillo)

tarsus (bone)
DF: The bone(s) that comprise(s) the ankle joint.
ES: tarso (hueso)

taungya system
DF: A form of agroforestry system in which short term crops
are grown in the early years of the plantation of a woody
perennials species in order to utilize the land, control
weeds, reduce establishment costs, generate early income
and stimulate the development of the woody perennials
species.
ES: sistema taungya

taxis (physiology)
DF: Movement of animals or other mobile organisms that is
inducible and takes place in a direction related to that of
the stimulus, such as the movement of the flagellate
protozoan, Euglena, towards light in positive phototaxis.
ES: taxis (fisiologa)

Taxus media
DF: An interspecific hybrid between Taxus baccata x
Taxus cuspidata.
ES: Taxus media

teacher education
DF: Education or training of teachers.
ES: formacin docente

teasing (breeding)
DF: To stimulate an animal to accept coitus.
ES: estimulacin sexual (crianza)

technology
486

DF: The application of scientific knowledge to practical
purposes in any field. It includes methods, techniques, and
instrumentation.
ES: tecnologa

telecommuting
DF: The use of computers and telecommunications
technology to allow employees to perform some or
all of a job at home.
ES: trabajo a distancia

telemetry
DF: The transmission and receiving of data over long distance
communication links.
ES: telemetra

teleomorphs
DF: The sexual form of a fungus.
ES: teleomorfos

tempering
DF: A heating and rapid cooling technique used to make changes
in the quality of a material. These changes may include
taste, texture and/or mechanical properties such as
strength.
ES: templado (proceso)

temporary food service
DF: A quantity food prepration operation that is
established with the intent of operating for a
brief period of time for example: the provision of
food to relief workers, church or community
suppers or picnics, bake sales, etc.
ES: servicio de alimentacin temporal

tendons
DF: Fibrous bands or cords of connective tissue at the
ends of muscle fibers that serve to attach the
muscles to bones and other structures.
ES: tendones

tensile strength
DF: The maximum stress a material subjected to a
stretching load can withstand without tearing.
ES: resistencia a la tensin

487

tension wood
DF: Abnormal wood found in leaning trees of some hardwood
species and characterized by the presence of gelatinous
fibers and excessive longitudinal shrinkage. Tension wood
may cause warping.
ES: madera de tensin

tenuazonic acid
DF: 3-Acetyl-5-sec-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one. A
metabolite found in a strain of the fungus Alternaria
tenuis Auct. which functions as an antibiotic with
antiviral and antineoplastic properties, and may also act
as a mycotoxin.
ES: cido tenuaznico

teratocytes
DF: cells that have originated from an uneclosed
parasitoid and are liberated into the host body
cavity when the parasitoid hatches.
ES: teratocitos

terminal repeat sequences
DF: Nucleotide sequences repeated on both the 5' and
3' ends of a sequence under consideration. For
example, the hallmarks of a transposon are that it
is flanked by inverted repeats on each end and the
inverted repeats are flanked by direct repeats.
The Delta element of Ty retrotransposons and LTRs
(long terminal repeats) are examples of this
concept.
ES: secuencias repetidas terminales

terminator regions
DF: DNA sequences recognized as signals to end genetic
transcription.
ES: regiones terminadoras

terpenoids
DF: Natural products and related compounds formally
derived from isoprene units. They contain oxygen
in various functional groups.
ES: terpenoidos

terra preta
DF: A very dark fertile soil of high charcoal content such as
488

is found in the Amazon basin.
ES: tierra negra

terraces
DF: Natural or manmade landforms which run
perpendicular to the slope and are bordered on one
side by a steep ascending slope and on the other
side by a steep descending slope.
ES: terrazas

terracing
DF: In agronomic practice, the construction of ridges
of earth built across a slope with a flat or
graded channel to stop soil erosion and control
the runoff of water.
ES: cultivo en terrazas

Territory of Christmas Island
DF: An island in the Indian Ocean, located at 10 30 S latitude
and 105 40 E longitude, which is a territory of Australia.
DS: CIA Fact Book
ES: Territorio de la Isla de Navidad

testcrosses
DF: A cross between an organism exhibiting the
dominant phenotype for a certain trait, but whose
genotype for that trait is unknown and an organism
that is homozygous recessive for the trait so that
the unknown genotype can be determined from that
of the offspring.
ES: cruzamiento de prueba

tetanus
DF: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful
protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani.
Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such
as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized
tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by
tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia.
Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild
condition with manifestations restricted to
muscles near the wound. It may progress to the
generalized form.
ES: ttanos

tetracycline
DF: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits amino acyl tRNA
binding during protein synthesis.
489

ES: tetraciclina

tetracyclines
DF: Closely congeneric derivatives of the polycyclic
naphthacenecarboxamide.
ES: tetraciclinas

tetrasomics
DF: Having a diploid set of chromosomes with an
additional two homologous chromosomes, e.g. 2N+2.
ES: tetrasmicos

thalamus
DF: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and
forming part of the lateral wall of the third
ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents
the major portion of the diencephalon and is
commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as
nuclear groups.
ES: tlamo

thallus
DF: Undifferentiated vegetative tissue found in some algae,
fungi, liverworts and lichens which is characteristic of
organisms formerly classified as thallophytes; a thallus
usually names the entire plant body.
ES: talo

thatch
DF: A layer of dead grass in a stand of grass.
ES: cama de pasto seco (csped)

thawing
DF: The process of going from a frozen to an unfrozen
state.
ES: descongelado (proceso)

The Nature Conservancy
DF: An international conservation organization that
purchases lands in order to preserve plants,
animals and natural communities.
ES: The Nature Conservancy

theileriosis
DF: Infection of cattle, sheep, or goats with protozoa
of the genus Theileria. This infection results in
an acute or chronic febrile condition.
490

ES: teileriasis

thelytoky
DF: Parthenogenetic production of females from
unfertilized eggs.
ES: telitoquia

thematic maps
DF: A map that displays the spatial distribution of a specific
topic or subject, such as vegetation type, population
density, or soil type.
ES: mapas temticos

thermal expansion
DF: The tendency of materials to increase in length
and volume with an increase in temperature.
ES: expansin trmica

thermal radiation
DF: The electromagnetic radiation emitted by any substance as
the result of the thermal excitation of its molecules.
Thermal radiation ranges in wavelength from the longest
infrared radiation to the shortest ultraviolet radiation.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: radiacin trmica

thermic effect of food
DF: increased energy expenditure and heat release
because of the stimulating effect that the
nutrients of food have on metabolism in general.
ES: efecto trmico de los alimentos

thermoduric bacteria
DF: Bacteria capable of surviving high temperatures,
especially those of pasteurization.
ES: bacterias termoduricas

thermophilic bacteria
DF: Bacteria requiring high temperatures for normal
development.
ES: bacterias termoflicas

thermoplastics
DF: A polymer that softens or melts on heating and becomes hard
again on cooling. Thermoplastic polymer chains are not
crosslinked.
491

ES: termoplsticos

thiamphenicol
DF: A methylsulfonyl analog of chloramphenicol. It is an
antibiotic and immunosuppressive agent.
ES: tianfenicol

thigmotaxis
DF: A movement induced in mobile organisms in response to touch
or physical contact.
ES: tigmotaxis

thinning (plants)
DF: The practice of reducing the number of plants in an area or
the quantity of vegetative or reproductive structures on
individual plants.
ES: raleo (plantas)

thioacidolysis
DF: Acid-catalyzed chemical degradation, such as in the
depolymerization of lignin.
ES: tioacidlisis

thiostrepton
DF: One of the cyclic peptides from Streptomyces that is active
against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, it
has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms
and in dermatologic disorders.
ES: tiostreptona

Thlaspi arvense
DF: A noxious weed species in many U.S. States.
ES: Thlaspi arvense

thoracic spine
DF: The twelve vertebrae in the chest region of the spine,
located between the sacral and lumbar vertebrae.
ES: columna torcica

thoracoscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the pleural
cavity.
ES: toracoscopia

thrombocytes
DF: Thrombocytes are multifunctional, nucleated blood
492

cells thought to be functionally analogous to
platelets in mammalian blood. Avian thrombocytes
are also known to be phagocytic.
ES: trombocitos

thrombocythemia
DF: Increased numbers of platelets in the peripheral
blood.
ES: trombocitemia

thrombocytopenia
DF: A subnormal level of blood platelets.
ES: tombocitopenia

thrombophlebitis
DF: Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot
(thrombus).
ES: tromboflebitis

thylakoids
DF: Membranous cisternae of the chloroplast containing
photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the
electron-transport chain.
ES: tilacoides

thymoma
DF: A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually
benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it
is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely
rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial
cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually
abundant.
ES: timoma

ticarcillin
DF: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to
carbenicillin in action.
ES: ticarcilina

tidal volume
DF: The volume of air inspired or expired during each
normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common
abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T.
ES: volumen de ventilacin pulmonar

tides
493

DF: The periodic rising and falling of the Earth's oceans and
atmosphere. It results from the gravitational forces of
the moon and sun acting upon the rotating Earth. The
disturbance actually propagates as a wave through the
atmosphere and along the surface of the waters of the Earth.
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: mareas

tight junctions
DF: Cell-cell junctions that seal adjacent epithelial
cells together, preventing the passage of most
dissolved molecules from one side of the
epithelial sheet to the other.
ES: uniones estrechas

tillage implements
DF: Field tools and machinery designed for efficient
tillage of the soil, e.g., cultivators, harrows,
disks and plows.
ES: implementos de labranza

Timor
DF: An island in the west Pacific Ocean divided into
Indonesia and East Timor (independent since 2002,
formerly part of Indonesia).
ES: Timor

Tinamiformes
DF: Order of ground-dwelling birds that are related to the
ratites and distributed in Central and South America.
ES: Tinamiformes

tissue culture
DF: A method of maintaining or growing tissues, organ
primordia, whole or parts of organs, in a manner
to preserve their structure and/or function.
ES: cultivo de tejido

tissue engineering
DF: Generating tissue in vitro for clinical applications, such
as replacing wounded tissues or impaired organs. The use of
tissue scaffolding enables the generation of complex
multi-layered tissues and tissue structures.
ES: ingeniera de tejidos

tissue scaffolds
DF: Cell growth support structures composed of biocompatible
materials. They are specially designed solid support
494

matrices for cell attachment in tissue engineering and
guided tissue regeneration uses.
ES: andamios tisulares

tissue transplantation
DF: Transference of tissue within an individual,
between individuals of the same species, or
between individuals of different species.
ES: transplante de piel

tissue tropism
DF: The localization of a pest, parasite or pathogen
to a specific tissue during host infection.
ES: tropismo drmico

tobramycin
DF: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by
Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against
gram-negative bacteria, especially the Pseudomonas species.
It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex,
nebramycin, produced by the same species.
ES: tobramicina

toddlers
DF: Young children who are just learning to walk.
ES: nios que empiezana a caminar

Tolerable Upper Intake Level
DF: The maximum daily nutrient intake that is unlikely
to pose risks of adverse health effects for 97-98%
of individuals in a specified age/gender group.
ES: Nivel Mximo de Consumo Tolerable

tonoplast
DF: The semipermeable cytoplasmic membrane that
surrounds the vacuole in a plant cell.
ES: tonoplasto

top dressings
DF: The application of compost or fertilizer on top of
the soil during plant growth.
ES: abonos superficiales

topcrossing
DF: Term is not limited to plant or animal context.
The cross between a purebred male animal with a
495

non-purebred female animal. The pollinating of
non-inbred line seed plants with pollen from an
inbred line.
ES: cruzamiento superior

topiary
DF: Plants that have been trimmed or clipped into
decorative shapes.
ES: topiary

topology
DF: The study of the mathematics of three dimensional space.
ES: topologa

topping (pruning)
DF: The practice of removing the top branches of a
tree or shrub.
ES: desmoche

torque
DF: Twisting or turning power.
ES: torque

torrefaction
DF: Heat processing to remove moisture and volatiles,
especially under anaerobic conditions. This technology is
used to improve the properties of biomass for use as a fuel.
ES: torrefaccin

torsional strength
DF: The strength of a material to resist deformation
when one end of the material is twisted in one
direction and the other end is held motionless or
twisted in the opposite direction.
ES: resistencia a la torsin

Total Diet Study
DF: The TDS involves purchasing samples of food throughout the
U.S., preparing the foods as they would be consumed
(table-ready), and analyzing the foods to measure the
levels of selected contaminants and nutrients. Dietary
intakes of these analytes by the U.S. population are then
calculated by multiplying the levels found in TDS foods by
the average consumption amounts for each food. The overall
strategy and goals of the TDS have remained constant since
its inception in 1961, but the specific methodology has
been revised periodically.
496

ES: Estudio de Dieta Total

total dissolved solids
DF: The portion of total solids which passes through a
filter and is a measure of the amount of material
dissolved in a liquid.
ES: slidos totales disueltos

total parenteral nutrition
DF: The delivery of nutrients for assimilation and utilization
by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via
solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or by
some other non-alimentary route. The basic components of
TPN solutions are protein hydrolysates or free amino acid
mixtures, monosaccharides, and electrolytes. Components are
selected for their ability to reverse catabolism, promote
anabolism, and build structural proteins.
ES: nutricin parenteral total

total solids
DF: Solid matter which is suspended, dissolved, or
settled in a liquid, such as water, wastewater,
milk, and are left after evaporation and drying of
a sample.
ES: slidos totales

total suspended solids
DF: The portion of total solids which is retained by a
filter.
ES: slidos totales suspendidos

tourism
DF: The industry that provides local entertainment,
accommodation, transportation, catering and other services
to visitors and travelers.
ES: turismo

toxemia
DF: A generalized intoxication produced by toxins and
other substances elaborated by an infectious
agent.
ES: toxemia

toxicogenomics
DF: The study of existing genetic knowledge, and the generation
of new genetic data, to understand and thus avoid drug
toxicity and adverse effects from toxic substances from the
497

environment.
ES: toxicogenmica

toxicoinfections
DF: A foodborne illness caused by ingesting bacteria that
produce toxins within the digestive tract.
ES: toxicoinfecciones

toxins
DF: Poisons produced by certain microorganisms, plants or
animals that are often proteins.
ES: toxinas

toxoids
DF: Preparations of pathogenic organisms or their
derivatives made nontoxic and intended for active
immunologic prophylaxis. They include deactivated
toxins.
ES: toxides

trace elements
DF: Elements occurring in minute quantities in nature.
ES: oligoelementos

traceability
DF: The process of monitoring the movement of products
from production to consumption and vice versa.
ES: trazabilidad

tracheids
DF: Tracheids are elongated cells in the xylem, which conduct
water and mineral salts in plants. Sometimes referred to
as fibers, tracheids are more abundant and longer in length
in softwoods than hardwoods. The longer length of softwood
tracheids is significant to paper manufacture.
ES: traqueidos

tracheoscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the trachea.
ES: traqueoscopia

trade associations
DF: An organization comprised of businesses,
manufacturers and individuals who are in the same
trade or industry and have organized in order to
promote common interests, such as promotion of an
498

industry or adoption of standards within an
industry.
ES: asociaciones de empresarios

trade winds
DF: Persistent tropical winds that blow from the subtropical
high pressure centers towards the equatorial low.
DS: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's
National Weather Service
ES: vientos alisios

traditional medicine
DF: Systems of medicine based on cultural beliefs and
practices handed down from generation to
generation. The concept includes mystical and
magical rituals (spiritual therapies); phytotherapy;
and other treatments which may not be explained
by modern medicine.
ES: medicina tradicional

traditional technology
DF: Techniques that utilize indigenous, traditional methods
that are often ethnic/cultural in origin. Includes methods
practiced as a trade or handicraft, frequently producing in
limited quantities.
ES: tecnologa tradicional

trajectories
DF: The curved path a projectile or other moving
object follows.
ES: trayectorias

trans fatty acids
DF: Unsaturated fatty acids that contain at least one double
bond in the trans configuration, which results in a greater
bond angle than the cis configuration. This results in a
more extended fatty acid chain similar to saturated fatty
acids, with closer packing and reduced fluidity.
hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids increases the
trans content.
DS: Medical Subject Heagings 2013
ES: cidos grasos trans

transcription (genetics)
DF: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template
of DNA.
ES: transcripcin (gentica)

transcription factor NF-kappa B
499

DF: Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator
that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell
types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa
B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding
subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.
ES: factor de transcripcin NF-kappa B

transcription factors
DF: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are
effective in the initiation, stimulation, or
termination of the genetic transcription process.
ES: factores de transcripcin

transcriptional activation
DF: Processes that stimulate the genetic transcription of a
gene or set of genes.
ES: transactivacin

transcriptome
DF: An organism's complete set of mRNA molecules. The
transcriptome may vary depending upon the condition and
environment of the organism.
ES: transcriptoma

transcriptomics
DF: The branch of genetics that studies organisms in terms of
their transcriptome, that is their complete set of mRNA.
ES: transcriptmica

transdermal application
DF: Applied through the dermis (or skin).
ES: aplicacin transdrmica

transfection
DF: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by cells, usually
meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is
analogous to bacterial transformation and both are
routinely employed in gene transfer techniques.
ES: transfeccin

transfer RNA
DF: The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that
function during translation to align amino acids at the
ribosomes in a sequence determined by the mRNA (messenger
RNA). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each
recognizes a specific codon set on the mRNA through its own
anticodon and as aminoacyl tRNAs, each carries a specific
500

amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide
chains.
ES: ARN de transferencia

transferrin
DF: Serum beta-globulin that binds and transports
iron.
ES: transferrina

transforming growth factors
DF: Hormonally active polypeptides that can induce the
transformed phenotype when added to normal, non-transformed
cells. They have been found in culture fluids from
retrovirally transformed cells and in tumor-derived cells
as well as in non-neoplastic sources.
ES: factores transformadores de crecimiento

transgressive segregation
DF: Pattern of inheritance where progeny have a
characteristic that falls outside of the range of
either parent for that specific characteristic.
ES: segregacin transgresiva

transhumance
DF: Seasonal movement of livestock from one grazing
area to another, such as movement of sheep from
mountain pastures to lowland pastures.
ES: trashumancia

transitional economic systems
DF: An economic system which is changing from a system where
the government directs and administers the production of
goods and services to a system where goods and servces can
be exchanged on a market free from governmental intevention.
ES: sistemas econmicos de transicin

translocation (plant physiology)
DF: The transport of dissolved material within a plant
from one part of the plant to another.
ES: traslocacin (fisiologa vegetal)

transmembrane proteins
DF: A transmembrane protein is a membrane protein that
spans the entire cellular membrane from the
internal to the external surface.
ES: protenas transmembrana
501

transmissible gastroenteritis
DF: A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult
pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused
by a Coronavirus.
ES: gastroenteritis transmisible

transmissible mink encephalopathy
DF: A naturally occurring subacute spongiform
encephalopathy in commercially ranch-reared mink
(Mustela vision). It is characterized
neuropathologically by spongiform changes in the
neuropil, intracytoplasmic neuronal vacuolation
and astrocytic hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
ES: encefalopata transmisible del visn

transmissible venereal tumors
DF: Tumors most commonly seen on or near the
genitalia. They are venereal, most likely
transmitted through transplantation of cells by
contact. Metastases have been reported.
Spontaneous regression may occur.
ES: tumores venreos transmisibles

transpiration
DF: Water discharged into the atmosphere from plant surfaces.
ES: transpiracin

transplant production
DF: production of plants by seed, cuttings or other
propagation methods intended to be sold and/or
used as transplants.
ES: produccin de plantas trasplantadas

transponders
DF: An electronic device, named for its combined
transmitter and responder capabilities, whose
function is to receive a specific signal and
transmit a specific reply.
ES: transpondedores

transport food service
DF: food services (restaurants, snack bars, dining
cars, individual service, etc.) provided on
airplanes, trains, ships, etc. for their
passengers.
ES: servicio de alimentacin de transporte
502

transposition (genetics)
DF: Movement of a segment of DNA from one location to
another on the same or different chromosome.
ES: trasposicin (gentica)

transposons
DF: Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and
reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most
are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist
outside the integrated state. DNA transposable
elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence)
elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling
elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo
elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and
mariner elements which are found throughout the
animal kingdom.
ES: elementos transponibles de ADN

tree crown
DF: The branches and foliage of a tree above the main trunk or
stem.
ES: copa de los rboles

tree ferns
DF: Ferns, usually tropical, having a thick trunk or
caudex with a crown of large fronds held above the
ground.
ES: elechos arborescentes

tree release
DF: A silvicultural treatment designed to free young trees from
undesirable, usually overtopping, competing vegetation.
ES: liberacin de rboles

tree shelters
DF: Tubes, usually made of plastic, that provide improved
microclimate and protection against animal pests and
herbicides for tree seedlings and saplings during initial
establishment and growth.
ES: refugio de rboles

tree tapping
DF: The collection of sap or resins from trees, as in
the manufacture of maple syrup, turpentine,
natural rubber, etc.
ES: incisin de rboles
503

treeline
DF: A zone where the normal growth of trees is
limited; cold temperatures often combined with
drought form the upper or arctic treeline, and
drought combined with hot temperatures form lower
or arid treeline.
DS: National Vegetation Classification Standard, USGS
ES: lmite arbreo

tribal colleges
DF: Post-secondary educational institutions on tribal lands in
the United States; Native American colleges given land
grant status by an Act of Congress in 1994 are known as the
1994 Institutions.
ES: universidades tribales

tribal lands
DF: Land owned or traditionally belonging to a group
of families, clans, or generations.
ES: tierras tribales

trichinosis
DF: A parasitic disease of mammals caused by the nematode
parasite Trichinella, whose larvae migrate from the
digestive tract and form cysts in various muscles of the
body. Human trichinosis is caused by eating undercooked
meat, usually pork.
ES: triquinosis

trichomoniasis
DF: Infections in birds and mammals produced by
various species of Trichomonas.
ES: tricomoniasis

trichotillomania
DF: Compulsion to pull out one's hair.
ES: tricotilomana

triiodothyronine
DF: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and
secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller
quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived
from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5'
position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine
nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by
the tissues is mainly T3.
ES: triyodotironina
504

trimedlure
DF: A synthetic kairomone eliciting attraction of male
Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata.
ES: trimedlure

trimethylaminuria
DF: An inborn error of metabolism characterized by fishy body
odor due to excessive secretion of trimethylamine in
breath, sweat and urine.
ES: trimetilaminuria

tripe
DF: A retail cut of beef, consisting of the walls of
the rumen and the reticulum. Tripe can also come
from pork and sheep.
ES: mondongo

trisomics
DF: Having a diploid set of chromosomes with one
additional homologous chromosome, e.g. 2N+1.
ES: trismicos

triterpenoids
ES: triterpenidos

triticale
DF: The grain of an intergeneric hybrid of Triticum x
Secale (wheat and rye).
ES: triticale (gramineae)

Triticosecale
DF: Intergeneric hybrid of Triticum x Secale (wheat
and rye).
ES: Triticosecale

tritium
DF: Tritium is the radioactive isotope of hydrogen (H) that has
a mass number of 3, having one proton and two neutrons.
ES: tritio

troleandomycin
DF: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to erythromycin.
ES: troleandomicina
505

trophallaxis
DF: The mutual exchange of food between insects,
especially between adults and larvae in social
insects.
ES: trofalaxis

tropical wood
DF: wood from a tropical or subtropical tree species.
ES: madera tropical

tropisms
DF: Movement that is inducible and takes place in a direction
related to that of the stimulus, such as the movement of
leaves toward light in positive phototropism or away from
light in negative phototropism.
ES: tropismos

true protein
DF: True protein measures only the proteins whereas
crude protein measures any source of nitrogen and
includes non-protein nitrogen such as urea.
ES: protenas verdaderas

tuberculoid leprosy
DF: A principal or polar form of leprosy in which the skin
lesions are few and are sharply demarcated. Peripheral
nerve involvement is pronounced and may be severe. Unlike
lepromatous leprosy, the lepromin test is positive.
Tuberculoid leprosy is rarely a source of infection to
others.
ES: lepra tuberculoide

tuberculosis
DF: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other
animals caused by species of Mycobacterium.
ES: tuberculosis

tumor necrosis factor-alpha
DF: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated
macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear
leukocytes. It has necrotizing activity against
tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject
tumor transplants.
ES: factor de necrosis tumoral alfa

tumor necrosis factors
506

DF: A family of proteins that were originally
identified by their ability to cause necrosis of
neoplasms. Their necrotic effect on cells is
mediated through tumor necrosis factor receptors
which induce apoptosis.
ES: factores de necrosis tumoral

tumor suppressor genes
DF: Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype.
They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in
check. When tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost,
a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and
unregulated growth is possible.
ES: genes supresores de tumores

tundra
DF: Arctic or subarctic regions where tree growth is
limited due to low temperatures, the short growing
season, and the permanently frozen subsoil.
Dominant vegetation consists of grasses, sedges,
mosses, lichens, and dwarf shrubs and trees.
ES: tundra

tundra soils
DF: A black mucky soil with a frozen subsoil,
characteristic of arctic and subarctic regions.
ES: suelos de tundra

tunicamycin
DF: An N-acetylglycosamine containing antiviral antibiotic
obtained from Streptomyces lysosuperificus. It is also
active against some bacteria and fungi, because it inhibits
the glucosylation of proteins. Tunicamycin is used as tool
in the study of microbial biosynthetic mechanisms.
ES: tunicamicina

turbulent flow
DF: Flow characterized by agitated and irregular
velocities and pressures that fluctuate randomly,
as moving over or past a rough surface.
ES: flujo turbulento

turtle culture
DF: The cultivation of turtles for food or other purposes.
ES: cra de tortugas

two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
507

DF: Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular
electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate
components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This
technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.
ES: electroforesis en gel de dos dimensiones

two hybrid system techniques
DF: Screening techniques first developed in yeast
to identify genes encoding interacting proteins.
Variations are used to evaluate interplay
between proteins and other molecules.
Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis
for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid
for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid
interactions for RNA-protein interactions
or ligand-based interactions.
ES: tcnica de doble hbrido

tyloses
DF: Masses of parenchyma cells appearing somewhat like froth in
the pores of some hardwoods, notably the white oaks and
black locust. Tyloses are formed by the extension of the
cell wall of the living cells surrounding vessels of
hardwood.
ES: tiloses

tylosin
DF: Macrolide antibiotic obtained from cultures of Streptomyces
fradiae. The drug is effective against many microorganisms
in animals but not in humans.
ES: tilosina

Type III secretion system
DF: A highly conserved, multicomponent secretion
system found in many Gram-negative bacteria that
are plant and animal pathogens. This system
transports effector molecules directly from the
cytoplasm to the cell surface when the pathogen
comes in close contact with the host cell. It is
evolutionarily related to the bacterial flagellum.
ES: sistema de secrecin del tipo III

typhus
DF: The classic form of typhus, caused by Rickettsia
prowazekii, which is transmitted from man to man by the
louse Pediculus humanus corporis.
508

ES: tifus

tyrocidine
DF: An antibiotic mixture produced by Bacillus brevis which may
be separated into three components, tyrocidines A, B, and
C. It is the major constituent (40-60 per cent) of
tyrothricin, gramicidin accounting for the remaining 10-20
per cent active material. It is a topical antimicrobial
agent, that is very toxic parenterally.
ES: tirocidina

509

U

U.S. Cooperative Extension Service
DF: A national, publicly funded, nonformal education
network that links the educational and research
resources and activities of USDA with land grant
universities in every State, territory, and the
District of Columbia. The Federal partner is the
Cooperative State Research, Education, and
Extension Service. This unique Federal, State,
and local partnership focuses on practical
solutions to critical issues affecting people's
daily lives.
ES: Servicio de Extensin Cooperativa de los Estados Unidos

udic regimes
DF: A soil water regime where soil moisture is
sufficiently high to meet plant needs throughout
the year. This regime is common for soils in
humid zones and is typical for about one third of
the worldwide land area.
ES: regmenes dicos

UHT milk
DF: Sterilized milk that is heated to a temperature of 280
degrees F for at least 2 seconds and packaged in aseptic
containers so as not to require refrigeration.
ES: leche tipo UHT

ultradian rhythm
DF: Biological rhythms that occur more than once a
day.
ES: ritmo ultradiano

ultrastructure
DF: The structure of an organism, substance or object that is
only observable under electron microscopy.
ES: ultraestructura

umami
DF: A primary element of taste, accompanying yet
independent of sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.
Umami is the Japanese word for 'delicious' or
'savory' but is regarded as broth-like or meaty
tasting in Western cultures. This taste detects
the presence of glutamate.
ES: umami

510

uncertainty
DF: The condition in which reasonable knowledge regarding
risks, benefits, or the future is not available.
ES: incertidumbre

uncertainty analysis
DF: A detailed examination of the systematic and random errors
of a measurement or estimate; an analytical process to
provide information regarding the uncertainty.
DS: Risk Assessment Information System
ES: anlisis de incertidumbre

undereating
DF: Eating less than enough to maintain normal body
weight.
ES: comer menos de lo necesario

understory
DF: A layer of vegetation (such as saplings in a forest) that
is below the canopy but have cleared the ground level
vegetation.
ES: sotobosque

underweight
DF: A body weight considered insufficient to maintain
overall health. Often defined as a Body Mass
Index (BMI) less than 18.5.
ES: bajo peso

uneven-aged stands
DF: A class of forest or stand composed of intermingled trees
or groups of trees that differ markedly in age. Compare
even-aged stands.
ES: rodales multietneos

unfolded protein response
DF: A cellular response to environmental insults that cause
disruptions in protein folding and/or accumulation of
defectively folded protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. It
consists of a group of regulatory cascades that are
triggered as a response to altered levels of calcium and/or
the redox state of the endoplasmic reticulum. Persistent
activation of the unfolded protein response leads to the
induction of apoptosis.
ES: respuesta de protena mal plegada

unigenes
DF: Unique DNA sequences which may be obtained from expressed
511

sequence tag (EST) analysis of a cDNA library.
ES: unigenes

United Nations Environment Programme
DF: International environmental program administered
by the United Nations whose mission is to lead
countries in efforts to care for the environment.
ES: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente

urban horticulture
DF: The science and art of promoting the successful growth and
development of ornamental plants, turf, vegetables and
fruit in the urban environment.
ES: horticultura urbana

urbanization
DF: The process by which the population and area of a city
expands which is usually accompanied by the loss of rural,
undeveloped or natural habitats to residential, commerical,
industrial or infrastructure applications.
ES: urbanizacin

ureteroscopy
DF: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the ureter.
ES: ureteroscopia

urinalysis
DF: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic
means.
ES: anlisis de orina

urinary calculi
DF: Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the urinary
tract. Their chemical compositions often include calcium
oxalate, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), cystine,
or uric acid.
ES: clculos urinarios

uropathogenic Escherichia coli
DF: Strains of Escherichia coli that preferentially grow and
persist within the urinary tract. They exhibit certain
virulence factors and strategies that cause urinary tract
infections.
ES: Escherichia coli uropatgena

Uruguay Round
512

DF: The round of multilateral trade negotiations under the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that began in
1986 and was completed in 1994 with the creation of the
World Trade Organization.
ES: Ronda Uruguaya

US National Forest System
DF: A nationally significant system of Federally owned units of
forest, range, and related land consisting of national
forests, purchase units, national grasslands, land
utilization project areas, experimental forest areas,
experimental range areas, designated experimental areas,
other land areas, water areas, and interests in lands that
are administered by the USDA Forest Service or designated
for administration through the Forest Service. Also see
Section 11 of Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources
Planning Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-378, 88 Stat. 476, 16 U.S.C.
1609).
ES: Sistema Nacional de Bosques de los Estados Unidos

USDA National Agricultural Library
DF: One of four national libraries of the United States,
housing one of the world's largest agricultural information
collections which covers all aspects of agriculture and
related sciences.
ES: Biblioteca Nacional de Agricultura, USDA

user interface
DF: That part of a technical system which requires
interaction with the human user. It includes the
way that the user uses input devices such as
keyboards and mice to communicate with the
computer, and the way the information is portrayed
on screen or on the output device.
ES: interface de usuario

ustic regimes
DF: The ustic moisture regime is intermediate between
the aridic regime and the udic regime. Generally,
there is plant available water during the growing
season although significant periods of drought may
occur during the year.
ES: regmenes sticos

uterine contraction
DF: Contraction of the uterine muscle during labor.
ES: contraccin uterina

513

V

vaccination
DF: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's
immune response. This includes any preparation
intended for active immunological prophylaxis.
ES: vacunacin

vaccine adjuvants
DF: The component of a vaccine which stimulates
immunoreactivity against the antigen in the vaccine. The
choice of adjuvant may relate to the therapeutic efficacy
of the vaccine.
ES: coadyuvantes de vacunas

vacuum packaging
DF: The packaging of processed products in which air is removed
and a vacuum is formed. Carbon dioxide gas or nitrogen gas
may be introduced into the package to help eliminate the
oxygen. Removal of the air retards growth of aerobic
bacteria.
ES: envase al vaco

validamycins
DF: A fermentation product of Streptomyces hygroscopicus var.
limoneus. It is used for control Rhizoctonia solani in
rice, potatoes, vegetables. Validamycins are trehalase
inhibitors.
ES: validamicinas

validity
DF: The degree to which a variable measures what it is
intended to measure.
ES: validez

valinomycin
DF: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by
Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It
is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine,
D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid
linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring.
ES: valinomicina

value-added products
DF: Products that generally have increased in value due to
processing.
ES: productos de valor agregado
514

value added
DF: The enhancement given a product or service represented by
the final value of the product minus the value of all
intermediate inputs.
ES: valor aadido

variability
DF: The observed differences attributable to true heterogeneity
or diversity in a population.
ES: variabilidad

vascular endothelial growth factor A
DF: The original member of the family of endothelial cell
growth factors referred to as vascular endothelial growth
factors. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was
originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as
"tumor angiogenesis factor" and "vascular permeability
factor". Although expressed at high levels in certain
tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of
cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and
vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating
vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways.
Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial
growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein
being produced.
ES: factor A de crecimiento endotelial vascular

vascular endothelial growth factor B
DF: A vascular endothelial growth factor expressed in a variety
of tissues. It binds with high specificity to vascular
endothelial growth factor receptor-1 and neuropilin-1.
ES: factor B de crecimiento endotelial vascular

vascular endothelial growth factor C
DF: A vascular endothelial growth factor that specifically
binds to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3. In addition
to being an angiogenic factor it can act on lymphatic
vessels to stimulate lymphangiogenesis. It is similar in
structure to vascular endothelial growth factor D in that
they both contain N- and C-terminal extensions that were
not found in other VEGF family members.
ES: factor C de crecimiento endotelial vascular

vascular endothelial growth factor D
DF: A vascular endothelial growth factor that specifically
binds to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3. In addition
515

to being an angiogenic factor it can act on lymphatic
vessels to stimulate lymphangiogenesis. It is similar in
structure to vascualr endothelial growth factor C in that
they both contain N- and C-terminal extensions that were
not found in other VEGF family members.
ES: factor D de crecimiento endotelial vascular

vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1
DF: A 180-kDa VEGF receptor found primarily in endothelial
cells that is essential for vasculogenesis and vascular
maintenance. It is also known as Flt-1 (fms-like tyrosine
kinase receptor-1). A soluble, alternatively spliced
isoform of the receptor may serve as a binding protein that
regulates the availability of various ligands for VEGF
receptor binding and signal transduction.
ES: receptor 1 de factores de crecimiento endotelial vascular

DF: A 200-230-kDa tyrosine kinase receptor for vascular
endothelial growth factors found primarily in endothelial
and hematopoietic cells and their precursors. VEGFR-2 is
important for vascular and hematopoietic development, and
mediates almost all endothelial cell responses to VEGF.

DF: A vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor whose
expression is restricted primarily to adult lymphatic
endothelium. VEGFR-3 preferentially binds the vascular
endothelial growth factor C and vascular endothelial growth
factor D and may be involved in the control of
lymphangiogenesis.

vascular endothelial growth factor receptors
DF: A family of closely related receptor protein-tyrosine
kinases that bind vascular endothelial growth factors. They
share a cluster of seven extracellular Ig-like domains
which are important for ligand binding. They are highly
expressed in vascular endothelial cells and are critical
for the physiological and pathological growth, development
and maintenance of blood and lymphatic vessels.
ES: receptores del factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular

vascular plants
DF: Plants containing specialized vascular tissue (xylem and
phloem) which are more highly evolved than such bryophytes
as mosses and liverworts. Vascular plants include ferns,
gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
516

ES: plantas vasculares

vasculitis
DF: Inflammation of a blood vessel.
ES: vasculitis

vasoactive intestinal peptide
DF: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from
intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological
actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and
respiratory systems and is neuroprotective.
ES: pptido intestinal vasoactivo

vasodilation
DF: The physiological widening of blood vessels by
relaxing the underlying vascular smooth muscle.
ES: vasodilatacin

vasopressin
DF: Antidiuretic hormones released by the neurohypophysis of
all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate
water balance and osmolarity. All mammals have arginine
vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8.
Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the kidney
collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption, increase
blood volume and blood pressure.
ES: vasopresina

veal calves
DF: Calves fed (usually only milk) for early slaughter, usually
less than 4 months and 350 pounds.
ES: terneros de cebadero

vector competence
DF: The physiological ability of a vector organism to acquire,
maintain and transmit an infectious agent, as described by
susceptibility to a pathogen, immune response, and
sustaining infection long enough for disease transmission
to occur.
ES: competencia del vector

vector data
DF: A type of spatial data that uses a coordinate system to
represent a point, line or polygon (area).
ES: datos vector

517

vectorial capacity
DF: The capability for disease transmission by a vector to a
host, as influenced by behavioral, ecological and
environmental factors, such as population density, host
preference, feeding habits or frequency, duration of latent
period, or longevity.
ES: capacidad vectorial

vegetables
DF: Any part of a plant that is commonly eaten by humans as
food, but is not considered to be a culinary fruit, nut,
herb, spice or grain.
ES: verduras

vegetation structure
DF: The overall morphology and architecture of a plant
community, such as the vertical layers of plants of
different heights in a agroforestry system, the
presence/absence of gaps in the forest canopy, or the
horizontal spacing of individual plants.
ES: estructura de la vegetacin

vegetative cells
DF: Cells that are not involved in gamete production.
ES: clulas vegetativas

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
DF: A species of Alphavirus that is the etiologic agent of
encephalomyelitis in humans and equines. It is seen most
commonly in parts of Central and South America.
ES: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus

ventral adhesive disk
DF: The microtubular structure found in Giarida trophozoite
cytoskeleton. Ventral adhesive disk is an essential
organelle that mediates adhesion of Giardia to host
intestinal mucosa.
ES: disco adhesivo ventral

vernalization
DF: The treatment of seeds, seedlings, bulbs, or other
parts of a plant to cold conditions in order to
shorten the vegetative period and promote
flowering.
ES: vernalizacin

vertebrate pests
518

DF: Vertebrates that are pests to other organisms.
ES: plagas de vertebrados

vertebrate viruses
DF: Viruses that infect vertebrate hosts.
ES: virus de vertebrados

vertical integration
DF: Coordination of various levels of producing, processing and
distributing under one decision making unit, generally
through direct ownership of the different stages or through
contracts.
ES: integracin vertical

vertical resistance
DF: Host resistance which is operational against one
or a few races of a pathogen or pest.
ES: resistencia vertical

Verticillium wilt
DF: A plant disease caused by fungi of the genus
Verticillium, which results in the shriveling,
drooping, and browning of plant parts.
ES: marchitez por Verticillium

very long chain fatty acids
DF: Fatty acid with aliphatic tails longer than twenty two
carbons.
ES: cidos grasos de cadena muy larga

vesicular exanthema of swine
DF: A calicivirus infection of swine characterized by
hydropic degeneration of the oral and cutaneous
epithelia.
ES: exantema vesicular de porcinos

vesicular transport proteins
DF: A broad category of proteins involved in the
formation, transport and dissolution of transport
vesicles. They play a role in the intracellular
transport of molecules contained within membrane
vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are
distinguished from membrane transport proteins,
which move molecules across membranes, by the mode
in which the molecules are transported.
ES: protenas de transporte vesicular
519

veterinary entomology
DF: Arthropod pests of animals and humans.
ES: entomologa veterinaria

veterinary medicine
DF: The diagnosis and treatment of diseases and
injuries of companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife
and production animals.
ES: medicina veterinaria

viability
DF: The ability of a cell, organism, spore, seed or
other living thing to survive and continue its
life processes.
ES: viabilidad

vibriosis
DF: A bacterial infection caused by organisms of the genus
Vibrio, commonly Vibrio vulnificus or Vibrio
parahemolyticus.
ES: vibriosis

Viburnum burkwoodii
DF: Interspecific hybrid between Viburnum carlesii x
Viburnum utile.
ES: Viburnum burkwoodii

vigor
DF: The health or hardiness of an organism exhibited
by growth, high fertility, large size, and
longevity.
ES: vigor

vines
DF: Woody or herbaceous plants which produce flexible stems
that climb, trail, or creep. Vines may lie prostrate on
the ground or have tendrils, twining stems, or other
mechanisms to cling to natural and manmade structures.
ES: vides

viral fusion proteins
DF: Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the
viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. They
promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may
function in the uptake of the virus by cells.
520

ES: protenas de fusin viral

viral load
DF: The quantity of virus particles present in a sample of
tissue or body fluid, thus providing a measurement of the
severity of viral infection.
ES: carga viral

viral shedding
DF: The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important
routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and
intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of
vertical transmission.
ES: excrecin de virus

viremia
DF: The presence of viruses in the blood.
ES: viremia

virgin olive oil
DF: A grade of olive oil indicating oil processed without any
chemical treatment and containing no additives.
ES: aceite de oliva virgen

virginiamycin
DF: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces
virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S.
pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It
consists of 2 major components, virginiamycin factor M1 and
virginiamycin factor S1. It is used to treat infections
with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in
cattle, swine, and poultry.
ES: virginiamicina

virion
DF: The extracellular complete virus particle
consisting of RNA or DNA and the associated
protein coat that is capable of causing infection.
ES: virion

viroids
DF: A group of pathogens comprising the smallest known
agents of infectious disease. They are
unencapsulated and are capable of replicating
autonomously in susceptible cells. Positively
identified viroids composed of single-stranded RNA
have been isolated from higher plants, but the
existence of DNA viroids pathogenic to animals is
521

suspected.
ES: viroides

virtual water
DF: The volume of freshwater used in producing a food and/or
nonfood product; virtual water is figuratively represented
or embodied in the product itself.
ES: agua virtual

virulence
DF: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of
microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality
rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the
tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an
organism is determined by its virulence factors.
ES: virulencia

virus-like particle vaccines
DF: Vaccines using supra-molecular structures composed of
multiple copies of recombinantly expressed viral structural
proteins. They are often antigentically indistinguishable
from the virus from which they were derived.
ES: vacunas de partculas similares a virus/seudovricas

virus-like particles
DF: Non-infectious particles produced when expression of viral
structural proteins results in a viral self-assembly; but
unlike viruses, VLPs do not contain viral genetic material.
ES: partculas seudovricas/similares a virus

virus curing
DF: Causing the loss of a dormant virus which has
inserted itself into a bacterial genome (a
lysogenized virus).
ES: curado de virus

virus replication
DF: The process of intracellular viral multiplication,
consisting of the synthesis of proteins; nucleic
acids; and sometimes lipids, and their assembly
into a new infectious particle.
ES: replicacin viral

visceral fat
DF: Body fat that cushions organs, especially
intestinal organs.
522

ES: grasa viceral

viscometers
DF: Instruments that measure viscosity of a fluid.
ES: viscmetros

viscometry
DF: The measurement of viscosity of a fluid.
ES: viscometra

visual aids
DF: Information presented in a visual form, such as posters,
pictures, maps, charts, digital images, etc. in order to
convey ideas or concepts.
ES: ayudas visuales

vitelline membrane
DF: The plasma membrane of the egg.
ES: membrana vitelina

vitrification
DF: The transformation of a liquid to a glassy solid i.e.,
without the formation of crystals during the cooling
process.
ES: vitrificacin

vivipary (animals)
DF: Producing live young from the body.
ES: vivparos (animales)

vivipary (plants)
DF: Plants having seeds or bulbils that germinate
while still attached to the parent plant, e.g.
mangrove, Allium.
ES: vivpara (plantas)

vocational education
DF: Education for specific trades or occupations.
ES: educacin vocacional

volunteer management
DF: The recruitment, scheduling, recognition, and
retention of volunteers.
ES: gestin del voluntariado

523

volunteer plants
DF: Plants found growing without having been planted, as by
natural regeneration, and if undesired, are considered
weeds. In crop rotation fields, volunteers from the
previous year's crop may germinate and establish in the
current crop; these "crop plants as weeds" or "rogue"
plants may require control measures.
ES: plantas espontneas

volunteer training
DF: Training of volunteers.
ES: capacitacin a los voluntarios

volvulus
DF: Abnormal twisting or displacement of the
intestines causing intestinal obstruction.
ES: vlvulo intestinal

524

W

waferboards
DF: A particle panel product made of wafer-type flakes.
Usually manufactured to posses equal properties in all
directions parallel to the plane of the panel.
ES: tableros de hojuelas

warts
DF: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral
in origin.
ES: verrugas

waste lagoons
DF: Artificial ponds used for the storage and/or
treatment of wastewaters, liquid wastes, sludges,
or spent nuclear fuel. Also, they collect
overspill from surface drains during heavy rains.
ES: lagunas de desechos

waste wood
DF: Pieces of wood, such as branches, limbs, and wood
scrap, leftover from wood harvesting, wood
processing or leftover from construction projects.
ES: madera de desecho

wastewater aquaculture
DF: An aquacultural system in which wastewater or treated
wastewater is added to produce natural food for fish or
other cultured organisms, via complex food chains.
ES: acuicultura con aguas residuales

wasting syndrome
DF: A condition of involuntary weight loss of greater then 10%
of baseline body weight. It is characterized by atrophy of
muscles and depletion of lean body mass.
ES: sndrome debilitante

water birds
DF: Aquatic birds living in freshwater or marine habitats,
capable of floating, wading, swimming or diving.
ES: aves acuticas

water footprint
525

DF: A measure of the total freshwater consumed and/or polluted
by individuals, communities, governments, or enterprises
that use water as producers or consumers of goods and
services. The water footprint serves as a sustainability
indicator and decision tool for water management.
ES: huella hdrica

water potential
DF: The physical property predicting the direction in
which water will flow, which is dependent of
solute concentration and applied pressure.
ES: potencial del agua

water purification
DF: Processes to remove undesirable impurities in water
including filtration, chlorination, distillation and ion
exchange. It may involve treatment of waste water to
provide potable water.
ES: purificacin del agua

water quality criteria
DF: Specific levels of water quality which, if
reached, are expected to render a body of water
suitable for its designated use. The criteria are
based on specific levels of pollutants that would
make the water harmful if used for drinking,
swimming, farming, fish production, or industrial
processes.
ES: criterios de calidad de agua

water quality standards
DF: State-adopted and EPA-approved ambient standards
for water bodies. The standards cover the use of
the water body and the water quality criteria
which must be met to protect the designated use or
uses.
ES: estndares de calidad de agua

water transportation
DF: Transport of people and goods by water craft.
ES: transporte acutico

water use efficiency
DF: A characteristic of plants which is measured by
the amount of dry matter or harvestable product
produced per unit of water used by the plant.
ES: eficacia en el uso del agua
526

waterfowl
DF: Aquatic wild game birds including ducks and geese.
ES: aves acuticas de cazera

watersheds
DF: The land area that drains water to a particular stream,
river, or lake. It is a land feature that can be identified
by tracing a line along the highest elevations between two
areas on a map, often a ridge.
DS: Water Science Glossary of Terms, USGS
ES: cuencas hidrogrficas

waterways
DF: Use for a navigable body of water.
ES: vas fluviales

wavelengths
DF: Distance in the direction of propagation of a periodic wave
between two successive points at which the phase is the
same (at the same time).
DS: NASA Thesaurus
ES: longitudes de onda

waxy corn
DF: A type of corn in which the starch content of kernels is
high in amylopectin.
ES: maz de cera

weaning
DF: The substitution of solid food for maternal milk or milk
substitutes in the diet of a child or young mammal.
ES: destete

weathering
DF: The natural exposure of a material to atmospheric
and climatic factors such as wind, rain,
temperature changes, solar or ultraviolet light,
oxygen, humidity, or airborne biological and
chemical agents.
ES: meteorizacin

weed hosts
DF: Weeds which serve as hosts for pests and
pathogens.
ES: malezas huspedes

weight-of-evidence
527

DF: A system for characterizing the extent to which the
available data support the hypothesis that an agent causes
an adverse health effect.
ES: peso de la evidencia

weight cycling
DF: The repeated intentional or unintentional loss and regain
of body weight.
ES: ciclo del peso

Western blotting
DF: Identification of proteins or peptides that have
been electrophoretically separated by blot
transferring from the electrophoresis gel to
strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by
labeling with antibody probes.
ES: Western blotting

Western equine encephalitis virus
DF: A species of Alphavirus that is the etiologic agent of
encephalomyelitis in humans and equines in the United
States, southern Canada, and parts of South America.
ES: Western equine encephalitis virus

wet deposition
DF: A type of atmospheric deposition in which chemical
substances and particulates from the atmosphere are
incorporated into droplets and transferred to the earth's
surface via rain, fog or snow. Compare "dry deposition".
ES: deposicin hmeda

wet environmental conditions
DF: Habitats or sites with very moist or wet
environments.
ES: condiciones de humedad ambiental

wetland plants
DF: Plants adapted for survival in soils frequently
saturated with surface or groundwater.
ES: plantas de tierras hmedas

wetlands
DF: An area that is saturated by surface or ground
water with vegetation adapted for life under those
soil conditions.
ES: humedales
528

wettability
DF: A condition of a surface that determines how fast a liquid
will wet and spread on the surface or if it will be
repelled and not spread on the surface.
ES: humectabilidad

wheat classes
DF: Wheat classes are determined (1) by the hardness
and color of their kernels and (2) by the time of
year they are planted and harvested. These
factors, along with their protein content and
gluten strength, determine their milling and
baking characteristics and whether the resulting
wheat flours are better suited for making bread,
pasta, cake or pastries. Each wheat class
represents a separate market.
ES: clases de trigo

wheel tracks
DF: Depressions in the soil which are caused by the
rolling of vehicle wheels over the surface of the
soil.
ES: pistas para ruedas

whey
DF: The portion of milk remaining after the fat and casein
(curd) have been removed. It contains about 93.5% water
and 6.5% lactose, protein, minerals, enzymes, water-soluble
vitamins and traces of fat.
ES: suero

whistleblowing
DF: The reporting of observed or suspected professional
misconduct or incompetence to appropriate authorities or to
the public.
ES: denuncia de irregularidades

white chocolate
DF: A mixture usually made of cocoa butter, milk or milk powder
and a sweetner.
ES: chocolate blanco

white light
DF: White light is generally accepted as the presence of the
529

complete visible spectrum (approximately 400-700 nm) of the
electromagnetic spectrum where all the colors are blended
to appear white, colorless or even slightly yellow to the
eye.
ES: luz blanca

white muscle disease
DF: A myodegeneration most frequent in calves and
lambs whose dams have been fed during gestation or
longer on feeds, especially legumes (Fabaceae),
grown in certain areas where selenium is either
deficient or unavailable in the soil. It has been
recorded in many countries. It has been produced
experimentally in several species of animals on
low-selenium intake. A similar myopathy occurs
naturally in goats, deer, foals, and dogs but
proof of the etiology is lacking.
ES: enfermedad del msculo blanco

white tea
DF: Tea made from the dried leaves and buds of the Camellia
sinensis plant.
ES: t blanco

Whites
the original peoples of Europe, North Africa, or the Middle
East.
ES: blancos

whooping cough
DF: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and
characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged
crowing intake of breath.
ES: tos ferina

wide hybridization
DF: interspecific and intergeneric hybridization which
is a first step to introduce alien variation and
to transfer desirable genes and traits from wild
species into cultivated species
ES: hibridacin amplia

wildland-urban interface
DF: The common area where human settlements and built
structures are intermixed and/or adjacent to undeveloped
land in which the vegetation is permitted to grow without
significant human interference.
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ES: interfaz urbano-rural

wildland fire management
DF: Measures for the prevention, detection, and control of
fires which are unplanned and unwanted and are formed by
natural or man-made causes.
ES: manejo de incendios espontneos

wildland fire use
DF: The use of unplanned, naturally ignited fires to burn and
be naturally extinguished by rainfall or snow storms in
order to achieve the natural benefits of fire to an
ecosystem, such as vegetative diversity, mixture of
wildlife habitats and reduction of heavy fuelwood
accumulation.
ES: uso de incendios espontneos

wildlife damage management
DF: Activities designed to reduce the negative impact, conflict
or threat of wildlife to other organisms, property,
agricultural or natural resources, or to human society.
ES: manejo del dao causado por vida silvestre

willingness to pay
DF: The amount consumers are prepared to pay for goods or
services, in light of risks and/or benefits.
ES: disposicin a pagar

windthrow
DF: Trees that have been uprooted, blown down or broken off by
excessive winds. Trees having shallow roots are especially
susceptible to this type of damage.
ES: derribos

wines
DF: All alcoholic beverages made from the fermentation of grape
juice, other fruits or vegetative parts. Wine may be
sparkling or carbonated, made from condensed grape must,
made from agricultural products other than the juice of
grapes, and includes products sold as wine such as
imitation wine, cider and sake.
ES: vinos

winter barley
DF: A general term for barley sown in the fall,
persisting through the winter as seedlings, and
harvested the following spring or summer after it
531

reaches full maturity.
ES: cebada de invierno

winter sowing method
DF: A propagation method used throughout the winter where
temperate climate seeds are sown into protective vented
containers and placed outdoors to foster a naturally timed,
high percentage germination of climate tolerant seedlings.
ES: mtodo de siembra en invierno

winter squashes
DF: Any of various hard-shelled squashes that can be
stored for several months.
ES: calabaza confitera

winter wheat
DF: A general term for wheat sown in the fall,
persisting through the winter as seedlings, and
harvested the following spring or summer after it
reaches full maturity.
ES: trigo de invierno

winterkill
DF: The death of all or a part of a population due to exposure
to cold temperatures or inclement weather conditions during
winter.
ES: muerte por helada

wireless technology
DF: A communications technology between two devices
which are not wired to each other and is based on
transmitting and receiving messages or signals by
electromagnetic waves.
ES: tecnologa mvil

Wolbachia
DF: A genus of bacteria that is associated with arthropods and
filarial nematodes.
ES: Wolbachia

women's health
DF: The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of
women.
ES: salud de la mujer

wood beams
532

DF: A structural timber (i.e., wood which is relatively large
in size, strength and stiffness) supporting a load applied
transversely to it.
ES: vigas de madera

wood extractives
DF: Substances in wood, not an integral part of the cellular
structure, that can be removed by solution in hot or cold
water, ether, benzene, or other solvents that do not react
chemically with wood components.
DS: Wood Handbook, Glossary. Forest Products Laboratory
ES: extractos de madera

wood flour
DF: Wood reduced to finely divided particles, approximately the
same as those of cereal flours in size, appearance, and
texture, and passing a 40 to 100 mesh screen.
ES: harina de madera

wood logs
DF: individual pieces of roundwood.
ES: troncos

wood strength
DF: (1) The ability of a member to sustain stress without
failure. (2) In a specific mode of test, the maximum stress
sustained by a member loaded to failure.
ES: resistencia de la madera

wood technology
DF: The knowledge of the structure, properties, and
processing characteristics of wood and the
application of this knowledge to industrial
processes; including the utilization of wood and
the design, production, manufacture, or
reconstruction of wood products.
ES: tecnologa de la madera

wood trusses
DF: An assembly of members, such as beams, bars, rods, and the
like, so combined as to form a rigid framework. All members
are interconnected to form triangles.
533

ES: armazones de madera

wood wool
DF: Fine wood shavings, used for surgical dressings,
binders for plaster, nesting materials for
animals, insulating materials, and packing
materials.
ES: lana de madera

woodworking
DF: The activity of making objects, such as furniture,
out of wood.
ES: trabajo en madera

working conditions
DF: Use for the social, physical and psychological
environment of human laborers.
ES: condiciones de trabajo

world wide web
DF: a collection of internet sites that offer text and
graphics and sound and animation resources through
the hypertext transfer protocol.
ES: world wide web

534

X

X-ray diffraction
DF: The scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals,
with accompanying variation in intensity due to
interference effects. Analysis of the crystal structure of
materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and
registering the diffraction image of the rays
(crystallography, X-ray).
ES: difraccin de rayos X

xanthan gum
DF: A polysaccharide that is derived from the fermentation of
corn sugar. It is used as a thickening agent, emulsifier
and stabilizer in a variety of food and nonfood products.
ES: goma xantana

xenobiotics
DF: Chemical substances that are foreign to the
biological system. They include naturally
occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents,
carcinogens, insecticides, etc.
ES: xenobiticos

xenodiagnosis
DF: A method for diagnosing a disease in one organism
by inoculating the putative causative organism in
a second animal of a different species. It has
been used for the detection of parasites
(Trypanosoma cruzi and Trichinella spiralis) when
peripheral blood smears are negative.
ES: xenodiagnstico

xenoestrogens
DF: Foreign substances having estrogenic properties
which mimic the effect of estrogen on the body.
ES: xenoestrgenos

xenotransplantation
DF: Transplantation between animals of different
species.
ES: xenoinjerto

xeric regimes
DF: The xeric moisture regime has very limited plant
available water due to long periods of drought.
The soil is usually moist for less than 45
consecutive days during the growing season. This
535

regime is typical in areas of Mediterranean
climates, where winters are moist and cool and
summers are warm and dry.
ES: regmenes xricos

xerophytes
DF: Plants that have adapted for life with a limited
supply of water.
ES: xerofitas

xylan
DF: A polysaccharide composed of xylose residues. Xylans are
usually 1,4-linked and occur with cellulose in wood and,
particularly, in cereal straws and brans.
ES: xilano

xylem
DF: A vascular plant tissue that conducts water and minerals
salts from the roots to the leaves.
ES: xilema

xylem vessels
DF: Wood cells in hardwoods of comparatively large diameter
that have open ends and are set one above the other to form
continuous tubes called vessels. The openings of the
vessels on the surface of a piece of wood are usually
referred to as pores.
ES: vasos del xilema

536

Y

yams
DF: Yams in the U.S. are actually sweet potatoes.
USDA requires that the label "yam" always be
accompanied by "sweetpotato" for this reason.
True yams are Dioscorea species.
ES: ames

yeasts
DF: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi
that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers'
yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
ES: levaduras

yellow grease
DF: A byproduct usually made up of restaurant greases (fats and
oils from cooking). Another source is from rendering
plants producing lower quality tallow.
ES: grasa amarilla

yield components
DF: Plant parts contributing to yield based on their
number, size and weight.
ES: caracteres de rendimiento

537

Z

Z-DNA
DF: A less common "zig-zag" conformation of
double-stranded DNA with a left-handed double
helix which requires alternating GC sequences. It
is favored by high salt concentration, but may
occur in cells and may have regulatory functions.
ES: ADN-Z

zein
DF: A group of alcohol soluble seed storage proteins from
protein bodies in endoplasmic reticulum of corn endosperm.
ES: zena

zero emissions
DF: Pollution abatement objective in which industrial processes
or energy source emissions contribute no waste products,
such as greenhouse gases, that pollute the environment or
effect climate change; actual emissions may be offset
through recycling, carbon sequestration or environmental
credit trading.
ES: cero emisiones

zero wastes
DF: Waste management objective in which industrial outputs are
reused as inputs and products are recycled to eliminate
waste.
ES: cero desechos

zinc finger motif
DF: Motifs in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins whose
amino acids are folded into a single structural
unit around a zinc atom. In the classic zinc
finger, one zinc atom is bound to two cysteines
and two histidines. In between the cysteines and
histidines are 12 residues which form a DNA
binding fingertip. By variations in the
composition of the sequences in the fingertip and
the number and spacing of tandem repeats of the
motif, zinc fingers can form a large number of
different sequence specific binding sites.
ES: dedos de zinc

zoonoses
DF: Diseases of non-human animals that may be
transmitted to humans or may be transmitted from humans
to non-human animals.
538

ES: zoonosis

zooplankton
DF: Free-floating, minute, often microscopic, animals
of aquatic systems. They include protozoa,
rotifers, crustaceans, and larvae of larger
animals, such as annelids and fish, that feed on
other plankton.
ES: zooplancton

539

SPANISH ENGLISH

Clave de abreviaturas usadas en el Glosario:

DF: Definicin
EN: En ingles

Simbolos y Nmeros

5-hidroxitriptfano
DF: El precursor inmediato de la biosntesis de la serotonina a
partir del triptfano. Se utiliza como antiepilptico y
antidepresivo.
EN: 5-hydroxytryptophan

540

A

abatimiento
DF: En trminos hidrolgicos, reduccin del nivel de agua en
una masa de agua, un pozo, una capa fretica o la
superficie piezomtrica adyacente al pozo, como resultado
de la extraccin del agua.
EN: drawdown

abceso
DF: Acumulacin de materia purulenta en los tejidos, rganos o
espacios cerrados, generalmente asociada con signos de
infeccin.
EN: abscess

abejas sin aguijn
DF: Abejas sociales pertenecientes a la subfamilia Meliponinae,
que defienden sus nidos mordiendo, no picando. Sus especies
incluyen importantes polinizadores.
EN: stingless bees

abomaso desplazado
DF: Enfermedad crnica de rumiantes jvenes en quienes el
abomaso est retorcido hacia la izquierda o la derecha con
respecto a su posicin normal. Las mayora de los
desplazamientos son detectados en el lado izquierdo en el
ganado lechero y son caracterizados por un abomaso
distentido atrapado debajo del rumen .
EN: displaced abomasum

abonos superficiales
DF: Aplicacin de compostes o fertilizante sobre el suelo
durante el crecimiento de la planta.
EN: top dressings

abonos verdes
DF: Productos que se cultivan para incorporarlos al suelo y
aumentar la calidad, fertilidad y estructura del suelo.
EN: green manures

abortifacientes
DF: Sustancias qumicas que interrumpen el embarazo despus de
la implantacin.
EN: abortifacients

aborto (plantas)
DF: Cese prematuro del desarrollo de polen, gametos, embriones,
semillas, flores, etc.
EN: abortion (plants)

aborto floral
DF: La prctica de remover flores de las plantas. El
desfloramiento es realizado en rboles de frutas con la
finalidad de incrementar el tamao y la calidad de los
541

cultivos de frutas.
EN: deblossoming

absorbancia
DF: Medida de la cantidad de luz absorbida por una solucin. Se
mide con un colormetro o con un espectrmetro. Los valores
de la absorbancia se usan para detectar el crecimiento de
bacterias en cultivos en suspensin y para determinar la
concentracin de molculas en solucin.
EN: absorbance

absorbentes
DF: Sustancia que integra lquido a travs de la superficie y
lo mantiene.
EN: absorbents

absorcin
DF: Incorporacin de una sustancia.
EN: absorption

abuso de sustancias
DF: El uso de sustancias ilegales o el uso inapropiado de
sustancias legales, incluyendo el consumo repetido de
sustancias que producen placer, que alivian el stress y/o
que alteran o evaden la realidad.
EN: substance abuse

abuso infantil
DF: Cualquier descuido de parte de un padre o cuidador que
produzca como resultado la muerte, dao fsico o emocional
grave, abuso sexual o explotacin, o cualquier descuido que
presente riesgo inminente de dao grave a una persona menor
de 18 aos o de edad especificada por la ley estatal de
proteccin de menores.
EN: child abuse

acai berries
DF: Frutos pequeos, redondos, color prpura, de la palmera
Euterpe oleracea, cosechada para frutas, pulpa o jugo.
EN: acai berries

acarreadores antiparalelos
DF: Transportadores de membrana que co-transportan dos ms
molculas diferentes en direccin opuesta a travs de la
membrana. Generalmente el transporte de un in o molcula
se realiza contra su gradiente electroqumico y es
accionado por el movimiento de otro in o molcula con su
gradiente electroqumico.
EN: antiporters

acceso al mercado
DF: Nivel al que un producto o servicio de afuera puede
competir con productos producidos en la zona.
EN: market access
542

accidente cerebrovascular
DF: Prdida sbita, no convulsiva, de la funcin neurolgica
producida por un evento vascular intracraneal hemorrgico o
isqumico. En general, los accidentes cerebrovasculares se
clasifican por la localizacin anatmica en el cerebro, la
distribucin vascular, la etiologa, edad del individuo
afectado, y naturaleza hemorrgica vs. no hemorrgica.
EN: stroke

accidentes geogrficos
DF: Caractersticas de la superficie natural de la tierra.
EN: landforms

accidentes ocupacionales
DF: incidente imprevisto, especialmente aquel que causa dao o
muerte, y que ocurre en el lugar de trabajo mientras se
desempean las tareas laborales.
EN: occupational accidents

accin colectiva
DF: Individuos que contribuyen a un esfuerzo coordinado sobre
la base de intereses mutuos y la posibilidad de obtener
beneficios de la accin coordinada.
EN: collective action

Accipitridae
DF: Familia que incluye a las aguilas,los gavilanes y los
milanos.
EN: Accipitridae

aceite de babas
DF: Aceite extrado de los granos (semillas) de la palma
babas, Attalea speciosa. El aceite es utilizado en
alimentos, cosmticos y jabones, teniendo propiedades
similares al aceite de coco.
EN: babassu oil

aceite de oliva lampante
DF: Aceite no comestible derivado de la aceituna y utilizado
con fines industriales.
EN: lampante olive oil

aceite de oliva virgen
DF: Aceite de oliva cuyo grado indica que fue procesado sin
ningn tratamiento qumico y que no contiene aditivos.
EN: virgin olive oil

aceite de oliva virgen extra
DF: Aceite de oliva, de sabor, color y olor excelentes, cuyo
grado lo coloca en la categora de aceite virgen (procesado
sin ningn tratamiento qumico), con un nivel de acidez de
0.8%. Se obtiene mediante el primer prensado de la aceituna.
EN: extra-virgin olive oil
543

aceite de palma
DF: Aceites exprimidos de la pulpa del fruto de varias palmas
(Arecaceae). La palma africana (Elaeis guineensis) es una
fuente comn para el aceite de palma. El aceite de palma es
alto en grasa saturada y caroteno, y es usado en comidas,
jabones, cosmticos, velas. Compare con aceite de palmiche.
EN: palm oils

aceite de palmiche
DF: El aceite del grano "o nuez" de la palma. Comparar con el
trmino aceite de palma.
EN: palm kernel oil

aceite mineral
DF: Un aceite derivado de una fuente mineral (petrleo) en
contraste con aceites derivados de plantas o animales.
EN: mineral oil

aceite neutro
DF: Aceite obtenido mediante destilacin, que no es tratado ni
con cido ni con lcali.
EN: neutral oil

aceites esenciales
DF: Aceites voltiles en plantas aromticas que dan un olor o
sabor caracterstico a la planta. Se utilizan habitualmente
en fragancias y saborizantes.
EN: essential oils

acelerometra
DF: Medicin cualitativa y cuantitativa de patrones de
movimiento.
EN: accelerometry

acelga brava
DF: Hortaliza de hojas verdes que se usa para ensalada, de la
remolacha Beta vulgaris.
EN: chard

Acer freemanii
DF: Hbrido interespecfico entre Acer rubrum x Acer
saccharinum.
EN: Acer freemanii

acetaminofeno
DF: Derivado analgsico antipirtico de la acetanilida. Tiene
propiedades anti inflamatorias dbiles y se usa como
analgsico comn, pero puede causar dao heptico, renal y
a las clulas sanguneas.
EN: acetaminophen

Achillea lewisii
DF: Hbrido interespecfico entre Achillea clavennae x Achillea
544

tomentosa.
EN: Achillea lewisii

Achnatherum bloomeri
DF: Hbrido interespecfico de Achnatherum hymenoides x
Achnatherum occidentalis; utilizado tambin para otros
hbridos de Achnatherum hymenoides.
EN: Achnatherum bloomeri

Achnella
DF: Hbrido intergenrico de Achnatherum x Nassella.
EN: Achnella

acid poliglutmico
DF: Pptido que es homopolmero del cido glutmico
EN: polyglutamic acid

acidificacin
DF: Bajar el pH de una sustancia o material por debajo de 7.0
EN: acidification

cido clavulnico
DF: cido clavulnico y sus sales y steres. El cido es un
inhibidor suicidia de enzimas beta-lactamasas bacteriales
de Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administrado solo, tiene una
dbil actividad antibacteriana contra la mayora de los
organismos, pero si se administra en combinacin con
antibiticos beta-lactmicos previene la inactivacin
antibitica por la lactamasa microbial.
EN: clavulanic acid

cido penicilnico
DF: Bloque de penicilina desprovisto de actividad
antibacteriana significativa.
EN: penicillanic acid

cido tenuaznico
DF: 3-acetil-5-sec-butil-4-hidroxi-3-pyrrolin-2-ona. Metabolito
que se encuentra en una cepa del hongo Alternaria tenuis
Auct. el cual funciona como un antibitico con propiedades
antivirales y antineoplsicas y adems puede actuar como
una micotoxina.
EN: tenuazonic acid

acidlisis
DF: Descomposicin qumica que resulta de la adicin de un
cido a un compuesto.
EN: acidolysis

cidos clavulnicos
DF: cidos, sales y derivados del cido clavulnico (C8H9O5N).
Se componen de compuestos beta-lactmicos que difieren de
la penicilina en que el azufre del anillo de tiazolidina es
sustituido por un oxgeno. Ellos limitan la accin
545

antibacterial e irreversiblemente bloquean la accin
bacteriana de las beta-lactamasas, por lo que son
antibiticos similares. No son degradados por las enzimas
bacterianas y por lo tanto pueden ejercer sus efectos
antibacteriales.
EN: clavulanic acids

cidos grasos altamente insaturados
DF: cidos grasos polinsaturados cuya cadena de carbonos
contiene 20 o ms tomos de carbono.
EN: highly unsaturated fatty acids

cidos grasos de cadena muy larga
DF: cidos grasos cuyas colas alifticas estn compuestas por
ms de veintids carbonos.
EN: very long chain fatty acids

cidos grasos omega-3
DF: Grupo de cidos grasos, a menudo de origen marino, que
tienen la primera ligadura no saturada en la tercera
posicin.
EN: omega-3 fatty acids

cidos grasos omega-6
DF: cidos grasos no saturados que tienen la primera ligadura
no saturada en la sexta posicin del carbono omega.
EN: omega-6 fatty acids

acidosis
DF: Condicin patolgica que resulta de la acumulacin de cido
o el trmino del contenido de la reserva alcalina
(bicarbonato) de la sangre y los tejidos corporales; se
caracteriza por un aumento en la concentracin de iones de
hidrgeno (descenso del pH).
EN: acidosis

acidulantes
DF: Aditivo que se le pone a un producto para aumentar su
acidez. A menudo se agrega acidulantes a los productos
alimentarios para aumentar su acidez.
EN: acidulants

acondicionamiento de semillas
DF: Pre-tratamiento de semillas mediante varios mtodos con el
fin de mejorar la tasa de germinacin las semillas, su
germinacin porcentual, y aumentar la uniformidad de
emergencia de las plntulas a travs del control del agua
disponible en la semilla. El pre- tratamiento da inicio
a las primeras etapas de la germinacin, pero no permite la
protrusin radicular, de modo que entonces las semillas se
secan hasta que se necesitan.
EN: seed priming

aconitina
546

DF: Alcaloide norditerpenoide C19 (diterpenos) producido en la
raz de los acnitos que activa los canales de sodio
abiertos por voltaje. Se ha empleado para inducir arritmias
en animales de laboratorio y tiene propiedades
antiinflamatorias y antineurlgicas.
EN: aconitine

Aconitum cammarum
DF: Hbrido inerespecfico probable que involucra Aconitum
variegatum x Aconitum napellus.
EN: Aconitum cammarum

acoplamientos
DF: Dispositivo que sirve para conectar un objeto a otro, como
un dispositivo para conectar un implemento a un tractor o
un caballo a un carro.
EN: couplings

actigrafa
DF: Medicin y registro de la motricidad que se realizan para
evaluar los ciclos de descanso/actividad.
EN: actigraphy

actina
DF: Protenas filamentosas que son el constituyente principal
de los filamentos delgados de las fibras de los msculos.
Los filamentos (conocidos como filamentosos o F-actina) se
pueden disasociar en sus subunidades globulares; cada
subunidad est compuesta de un polipptido de 375
aminocidos de longitud. Se conoce como G-actina. Junto con
la miosina, la actina es responsable de la contraccin y
relajacin de los msculos.
EN: actin

Actinobacillus equuli
DF: Especies de bacterias que causan infecciones en caballos y
cerdos.
EN: Actinobacillus equuli

Actinobacillus lignieresii
DF: Especies de bacterias que causan infecciones en ganado
bovino y ovino.
EN: Actinobacillus lignieresii

actinomicina D
DF: Compuesto que consta de dos pptidos cclicos unidos a una
fenoxazina derivada de Streptomyces parvullus. Se une al
ADN e inhibe la sntesis de ARN (transcripcin), con el
alargamiento de la cadena ms sensible que al inicio,
terminacin o liberacin, lo que da como resultado la
produccin deteriorada de ARNm y la disminucin de la
sntesis de protenas despus de la terapia con
dactinomicina.
EN: actinomycin D
547

actinorhizae
DF: rganos simbiticos fijadores de nitrgeno, compuestos por
tejido radical y bacterias actinomicetes como Frankia, las
cuales se pueden encontrar en rboles del gnero Alnus,
Casuarina y Elaeagnus.
EN: actinorhizae

activacin de la protena GTPasa
DF: Las protenas que activan la GTPasa de GTP-protenas de
unin especficas.
EN: GTPase-activating proteins

activacin macrfagos
DF: Proceso de alteracin de la morfologa y la actividad
funcional de los macrfagos para que se tornen vidamente
fagocticos. Se inicia por las linfocinas, tales como el
factor de activacin magrofgica (FAM) y el factor de
inhibicin de la migracin del macrfago (FIMM), por
complejos inmunes, el C3b y varios pptidos, polisacridos
y adyuvantes inmunolgicos.
EN: macrophage activation

activacin plaquetaria
DF: Serie de acontecimientos progresivos que se solapan,
desencadenados por la exposicin de las plaquetas al tejido
subendotelial. Estos acontecimientos incluyen el cambio de
forma, las reacciones de adhesividad, agregacin y de
liberacin. Cuando se llevan a cabo hasta su terminacin.
Esos acontecimientos conducen a la formacin de un tapn
hemosttico estable.
EN: platelet activation

actividad cataltica
DF: Un aumento en la velocidad de una reaccin qumica
producida por la presencia de una sustancia que es
consumida en la reaccin qumica neta.
EN: catalytic activity

actividad diurna
DF: Actividad propia de animales y humanos realizada durante
las horas de luz de da. Comparar con el trmino actividad
nocturna.
EN: diurnal activity

actividad nictmera
DF: Conducta mostrada en un perodo de 24 horas, tanto en las
horas del da como en las de la noche.
EN: diel activity

actividad nocturna
DF: Actividad animal y humana durante la noche. La comparacin
es actividad diurna.
EN: nocturnal activity
548

acuapnicas
DF: Sistema que combina la acuicultura con la hidropona en el
cual los animales acuticos y las plantas que crecen
hidropnicamente se cultivan juntos.
EN: aquaponics

Acuerdo Agrcola
DF: Acuerdo dentro de la Organizacin Mundial del Comercio que
compromete a los miembros a mejorar el acceso al mercado y
a reducir los subsidios que distorsionan el comercio en la
agricultura, comenzando con la aplicacin de tarifas.
EN: Agricultural Agreement

Acuerdo General sobre Tarifas y Comercio
DF: Tratado internacional posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial
para regular la poltica comercial y la reduccin de
tarifas y las barreras comerciales, que fue incluido en
Organizacin Mundial del Comercio en 1995.
EN: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

acuicultura
DF: Cultivo de animales y platas acuticas, incluyendo especies
de agua dulce y salada, para alimentacin y otros
propsitos.
EN: aquaculture

acuicultura con aguas residuales
DF: Sistema de acuicultura en el que se agregan aguas
residuales, tratadas o no, con el fin de producir alimento
natural para los peces u otros organismos cultivados por
medio de cadenas alimenticias complejas.
EN: wastewater aquaculture

adhesinas
DF: Componentes de la superficie celular o apndices de
bacterias que facilitan adhesin a otras clulas o a
superficies inanimadas. La mayora de las fimbrias de
bacterias gram negativas funcionan como adhesinas, pero en
muchos casos son subunidades menores de protenas en la
punta de las fimbrias que son las adhesinas reales. En las
bacterias gram positivas, una protena o una capa
superficial de polisacrido sirve como adhesina especfica.
EN: adhesins

adhesivos
DF: Una substancia capaz de sostener materiales juntos por
unin de las superficies. Es un trmino general e incluye
cementos, muclago, cola, as como la goma.
EN: adhesives

adipocinas
DF: Polipptidos producidos por los adipocitos. Estos incluyen
la leptina, adiponectina, resistina, y muchas citocinas del
549

sistema inmunitario, como el factor de necrosis
tumoral-alfa, interleucina-6, y el factor complementario D
(tambin conocido como adipsin). Tienen potentes funciones
autocrinas, paracrinas, y endocrinas.
EN: adipokines

adiponectina
DF: El 30-kDa complemento C1Q protena relacionada,es el ms
abundante gen producto de la secrecin de las clulas
grasas del tejido adiposo blanco. La Adiponectina modula
varios procesos fisiolgicos, tales como el metabolismo de
la glucosa y los cidos grasos, y las respuestas inmunes.
La disminucin de los niveles de adiponectina en plasma
estn asociados con resistencia a la insulina, diabetes
mellitus tipo 2, la obesidad y la aterosclerosis.
EN: adiponectin

adiposidad
DF: Cantidad de grasa o lpidos depositada en una zona o en un
rgano del cuerpo, la cual constituye un indicador del
grado de obesidad.
EN: adiposity

Adirondacks
DF: El rea que rodea las montaas Adirondack ubicadas al norte
del estado de Nueva York y que algunas veces es incluida
como parte de la regin de los Apalaches.
EN: Adirondacks

aditivos
DF: Sustancias aadidas a un producto, por lo general en
pequeas cantidades, con el fin de alterar sus
caractersticas o calidad.
EN: additives

aditivos alimentarios
DF: Cualquier sustancia agregada a los alimentos para: 1)
mantener la consistencia del producto, 2) mejorar o
mantener su valor nutritivo, 3) mantener su palatabilidad o
salubilidad, 4) proporcionar fermentacin o pH de control,
o 5) aumentar su sabor o darle un color deseado.
EN: food additives

aditivos de piensos
DF: Sustancias aadidas a los alimentos para modificar, mejorar
o mantener las caractersticas o calidad de los piensos.
EN: feed additives

administracin de justicia
DF: Ejecucin prctica de la ley, que incluye las fuerzas de
orden y seguridad, las correcciones, y el sistema judicial.
EN: administration of justice

Administradora del Crdito Agrcola
550

DF: Organismo independiente del Poder Ejecutivo del Gobierno de
los Estados Unidos de Norteamrica que se ocupa de
reglamentar y revisar el Sistema de Crdito Agrcola.
EN: Farm Credit Administration

administradores del riesgo
DF: Personas que realizan el manejo del riesgo
EN: risk managers

ADN-A
DF: Forma de ADN de doble hebra estable en condiciones de
deshidratacin, que se encuentra en cristales y soluciones
que tienen concentraciones salinas altas o alcohol en el
soluto. Tiene una hlice ms compacta que el ADN-B, con una
ranura estrecha profunda y considerable, una ranura ancha
menor y superficial, y un centro vaco. Los complejos de
ADN:ARN y el ARN de hebra doble tambin asumen esta forma.
EN: A-DNA

ADN-Z
DF: Conformacin menos comn en zigzag de ADN de doble hlice
hacia la izquierda que
requiere secuencias alternadas de GC. Es ideal para altas
concentraciones de sal, pero puede
ocurrir en las clulas y puede cumplir funciones
regulatorias.
EN: Z-DNA

ADN intergnicas
DF: Cualquiera de las codificaciones gnicas del ADN, incluso
regiones no traducidas 5 y 3 uniendo regiones, intrones,
pesudogenes no funcionales y secuencias repetitivas no
funcionales. Este ADN puede o podra no codificar
funciones reguladoras.
EN: intergenic DNA

ADN satlite
DF: Secuencias altamente repetitivas de ADN que se encuentran
en la heterocromatina,
fundamentalmente estn cerca de los centrmeros. Estn
compuestos por secuencias simples
(muy cortas) repetidas de una en una y muchas veces para
formar grandes bloques de secuencias.
Adicionalmente, luego de la acumulacin de mutaciones,
estos bloques de repeticiones han sido
repetidos ellos mismos en lnea. El grado de repeticin es
del orden de 1000 a 10 millones en
cada locus. Los locus son pocos, usualmente uno o dos por
cromosoma. Se les llam satlites ya
que en gradientes de densidad, a menudo sedimentan como
bandas satlite distintas separadas del
grueso del ADN del genoma debido a su diferente composicin
de bases.
EN: satellite DNA
551

adsorbentes
DF: Sustancia que tiene la propiedad de adherir o acumular otra
sustancia en su superficie.
EN: adsorbents

adsorcin
DF: Adherencia de una sustancia a la superficie de otra.
EN: adsorption

aductos de ADN
DF: Aductos covalentes entre mutgenos qumicos y ADN.
EN: DNA adducts

adulticidas
DF: Agentes qumicos que matan la fase adulta de una plaga o
parsito.
EN: adulticides

adyuvantes
DF: Ingrediente que mejora las propiedades de un medicamento,
vacuna o plaguicida.
EN: adjuvants

Aegilotriticum
DF: Hbrido intergenrico de Aegilops x Triticum.
EN: Aegilotriticum

aerodinmica
DF: Estudio de los flujos de gases (especialmente el aire) y de
las fuerzas que afectan a objetos en movimiento;
especficamente, la interaccin de los objetos en
movimiento con la atmsfera.
EN: aerodynamics

Aesculus carnea
DF: Hbrido interespecfico entre Aesculus hippocastanum x
Aesculus pavia.
EN: Aesculus carnea

African horse sickness virus
DF: Especies de Orbivirus que causan enfermedad en caballos,
mulas y burros y que tambin pueden infectar otros animales
como perros, vacas, ovejas, cabras y humanos. Este virus es
transmitido por insectos chupadores de sangre
(hematfagos)- usualmente mosquitos pequeos picadores del
gnero Culicoides.
EN: African horse sickness virus

African swine fever virus
DF: Este virus causa algunas veces una infeccin fatal en
cerdos, caracterizada por fiebre, tos, diarrhea, ndulos
linfticos hemorrgicos, y edema de la vescula biliar. Es
transmitido entre cerdos domsticos por contacto directo,
552

ingestin de carne infectada, objectos contaminados capaces
de transmitir el virus de un lugar a otro, o mecnicamente
por moscas picadoras o garrapatas blandas - argasidae
(gnero Ornithodoros).
EN: African swine fever virus

agarosa
DF: Polisacrido presente en el agar y responsable de su
gelificacin. Consiste en residuos de
3,6-anhidro-L-galactosa y D-galactosa. Se usa como medio
para cromatografa en gel.
EN: agarose

agentes aglutinantes
DF: Sustancias que mantienen unidos productos combinados,
partculas o mezclas, las cuales son utilizadas
especialmente en la produccin de alimentos.
EN: binding agents

agentes antimoluscosos
DF: Sustancias que impiden que las superficies se vuelvan
incrustadas, estorbadas o ahogadas con materias extraas.
EN: antifouling agents

agentes colinrgicos
DF: Cualquier medicamento utilizado por su accin sobre los
sistemas colinrgicos. Se incluyen agonistas y
antagonistas, medicamentos que afectan el ciclo de
acetilcolina, y medicamentos que afectan la sobrevivencia
de las neuronas colinrgicas.
EN: cholinergic agents

agentes de esponjamiento
DF: Agentes o aditivos que se agregan para aumentar el peso o
el volumen sin aportar ninguna funcionalidad o utilidad.
EN: bulking agents

agentes de extensin
DF: Educador contratado por un condado y/o servicio de
extensin cooperativa de un Estado para entregar educacin
sobre la agricultura basada en la investigacin a personas
residentes en ese condado o Estado con el objetivo de que
aprendan a enfrentar problemas de la granja, el hogar y la
comunidad a nivel local.
EN: extension agents

agentes etiolgicos
DF: Entidad fsica, qumica o bilgica que puede causar
enfermedad en un organismo.
EN: etiological agents

agonistas hormonales
DF: Sustancias qumicas que tienen una afinidad para estimular
actividad fisiolgica en receptores celulares normalmente
553

estimulados por hormonas producidas naturalmente y que
desencadenan una respuesta bioqumica.
EN: hormone agonists

agonistas beta adrenrgicos
DF: Medicamentos que se unen selectivamente a receptores beta
adrenrgicos y los activan.
EN: beta-adrenergic agonists

agregacin plaquetaria
DF: Adhesin de las plaquetas entre s. Esta formacin de
grumos puede ser inducida por distintos agentes (por ej.
trombina, colgeno) y es parte del mecanismo que conduce a
la formacin de un trombo.
EN: platelet aggregation

agricultores
DF: Una persona que est involucrada en el desarrollo de
cosechas, avicultura o ganadera.
EN: farmers

agricultura alternativa
DF: Mtodos de produccin distintos a los de cultivo intensivo
mediante energa o productos qumicos. Las alternativas
incluyen el uso de estircol vegetal o animal en lugar de
fertilizantes qumicos, manejo integrado de plagas en lugar
de pesticidas qumicos, labranza reducida, rotacin de
cultivos (especialmente de leguminosas para agregar
nitrgeno). Cultivos alternativos o diversificacin de la
empresa agrcola.
EN: alternative farming

agricultura comunitaria
DF: La agricultura sustentada por la comunidad consiste en una
comunidad de individuos que adhieren a una operacin
agrcola con los productores y consumidores y se
proporcionan apoyo mutuo y comparten los riesgos y
beneficios de la produccin de alimentos. Los miembros se
comprometen por adelantado a cubrir anticipadamente los
costos de la operacin agrcola y el sueldo de los
trabajadores. En retribucin, reciben participacin en las
utilidades de la granja durante toda la temporada de
cultivo.
EN: community supported agriculture

agricultura de cocodrilos
DF: El cultivo de cocodrilos para alimentacin, cuero,
conservacin y otros fines.
EN: alligator farming

agricultura de contorno
DF: Operaciones en terreno tales como arado, plantacin,
cultivo y cosecha en el contorno o en el ngulo recto de la
pendiente natural, para reducir la erosin del suelo,
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proteger su fertilidad y utilizar el agua de manera ms
eficiente.
EN: contour farming

agricultura de precisin
DF: Una estrategia gerencial que utiliza la informacin de un
sitio especfico para administrar precisa y econmicamente
y optimizar los ingresos de la produccin.
EN: precision agriculture

agricultura de secano
DF: Sistema de cultivo de productos en regiones semiridas
(generalmente con menos de 51 cm. de precipitacin anual)
sin el uso de irrigacin. Con frecuencia, parte del
terreno se deja sin cultivar en aos alternados para
conservar la humedad.
EN: dryland farming

agricultura de subsistencia
DF: Sistema de explotacin donde alimentos y bienes producidos
son consumidos predominantemente por la familia y donde el
excedente para venta en el mercado es poco.
EN: subsistence farming

agricultura extensiva
DF: Un sistema de crecimiento de cosechas y animales,
usualmente en parcelas grandes de tierra, donde una
cantidad comparativamente pequea de produccin de entrada
o trabajo es usada por acre. Comparar con agricultura
intensiva.
EN: extensive farming

agricultura intensiva
DF: Un sistema de cosechar o criar animales, usualmente en
pequeas parcelas de tierra, donde comparativamente se
utiliza una gran cantidad de aportes para la produccin o
para el trabajo por acre. Compare con agricultura
extensiva.
EN: intensive farming

agricultura sustentable
DF: Usar para referirse a prcticas agrcolas que apoyan la
rentabilidad econmica sostenida, la calidad y bienestar
sustentable del ambiente, el uso eficiente de los recursos
naturales, y la calidad general y disponibilidad de
alimento y fibra para el gnero humano.
EN: sustainable agriculture

agroecologa
DF: Diseo, desarrollo y manejo de agroecosistemas sostenibles
sobre la base de la aplicacin de principios ecolgicos y
la consideracin de factores sociales, culturales y
econmicos existentes en las comunidades agrcolas.
EN: agroecology
555

Agroelymus
DF: Hbrido intergenrico de Agropyron x Elymus.
EN: Agroelymus

agroescosistemas
DF: Sistemas en que comunidades de plantas, microbios y
animales que habitan tierra cultivada, pastizales o tierras
de pastos interactan entre ellos y su ambiente fsico.
EN: agroecosystems

agroforestera
DF: Un sistema agroforestal es una forma de uso mltiple de la
tierra donde perennes leosos (rboles, arbustos, bambes ,
palmeras, lianas leosas) son cultivados en la misma unidad
de manejo de la tierra con cosechas y/o animales.
EN: agroforestry

agroforesteria de parques
DF: Un tipo de sistema agroforestal en el cual el dosel de los
rboles est muy distribuido en los cultivos o pastizales.
Los rboles pueden ser plantados o regenerados naturalmente.
EN: parkland agroforestry systems

Agrohordeum
DF: Hbrido intergenrico de Agropyron x Hordeum.
EN: Agrohordeum

agroinfiltracin
DF: Tcnica de transformacin gentica de las plantas mediante
inyeccin o infiltracin al vaco de Agrobacterium o un
virus de las plantas que transporta un gen deseado, la cual
proporciona un sistema de seguimiento a la expresin
transitoria de los genes.
EN: agroinfiltration

agromedicina
DF: Estudio y tratamiento de la salud humana relacionada con la
agricultura. Aplicacin de las ciencias mdica y agrcola
para promover la salud y la seguridad de las familias que
habitan en granjas, de los trabajadores agrcolas y de los
consumidores de productos agrcolas.
EN: agromedicine

agronoma
DF: Ciencia de la produccin de cultivos y manejo del suelo.
EN: agronomy

agropiscicultura
DF: Uso alternativo de la acuicultura de agua dulce y la
agricultura o combinado (produccin de cultivos).
EN: agropisciculture

Agropogon
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DF: Hbrido intergenrico de Agropyron x Hordeum.
EN: Agropogon

Agrotriticum
DF: Hbrido intergenrico de Agropyron x Triticum.
EN: Agrotriticum

agua de drenaje
DF: Cualquier tipo de agua, generalmente de precipitaciones o
de regado, que ingresa, interacta y a continuacin sale
de un paraje.
EN: drainage water

agua de lastre
DF: Agua dulce o salada cargada y descargada por los barcos
para mejorar su estabilidad. Los organismos transportados
de un puerto a otro en esta faena pueden convertirse en
especies invasivas (plagas).
EN: ballast water

agua de tormenta
DF: Exceso de agua de un evento meteorolgicoque tiene una
interaccin limitada con el paisaje y fluye hacia el agua
superficial o hacia los sistemas de drenaje. El agua de
lluvia genera un aumento en el flujo de los arroyos sobre
el flujo base.
EN: stormwater

agua disponible para la vegetacin
DF: Porcin de agua en el suelo que puede ser absorbida por las
races de las plantas, es decir, agua mantenina a una
tensin inferior a 1500 kPa en el suelo.
EN: plant available water

agua superficial
DF: Agua naturalmente abierta a la atmsfera, tal como ros,
lagos, estanques, arroyos, estuarios, embalses, mares, etc.
EN: surface water

agua virtual
DF: El volumen de agua dulce utilizado en la elaboracin de
productos comestibles y no comestibles.
EN: virtual water

ahoyado amargo
DF: Semillas que se desarrollan en manzanas y que producen un
sabor amargo. La causa es una deficiencia de calcio y/o un
exceso de potasio o magnesio dentro de la propia fruta, y
no necesariamente la fertilidad del suelo ni la condicin
general de los nutrientes de la planta.
EN: bitter pit

ahumar
DF: Aplicacin de humo a los alimentos, generado quemando
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madera, con el fin de preservarlos y darles un sabor
ahumado.
EN: smoking (food products)

alameticina
DF: Un grupo de undecapptidos cclicos estrechamente
relacionados del hongo Trichoderma polysporum y
Cylindocarpon lucidum . Ellos tienen alguna accin
antineoplsica y antifngica e importantes efectos
inmunosupresores. Ciclosporinas han sido propuestas como
coadyuvantes en el tejido y el trasplante de rganos para
suprimir el rechazo del injerto.
EN: alamethicin

ALARA (tan bajo como razonablemente alcanzable
DF: Una gua para reducir los riesgos conocidos por reducir al
mnimo la exposicin, teniendo en cuenta los costos,
beneficios de salud pblica, seguridad y otras cuestiones
sociales y econmicas.
EN: ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable)

albedo (frutos ctricos)
DF: Tejido blanco esponjoso de la cscara de los frutos
ctricos.
EN: albedo (citrus fruit)

albedo (reflectancia)
DF: Fraccin de la radiacin total incidente de un cuerpo que
es reflejada por ste. Proporcin entre luz reflejada y luz
incidente.
EN: albedo (reflectance)

albino
DF: Animales o plantas con ausencia de pigmentacin. En los
animales, la pigmentacin est ausente en el pelo, los ojos
y la piel. En las plantas, ausencia total o parcial de
pigmentos o clorofila.
EN: albino

alcaloides del opio
DF: Alcaloides encontrados en el opio de Papaver que induce
efectos analgsicos y narcticos por accin sobre
receptores opioides.
EN: opium alkaloids

alcance
DF: Los esfuerzos para aumentar la sensibilizacin, la
disponibilidad y utilizacin de informacin o servicios a
travs de la interaccin con una poblacin objetivo.
EN: outreach

alcohlisis
DF: Reaccin qumica en la que un enlace qumico se rompe
debido a la adicin de un alcohol.
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EN: alcoholysis

alelopata
DF: Influencia mutua entre las plantas que surge de los
productos de su metabolismo.
EN: allelopathy

aleloqumicos
DF: Sustancias qumicas liberadas por un organismo que ejercen
efectos conductuales o fisiolgicos, generalmente adversos,
en otro organismo.
EN: allelochemicals

alelos
DF: Formas del mismo gen mutuamente excluyentes que ocupan el
mismo locus en cromosomas homlogos y que rigen el mismo
proceso bioqumico y de desarrollo.
EN: alleles

alelos nulos
DF: Formas mutantes de un gen que no producen ningn producto
gnico o que expresan un gen no funcional y que, por lo
tanto, carecen de funcin gentica.
EN: null alleles

alrgenos
DF: Sustancia tipo antgeno que produce hipersensibilidad
inmediata.
EN: allergens

alergias alimentarias
DF: En una alergia alimentaria verdadera, el sistema
inmunitario del cuerpo reconoce como agente extrao una
sustancia que provoca una reaccin, un alrgeno, en el
alimento- generalmente una protena- y produce anticuerpos.
EN: food allergies

alevines
DF: Peces salmnidos en fase larval que derivan sus nutrientes
del saco vitelino y que residen en los lugares de
oviposicin.
EN: alevins

alfa-amanitina
DF: Octapptido cclico con un puente tioter entre la cistina
y triptfano. Inhibe la ARN polimerasa II. La intoxicacin
puede requerir un trasplante de hgado.
EN: alpha-amanitin

alfabetizacin
DF: Habilidad para leer y escribir.
EN: literacy

alfabetizacin de adultos
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DF: Habilidad de los adultos (de edad superior a los 18 aos)
para leer y escribir.
EN: adult literacy

alfalfa
DF: Cultivo leguminoso de gran valor como forraje.
EN: alfalfa

algicidas
DF: Plaguicidas para el control de algas en lagos, canales,
piscinas, tanques de agua y otros sitios.
EN: algicides

algodn de hilas
DF: Fibras de algodn que han sido sacadas de la semilla
durante el proceso de desmotado del algodn.
EN: lint cotton

alimentacin enteral
DF: Suplemento alimenticio suministrado a travs del canal
alimentario o de cualquier va conectada con el sistema
gastrointestinal (es decir, por va enteral). Esto incluye
alimentacin oral, alimentacin a sorbos y alimentacin con
sondas nasogstricas, de gastrostoma y yeyunostoma.
EN: enteral feeding

alimentacin parenteral
DF: Administracin de nutrientes para la asimilacin y
utilizacin por parte de un paciente quien no puede
mantener una nutricin adecuada por parte de la
alimentacin completa. Los nutrientes son administrados por
una va diferente a la del tubo digestivo (por ejemplo, por
va intravenosa, por va subcutnea).
EN: parenteral feeding

alimentacin saludable
DF: Dieta cuyo objetivo es satisfacer las necesidades
nutricionales, mejorar la salud y reducir el riesgo de
desarrollar enfermedades relacionadas con la alimentacin.
EN: healthy diet

alimento molido
DF: Alimento a base de cereales, productos de cereal, y a veces
suplementos, que puede ser proporcionado en forma hmeda o
seca al ganado y aves de corral.
EN: mash feed

alimentos bajos en cido
DF: Alimento con valores de pH mayores que 4,6.
EN: low acid foods

alimentos basados en vegetales
DF: Alimentos que proviene de fuentes vegetales.
EN: plant-based foods
560

alimentos bsicos
DF: Alimentos que son bsicos para la dieta/cocina de la
cultura, como harina de trigo, arroz, maz, ames, azcar,
sal, etc.
EN: staple foods

alimentos de base animal
DF: Alimentos que se originan de fuentes animales.
EN: animal-based foods

alimentos de granos
DF: Alimentos basados completamente o principalmente en granos
comestibles.
EN: grain foods

alimentos de origen marino
DF: Organismos comestibles acuticos (de agua dulce o martima)
como el pescado, mariscos, o algas que son usados como
alimento.
EN: seafoods

alimentos ecolgicos
DF: Los alimentos ecolgicos son producidos sin antibiticos;
hormonas de crecimiento; la mayora de los pesticidas
convencionales; fertilizantes a base de aceite o
fertilizantes a base de lodo de aguas residuales;
bioingeniera; o radiacin ionizante. Se requiere la
certificacin del Departamento de Agricultura de los
Estados Unidos (USDA) antes de que un producto pueda ser
etiquetado "orgnico". Las empresas, incluyendo
restaurantes, que manipulen o procesen los alimentos
ecolgicos tambin deben ser certificadas.
EN: organic foods

alimentos enriquecidos
DF: Alimentos a los que se les agregan nutrientes para
reemplazar la prdida de nutrientes producida durante su
elaboracin.
EN: enriched foods

alimentos fortificados
DF: Alimentos que contienen niveles superiores de nutrientes
debido a la adicin de nutrientes durante el procesamiento.
EN: fortified foods

alimentos funcionales
DF: Alimentos naturales o fabricados que se considera tienen
niveles importantes de componentes biolgicamente activos
que proporcionan beneficios deseables para la salud ms
all de la nutricin bsica.
EN: functional foods

alimentos instantneos
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DF: Alimentos disecados listos para comer al aadir agua.
EN: instant foods

alimentos listos para cocinar
DF: Alimentos que son procesados y/o preparados de modo que
estn listos para ser cocinados con muy poco esfuerzo
adicional.
EN: ready-to-cook foods

alimentos medicados
DF: Alimentos formulados para ser consumidoso administrados
bajo supervisin mdica y los cuales son destinados para el
manejo diettico especfico de una enfermedad o afeccin
para la cual los requerimientos nutricionales distintivos,
basados en principios cientficos reconocidos son
establecidos por evaluacin mdica.
EN: medical foods

alimentos modificados genticamente
DF: Alimentos producidos de organismos modificados
genticamente. Estas especies han sufrido modificacin
directa de su complemento gentico mediante utilizacin de
tcnicas tales como alteracin del ADN, sustitucin de
material gentico a travs de un virus, transplante de
ncleos completos, transplante de hbridos celulares, etc.
EN: genetically modified foods

alimentos nuevos
DF: Alimentos producidos de ingredientes que no han sido
tradicionalmente usados para consumo humano en el rea del
mundo en cuestin, o que son producidos por un proceso
nuevo o extensivamente modificado.
EN: novel foods

alimentos perecederos
DF: Alimentos que estn sujetos a prdida de calidad,
usualmente destruccin, descomposicin o deterioro.
EN: perishable foods

alimentos potencialmente peligrosos
DF: Alimento que requiere control de la temperatura como algo
que apoya el crecimiento rpido y progresivo de
microorganismos infecciosos o toxgenos, el crecimiento y
produccin de toxina de Clostridium botulinum, o, en huevos
de cscara crudos, el crecimiento de Salmonela enteritidis.
EN: potentially hazardous foods

alimentos preparados
DF: Alimentos procesados que estn listos para ser cocinados
con muy poca preparacin adicional.
EN: prepared foods

alimentos procesados
DF: Alimentos que son manufacturados, usualmente en larga
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escala, usando cualquiera de la amplia variedad de tcnicas
de procesamiento, ms frecuentemente con la meta de
preservar los alimentos para el mercado.
EN: processed foods

alimentos reconstituidos
DF: Alimentos que fueron concentrados o condensados y han sido
devueltos a su consistencia original por la adicin de agua.
EN: reconstituted foods

alimentos saludables
DF: Alimentos que el consumidor considera que reportan
beneficios superiores para la salud, tales como alimentos
con pocos o sin preservantes, procesamiento o pesticidas.
EN: health foods

alimentos sintticos
DF: Productos consistentes de alimentos comunes y/o frmulas
qumicas que pueden ser usados en lugar de los alimentos
que imitan. A menudo los alimentos sintticos son usados
por los consumidores por razones de salud o econmicas.
EN: imitation foods

alineamiento de secuencias
DF: La comparacin de dos o ms secuencias de aminocidos o
bases de un organismo u organismos, de modo que se puedan
alinear las zonas de las secuencias que comparten las
mismas propiedades.
EN: sequence alignment

almacenamiento bajo atmsfera controlada
DF: Una tecnologa de almacenamiento en la cual la composicin
de gas en el establecimiento dedicado al almacenamiento
esta controlada con la finalidad de retardar la senescencia
y prolongar el tiempo de vida de frutas, verduras y otros
productos.
EN: controlled atmosphere storage

almacenes
DF: Lugares que venden artculos comestibles y tambin algunos
no comestibles en pequeas cantidades, como por ejemplo
productos de limpieza, de papel, etc.
EN: grocery stores

aloinjerto
DF: Transplante entre individuos de la misma especie.
Generalmente se refiere a individuos genticamente
distintos en contraste con el transplante isogeneico para
individuos genticamente idnticos.
EN: allografting

alometra
DF: Estudio de la tasa de crecimiento de una parte de un
organismo en relacin a la tasa de crecimiento de todo el
563

organismo, y el cambio resultante en la proporcin de
varias partes a medida que el organismo crece.
EN: allometry

alopatra
DF: Especies o poblaciones que estn separadas geogrficamente
y que, por lo tanto, no pueden cruzarse. Con el tiempo,
estas poblaciones pueden presentar divergencias fenotpicas
o genticas.
EN: allopatry

alopoliploidea
DF: Poliploidea en la que dos especies diferentes contribuyen
con uno o ms conjuntos de cromosomas.
EN: allopolyploidy

alozimas
DF: Isoenzimas que difieren de otras variantes de la encima
como resultado de una diferencia allica. Una aloenzima
difiere en la secuencia de aminocidos de otras formas de
la misma enzima y est codificada por un alelo en un locus
individual.
EN: allozymes

Altas Llanuras (Estados Unidos)
DF: Meseta de la zona sur de las Grandes Llanuras que se
extiende desde el sur de Dakota del Sur hasta la franja
estrecha de Texas que se interna en Oklahoma.
EN: High Plains (United States)

alubias verdes
DF: Vaina inmadura, verde y suculenta de Phaseolus vulgaris.
EN: green beans

alumbre
DF: Sulfato doble formado por aluminio y algn otro elemento
(especialmente un metal alcalino) o de aluminio. Tiene
veinticuatro molculas de agua de cristalizacin. El
alumbre comn es el doble de sulfato de amonio y potasio.
Es blanco, transparente, muy astringente y se cristaliza
fcilmente en octaedros. El trmino incluye por extensin
otros sulfatos dobles de frmula similar a la del alumbre.
EN: alum

amanitinas
DF: Pptidos cclicos extrados de carpforos de varias
especies de hongos. Ellos son potentes inhibidores de ARN
polimerasas en la mayora de especies eucariotas,
bloqueando la produccin de ARNm y la sntesis de
protenas. Estos pptidos son importantes en el estudio de
la transcripcin. La alfa-amanitina es la principal toxina
de las especies Amanitia phalloides, venenosa si es
ingerida por humanos o animales.
EN: amanitins
564

amarilleo letal
DF: Enfermedad letal de la palma de coco y de otras palmas. Ha
azotado las regiones que cultivan palmas de coco en
Jamaica, Cuba, las Islas Caimn y Florida, y actualmente
destruye palmas en Yucatn.La enfermedad la causan
fitoplasmas y es transmitida por insectos chupadores
llamados fulgoroideos. El primer signo visible es la cada
de todos los frutos, seguido de marchitamiento de las
flores nuevas y amarilleo de las hojas. No existe cura
eficaz. Los rboles mueren entre 3 a 6 meses despus de la
aparicin de los primeros sntomas.
EN: lethal yellowing

Amazona
DF: La regin contigua al Ro Amazonas en Sudamrica.
EN: Amazonia

amfotericina B
DF: Antibitico macrlido antimictico producido por
Streptomyces nodosus obtenido a partir de suelos de la
regin del ro Orinoco de Venezuela.
EN: amphotericin B

amikacina
DF: Antibitico de amplio espectro derivado de la kanamicina.
Se trata de reno y oto-txicos, como otros antibiticos
aminoglucsidos.
EN: amikacin

amilgrafos
DF: Instrumentos que miden y registran el cambio de viscosidad
de una suspensin o masa de harina y agua debido a la
gelatinizacin del almidn al someterla al calor.
EN: amylographs

amiloide
DF: Una protena fibrosa compleja que est compuesta por
protenas acumuladas en una estructura especfica similar a
una hoja plegada.
Esta estructura fibrilar se ha encontrado como un modelo
alternativo de plegado para una variedad de protenas
funcionales. Los depsitos de amiloide en forma de placas
de amiloide se asocian con una variedad de enfermedades
degenerativas. La estructura amiloide tambin se ha
encontrado en un nmero de protenas funcionales que no
estn relacionados con enfermedades.
EN: amyloid

amiloidosis
DF: Grupo de procesos infecciosos espordicos, familiares o
heredados, degenerativos, unidos por el factor comn de
plegamiento y deposicin anormal de protenas. A medida que
los depsitos amiloides aumentan, desplazan las estructuras
565

de tejidos normales y causan disrupcin de la funcin.
Diversos signos y sntomas dependen de la ubicacin y el
tamao de los depsitos.
EN: amyloidosis

amiloplastos
DF: Plstidos sin pigmentacin del citoplasma de las plantas
involucrado en la sntesis y almacenamiento del almidn.
EN: amyloplasts

aminocidos terminales
DF: Aminocido que tiene el menor abastecimiento con respecto a
su necesidad.
EN: limiting amino acids

aminoarabinosa
DF: Amino azcar que se une a un lpido en la cubierta externa
de bacterias y puede aumentar la resistencia antibitica de
las bacterias.
EN: aminoarabinose

aminometilacin
DF: Reaccin qumica en la que un grupo aminometilo es
introducido en un compuesto.
EN: aminomethylation

amoxicilina
DF: Un antibitico semisinttico de amplio espectro similar a
la ampicilina, excepto que por su resistencia al cido
gstrico permite mayores niveles sricos con la
administracin por va oral.
EN: amoxicillin

ampicilina
DF: Derivado semi-sinttico de la penicilina, que funciona
como un antibitico activo de amplio espectro por va oral.
EN: ampicillin

amplificacin gentica
DF: Aumento selectivo del nmero de copias de un gen que
codifica una protena especfica sin un aumento
proporcional en los otros genes. Se produce en forma
natural mediante la extensin de una copia de la secuencia
que se repite desde el cromosoma y su replicacin
extracromosmica es un plasmido, o mediante la produccin
de una transcripcin de ARN de toda la secuencia que se
repite de ARN ribosomtico, seguido de transcripcin
inversa de la molcula para producir una copia adicional de
la secuencia original de ADN.
EN: gene amplification

amplificacin rpida de los extremos de ADNc
DF: Mtodo rpido de clonacin de una secuencia completa de ADN
codificante cuando esta se conoce solo en forma parcial.
566

Las copias de ADNc de una regin de un transcrito de ARN
son secuenciadas desde una pequea secuencia conocida hasta
el extremo 5' o 3' del transcrito.
EN: rapid amplification of cDNA ends

ampollas
DF: Acumulaciones de lquido visibles dentro o bajo la
epidermis.
EN: blisters

anaerobiosis
DF: Produccin de energa de nutrientes sin utilizar oxgeno.
EN: anaerobiosis

anlisis comparativo del riesgo
DF: El proceso de comparar y clasificar los distintos tipos de
riesgo para identificar las prioridades y la asignacin de
la influencia de los recursos.
EN: comparative risk assessment

anlisis de ciclo de vida atributivo
DF: Mtodo de modelado del ciclo de vida que describe flujos de
material, energa y emisiones en un producto o sistema
discreto.
EN: attributional life cycle assessment

anlisis de ciclo de vida consecuente
DF: Mtodo de modelado del ciclo de vida que describe las
consecuencias externas de las decisiones que cambian la
forma en que el material, la energa y las emisiones fluyen
dentro de un producto o sistema discreto.
EN: consequential life cycle assessment

anlisis de componentes principales
DF: Procedimiento matemtico que transforma una serie de
posibles variables correlacionadas en un nmero menor de
variables no correlacionadas llamadas componentes
principales.
EN: principal component analysis

anlisis de conglomerados
DF: Conjunto de mtodos estadsticos usados para agrupar
variables u observaciones en subgrupos fuertemente
inter-relacionados.
EN: cluster analysis

anlisis de costo-beneficio
DF: Tcnica analtica que compara los costes y beneficios de
las inversiones, programas o acciones polticas a fin de
determinar qu alternativa o alternativas de maximizar los
beneficios netos (eficiencia econmica).
EN: cost benefit analysis

anlisis de costos de la enfermedad
567

DF: La determinacin del impacto econmico de una enfermedad o
condicin de salud, incluidos los costes de tratamiento,
esta forma de estudio no se ocupa de los beneficios /
resultados.
EN: cost of illness analysis

anlisis de dialelos
DF: Agrupamiento de genotipos en todas las combinaciones
posibles para determinar la contribucin gentica relativa
de cada padre a una caracterstica especfica de la
progenie.
EN: diallel analysis

anlisis de incertidumbre
DF: Examen detallado de los errores sistemticos y aleatorios
de una medicin o estimacin, un proceso de anlisis para
proporcionar informacin sobre la incertidumbre.
EN: uncertainty analysis

anlisis de la audiencia
DF: Recopilacin e interpretacin de informacin acerca de los
destinatarios de la comunicacin oral, escrita o visual.
EN: audience assessment

anlisis de la imagen
DF: La extraccin de informacin til de imgenes.
EN: image analysis

anlisis de multivarianza
DF: Un conjunto de tcnicas que se utilizan cuando la variacin
en diferentes variables tiene que ser estudiada de forma
simultnea. En estadstica, el anlisis multivariado se
interpreta como un mtodo analtico que permite el estudio
simultneo de dos o ms variables dependientes.
EN: multivariate analysis

anlisis de orina
DF: Examen de orina por medios qumicos, fsicos o
microscpicos.
EN: urinalysis

anlisis de regresin
DF: Procedimientos para encontrar la funcin matemtica que
mejor describe la relacin entre una variable dependiente y
una o ms variables independientes.
EN: regression analysis

anlisis de secuencia
DF: Proceso de varias etapas que incluye la determinacin de
una secuencia (protena, carbohidrato, etc.), su
fragmentacin y anlisis, y la interpretacin de la
informacin de la secuencia.
EN: sequence analysis

568

anlisis de varianza
DF: Una tcnica estadstica que asla y evala las
contribuciones de las variables independientes a la
variacin en la media de una variable dependiente continua.
EN: analysis of variance

anlisis del flujo de materiales
DF: El anlisis del flujo de materiales aplica el concepto de
ecologa industrial para estudiar cmo los materiales y la
energa fluyen dentro, a travs y fuera de un sistema.
EN: material flow analysis

anlisis del mensaje
DF: Evaluacin de como un mensaje es comunicado y recibido
efectivamente.
EN: message assessment

anlisis del riesgo
DF: Proceso de anlisis para la evaluacin, gestin y
comunicacin de la informacin acerca de los peligros
potenciales u otros efectos adversos y la cuantificacin de
sus probabilidades y consecuencias esperadas.
EN: risk analysis

anlisis determinstico del riesgo
DF: Anlisis determinstico del riesgo
Evaluacin del riesgo que incluye el clculo y expresin de
riesgos como simples valores numricos o "punto nico" las
estimaciones del riesgo con la incertidumbre y la
variabilidad del anlisis cualitativo.
EN: deterministic risk assessment

anlisis discriminante
DF: Una tcnica de anlisis estadstico utilizado con variables
discretas dependientes, que se trata de separar conjuntos
de valores observados y asignar nuevos valores. A veces se
usa en lugar del anlisis de regresin.
EN: discriminant analysis

anlisis ex ante
DF: Evaluacin de valores econmicos tales como precios,
rendimientos, ganancias, etc. que se realiza antes de que
tengan lugar eventos o momentos de incertidumbre.
EN: ex ante analysis

anlisis mediante la tcnica headspace
DF: El anlisis qumico de la mixtura de vapor atrapada encima
de un slido o un lquido en un recipiente sellado
hermticamente.
EN: headspace analysis

anlisis riesgo-beneficio
DF: Comparacin de los riesgos de corto y largo plazos con los
beneficios sociales generales de una actividad, del uso de
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qumicos o de la tecnologa. Si los riesgos y los
beneficios se expresan en trminos monetarios, se trata
efectivamente de un anlisis costo-beneficio.
EN: risk-benefit analysis

anlisis secuencial de un producto patgeno
DF: Evaluacin de todo el proceso de principio a fin que
examina el riesgo de efectos adversos en una poblacin y
modelos especficos de las combinaciones de patgenos y
productos.
EN: product pathogen pathway analysis

anamorfos
DF: Forma asexuada de un hongo.
EN: anamorphs

Anaplasma
DF: Gnero de bacterias que causan enfermedad en cnidos, seres
humanos y rumiantes. Garrapatas y moscas son vectores de
esta enfermedad.
EN: Anaplasma

anaplasmosis bovina
DF: Enfermedad del ganado causada por parasitizacin de los
glbulos rojos por bacterias del gnero Anaplasma.
EN: bovine anaplasmosis

anautogenia
DF: Reproduccin en la que se requiere harina de sangre o
alimento ingerido para desarrollo del huevo, como en el
caso de algunas especies de dpteras parsitas.
EN: anautogeny

andamios tisulares
DF: Estructuras que facilitan el crecimiento celular,
compuestas por materiales biocompatibles. Constituyen
matrices de apoyo slidas especialmente diseadas para
llevar a cabo la adhesin celular, en el campo de la
ingeniera de tejidos, y para utilizarlas en la
regeneracin guiada de tejidos.
EN: tissue scaffolds

andrognesis
DF: Desarrollo de un embrin de un huevo fertilizado que slo
involucra los cromosomas paternos del ncleo masculino.
EN: androgenesis

anemia hemoltica
DF: Anemia causada por una disminucin de la vida de los
eritrocitos.
EN: hemolytic anemia

anemia infecciosa equina
DF: Enfermedad viral de los caballos causada por el virus de
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anemia infecciosa equina. Se caracteriza por fiebre
intermitente, debilidad y anemia. En su forma crnica,
consiste en episodios infecciosos agudos con remisiones.
EN: equine infectious anemia

Anemone fulgens
DF: Un hbrido interespecfico natural entre Anemone hortensis
x Anemone pavonina.
EN: Anemone fulgens

Anemone hybrida
DF: Un hbrido interespecfico entre Anemone hupehensis x
Anemone vitifolia.
EN: Anemone hybrida

anestro
DF: Estado de inactividad sexual en animales hembras durante el
cual no presentan ciclo estrgeno.
EN: anestrus

aneuploidia
DF: Constitucin cromosomtica de clulas que se desvan de la
norma mediante adicin o sustraccin de cromosomas o pares
de cromosomas.
EN: aneuploidy

aneurisma
DF: Saco formado por la dilatacin de las paredes de una
arteria, de una vena o del corazn.
EN: aneurysm

angiognesis
DF: Desarrollo de nuevos vasos sanguneos.
EN: angiogenesis

angioscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se realiza en el interior de
los vasos sanguneos con la ayuda de un endoscopio.
EN: angioscopy

angiotensinas
DF: Oligopptidos los cuales son importantes en la regulacin
de la presin arterial (vasoconstriccin) y la homeostasis
de fluidos a travs del sistema renin-angiotensina.
EN: angiotensins

angiotensingeno
DF: Alfa-globulina de alrededor de 453 aminocidos, dependiendo
de la especie. Producida por el hgado secretada en la
circulacin sangunea. Angiotensingeno el cual es
precursor inactivo de las angiotensinas naturales. Tras
sucesivas divisiones enzimticas, el angiotensingeno
produce angiotensina I, II y III con aminocidos numerados
a 10,8, y 7, respectivamente.
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EN: angiotensinogen

ngulo de contacto
DF: El ngulo en el cual un lquido/ vapor encuentra la
superficie slida.
EN: contact angle

ngulo de incidencia
DF: ngulo entre una onda que golpea una superficie y la
perpendicular a esa superficie en el punto de incidencia.
EN: angle of incidence

ngulo de reposo
DF: Inclinacin mxima de un montculo de material granulado en
reposo.
EN: angle of repose

angustia
DF: Estado en el que un animal o ser humano no puede escapar ni
adaptarse a agentes estresantes internos o externos que
experimenta, lo cual produce efectos adversos.
EN: distress

anidamiento
DF: Medida o anlisis de los patrones de distribucin de las
especies en hbitats fragmentados naturalmente, como por
ejemplo, las islas. En un patrn anidado, la composicin de
especies en hbitats fragmentados constituye un subconjunto
de esos hbitats con un nmero mayor de especies.
EN: nestedness

anillado
DF: Heridas causadas por la eliminacin o cercado ajustado a la
corteza o cambium alrededor de la circunferencia externa
del tallo de una planta o tronco de un rbol, que puede
causar la muerte al interrumpir el transporte de nutrientes.
EN: girdling

anillos de crecimiento
DF: La capa de crecimiento de madera puesta en el rbol durante
una sola temporada de crecimiento. En la zona templada, los
anillos de crecimiento anuales de muchas especies (por
ejemplo, robles y pinos) se distinguen fcilmente por las
diferencias en las clulas formadas durante las etapas
tempranas y tardas de la temporada. En algunas especies
de zona templada (por ejemplo, Nyssa sylvatica y
Liquidambar spp.) y en muchas especies tropicales no se
pueden reconocer fcilmente los anillos de crecimiento
anual.
EN: growth rings

animales de cra
DF: Especies animales que son destinadas para el mercado.
EN: farmed animal species
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animales de tiro
DF: Animales usados para tirar implementos agrcolas, carros,
vehculos, carga pesada, etc.
EN: draft animals

animales impedidos
DF: Animales que no se pueden parar o caminar solos, debido a
enfermedad o heridas.
EN: downer animals

animales sin grmenes
DF: Animales no contaminados ni asociados con organismos
extraos.
EN: germ-free animals

animales sin patgenos especficos
DF: Animales o seres humanos criados en ausencia de un virus u
otro microorganismo particular causante de enfermedades.
EN: specific pathogen-free animals

anin superxido
DF: Molcula de dioxgeno reducido, en la que las dos
molculas de oxgeno estn unidos por un enlace covalente y
llevan un electrn no apareado con una sola carga negativa.
EN: superoxide anion

ao de vida ajustado por calidad
DF: Unidad de resultados de la atencin de salud que ajusta las
ganancias (o prdidas) en los aos de la vida posterior a
una intervencin de salud pblica por la calidad de vida
durante esos aos. AVAC puede proporcionar una unidad comn
de comparacin de costo-utilidad a travs de las diferentes
intervenciones y problemas de salud.
EN: quality-adjusted life year

ao de vida ajustado por discapacidad
DF: Una unidad de delicado estado de salud que se ajusta la
esperanza de vida por edad, debido a la prdida de la salud
y los aos de vida por incapacidad provocada por enfermedad
o lesin. AVAD se utilizan a menudo para medir la carga
mundial de morbilidad.
EN: disability-adjusted life year

ao de vida ajustado por la salud
DF: El nmero de aos con salud perfecta que se consideran
equivalentes a (es decir, tienen la misma utilidad que) los
restantes aos de vida en sus respectivos estados de salud.
EN: health-adjusted life year

anquilosis
DF: Fijacin e inmovilidad de una articulacin.
EN: ankylosis

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antagonistas beta adrenrgicos
DF: Medicamentos que se unen a receptores beta adrenrgicos,
pero no los activan y as bloquean la accin de agonistas
beta adrenrgicos. Los antagonistas beta adrenrgicos se
usan en el tratamiento de la hipertensin, arritmias
cardacas, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraas y ansiedad.
EN: beta-adrenergic antagonists

antagonistas fngicos
DF: Microorganismos que ejercen un efecto adverso en el
crecimiento o reproduccin de otros hongos. A menudo se
utilizan como bioplaguicidas en el control biolgico de
hongos patognicos de las plantas.
EN: fungal antagonists

antagonistas hormonales
DF: Sustancias qumicas que inhiben la funcin de las glndulas
endocrinas, la biosntesis de las hormonas secretadas, o la
accin de hormonas sobre sus sitios especficos.
EN: hormone antagonists

anteras
DF: Parte del estambre que contiene el polen.
EN: anthers

antibiosis
DF: Relacin entre dos organismos en la cual uno es daino para
el otro, o entre un organismo y un antibitico producido
por el otro.
EN: antibiosis

antibiticos
DF: Sustancias qumicas producidas por microorganismos o de
forma sinttica, las cuales inhiben el crecimiento, o
destruyen las bacterias. Los antibiticos se utilizan a
niveles teraputicos para combatir enfermedades en humanos
y animales. Desde la dcada de 1950 se han utilizado en
niveles sub-teraputicos en los piensos para potenciar el
crecimiento y prevenir enfermedades en el ganado y aves de
corral.
EN: antibiotics

antibiticos pptidos
DF: Antibiticos cuya estructura contienen dos o ms restos
derivados de aminocidos.
EN: peptide antibiotics

anticoncepcin
DF: Uso de agentes, dispositivos, mtodos o procedimientos que
disminuyen la probabilidad de concebir o la impiden.
EN: contraception

anticonceptivos
DF: Agentes, dispositivos, mtodos, o procedimientos que
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disminuyen la probabilidad de concepcin o la evitan.
EN: contraceptives

anticonceptivos orales
DF: Compuestos, generalmente hormonales, tomados oralmente, a
fin de bloquear la ovulacin y evitar el embarazo. Las
hormonas generalmente son estrgeno o progesterona, o ambas.
EN: oral contraceptives

anticuerpos neutralizantes
DF: Anticuerpos que reducen o suprimen algunas actividades
biolgicas de un antgeno soluble o de un agente
infeccioso, que suele ser un virus.
EN: neutralizing antibodies

antgeno H-Y
DF: Antgeno de la superficie celular especfico del sexo
producido por el gen determinante del sexo en el cromosoma
Y en los mamferos. Causa que injertos singnicos de machos
a hembras sean rechazados e interacta con elementos
somticos de la gnada embriolgica indiferenciada y
produce organognesis testicular.
EN: H-Y antigen

antgeno nuclear de clula proliferativa
DF: Antgeno nuclear que juega un papel en la sntesis y
reparacin del ADN, y en la progresin
del ciclo celular. El ANCP se requiere para la sntesis
coordinada de las cadenas conducida y
conductora en la horquilla de replicacin durante la
replicacin del ADN.
EN: proliferating cell nuclear antigen

antgeno prosttico especfico
DF: Glucoprotena que es una proteinasa serina-calicrena y
como una esterasa, producida por las clulas epiteliales
del tejido prosttico normal y maligno, es un marcador
importante para el diagnstico de cncer de prstata.
EN: prostate-specific antigen

antgenos CD
DF: Antgenos de diferenciacin que residen en los leucocitos
de los mamferos. Las letras CD, que significan cluster de
diferenciacin, se refieren a los grupos de anticuerpos
monoclonales que muestran una reactividad similar con
ciertas subpoblaciones de antgenos de un linaje o de una
etapa de diferenciacin particular. Las subpoblaciones de
antgenos son conocidas tambin por su designacin de CD.
EN: CD antigens

antgenos de diferenciacin
DF: Antgenos expresados principalmente en las membranas de
clulas vivas durante fases secuenciales de maduracin y
diferenciacin. Como marcadores inmunolgicos, presentan un
575

alto grado de especificidad de tejido y rgano y resultan
tiles como sondas en estudios de desarrollo celular normal
y de transformacin neoplsica.
EN: differentiation antigens

antgenos de grupo sanguneo
DF: Conjuntos de antgenos celulares superficiales situados en
las clulas sanguneas. Por lo general son glicoprotenas
de membrana o glicolpidos que son antignicamente
distinguidos por sus restos de carbohidratos.
EN: blood group antigens

antgenos de histocompatibilidad
DF: Grupo de antgenos que incluye los antgenos de
histocompatibilidad principales y secundarios. Los
primeros estn genticamente determinados por el complejo
de histocompatibilidad principal. Determinan el tipo de
tejido para trasplante y causan rechazo de aloinjertos. Los
segundos son sistemas de aloantgenos allicos que pueden
causar rechazos de trasplantes dbiles.
EN: histocompatibility antigens

antgenos de neoplasias
DF: Componentes de protenas, glicoprotenas, o lipoprotenas
que se encuentran en la superficie de las clulas tumorales
que son usualmente identificados por anticuerpos
monoclonales. Muchos de ellos son de origen embrionario o
viral.
EN: neoplasm antigens

antgenos de superficie
DF: Antgenos encontrados en la superficie de las clulas,
inclusive en clulas infecciosas o
extraas o en virus. Usualmente son grupos que contienen
protenas que estn sobre las
membranas celulares o las paredes y que pueden ser aislados.
EN: surface antigens

antihelmnticos
DF: Agentes destructivos de lombrices parasitarias. Se usan
teraputicamente en el tratamiento helmintiasis en seres
humanos y animales.
EN: anthelmintics

antimicina A
DF: Antibitico producido por especies de Streptomyces. Inhibe
la respiracin mitocondrial y puede agotar los niveles
celulares de ATP. La antimicina A1 se ha usado como
fungicida, insecticida y acaricida.
EN: antimycin A

antisuero
DF: Suero que contiene anticuerpos. Se obtiene de un animal que
ha sido inmunizado mediante inyeccin de antgenos o
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infeccin con microorganismos que contienen el antgeno.
EN: antiserum

ntrax
DF: Infeccin aguda causada por la bacteria formadora de
esporas Bacillus anthracis. Afecta comnmente a animales
provistos de pezuas, tales como ovejas y cabras. La
infeccin en humanos a menudo compromete la piel (ntrax
cutneo), los pulmones (ntrax por inhalacin) o el tracto
gastrointestinal. El ntrax no es contagioso y se puede
tratar con antibiticos.
EN: anthrax

anuncios de salud
DF: Todo anuncio escrito en la etiqueta de un producto
alimentario que en forma expresa o por implicacin describa
la relacin de cualquier sustancia (por ejemplo, un
alimento o algn componente especfico de un alimento) con
alguna enfermedad o condicin de salud.
EN: health claims

aparcera
DF: Cultivar la tierra para compartir la cosecha, en vez de
pagar una cantidad fija de dinero por el alquiler de las
tierras de cultivo del propietario.
EN: sharecropping

apareamiento cromosmico
DF: Alineamiento de cromosomas en secuencias anlogas durante
la divisin celular.
EN: chromosome pairing

aperitivos
DF: Una pequea cantidad de alimento o bebida, generalmente
ingerida justo antes de la comida principal.
EN: appetizers

Aphthovirus
DF: Un gnero de la familia Picornaviridae que causa fiebre
aftosa en animales de pezua hendida.
EN: Aphthovirus

aplicacin fraccionada
DF: La aplicacin repetitiva de fertilizantes, compost,
estircol u otras modificaciones del suelo dividiendo el
volumen total en pequeas cantidades a lo largo de la
temporada de crecimiento.
EN: split application

aplicacin transdrmica
DF: Aplicacin a travs de la dermis (o piel).
EN: transdermal application

apomixis
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DF: Reproduccin biolgica sin fertilizacin, meiosis o
produccin de gametos que produce semillas genticamente
idnticas a la planta madre.
EN: apomixis

apoplasto
DF: Compartimento de una clula vegetal externo a la membrana
plasmtica, formado en las clulas adyacentes por el
continuo de paredes celulares, material intercelular y
espacio extracelular, el cual facilita el transporte de
agua y solutos.
EN: apoplast

apoyo
DF: Apoyo activo a favor de una idea, poltica, individuo,
grupo o causa.
EN: advocacy

apoyo familiar
DF: Entrega de alimentos, dinero, abrigo, etc., a familias por
parte de organizaciones comunitarias tales como grupos
religiosos y empresas.
EN: family support

apramicina
DF: Antibitico complejo y de amplio espectro del complejo
nebramicina, producido por Streptomyces tenebrarius.
EN: apramycin

aptitud colonizadora
DF: Capacidad de un organismo (microbio, planta, animal) de
sobrevivir y prosperar en un nuevo hbitat.
EN: colonizing ability

aquamiel
DF: Una bebida fermentada hecha de miel, agua y levadura.
EN: mead

rabes
DF: Personas que se identifican con la nacionalidad, la
identidad tnica, la ascendencia, o la lengua materna rabe.
EN: Arabs

aranceles
DF: Cobros tasados por un gobierno sobre artculos importados
en su punto de aduana de entrada al pas, y pagados por el
importador.
EN: tariffs

rbol muerto en pie
DF: rboles muertos en pie, cuyas hojas y la mayor parte de las
ramas han cado.
EN: snags

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rbol perennifolio de hoja ancha
DF: Planta que retiene sus hojas en el otoo (en contraste con
las plantas caducifolias o de hoja caduca) pero no
pertenece a las conferas de hojas aciculares.
EN: broadleaved evergreens

rboles de la calle
DF: rbol plantado a lo largo de una calle para proporcionar
sombra o con fines ornamentales.
EN: street trees

rboles de riesgo
DF: rbol con defectos estructurales que pueden provocar fallas
en todo el rbol o parte de l, con alto riesgo de causar
lesiones, muerte o dao a la propiedad.
EN: hazard trees

rboles de sombra
DF: rbol alto con dosel grande que proporciona sombra en el
nivel del suelo.
EN: shade trees

rboles elite
DF: Arbol que es muy superior al promedio respecto a los
rboles de su misma especie, en cuanto a algunas
caractersticas heredadas segn lo determinado por los
ensayos de progenie.
EN: elite trees

rboles fijadores de nitrgeno
DF: Arboles que pueden convertir el nitrgeno atmosfrico en
forma utilizable a travs de una relacin simbitica con
bacterias que viven en los ndulos de la raz; ellos tienen
muchas aplicaciones en sistemas agroforestales como abono,
fertilizantes de nitrgeno, alimentos y forraje.
EN: nitrogen-fixing trees

rboles jvenes
DF: Arbol joven mas maduro que una plntula, pero que no
produce semilla an. Es una clasificacion silvcola en la
que los lmites de tamao varan segn la regin; en los
Estados Unidos se refiere a rboles de 2-4 pulgadas de
dimetro y 4-4.5 pies de altura.
EN: saplings

rboles ornamentales
DF: rbol cultivado por su belleza ms bien que para uso. Por
lo general es un rbol floral pequeo usado para subpiso o
en laberintos exteriores por su color y textura.
EN: ornamental trees

rboles plus
DF: Un rbol que en su apariencia externa (fenotipo) es
superior al promedio de los rboles de la misma especie
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desarrollado en un sitio similar. Con caractersticas
visiblemente superiores que pueden incluir la morfologa,
vigor, resistencia a plagas o enfermedades, crecimiento,
etc, pero a estas caractersticas no se les ha hecho la
prueba clonal o de progenie.
EN: plus trees

rboles retenidos
DF: Los rboles y retoos que fueron salvados de la destruccin
a causa de su valor o uso en las tierras agrcolas.
EN: retained trees

rboles semilleros
DF: Los rboles que producen semillas: por lo general un rbol
superior dejado en pie durante el corte con el fin de que
produzca semillas para reforestacin.
EN: seed trees

arbovirus
DF: Definicin no taxonmica para virus que se pueden replicar
en huspedes vertebrados y en vectores artrpodos.
EN: arboviruses

rea basal
DF: rea transversal de un rbol medida a la altura del pecho
(4,5 pies o 1,37 mt del nivel del suelo), o de pastos y
arbustos medidos a 1 pulgada (2,54 cm) de nivel del suelo,
usada para determinar la fitomasa. El rea basal
normalmente se expresa en unidades cuadradas por unidad de
rea.
EN: basal area

rea de cultivo en acres
DF: Hectreas de un cultivo especfico plantadas por lo
agricultores en una temporada del cultivo.
EN: crop acreage

area de la granja
DF: Area de tierras agrcolas utilizadas para la agricultura
(produccin agrcola y produccin ganadera).
EN: farm area

reas de conservacin
DF: Un rea de especial inters debido a su vida silvestre,
rasgos naturales o valor histrico que es protegida por
leyes o regulaciones para salvaguardar y conservar su
carcter, viabilidad y apariencia para futuras generaciones.
EN: conservation areas

armazones de madera
DF: Un montaje de miembros tales como las vigas, barras,
varillas y dems, que se combinan de tal manera que forman
un armazn rgido. Todos los miembros estn interconectados
para formar tringulos.
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EN: wood trusses

ARN de transferencia
DF: Las pequeas molculas de ARN, molculas 73-80
nucletidos que funcionan durante la traduccin para
alinear los amino cidos en los ribosomas en una secuencia
determinada por el mARN (ARN mensajero). Existen acerca
de 30 distintas ARNs. Cada una reconoce un especfico
juego de codones (informacin gentica contenida en el
ARNm) en el ARNm a travs de su propio anticodon y como las
tARNs amiocidas cada una transporta un aminocido
especfico al ribosoma para aadir a las largas cadenas
pptidas.
EN: transfer RNA

ARN nuclear pequeo
DF: Cadenas cortas de cido ribonuclico (ARN) (100-300
nucletidos ) que son abundantes en el ncleo y usualmente
compuestas de protenas en snRNPS (pequeas
ribonucleoprotenas nucleares.) Muchas funcionan en el
proceso de de precursores del ARN mensajero. Otras, las
snoRNAs (pequeas nucleolarmas) estn envueltas con el
proceso de precursores del ARN ribosomal.
EN: small nuclear RNA

ARPCC
DF: Enfoque sistemtico que se utiliza en el procesamiento de
alimentos como un medio para asegurar la inocuidad
alimentaria.
EN: HACCP

arrecifes
DF: Largas cadenas de rocas o arena que se encuentran en el
nivel de la superficie del agua o cerca de l.
EN: reefs

arrecifes artificiales
DF: Estructuras artificiales construidas en aguas costeras o
ambientes marinos, las cuales proporcionan un hbitat
protegido para la acuicultura o la pesca.
EN: artificial reefs

arrenotoquia
DF: Produccin partenognica de machos a partir de huevos no
fertilizados.
EN: arrhenotoky

arriendo en efectivo
DF: Arriendos de tierras o granjas pagados como cantidad fija
en dinero, en contraste con arriendos pagados mediante
participacin en los cultivos.
EN: cash rents

arritmia
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DF: Cualquier variacin del ritmo o de la frecuencia de los
latidos cardacos.
EN: arrhythmia

arroz con cscara
DF: El arroz no molineado que todava contiene la cscara.
EN: rough rice

arroz glutinoso
DF: Arroz con un 0-2% de amilosa o mayormente amilopectina en
el endospermio y almidn del polen.
EN: glutinous rice

arroz integral
DF: Arroz al cual slo se le ha quitado la cascarilla, dejando
a la vista las capas de salvado de arroz.
EN: brown rice

arroz negro
DF: Arroz integral limpio pero sin pulir cuyo salvado es de
color negro.
EN: black rice

arroz rojo
DF: Arroz sin moler de grano largo con salvado de color rojo.
EN: red rice

arterias
DF: Vasos sanguneos que transportan sangre desde el corazn.
EN: arteries

arterias coronarias
DF: Venas y arterias del corazn.
EN: coronary vessels

artritis reumatoide
DF: Enfermedad sistmica crnica, principalmente de las
articulaciones, que se caracteriza por cambios
inflamatorios en las membranas sinoviales y en las
estructuras articulares, extensa degeneracin fibrinoide de
las fibras del colgeno en los tejidos mesenquimales, y por
atrofia y rarefaccin de las estructuras seas. La
etiologa es desconocida, pero se cree que estn implicados
ciertos mecanismos autoinmunes.
EN: rheumatoid arthritis

artroscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se practica en una
articulacin mediante un endoscopio.
EN: arthroscopy

ascites
DF: Acumulacin o retencin de lquido libre dentro de la
cavidad peritoneal.
582

EN: ascites

ascocarpo
DF: Estructura cerrada que contiene esporas y que se encuentra
en los hongos ascomicetos.
EN: ascocarp

asepsia
DF: Estado ambiental libre de microorganismos, en especial, de
patgenos.
EN: aseptic conditions

asfixia
DF: Condicin patolgica causada por la falta de oxgeno; se
manifiesta en prdida potencial o real de la vida.
EN: asphyxia

asiticos
DF: Persona de origen de cualquiera de los pueblos del Lejano
Oriente, del Sureste Asitico o del subcontinente indio.
EN: Asians

asignacin de coproductos
DF: Asignacin objetiva del uso de los recursos, el consumo de
energa y las emisiones a coproductos identificados, cuando
no existe una forma fsica o qumica de separar las
actividades que las producen.
EN: co-product allocation

asignacin por sexo
DF: Habilidad de la hembra de controlar el gnero de la
descendencia.
EN: sex allocation

asinapsis
DF: Imposibilidad de aparear de los cromosomas homlogos
durante la meiosis.
EN: asynapsis

asistencia en casos de desastres
DF: Pagos federales realizados a los agricultores en caso de
desastre natural cuando (1) la plantacin se ve impedida o
(2) la produccin es anormalmente baja por causas
climticas. Los pagos en caso de desastre se pueden
proporcionar bajo la legislacin existente o bajo
legislacin especial aprobada despus de una desastre
natural de proporciones.
EN: disaster assistance

asociaciones de empresarios
DF: Organizacin compuesta por empresarios, fabricantes e
individuos que estn en el mismo negocio o industria y que
se han organizado para promover sus intereses comunes, como
la promocin de una industria o la adopcin de estndares
583

dentro de una industria.
EN: trade associations

aster (estructura celular)
DF: Estructura en forma de estrella formada por filamentos
microtubulares que se extienden en forma de radio desde el
centrosoma durante la mitosis y la meiosis.
EN: aster (cell structure)

Aster frikartii
DF: Hbrido interespecfico entre Aster amellus x Aster
thomsonii.
EN: Aster frikartii

ataxia
DF: Deterioro de la habilidad para realizar movimientos
voluntarios finamente coordinados. Esta condicin puede
afectar las extremidades, el tronco, los ojos, la faringe,
la laringe y otras estructuras. La ataxia puede ser el
resultado del deterioro de la funcin motriz o sensorial.
EN: ataxia (disorder)

ataxia enzotica
DF: Ataxia locomotriz congnita de las ovejas, las cabras y
otros rumiantes, que se supone guarda relacin con
deficiencia de cobre. Es caracterizada clnicamente por
falta de coordinacin progresiva de los miembros traseros y
patolgicamente por la interrupcin del desarrollo de las
neuronas y la mielina en el sistema nervioso central. Es
causada por una deficiencia de cobre metabolizable en la
oveja, durante la ltima mitad de la gestacin.
EN: swayback

atemoyas
DF: Cruza interespecfica entre chirimoyas y anona blanca
(Annona cherimola X Annona squamosa).
EN: atemoyas

aterosclerosis
DF: Forma comn de arterioesclerosis caracterizada por
depsitos de placas (ateromas) que contienen lpidos,
carbohidratos, sangre y productos de la sangre, tejido
fibroso, y depsitos de calcio. Estas placas se encuentran
en la ntima de las arterias de tamao mediano y grande.
EN: atherosclerosis

atolones
DF: Islas de los arrecifes de coral que forman un crculo, ,
valo o media luna que rodea una laguna central y se
encuentra comnmente en las aguas tropicales de los ocanos
Pacfico e ndico.
EN: atolls

atracn
584

DF: Comer o beber en forma excesiva peridicamente.
EN: binging

atresia folicular
DF: Proceso normal de degeneracin y reabsorcin del folculo
ovrico antes de que llegue a la madurez y se rompa.
EN: follicular atresia

atribucin de fuentes
DF: El proceso de determinar qu proporcin de un agente
particular, ya sea biolgico, qumico o fsico se adquiere
a partir de un origen determinado y a travs de una va de
exposicin.
EN: source attribution

atrofia
DF: Disminucin del tamao de una clula, tejido, rgano o
mltiples rganos asociada a una diversidad de condiciones
patolgicas, tales como cambios celulares anormales,
isquemia, malnutricin o cambios hormonales.
EN: atrophy

atrofia muscular
DF: Disminucin en el tamao y el nmero de las fibras
musculares, que ocurre con el envejecimiento, la reduccin
del flujo sanguneo o como resultado de una inmovilizacin,
de una ingravidez prolongada, la malnutricin y,
particularmente, de la denervacin.
EN: muscular atrophy

aturdimiento miocrdico
DF: Disfuncin prolongada del miocardio despus de sufrir un
episodio breve de isquemia severa, con un retorno paulatino
de la actividad contrctil.
EN: myocardial stunning

auditora ambiental
DF: Revisiones sistemticas, independientes y objetivas de
informacin verificable sobre los sucesos del medio
ambiente, condiciones, actividades o sistemas de gestin.
EN: environmental audits

auditoras
DF: Revisiones sistemticas, independientes y objetivas de
informacin verificable documentacin o registros.
EN: audits

Australasia
DF: Regin que generalmente incluye las islas del suroeste del
Ocano Pacfico, Australia, Nueva Zelanda, Nueva Guinea y
el Archipilago Malayo.
EN: Australasian region

autenticidad del producto
585

DF: Autenticidad de un producto. El grado al cual llega el
producto a los estndares de calidad, composicin y
fabricacin.
EN: product authenticity

autocargadores
DF: Mquina usada en la industria maderera que lleva los leos
del sitio de la tala a una orilla del camino para su
transporte sin arrastrarlos por la tierra.
EN: forwarders

autocorrelacin
DF: La covarianza estadstica (correlacin) entre las variables
en diferentes puntos en el tiempo.
EN: autocorrelation

autoeficacia
DF: El sentido que una persona tiene de sus propias capacidades
para enfrentar una gran variedad de situaciones exigentes.
EN: self-efficacy

autofagia
DF: Segregacin y degradacin de componentes citoplsmicos
daados o indeseados mediante vacuolas autofgicas
(citolisosomas) compuestas de lisosomas que contienen
componentes celulares en proceso de digestin. Desempea un
papel importante en la metamorfosis biolgica de los
anfibios, en la eliminacin de hueso por medio de
osteoclastos y en la degradacin de componentes celulares
normales en estados de deficiencia nutricional.
EN: autophagy

autogenia
DF: Reproduccin en la que no se necesita harina de sangre o
ingestin de alimento para el desarrollo del huevo.
EN: autogeny

autoinjerto
DF: Trasplante de tejido propio de una persona, de un sitio a
otro.
EN: autografting

autopercepcin
DF: Una imagen de s mismo.
EN: self-perception

autopoliploidia
DF: Poliploidia en la que el individuo o la especie tiene dos o
ms mltiplos del conjunto de haploides de los cromosoma.
Ambos juegos de cromosomas de los padres han sido
duplicados en la descendencia, lo que a veces resulta en la
formacin de una nueva especie.
EN: autopolyploidy

586

autoradiografa
DF: Una tcnica para la visualizacin de la radiacin emitida
por el material marcado radiactivamente en una muestra,
mediante la grabacin de la imagen producida por la
radiacin, como en la pelcula fotogrfica.
EN: autoradiography

auttrofos
DF: Organismos capaces de producir materia orgnica de
materiales inorgnicos utilizando energa, tales como
plantas que contienen clorofila y bacterias. Contrastar con
hetertrofos.
EN: autotrophs

auxtrofos
DF: Organismo que ha mutado o ha perdido la habilidad de
sintetizar sustancias requeridas para su crecimiento y
metabolismo. El organismo mutante requiere sustancias
especficas como suplemento nutritivo para crecer.
EN: auxotrophs

Avena glabrata
DF: Hbrido interespecfico de Avena sativa x Avena fatua.
EN: Avena glabrata

aves acuticas
DF: Aves acuticas que viven en agua fresca o hbitat marinos,
que son capaces de flotar, vadear, nadar o zambullirse.
EN: water birds

aves acuticas de cazera
DF: Aves acuticas silvestres de caza incluyendo patos y gansos.
EN: waterfowl

aves de caza
DF: Aves que se cazan por deporte.
EN: game birds

Avian encephalomyelitis virus
DF: Especies tentativas en el gnero Hepatovirus que infectan
primordialmente a pollos jvenes, pero que adems es
encontrado en pavos, faisanes y gallinas de guinea. Causa
una fatal degeneracin neuronal y es transmitida por
contacto mecnico.
EN: Avian encephalomyelitis virus

avidina
DF: Protena que capta la biotina de la albmina del huevo.
EN: avidin

avoparcina
DF: Antibitico glucopptido de Streptomyces candidus, promotor
del crecimiento, el cual contribuye a mejorar la tasa de
crecimiento y la eficiencia de conversin alimenticia de
587

pollos de engorde y cerdos.
EN: avoparcin

axones
DF: Fibras nerviosas capaces de conducir impulsos rpidamente
desde el cuerpo de las neuronas.
EN: axons

ayudas visuales
DF: La informacin presentada en forma visual, tales como:
carteles, fotografas, mapas, grficos, imgenes digitales,
etc con el fin de transmitir ideas o conceptos.
EN: visual aids

azitromicina
DF: Un antibitico macrlido semi-sinttico estructuralmente
relacionado con la eritromicina. Se ha utilizado en el
tratamiento de las infecciones intracelulares por
Mycobacterium avium , toxoplasmosis y criptosporidiosis.
EN: azithromycin

aztreonam
DF: Antibitico monocclico beta-lactmico aislado
originalmente de Chromobacterium violaceum. Es resistente a
las betalactamasas y se utiliza en las infecciones por
gram-negativos, especialmente de las meninges, vejiga y
riones. Puede provocar una superinfeccin con organismos
gram-positivos.
EN: aztreonam

588

B

babesiosis
DF: Grupo de enfermedades transmitidas por garrapatas a los
mamferos, incluidos los zoonosos en los seres humanos. Las
causan protozoos del gnero Babesia, que parasitan
eritrocitos y producen hemlisis. En los Estados Unidos de
Norteamrica, el husped natural del organismo lo
constituyen los ratones y lo transmite la garrapata del
venado, Ixodes scapularis.
EN: babesiosis

bacitracina
DF: Complejo de antibiticos peptdicos cclicos producidos por
la cepa Tracy-I de Bacillus subtilis. La preparacin
comercial es una mezcla de al menos nueve bacitracinas con
bacitracina A como constituyente principal. Se utiliza por
va tpica para el tratamiento de las infecciones abiertas,
tales como eczema y lceras drmicas infectadas.
EN: bacitracin

bacteremia
DF: Presencia de bacterias circulando en la sangre.
EN: bacteremia

bacterias coliformes
DF: Familia de bacterias gram negativas, facultativamente
anaerbicas, con forma de varilla, que no forman
endosporas. Sus organismos se distribuyen en todo el mundo;
algunos son saprfitos y otros son plantas y animales
parsitos. Muchas especies son de gran importancia
econmica debido a sus efectos patognicos en la
agricultura y el ganado.
EN: coliform bacteria

bacterias psicotrpicas
DF: Bacterias que pueden crecer a bajas temperaturas pero que
crece en forma ptima entre los
15 y los 20C.
EN: psychrotrophic bacteria

bacterias psicrfilas
DF: Bacterias que viven o medran en bajas temperaturas.
EN: psychrophilic bacteria

bacterias termoduricas
DF: Bacterias capaces de sobrevivir a altas temperaturas,
especialmente las de la pasteurizacin.
EN: thermoduric bacteria

bacterias termoflicas
DF: Bacterias que requieren altas temperaturas para su
desarrollo normal.
EN: thermophilic bacteria
589

bacteriocinas
DF: Sustancias fabricadas por especies de bacterias especficas
que son letales para otras especies o para la propia. Son
protenas o complejos de protenas-lipopolisacridos usados
en estudios taxonmicos de bacterias.
EN: bacteriocins

bacteriocitos
DF: Clulas modificadas en ciertos insectos que contienen
bacterias endosimbiticas.
EN: bacteriocytes

bacterifagos
DF: Virus cuyo husped es una clula bacteriana.
EN: bacteriophages

bacterioplancton
DF: Componentes bacteriales del plancton que flotan libremente.
EN: bacterioplankton

bajo peso
DF: Peso corporal considerado insuficeinte para mantener una
buena salud. A menudo se define
en trminos de un ndice de masa corporal inferior a 18.5.
EN: underweight

balance cido-base
DF: Equilibrio entre cidos y bases en el plasma sanguneo.
Normalmente produce un estado levemente alcalino con un
exceso de iones de hidroxilo en comparacin con los iones
de hidrgeno. El equilibrio se obtiene mediante la
compensacin de la ingestin y produccin de material
acdico y base por la cantidad de material acdico y base
metabolizado y excretado por el cuerpo.
EN: acid-base balance

bambermicina
DF: Complejo antibitico obtenido de Streptomyces
bambergiensis, el cual contiene principalmente
Moenomicinas A y C. Es utilizado como aditivo para piensos
y factores de crecimiento para aves de corral, cerdos y
ganado.
EN: bambermycin

bancarrota
DF: Proceso legal en el que a un deudor incapaz de pagar deudas
se le liquidan sus bienes y se le releva de responsabilidad
por tales deudas.
EN: bankruptcy

bancos alimentarios
DF: Organizaciones tipo sombrilla o clearinghouses que
solicitan excedentes de alimento comercializable y
590

productos alimenticios y los distribuyen a instituciones
benficas locales o agencias de clientes, que a su vez
distribuyen los alimentos directamente a personas y
familias necesitadas.
EN: food banks

bancos de genes
DF: Grandes bases de datos con datos de secuencias de genes.
EN: gene banks

bandeo de cromosomas
DF: Tincin de bandas o de segmentos de cromosomas que permiten
la identificacin precisa de cromosomas individuales o
partes de cromosomas.
EN: chromosome banding

barras de tiro
DF: Barra transversal en la parte posterior de un vehculo,
como un tractor, con la cual son tirados los implementos.
EN: drawbars

barrera de absorcin
DF: Cualquier superficie que puede retardar la velocidad de
penetracin de un agente biolgico, qumico o fsico
presente en un organismo. Los ejemplos incluyen la piel y
los revestimientos de las vas respiratorias
gastrointestinales.
EN: absorption barrier

barrera sociales
DF: Diferencias (desigualdades), en materia de gnero, etnia,
raza, religin, salud o condicin socioeconmica, entre
individuos o grupos que les impiden alcanzar o lograr sus
objetivos, o negar su posibilidad de acceder a los recursos
y promover sus intereses.
EN: social barriers

barreras comerciales no arancelarias
DF: Cualquier medida gubernamental que no sean aranceles que
restringen el flujo normal del comercio.
EN: nontariff trade barriers

basidiocarpo
DF: Estructura que contiene esporas hallada en los hongos
basidiomicetos.
EN: basidiocarp

batidos
DF: Bebida fra hecha de leche y saborizantes.
EN: milkshakes

bebidas carbnicas
DF: Bebidas que contienen agua con infusin de gases, tales
como dixido de carbono.
591

EN: carbonated beverages

becerros castrados
DF: Bovinos machos castrados antes de alcanzar la madurez
sexual.
EN: steers

beefalos
DF: El beefalo es el resultado del cruce entre el bfalo
(bisonte americano) y el ganado bovino domstico. Produce
carne muy baja en grasa y colesterol.
EN: beefaloes

benzilpenicilina
DF: Derivado de la penicilina comnmente utilizado en forma de
sales de sodio o potasio para el tratamiento de una
variedad de infecciones. Es eficaz contra la mayora de
bacterias cocos gram-positivas y gram-negativas . Tambin
se ha utilizado como anticonvulsivo experimental debido a
sus acciones sobre el cido gamma-aminobutrico mediado
por la transmisin sinptica.
EN: benzylpenicillin

Berberis mentorensis
DF: Hbrido interespecfico entre Berberis julianae x Berberis
thunbergii.
EN: Berberis mentorensis

beta-laptoglobulina
DF: La principal protena de suero de leche de vaca, rumiantes
y otros mamferos, pero no de seres humanos.
EN: beta-lactoglobulin

beta oxidacin
DF: Descomposicin catablica de los cidos grasos, a travs de
intermediarios metablicos, en acetilcoenzima A, que luego
ingresa en el ciclo de los cidos tricarboxlicos.
EN: beta oxidation

betel
DF: Mixtura masticatoria (conocido tambin como buyo de betel)
usada en la India y en el Sudeste Asitico, que consiste en
un trozo de nuez de Areca (a veces errneamente denominada
nuez de betel) enrollada con cal mineral en una hoja de
betel. Es estimulante y astringente y tiene una variada
gama de propiedades medicinales.
EN: betel

bezoares
DF: Conglomerados de material digerido, como pelo, fibras de
frutas o verduras o materiales similares que se encuentran
en el intestino delgado.
EN: bezoars

592

biblioteca de pptidos
DF: Coleccin de pptidos clonados o qumicamente sintetizados
que suelen estar compuestos por todas las combinaciones
posibles de aminocidos que forman un pptido n-aminocido.
EN: peptide libraries

Biblioteca Nacional de Agricultura, USDA
DF: Una de las cuatro bibliotecas nacionales de los Estados
Unidos, la cual alberga una de las ms grandes colecciones
de informacin agrcola del mundo, que abarca todos los
aspectos de la agricultura y ciencias relacionadas.
EN: USDA National Agricultural Library

bibliotecas de ADN
DF: Coleccin vasta de de fragmentos clonados de ADN de un
organismo, tejido, rgano o tipo de clula determinados.
Puede contener secuencias genmicas completas o secuencias
de ADN complementario que se forman de ARN mensajero y no
tienen secuencias de intrones.
EN: DNA libraries

bibliotecas de ADNc
DF: Colecciones de secuencia de ADN complementario clonado
sintetizadas del ARNm presente en una clula o en un
organismo.
EN: cDNA libraries

bibliotecas de ARN
DF: Grandes colecciones de segmentos de ARN obtenidos mediante
clonacin molecular aplicadas como herramientas en el
cribado gentico.
EN: RNA libraries

bibliotecas genmicas
DF: Colecciones de fragmentos clonados de ADN presentes en una
clula u organismo derivadas directamente de ADN
cromosmico.
EN: genomic libraries

bienes y servicios pblicos
DF: Servicios y productos proporcionados al pblico general.
EN: public services and goods

bienestar animal
DF: El estado actual de un animal que vive en armona razonable
con su ambiente.
EN: animal well-being

bioacumulacin
DF: Acumulacin neta de una sustancia por un organismo como
resultado de la absorcin y / o de todas las rutas de
exposicin.
EN: bioaccumulation

593

bioacstica
DF: Estudio de la produccin, transmisin y percepcin
(audicin) de sonidos producidos por organismos, tales como
los requeridos en la comunicacin.
EN: bioacoustics

bioaerosoles
DF: Suspensin en el aire de microorganismos o partculas
liberadas por organismos vivientes.
EN: bioaerosols

biobalstica
DF: Tcnica con la que se introduce ADN directamente dentro de
organelos a alta velocidad, utilizando proyectiles
revestidos de cido nucleico, disparados con una pistola
accionada con helio.
EN: biolistics

bioblanqueo
DF: Uso de microorganismos o enzimas en el blanqueo de
materiales o productos, como la pulpa o celulosa.
EN: biobleaching

biocenosis
DF: Grupo de organismos que viven en un hbitat particular y
forman una comunidad ecolgica en la que interactan.
EN: biocenosis

biochar
DF: Carbn poroso, de grano fino producido a partir de materia
orgnica a travs de pirlisis (es decir, a baja
temperatura y condiciones anxicas), a menudo utilizado
como enmienda del suelo para aumentar la fertilidad del
suelo y el cultivo y capturar carbono.
EN: biochar

biocidas
DF: Sustancias qumicas naturales o sintticas utilizadas pra
matar organismos vivos.
EN: biocides

bioclimatologa
DF: Efectos del clima en los organismos vivos.
EN: bioclimatology

biocompuestos
DF: Productos manufacturados que estn compuestos de al menos
un material derivado de organismos vivos, como por ejemplo,
fibras naturales.
EN: biocomposites

biodiesel
DF: Biocombustible para uso en motores diesel producido
mediante la transesterificacin de petrleos o grasas
594

derivados orgnicamente combinados con alcohol (etanol o
metanol) en presencia de un catalizador. Se puede utilizar
como componente o reemplazo del combustible diesel.
EN: biodiesel

biodisponibilidad
DF: La disponibilidad de una sustancia para ser tomada y usada
por organismos biolgicos vivientes.
EN: bioavailability

bioeconoma
DF: Rama de la economa que integra las disciplinas de la
biologa y la economa a fin de explicar las actividades
econmicas sobre una base biolgica y viceversa.
EN: bioeconomics

bioenerga
DF: El trmino bioenerga significa biomasa usada en la
produccin de energa (electricidad, combustibles lquidos,
slidos y gaseosos, y tambin calor).
EN: bioenergy

bioetanol
DF: Combustible de alcohol hecho por fermentacin de
carbohidratos en cultivos de azcar o ricos en almidn como
el maz o la caa de azcar, u otras fuentes de biomasa,
incluyendo pastos.
EN: bioethanol

biotica
DF: Estudio de las implicancias ticas y morales de nuevos
descubrimientos y prcticas en las ciencias biolgicas, la
biomedicina y el cuidado de la salud. Entre las reas que
han dado origen a temas bioticos se encuentran la terapia
gentica, el aborto, la fertilizacin in vitro, el
bienestar de los animales, la prospeccin gentica y la
eutanasia.
EN: bioethics

biofabricacin
DF: Generacin de productos biolgicos complejos vivos o no a
partir de materias primas biolgicas o molculas
bioqumicas.
EN: biofabrication

biofarmacuticos
DF: Medicamentos, vacunas, hormonas de crecimiento u otros
productos biolgicos producidos por organismos que han sido
intervenidos genticamente.
EN: biopharmaceuticals

biofiltracin
DF: Una tecnologa que utiliza microorganismos en un sustrato
para degradar biolgicamente emisiones o efluentes (como
595

aguas residuales y compuestos volatiles aromticos).
EN: biofiltration

biofortificacin
DF: Aumento en el valor nutricional de los alimentos vegetales
obtenido mediante mtodos convencionales de mejoramiento de
cultivos o tcnicas de ingeniera gentica, el cual
contrasta con la fortificacin poscosecha, en la que los
nutrientes son agregados durante el procesamiento.
EN: biofortification

biofouling
DF: La acumulacin de microorganismos indeseables, como
bacterias, hongos, diatomeas, algas, plantas o animales,
que se adhieren a las superficies obstruidas o degradadas.
EN: biofouling

biogeografa
DF: Estudio de la distribucin de organismos en el mundo, y los
factores que influyen en esa distribucin.
EN: biogeography

biohidrgeno
DF: Hidrgeno producido desde fuentes biolgicas tales como
bacterias y algas, con un uso potencial como biocombustible.
EN: biohydrogen

bioimpresin
DF: Tcnica de transferencia de material utilizada para agrupar
material biolgico o clulas en una organizacin
determinada, a fin de crear estructuras funcionales como
dispositivos analticos con microchip, micromatrices
celulares o estructuras anatmicas tridimensionales.
EN: bioprinting

bioinformtica
DF: Campo de la biologa que se preocupa del desarrollo de
tcnicas para la recoleccin y manipulacin de datos
biolgicos y del uso de tales datos para realizar
pronsticos o descubrimientos biolgicos. Este campo
comprende todos los mtodos y teoras computacionales
aplicables a la biologa molecular y a reas de tcnicas
basadas en la computacin para resolver problemas
biolgicos, incluyendo la manipulacin de modelos y
conjuntos de datos.
EN: bioinformatics

biomasa
DF: La cantidad total de materia orgnica presente en un
organismo, poblacin, ecosistema o rea determinada.
EN: biomass

biomasa microbiana
DF: La cantidad total de materia orgnica presente en
596

microorganismos de un ambiente particular.
EN: microbial biomass

biometra
DF: El uso de mtodos estadsticos para analizar las
observaciones y fenmenos biolgicos.
EN: biometry

biommesis
DF: Campo interdisciplinario que, con la cooperacin de la
ciencia de materiales, la ingeniera y la biologa, estudia
el uso de los principios biolgicos en la sntesis o la
fabricacin de materiales biomimticos.
EN: biomimetics

biopelcula
DF: Capa delgada de clulas vivientes, generalmente
microorganismos, que recubre una superficie.
EN: biofilm

bioplaguicidas
DF: Los bioplaguicidas son cierto tipo de plaguicidas derivados
de materiales naturales como animales, plantas,
microorganismos y ciertos minerales.
EN: biopesticides

biopreservacin
DF: Utilizacin de productos derivados de plantas y
microorganismos con el fin de preservar productos.
EN: biopreservation

biopreservacin de alimentos
DF: Uso de productos provenientes de plantas y microorganismos
para preservar alimentos.
EN: food biopreservation

biopreservantes
DF: Amplia gama de productos derivados de plantas y
microorganismos que pueden utilizarse para preservar
productos.
EN: biopreservatives

biopreservantes de alimentos
DF: Amplia gama de productos provenientes de plantas y
microorganismos que pueden utilizarse para preservar
alimentos.
EN: food biopreservatives

biorefinamiento
DF: La conversin de biomasa en combustibles, qumicos y
energa.
EN: biorefining

biorreactores
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DF: Herramientas o dispositivos para generar productos usando
la capacidad de conversin sinttica o qumica de un
sistema biolgico. Pueden ser fermentadores clsicos,
sistemas de perfusin de cultivo celular, o bioreactores
enzimticos. Para la produccin de protenas o enzimas,
normalmente se escogen microorganismos recombinantes como
bacterias, clulas de mamferos, o clulas de insectos o
plantas.
EN: bioreactors

biosntesis
DF: Se usa para la formacin anablica de sustancias qumicas
en los organismos, en clulas vivas o mediante fracciones
subcelulares.
EN: biosynthesis

bioslidos
DF: El bioventing es una tecnologa de recuperacin in situ que
usa microorganismos originarios para biodegradar los
constituyentes orgnicos adsorbidos por los suelos en la
zona no saturada. Los suelos en la franja capilar y la zona
saturada no son afectados. La actividad de las bacterias
originarias es reforzada al inducir un flujo de aire (u
oxgeno) en la zona no saturada.
EN: biosolids

bioslidos deshidratados
DF: Bioslidos que contienen de 12 a 45% de slidos.
EN: dewatered biosolids

bioslidos lquidos
DF: Bioslidos que contienen 1-12% de slidos.
EN: liquid biosolids

bioslidos secos
DF: Bioslidos que contienen >50% de slidos.
EN: dried biosolids

biosorcin
DF: Captacin de sustancias qumicas tales como metales
pesados, realizada por un sistema biolgico.
EN: biosorption

biosurfactantes
DF: Surfactantes sistetizados por clulas u organismos vivos,
incluidos microorganismos como bacterias y levaduras.
EN: biosurfactants

biotecnologa
DF: El uso de organismos vivientes, clulas o partes de clulas
con el propsito de desarrollar productos, mejorar
animales o plantas o mejorar procesos biolgicos.
EN: biotechnology

598

biotecnologa agrcola
DF: Uso de organismos vivos, clulas o constituyentes celulares
con el propsito de desarrollar productos agrcolas o de
mejorar el ganado o las plantas.
EN: agricultural biotechnology

biotelemetra
DF: Teledeteccin y evaluacin de los datos biolgicos de los
organismos.
EN: biotelemetry

bioterrorismo
DF: Uso de agentes biolgicos, tales como patgenos o plagas
agrcolas con propsitos terroristas.
EN: bioterrorism

biotinilacin
DF: Incorporacin de grupos biotinil en las molculas.
EN: biotinylation

biotipos
DF: Poblaciones de organismos que comparte un genotipo idntico.
EN: biotypes

bioturbacin
DF: Mezcla y volteo del suelo causado por organismos que se
mueven a travs de l.
EN: bioturbation

bioventing
DF: El bioventing es una tecnologa de recuperacin in situ que
usa microorganismos originarios para biodegradar los
constituyentes orgnicos adsorbidos por los suelos en la
zona no saturada. Los suelos en la franja capilar y la zona
saturada no son afectados. La actividad de las bacterias
originarias es reforzada al inducir un flujo de aire (u
oxgeno) en la zona no saturada.
EN: bioventing

bisinosis
DF: Condicin de broncoconstriccin resultante de la reaccin
de hipersensibilidad a la inhalacin del polvo durante el
inicio del procesamiento del algodn, lino o camo en la
industria textil.
EN: byssinosis

blancos
DF: Persona que tiene ascendencia en cualquiera de los pueblos
originales de Europa, frica del Norte o el Medio Oriente.
EN: Whites

blasticidina S
DF: Antibitico nuclesido producido por Streptomyces
griseochromogenes. Es un inhibidor de la sntesis de
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protenas tanto en clulas procariotas y eucariotas.
EN: blasticidin S

blastosporas
DF: Esporas asexuales fngicas formadas por gemacin, como en
las clulas de la levadura.
EN: blastospores

bloqueadores de los canales de calcio
DF: Tipo de medicamentos que actan por inhibicin selectiva
del flujo de calcio entrante a travs de las membranas
celulares o en la liberacin y unin de calcio en depsitos
intracelulares. Puesto que inducen la relajacin vascular y
de la musculatura lisa, se utilizan en la terapia
medicamentosa de la hipertensin y de los espasmos
cerebrovasculares como agentes protectores del miocardio, y
en la relajacin de espasmos uterinos.
EN: calcium channel blockers

Bluetongue virus
DF: Los tipos de especies de Orbivirus que causan una
enfermedad seria en ovinos, especialmente corderos. Tambin
puede infectar rumiantes salvajes y otros animales
domsticos.
EN: Bluetongue virus

bocio
DF: Agrandamiento de la glndula tiroides.
EN: goiter

bocio endmico
DF: Un tipo de trastorno por carencia de yodo que se
caracteriza por un agrandamiento de la glndula tiroides en
una fraccin bastante considerable de un grupo de
poblacin. El bocio endmico es comn en reas deficientes
de yodo y en zonas montaosas del mundo, donde la dieta
contiene insuficiente cantidad de yodo.
EN: endemic goiter

bolsas retortables
DF: Envase flexible en el cual se esteriliza alimento y se
sella hermticamente para un almacenamiento prolongado sin
refrigeracin.
EN: retort pouches

bomba de prottones
DF: Protenas integrales de la membrana que transportan
protones (ines de hidrgeno) a travs
de una membrana contra su gradiente de concentracin.
EN: proton pump

bonsai
DF: Arte y prctica de cultivar rboles, arbustos o paisajes
en miniatura en bandejas o macetas mediante rigurosas
600

tcnicas y poda de races y ramas.
EN: bonsai

Borneo
DF: Isla del Archipilago Malayo, cuya regin norte forma parte
de Malasia y cuya regin sur forma parte de Indonesia.
EN: Borneo

bosques boreales
DF: Trmino genrico para bosques de conferas del norte.
EN: boreal forests

bosques climax
DF: Una comunidad vegetal que representa para la localidad y su
entorno la etapa culminante de una sucesin natural.
EN: climax forests

bosques de demostracin
DF: Los bosques que proporcionan modelos de ecologa forestal y
exhibicin de diversas tcnicas de manejo forestal y
prcticas silvcolas.
EN: demonstration forests

bosques esclerfilos
DF: Bosque templados compuestos predominantemente de rboles
de hojas perennes y anchas y arbustos en las regiones con
inviernos lluviosos y clidos y veranos secos y calurosos.
EN: sclerophyll forests

bosques experimentales
DF: Terrenos madereros dedicados a la investigacin sobre
manejo forestal, prcticas de silvicultura, ecosistemas
forestales, hbitats de vida silvestre, crecimiento y
desarrollo.
EN: experimental forests

bosques privados no industrials
DF: Bosques de propiedad de un individuo, grupo, o corporacin
que no son parte de la industria maderera.
EN: nonindustrial private forests

bosques secundarios
DF: El primer bosque generado en tierras que estaban
originalmente cubiertas de bosque primario, el cual fue
drsticamente alterado en su estructura mediante tala
selectiva o tala rasa para uso agrcola.
EN: secondary forests

bosques subalpinos
DF: Zona de transicin de bosque denso bajo una lnea de
rboles a la tundra alpina sobre lnea de rboles.
EN: subalpine forests

Bovine enterovirus
601

DF: Especie de Enterovirus que infecta a ganado bovino.
EN: Bovine enterovirus

Brassicoraphanus
DF: Hbrido intergenric entre Brassica x Raphanus.
EN: Brassicoraphanus

brefeldin A
DF: Metabolito de hongos, el cual es una lactona macrocclica
que exhibe un amplio rango de actividad antibitica.
EN: brefeldin A

brezales
DF: Un tipo de vegetacin dominada por plantas leosas de bajo
crecimiento de la familia Ericaceae, que normalmente se
encuentran en terrenos baldos abiertos, o con suelos
pobres en cidos o turba.
EN: heathlands

briostatinas
DF: Grupo de macrolactones de 20 miembros en los que hay tres
anillos de pirano sustituido de forma remota los cuales
estn unidos por un puente de metileno y un alqueno
E-disustituido y tiene dimetilos geminales en los carbonos
C8 y C18. Algunos interactan con la protena quinasa C.
EN: bryostatins

bromocriptina
DF: Es un alcaloide semisinttico derivado de la ergotamina que
es clasificado dentro de los agonistas D2 dopaminrgicos.
Suprime la secrecin de prolactina.
EN: bromocriptine

bronconeumona
DF: Inflamacin del parnquima pulmonar asociada a la
bronquitis, que suele involucrar zonas lobulares desde los
bronquiolos terminales hasta los alvolos pulmonares.
EN: bronchopneumonia

broncoscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se lleva a cabo en los
bronquios por medio de un endoscopio.
EN: bronchoscopy

brote de la yema
DF: Inicio del crecimiento de una yema.
EN: budbreak

brotes de enfermedades
DF: Aumento repentino en la incidencia de una enfermedad. El
concepto incluye epidemias.
EN: disease outbreaks

brotes de frijoles
602

DF: Plntulas comestibles de plantas de grano, especialmente
las del grano tipo mung.
EN: bean sprouts

brotes de granos
DF: Los tiernos brotes nuevos de semillas germinadas (como
frijoles mungo, soya, lentejas, alfalfa y rbanos) que son
comidos crudos o cocidos en recetas de salteados.
EN: sprouts (food)

brucelosis
DF: Enfermedad contagiosa que generalmente se presenta en el
ganado bovino y lechero, pero tambin en ovejas, cerdos y
otros mamferos y causa aborto. En los seres humanos la
enfermedad se conoce como fiebre ondulante.
EN: brucellosis

buenas prcticas agrcolas
DF: Directrices y mtodos para que agricultores y productores
de alimentos y quienes intervienen en la agricultura
manejen los recursos importantes de la agricultura, tales
como el suelo, el agua y el aire, y produzcan productos
alimentarios higinicos y seguros respetando la
sostenibilidad y la conservacin, y protegiendo
simultneamente el ambiente, la salud y el bienestar de
animales y seres humanos.
EN: good agricultural practices

buenas prcticas de acuicultura
DF: Directrices, mtodos o actividades destinadas a promover la
acuicultura sostenible a travs de la prevencin o
mitigacin de los daos o efectos adversos.
EN: good aquaculture practices

buenas prcticas de higiene
DF: Directrices, mtodos o actividades destinadas a promover y
mantener la salud a travs del uso de las condiciones
sanitarias.
EN: good hygiene practices

bueyes
DF: Bovinos masculinos domesticados y castrados que son usados
para el trabajo, al contrario de los becerros castrados que
son usados para carne.
EN: oxen

bulimia
DF: Enfermedad caracterizada principalmente por atracones de
comida seguidos de cualquiera de los siguientes
comportamientos: vmitos autoinducidos, abuso de laxantes o
ejercitacin excesiva.
EN: bulimia

buprenorfina
603

DF: Derivado del opioide alcaloide de la tebana que es ms
potente y tiene efecto analgsico ms duradero que el de la
morfina. Parece actuar como agonista parcial en receptores
de opioides mu y kappa y como antagonista en receptores
delta. Se ha sugerido que la ausencia de actividad
delta-agonista es la causa de la observacin de que
probablemente no se desarrolle tolerancia a la buprenorfina
con el uso prolongado.
EN: buprenorphine

burdganos
DF: Cra resultante de la cruza entre un caballo y una burra.
EN: hinnies

butorfanol
DF: Analgsico sinttico morfinano con accin narctica
antagonista. Se utiliza en el tratamiento del dolor severo.
EN: butorphanol

604

C

caballos castrados
DF: Caballos machos castrados.
EN: geldings

cabinas
DF: Parte cerrada de un vehculo dnde se sienta el chofer.
EN: cabs (equipment)

cacao en polvo
DF: Slidos de cacao molidos.
EN: cocoa powder

cadena de suministro
DF: Cadena de empresas que ofrecen productos al mercado, de
compaas que producen material crudo a minoristas y otros
que entregan productos acabados a consumidores. El valor
econmico es aadido a travs del manejo coordinado del
flujo de bienes fsicos e informacin asociada en cada
etapa de la cadena.
EN: supply chain

cadena de transporte de electrones
DF: Secuencia de protenas transportadoras de electrones que
transfiere electrones desde donantes de electrones, como
por ejemplo NADH, a oxgeno en clulas aerbicas.
EN: electron transport chain

cadenas ligeras de miosina
DF: Las subunidades mas pequeas de las miosinas, que se unen
cerca de los grupos de cabeza de las cadenas pesadas de
miosina. Las cadenas ligeras de miosina tienen un peso
molecular de unos 20 KDa y generalmente hay un par de
cadenas ligeras, esencial y reguladora, asociadas a cadenas
pesadas.
EN: myosin light chains

cadenas pesadas de miosina
DF: Las subunidades ms grandes de miosinas. Las cadenas
pesadas tienen un peso molecular de unos 230 KDa y cada
cadena pesada est generalmente asociada a un par diferente
de cadenas ligeras de miosina.
EN: myosin heavy chains

caja mbar
DF: Todas las medidas de apoyo domstico que se consideran que
distorsionan la produccin y el comercio, por ejemplo
apoyos de precios o subsidios relacionados con cantidades
de produccin.
EN: amber box

caja azul
DF: Pagos directos exentos de los requisitos de reduccin de la
605

compartimento caja mbar. stos incluyen subsidios basados
en reas o producciones, nmero fijo de ganado o en 85% o
menos del nivel base de produccin.
EN: blue box

caja verde
DF: Polticas nacionales o comerciales que se considera
distorsionan mnimamente el mercado y estn exentas de los
compromisos de lmite o reduccin de la caja mbar. Algunos
ejemplos incluyen la ayuda humanitaria, la inspeccin y la
clasificacin, los seguros agrcolas, los programas
ambientales y de conservacin y otros programas que no
estn dirigidos a un producto en particular.
EN: green box

calabaza confitera
DF: Cualquiera de las variedades de calabazas de cscara dura
que pueden ser almacenadas durante varios meses.
EN: winter squashes

Calamagrostis acutiflora
DF: Hbrido interespecfico entre Calamagrostis arundinacea x
Calamagrostis epigeios.
EN: Calamagrostis acutiflora

calccolas
DF: Plantas que crecen en suelos alcalinos, calcreos o ricos
en cal y no crecen en suelos cidos.
EN: calcicoles

calcfugas
DF: Plantas que crecen en suelos slidos y no en suelos
calizos, calcreos ni alcalinos.
EN: calcifuges

calcinosis
DF: Depsitos patolgicos de sales de calcio en los tejidos.
EN: calcinosis

calcitonina
DF: Hormona pptida que disminuye la concentracin de calcio en
la sangre. En los seres humanos la liberan las clulas
tiroideas y acta disminuyendo la formacin y la actividad
absorbente de los osteoclastos. Su funcin en la regulacin
del calcio del plasma es mucho mayor en los nios y en
ciertas enfermedades que en los adultos normales.
EN: calcitonin

clculos
DF: Solidificacin anormal, a menudo compuesta de sales
minerales, que se produce principalmente en las vas
urinarias y biliares.
EN: calculi

606

clculos renales
DF: Clculos que se producen en el rin.
EN: renal calculi

clculos urinarios
DF: Clculos en cualquier parte del tracto urinario.
EN: urinary calculi

clculos vesicales
DF: Clculos de la vejiga urinaria, tambin conocidos como
clculos vesicales y cistolitos.
EN: bladder calculi

calentamiento dielctrico
DF: Calentamiento de un material dielctrico de alta frecuencia
a travs de un campo elctrico de alta frecuencia alterna,
radio o radiacin de microondas.
EN: dielectric heating

calentamiento hmico
DF: Calentamiento resultante del flujo de una corriente a
travs de un medio con resistencia elctrica.
EN: ohmic heating

calicrenas
DF: Enzimas proteolticas de la familia de la serina
endopeptidasa presente en sangre y orina normales.
Especficamente, las calicrenas son vasodilatadoras e
hipotensoras potentes, aumentan la permeabilidad vascular y
alteran la musculatura lisa.
EN: kallikreins

calor especfico
DF: Razn entre la cantidad de calor requerida para aumentar la
temperatura de una substancia en un grado Celsius y el
calor necesario para aumentar la temperatura de una masa
equivalente de agua en un grado Celsius.
EN: specific heat

cama de pasto seco (csped)
DF: Capa de pasto muerto en un rodal de pasto.
EN: thatch

camadas (animales jvenes)
DF: Trmino colectivo para referirse a la descendencia
producida en un solo alumbramiento de un mamfero multparo
no humano.
EN: litters (young animals)

cambio conductual
DF: Cambios de conducta debidos a intervencin u ocurrencia
espontnea.
EN: behavior change

607

cambium
DF: Una capa fina de tejido entre la corteza y la madera que se
subdivide repetidamente para formar nuevas clulas de
madera y corteza.
EN: cambium

caminata cromosmica
DF: Tcnica con la cual se puede explorar una regin
desconocida de un cromosoma. Generalmente se utiliza para
aislar un foco de inters para el cual no existe una sonda
disponible, pero del cual se sabe que est ligado a un gen
que ha sido identificado y clonado. Se selecciona un
fragmento que contenga un gen conocido y se utiliza como
sonda para identificar otros fragmentos superpuestos que
contienen el mismo gen. Posteriormente se pueden
caracterizar las secuencias de nucletidos de estos
segmentos. Este proceso contina en toda la longitud del
cromosoma.
EN: chromosome walking

campaa agrcola
DF: Perodo de 12 meses, desde el comienzo de una nueva
cosecha, durante el cual se comercializa un producto.
EN: crop year

campaa de comercializacin
DF: Perodo de 12 meses que comienza justo despus de la
cosecha durante el cual un cultivo puede ser vendido dentro
del pas, exportado o puesto en un depsito de reservas.
Comparar con " campaa agrcola."
EN: marketing year

campanas de cras
DF: Espacio cerrado calefaccionado para criar pollos u otras
aves.
EN: brooders

campilobacteriosis
DF: Infeccin bacteriana con organismos del gnero
Campylobacter.
EN: campylobacteriosis

campos magnticos
DF: Regiones del espacio donde los dipolos magnticos podran
experimentar una fuerza magntica o torque, a menudo
representados como la matriz geomtrica de las lneas de
fuerza magntica imaginarias que existen en relacin con
los polos magnticos. Los campos magnticos se consideran
tambin las regiones de influencia de los cuerpos imantados
o elctricos.
EN: magnetic fields

campos petroleros
DF: Superficie que cubre uno o varios depsitos de petrleo.
608

Este trmino suele comprender no solo la superficie, sino
tambin el depsito, los pozos y el equipo de produccin.
EN: oil fields

Campsis tagliabuana
DF: Hbrido interespecfico entre Campsis grandiflora x Campsis
radicans.
EN: Campsis tagliabuana

canales de arroyos
DF: Larga y estrecha depresin en la tierra donde un arroyo
natural corre o corri una vez.
EN: stream channels

canales inicos
DF: Glicoprotenas abiertas, selectivas de iones, que
atraviesan las membranas. La activacin de los canales
inicos puede ser producida por una variedad de estmulos
tales como ligandos, una diferencia transmembrana
potencial, una deformacin mecnica o mediante pptidos y
protenas de sealizacin intracelular.
EN: ion channels

canales resinferos
DF: Espacios intercelulares tubulares alineados con clulas
secretoras de resina, comunes en la madera, la corteza, y
las hojas de muchos gimnospermas y algunos angiospermas.
EN: resin canals

caas
DF: Cualquier madera hueca o concisa compuesta por tallos
fuertes pero flexibles, como el bamb, caa, ratn, caa de
azcar, o frambuesas.
EN: canes

candicidina
DF: Mezcla de macrlidos heptano antifngicos de Streptomyces
griseus o Actinomyces levoris utilizado tpicamente en la
candidiasis. El complejo se compone de los antibiticos
candicidinas A, B, C y D, de los cuales D es el componente
principal.
EN: candicidin

Canna generalis
DF: Un hbrido complejo que involucra Canna indica y otros.
EN: Canna generalis

cnola
DF: Variedad de colza cuya semilla contiene bajos niveles de
cido ercico y alto contenido de cidos grasos
monoinsaturados. Sus bajos niveles de cido ercico la
hacen segura para el consumo humano.
EN: canola

609

capacidad de carga
DF: Poblacin mxima que puede mantener un ecosistema o unidad
de manejo sin efectos adversos para el ambiente.
EN: carrying capacity

capacidad vectorial
DF: La capacidad de transmisin de la enfermedad por un vector
a un husped, as como la influencia de los factores de
comportamiento, ecologa y medio ambiente, tales como la
densidad de poblacin, la preferencia del husped, los
hbitos o frecuencia de alimentacin, la duracin del
perodo de latencia, o la longevidad.
EN: vectorial capacity

capacitacin
DF: Proceso mediante el cual un espermatozoo llega a estar en
condiciones de fertilizar un vulo despus de llegar a la
parte ampular del tubo uterino.
EN: sperm capacitation

capacitacin a los voluntarios
DF: Capacitacin entregada a los voluntarios o las voluntarias.
EN: volunteer training

capacitancia
DF: habilidad de un sustrato para retener una carga elctrica.
EN: capacitance

capilaridad
DF: Propiedad de la superficie de un lquido en contacto con la
de un slido, donde la superficie del lquido aumenta o
disminuye debido a la atraccin de las molculas del
lquido entre s y con las del slido. Se encuentran en
juego fuerzas de adhesin y cohesin.
EN: capillarity

capital natural
DF: El conjunto de recursos naturales, la tierra y los
ecosistemas que proporcionan un flujo de bienes o servicios
con valor econmico en el futuro. Ejemplo: Un bosque
(conjunto) puede producir bienes tales como nuevos rboles
para madera, y servicios ecosistmicos, tales como el
secuestro de carbono, el control de la erosin y el hbitat
de la fauna.
EN: natural capital

capital social
DF: Relaciones sociales e interconectividad entre la gente,
negocios e instituciones que son importante activo los
cuales producen beneficios econmicos a individuos y a la
sociedad.
EN: social capital

capn
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DF: Pollo castrado.
EN: capons

cpside
DF: Envoltura externa de una partcula viral que envuelve el
genoma viral.
EN: capsid

captura de carbono
DF: Captura y almacenamiento de carbono en depsitos de
carbonos, tales como los ocanos o depsitos terrestres,
tales como bosques o suelos, para mantener el carbono fuera
de la atmsfera.
EN: carbon sequestration

capullos
DF: La cubierta de seda de las pupas que tejen las larvas.
EN: cocoons

caquexia
DF: Estado marcado y profundo de trastorno constitucional, mala
salud generalizada, malnutricin y prdida de peso.
EN: cachexia

caquexia crnica
DF: Encefalopata espongiforme crnica (enfermedad de priones)
de VENADOS y alces caracterizada por prdida crnica de
peso que lleva a la muerte. Se cree que se propaga por
contacto directo entre animales o a travs de contaminacin
ambiental de la protena del prion.
EN: chronic wasting disease

caracter sin cuernos
DF: Caracterstica de los animales, particularmente ganado, que
normalmente no desarrolla
cuernos.
EN: polled trait

caracteres de rendimiento
DF: Partes de las plantas que contribuyen a la produccin
basndose en su nmero, tamao y peso.
EN: yield components

caracterizacin de la exposicin
DF: Un componente de la valoracin de la exposicin, que
analiza las interacciones entre el patgeno, el medio
ambiente y el hospedero, lo que resulta en un perfil de
exposicin. Los pasos incluyen la caracterizacin de los
patgenos, la aparicin de patgenos y el anlisis de la
exposicin.
EN: exposure characterization

caracterizacin de los peligros
DF: Descripcin de los efectos adversos en trminos de su
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toxicidad, respuesta a la dosis, va de exposicin,
duracin y sincronizacin.
EN: hazard characterization

caracterizacin del patgeno
DF: Un paso en la caracterizacin de la exposicin que examina
las caractersticas de un patgeno que afecta a su
transmisin y patogenicidad.
EN: pathogen characterization

caracterizacin del riesgo
DF: La ltima fase del proceso de evaluacin de riesgos que
estima el potencial para la salud adversa o efectos
ecolgicos producto de la exposicin a un estmulo
estresante y evala la incertidumbre involucrada.
EN: risk characterization

carbenicilina
DF: Derivado de la penicilina, semisinttico y de amplio
espectro, utilizado por va parenteral. Es susceptible a
los jugos gstricos y la penicilinasa y puede daar la
funcin plaquetaria.
EN: carbenicillin

carbn orgnico
DF: Combustible de biomasa procesada por torrefaccin de
desechos agrcolas, tales como residuos de madera en una
alta densidad, la energa concentrada producto combustible,
se forma como pellets o briquetas.
EN: biocoal

carbono orgnico del suelo
DF: Parte de los compuestos orgnicos no vivos que se
encuentran en el primer metro de tierra, por ejemplo, el
humus humus, que es importante para la calidad del suelo y
la nutricin de las plantas y que se regenera gracias a la
descomposicin de los materiales vegetales.
EN: soil organic carbon

carbunco sintomtico
DF: Infeccin clostridial aguda del ganado caracterizada por
hinchazn bajo la piel debida a formacin de gas en los
tejidos.
EN: blackleg (animal disease)

carcinognesis
DF: Proceso mediante el cual clulas normales se transforman en
clulas cancerosas.
EN: carcinogenesis

cardiolipinas
DF: Fosfolpidos cidos compuestos por dos molculas de cido
fosfatdico unidos covalentemente a una molcula de
glicerol. Ocurren principalmente en las membranas
612

mitocondriales internas y en las membranas plasma
bacteriales.
EN: cardiolipins

cardiomiopata
DF: Enfermedades del miocardio.
EN: cardiomyopathy

cardo
DF: Hortaliza de color verde plido y sabor parecido al de la
alcachofa y el apio.
EN: cardoons

carga contaminante
DF: Cantidad de contaminantes presentes en un ambiente.
EN: pollution load

carga de combustible (forestal)
DF: Cantidad de vegetacin viva o muerta que se enciende
fcilmente en un rea determinada. La carga es expresada
generalmente en toneladas por acre.
EN: fuel loading

carga de enfermedad
DF: Una medida de la prdida de salud y la mortalidad debido a
lesiones, enfermedades y riesgos.
EN: burden of disease

carga microbiana
DF: Nmero y tipo de microorganismos que contaminan un objeto u
organismo.
EN: microbial load

carga parasitaria
DF: Medida del nmero de parsitos presentes en un organismo
husped.
EN: parasite load

carga viral
DF: Cantidad de partculas virales presente en una muestra de
tejido o fluido corporal, la cual proporciona una medida de
la gravedad de una infeccin viral.
EN: viral load

cargamento
DF: Productos y materias primas transportados por una empresa
de transporte comercial.
EN: freight

Caribe
DF: Regin que incluye el Mar del Caribe, sus islas, y los
pases de las costas de Amrica Central y Amrica del Sur.
EN: Caribbean

613

carne de vacuno empacada
DF: Cortes de carne de vacuno sellados al vaco en paquetes
para fletar en cajas de cartn, a menudo listos para venta
al por menor.
EN: boxed beef

cartografa
DF: El arte, ciencia y tecnologa de hacer mapas.
EN: cartography

castracin
DF: Extirpacin de los rganos reproductores masculinos
(testes).
EN: castration

catarata
DF: Opacidad parcial o completa del lente o la cpsula ocular
de uno o ambos ojos que dificulta la visin o causa
ceguera. Los diversos tipos de cataratas se clasifican de
acuerdo a su morfologa (tamao, forma, ubicacin) o
etiologa (causa y momento de aparicin).
EN: cataract

caucho sinttico
DF: Elastmero sinttico fabricado mediante la polimerizacin
de productos derivados del petrleo u otros hidrocarburos,
en comparacin con el caucho natural obtenido de los
rboles.
EN: synthetic rubber

caupi
DF: Cualquier frijol Vigna.
EN: cowpeas

cebada de invierno
DF: Un trmino general utilizado para cebada sembrada en otoo,
persistente durante el invierno como plntulas y cosechadas
en la siguiente primavera o verano despus de que alcanza
su plena madurez.
EN: winter barley

cebadores de ADN
DF: Secuencias cortas (generalmente de unos 10 pares de base)
de ADN que son complementarias a secuencias de ARN
mensajero y permiten que la transcriptasa reversa comience
a copiar las secuencias adyacentes de ARNm. Los primers se
usan profusamente en tcnicas de la gentica y de la
biologa molecular.
EN: DNA primers

cefacetrila
DF: Un derivado del cido 7-aminocefalospornico.
EN: cephacetrile

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cefaloridina
DF: Un antibitico de cefalosporina.
EN: cephaloridine

cefamicinas
DF: De origen natural. Familia de las cefalosporinas de tipo
beta-lactmicos, con un grupo de 7-metoxi y el cual posee
una marcada resistencia a la accin de las beta-lactamasas
de organismos gram-positivos y gram-negativos.
EN: cephamycins

cefapirina
DF: Las cefalosporinas (antibiticos beta-lactmicos), en parte
asociados al plasma, son eficaces contra los organismos
gram-negativos y gram-positivos.
EN: cephapirin

cefazolin
DF: Anlogo semisinttico de la cefalosporina con accin
antibitica de amplio espectro debido a la inhibicin de la
sntesis de la pared celular bacteriana. Alcanza niveles
sricos elevados y se excreta rpidamente a travs de la
orina.
EN: cefazolin

cefixima
DF: Antibitico de cefalosporina de tercera generacin que es
estable a la hidrlisis por beta-lactamasas
EN: cefixime

cefoperazona
DF: Semisinttico de la cefalosporina de amplio espectro con
una parte de tetrazolilo que es resistente a la
beta-lactamasa. Se ha propuesto en particular contra las
infecciones por Pseudomonas.
EN: cefoperazone

cefsoludina
DF: Piridinio semisinttico sustituido de amplio espectro
bactericida utilizado especialmente para las infecciones
por Pseudomonas en pacientes debilitados.
EN: cefsulodin

ceftriaxona
DF: Antibitico de amplio espectro con una cefalosporina de muy
larga vida media y alta penetrabilidad a las meninges, los
ojos y odos internos.
EN: ceftriaxone

cefuroxima
DF: Antibiticos de cefalosporinas de amplio espectro
resistentes a beta-lactamasas. Se han propuesto para tratar
infecciones con organismos gram-negativos y gram-positivos,
gonorrea y Haemophilus.
615

EN: cefuroxime

celobiosa
DF: Disacrido consistente en dos unidades de glucosa en un
enlace glicosdico beta (1-4). Se obtiene de la hidrlisis
parcial de celulosa.
EN: cellobiose

clulas acinosas
DF: Cualquiera de las clulas secretoras que revisten un acn
de una glndula compuesta.
EN: acinar cells

clulas caliciformes
DF: Clula epitelial glandular o glndula unicelular. Las
clulas caliciformes secretan mucosidad; estn dispersas en
los revestimientos epiteliales de numerosos rganos,
especialmente del intestino delgado y de las vas
respiratorias.
EN: goblet cells

clulas de cromafina
DF: Clulas que almacenan vesculas secretoras de epinefrina.
Bajo estrs, el sistema nervioso hace que las vesculas
secreten su contenido hormonal. Su nombre deriva de su
habilidad para dejar manchas de color caf con sales
crmicas. Habitualmente se ubican en la medula adrenal y en
los paraganglios del sistema nervioso simptico.
EN: chromaffin cells

clulas de Leydig
DF: Clulas en el tejido intersticial de los testculos que, se
cree, producen la secrecin interior de esa glndula.
EN: Leydig cells

clulas de Schwann
DF: Clulas neurogliales del sistema nervioso perifrico que
forman las vainas de mielina aislantes de los axones
perifricos.
EN: Schwann cells

clulas en espuma
DF: Macrfagos cargados de lpidos que se originan de monocitos
o de clulas de la musculatura lisa.
EN: foam cells

clulas estromales
DF: Clulas del tejido conectivo de un rgano que se encuentra
en el tejido conectivo laxo. Estas son a menudo asociadas
con la mucosa uterina y el ovario, as como con el sistema
hematopoytico y otras partes.
EN: stromal cells

clulas eucariticas
616

DF: Clulas de organismos superiores, que contienen un ncleo
rodeado por una membrana nuclear.
EN: eukaryotic cells

clulas filamentosas
DF: Un tipo de clula de la esclernquima alargada y estrecha
con los extremos puntiagudos y que tiene paredes celulares
secundarias engrosadas. Las clulas de fibra, como otras
esclereidas, pueden contener lignina, proveen soporte
estructural a los tejidos de las plantas, y pueden ser
encontradas en varias partes de la planta.
EN: fiber cells

clulas fotovoltaicas
DF: Dispositivo electrnico que consta de capas de materiales
semiconductores fabricados para formar una unin (las capas
adyacentes de materiales con diferentes caractersticas
electrnicas) y los contactos elctricos y que es capaz de
convertir la luz directamente incidente en electricidad
(corriente continua).
EN: photovoltaic cells

clulas gigantes
DF: Cualquier masa multinucleada de citoplasma, formada por ya
sea por la divisin de clulas incompleta o cuando las
clulas se fusionan.
EN: giant cells

clulas plasmticas
DF: Formas especializadas de linfocitos B productores de
anticuerpos. Sintetizan y segregan inmunoglobulinas. Se
encuentran en los rganos linfoides y en los sitios donde
se produce la respuesta inmune, normalmente no circulan en
la sangre o linfa.
EN: plasma cells

clulas procariticas
DF: Clulas como las de las bacterias y algas verdeazules
carentes de una membrana nuclear de
manera que el material nuclear est diseminado en el
citoplasma o se reune en la regin
nucleoide.
EN: prokaryotic cells

clulas somticas
DF: Clulas de plantas o animales que no sean clulas de
grmenes.
EN: somatic cells

clulas vegetativas
DF: Clulas que no estn invlucradas en la produccin de
gametos.
EN: vegetative cells

617

celulosa
DF: El carbohidrato que es el principal constituyente de la
madera y que forma el armazn de las clulas de madera.
EN: cellulose

celulosa qumica
DF: Celulosa fabricada con fibras tratadas qumicamente.
EN: chemical pulp

ceniza
DF: Materia inorgnica que queda despus de la combustin de
una sustancia orgnica.
EN: ash (inorganic matter)

Censo de Agricultura
DF: Recuento realizado cada 5 aos del nmero de granjas,
tierras, acres de cultivos y produccin, cabezas de ganado
y produccin, gastos de granjas, instalaciones y
equipamiento de granjas, tenencia de granjas, valor de los
productos agrcolas vendidos, tamao y tipo de granjas,
caractersticas de los operarios de las granjas (edad,
raza, sexo), etc. La informacin se obtiene por condado y
Estado. El Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados
Unidos administra actualmente el Censo de Agricultura, que
anteriormente realizaba la Oficina de Censos de los Estados
Unidos.
EN: Census of Agriculture

Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos
DF: Una maleza peremne que es policrpica y tetraploide (2n=36)
y que est propagada por toda Amrica del Norte y Europa.
Contrasta a Centaurea stoebe subsp. stoebe.
EN: Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos

Centaurea stoebe subsp. stoebe
DF: Una maleza bienal que es monocrpica y diploide (2n=18) y
que es nativa de Europa. Contrasta Centaurea stoebe subsp.
micranthos.
EN: Centaurea stoebe subsp. stoebe

centros de cuidado diario
DF: Instalaciones en las que se proporciona cuidado de nios,
adultos o ancianos dependientes en centros de atencin
diaria por parte de personas que no son sus parientes ni
cuidadores habituales.
EN: day care centers

centros de cuidado infantil
DF: Instalaciones en las que se proporciona cuidado a nios en
edad escolar y pre-escolar.
EN: child care centers

centros de reaccin fotosinttica
DF: Complejo protico que recibe la energa luminosa, atrapada
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por la clorofila, la
bacterioclorofila y los pigmentos accesorios, e inicia el
proceso de transferencia de electrones
que traduce la energa luminosa en ATP.
EN: photosynthetic reaction centers

cephalexin
DF: Antibitico semisinttico cefalosporina con actividad
antimicrobiana similar a la de cefaloridina o cefalotina,
pero algo menos potente. Es eficaz contra ambos
microorganismos, gram-positivos y gram-negativos.
EN: cephalexin

cepos
DF: Compuerta para la cabeza del ganado, especialmente diseada
para mantener a un animal en el lugar mientras se le
permite alimentarse y descansar.
EN: stanchions

ceralure
DF: Un atrayente sinttico para moscas de fruta Mediterranea
Ceratitis capitata.
EN: ceralure

cercas vivas
DF: Forma de la lnea de siembra destinada a la demarcacin y
cercado de una extensin de tierra cultivada o pastizal.
EN: live fences

cerdas
DF: Cualquier cerdo hembra en reproduccin que ha parido por lo
menos una camada o ha alcanzado 12 meses de edad.
EN: sows

cerdas jvenes
DF: Cerdas jvenes, incluso las primparas, habitualmente
menores de 15 meses de edad.
EN: gilts

cerdos castrados
DF: Cerdos machos castrados antes de que lleguen a la madurez
sexual.
EN: barrows

cerdos de engorda
DF: Cerdos jvenes en operaciones de engorda criados para
lograr el peso deseado de venta en el mercado.
EN: feeder pigs

cero desechos
DF: Objetivo de gestin de residuos en el cual la produccin
industrial se reutiliza como insumo y productos que son
reciclados para eliminar los residuos.
EN: zero wastes
619

cero emisiones
DF: Objetivo de reduccin de la contaminacin en el que los
procesos industriales o las emisiones de la fuente de
energa no contribuyen productos de desecho, tales como los
gases de efecto invernadero, que contaminan el medio
ambiente o el efecto del cambio climtico, las emisiones
reales puede ser compensadas a travs del reciclaje, el
secuestro de carbono o de comercio ambiental.
EN: zero emissions

cerrado
DF: Tipo de comunidad de planicies caracterizado por un mosaico
de vegetacin que vara desde formaciones boscosas
latifoliadas a tierras de matorrales y sabanas, con una
estacin seca pronunciada. El segundo bioma ms grande del
Brasil (despus de la Amazona), se extiende por la
planicie central y comprende 21% de la superficie terrestre
del Brasil.
EN: cerrado

certificacin
DF: Documentacin de un organismo con autoridad que confirma
que un producto, proceso, servicio, persona u organizacin
tiene caractersticas que satisfacen una determinada norma
o requisito.
EN: certification

certificacin (educacin)
DF: Recepcin de documentos de trmino de un programa de
estudios que no conduce a un diploma.
EN: certification (education)

cervezas
DF: Bebida alcohlica fermentada y carbonatada, conteniendo la
mitad de 1 por ciento o ms de alcohol por volumen.
Generalmente se elabora de malta (generalmente malta de
cebada), lpulo (para darle sabor) y agua. Otros cereales
tales como maz y arroz pueden ser usados.
EN: beers

cetosis
DF: Trastorno caracterizado por concentracin anormalmente
elevada de cuerpos ctonicos en los tejidos y lquidos
corporales.
EN: ketosis

chalotes
DF: Tipo de cebolla que est formada por una cabeza hecha de
varios dientes, parecida al ajo.
EN: shallots

champaa
DF: Un tipo de vino espumante que deriva su efervescencia
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solamente de la fermentacin secundaria del vino dentro de
contenedores de vidrio, no ms grandes de un galn de
capacidad y que posee el sabor, aroma y otras
caractersticas atribuidas a la champaa segn se elaborada
en el distrito de Champaa, Francia.
EN: champagne

chaparral
DF: Crecimiento bajo y denso de vegetacin de arbustos o de
rboles enanos en regiones ridas o semiridas del suroeste
de de los Estados Unidos. Las zonas montaosas del litoral
de California se caracterizan por Atriplex canescens
(costilla de vaca o chamizo), especies Ceanothus y
Arctostaphylos (manzanita). En otros lugares, a arbustos
densos de la especie Prosopis (mesquita) y matorrales de
roble se les puede denominar chaparral.
EN: chaparral

chaperones moleculares
DF: Familia de protenas celulares que median en la formacin o
destruccin de la estructura de otros polipptidos, y en
algunos casos en su conformacin en otras estructuras
polimricas, pero que no son componentes de la estructura
final. Se cree que las protenas chaperones ayudan a los
polipptidos a auto-ensamblarse al inhibir otras formas
alternativas de conformacin que producen estructuras no
funcionales.
EN: molecular chaperones

charqui
DF: Trozos delgados de carne cocida y deshidratada.
Tradicionalmente, el charqui es secado al sol y puede
ahumarse o marinarse para el sabor.
EN: jerky

Chlamydia muridarum
DF: Agente bacteriano causante de neumonitis en ratones.
EN: Chlamydia muridarum

chocolate
DF: Una mixtura de cacao que usualmente incluye mantequilla de
cacao, licor de cacao y un endulzante, muy frecuentemente
usado como dulce o saborizante. Incluye el chocolate
semi-amargo, semi-dulce. El contenido de cacao puede
variar.
EN: chocolate

chocolate blanco
DF: Mezcla normalmente hecha de mantequilla de cacao, leche o
leche en polvo y un edulcorante.
EN: white chocolate

chocolate de leche
DF: Mezcla de chocolate que generalmente incluye mantequilla de
621

cacao, licor de cacao, algn endulzante y leche o leche en
polvo, y que con frecuencia se usa como golosina o
saborizante.
EN: milk chocolate

chorizo
DF: Salchicha de cerdo muy condimentada con ajo y aj (chili)
en polvo.
EN: chorizo

Chrysosporium
DF: Un gnero mitosporico Onygenaceae fngico que causa
adiaspiromycosis, una micosis pulmonar en humanos y
roedores. Uno de sus teleomorfos es Ajellomyces.
EN: Chrysosporium

cbridos
DF: Clula viable que resulta de la fusin de un citoplasto
(citoplasma que queda despus de la enucleacin de una
clula) con una clula entera.
EN: cybrids

ciclo de Calvin
DF: Reaccin bioqumica independiente de la luz que usa ATP y
NADPH para fijar el carbono en 6 molculas de CO2 y formar
una molcula de glucosa.
EN: Calvin cycle

ciclo de vida de los materiales
DF: Todas las etapas que encierra el manejo de materiales,
incluyendo fabricacin, procesamiento, distribucin, uso,
mantenimiento, reciclaje y disposicin.
EN: materials life cycle

ciclo de vida de los productos
DF: Todas las etapas del desarrollo de un producto, desde la
extraccin de combustible para la energa a la produccin,
comercializacin, uso y disposicin.
EN: product life cycle

ciclo del peso
DF: Prdida y nuevo aumento de peso corporal en forma repetida,
con o sin intencin.
EN: weight cycling

ciclo parasexual
DF: Recombinacin gentica en ciertos tipos de hongos por
medios distintos a la tpica
reproduccin sexual.
EN: parasexual cycle

ciclofilinas
DF: Familia de peptidilprolil cis-trans isomerasas que se unen
a ciclosporinas y regulan el sistema inmunolgico.
622

EN: cyclophilins

cicloserina
DF: Sustancia antibitica producida por Streptomyces
garyphalus.
EN: cycloserine

ciclosporinas
DF: Grupo relacionado con undecapptidos cclicos del hongo
Trichoderma polysporum y Cylindocarpon lucidum . Tienen
alguna accin antineoplsica y antifngica e importantes
efectos inmunosupresores. Las ciclosporinas han sido
propuestas como adyuvantes en el transplante de tejidos y
rganos para suprimir el rechazo del injerto.
EN: cyclosporins

cinagas
DF: Tierras hmedas que acumulan depsitos de turba
considerable. Los pantanos dependen principalmente de las
precipitaciones como fuente de agua y generalmente son
acdicos y ricos en residuos vegetales con una notoria capa
de musgo verde vivo.
EN: bogs

ciencia de la sostenibilidad
DF: Ciencia basada en el concepto de desarrollo sostenible,
definido como el desarrollo "que satisfaga las necesidades
de la generacin presente sin comprometer la capacidad de
las generaciones futuras para satisfacer sus propias
necesidades." Ciencia de la sostenibilidad que examina la
interaccin entre la sociedad del medio natural (sistemas
polticos, econmicos e industriales) y la salud humana y
la calidad de vida.
EN: sustainability science and engineering

ciencia y tecnologa geoespaciales
DF: Ciencia y tecnologa encargada de reunir, almacenar,
analizar, procesar, y distribuir informacin geogrfica.
EN: geospatial science and technology

ciencias del mar
DF: Estudio de los cuerpos de agua salada, incluyendo los
ocanos y los mares, sus propiedades y procesos qumicos y
fsicos y los organismos acuticos que viven en estos
ambientes.
EN: marine science

ciencias sociales
DF: Disciplinas concernientes a las interrelaciones de
individuos en una sociedad, incluyendo organizaciones e
instituciones sociales. Incluyen sociologa y antropologa.
EN: social sciences

ciguatera
623

DF: Forma de envenenamiento humano causado por el consumo de
peces marinos tropicales y subtropicales los cuales han
acumulado toxinas naturales a travs de su dieta. Las
toxinas son conocidas como provenientes de varios
dinoflagelados (algas), especies que son comunes a las
regiones endmicas de la ciguatera en las latitudes ms
bajas.
EN: ciguatera

ciguatoxina
DF: Ficotoxinas producida por dinoflagelados.
EN: ciguatoxin

cinemtica
DF: Rama de la mecnica que se ocupa del movimiento (de un
objeto) sin considerar la masa o las fuerzas que causan el
movimiento.
EN: kinematics

cinetocoros
DF: Complejos grandes de protenas que unen los centrmeros de
los cromosomas a los microtbulos del eje mittico durante
la metafase en el ciclo celular.
EN: kinetochores

cirrosis heptica
DF: Enfermedad heptica en la que hay destruccin, de magnitud
variable, de la microcirculacin normal, la anatoma
vascular en general, y de la arquitectura heptica las que
se alteran por elementos fibrosos que rodean a ndulos de
parnquima regenerados o que se estn regenerando.
EN: liver cirrhosis

ciruga baritrica
DF: Tcnicas quirrgicas, como la instalacin de una banda
gstrica, el bypass gstrico, la gastroplasta, y el bypass
biliopancretico, efectuadas en el estmago o en los
intestinos de personas patolgicamente obesas para reducir
peso.
EN: bariatric surgery

cistatinas
DF: Grupo homlogo de inhibidores endgenos de cistena
proteasa. Las cistatinas inhiben la mayora de las
endopeptidasas cistenas como la papana y otras peptidasas
que tienen un grupo sulfhidrilo en el sitio activo.
EN: cystatins

cisticercosis
DF: Infeccin con cisticercos, una forma larvaria de las varias
solitarias del gnero Taenia.
EN: cysticercosis

cistoscopia
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DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se realiza en la vejiga
urinaria con la ayuda de un endoscopio.
EN: cystoscopy

citocinesis
DF: Proceso del ciclo celular que involucra la divisin del
citoplasma, ocurre despus de que la divisin del ncleo
dobla el nmero de cromosomas, y tiene como resultado la
formacin de dos clulas, cada una de las cuales tiene un
conjunto completo de cromosomas.
EN: cytokinesis

citopatogenicidad
DF: Calidad de estar en condiciones de causar cambios
patolgicos o destructivos en las clulas.
EN: cytopathogenicity

citosol
DF: Porcin lquida del citoplasma que no incluye organelos ni
membranas.
EN: cytosol

citotoxinas
DF: Sustancias elaboradas por microorganismos, plantas o
animales que son especficamente txicas para las clulas
individuales; pueden estar involucradas en la inmunidad o
pueden estar contenidas en venenos.
EN: cytotoxins

citrinina
DF: Antibiticos y micotoxinas de Aspergillus niveus y
Penicillium citrinum.
EN: citrinin

Citrofortunella
DF: Hbrido intergenrico entre Citrus y Fortunella.
EN: Citrofortunella

Citroncirus webberi
DF: Hbrido intergenrico del naranjo dulce (Citrus sinensis) y
el naranjo trifoliado (Poncirus trifoliata) que produce un
jugo cido y es un importante portainjerto para otros tipos
de citrus.
EN: Citroncirus webberi

Citrus nobilis
DF: Hbrido interespecfico del naranjo dulce (Citrus sinensis)
y del naranjo mandarina (Citrus reticulata).
EN: Citrus nobilis

Citrus tangelo
DF: Hbrido interespecfico del pomelo (Citrus paradisi) y el
tangerino (Citrus reticulata).
EN: Citrus tangelo
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cladodios
DF: Tallos fotosintticos aplanados que tienen apariencia de
hoja y funcionan como tal, por ejemplo, los que se
encuentran en cactos y esprragos.
EN: cladodes

clamidiosis
DF: Infeccin bacteriana producida por especies de Chlamydia o
Chlamydophila.
EN: chlamydiosis

claritromicina
DF: Antibitico macrlido semisinttico derivado de la
eritromicina que es activo contra una variedad de
microorganismos. Puede inhibir la sntesis de protenas en
bacterias por unin reversible a las subunidades
ribosomales. Esto inhibe la translocacin del aminoacil del
ARN de transferencia y evita elongacin de la cadena
peptdica.
EN: clarithromycin

clases de trigo
DF: Las clases de trigo son determinadas (1) por la dureza y
color de sus granos (y 2) a la poca del ao en que son
plantados y cosechados. stos factores, junto con su
contenido protico y potencial de gluten, determinan sus
caractersticas de molienda y coccin y si las harinas de
trigo resultantes son ms adecuadas para hacer pan, pasta,
tortas o repostera. Cada clase de trigo representa un
mercado por separado.
EN: wheat classes

cleistogamia
DF: Condicin en que las flores se autopolinizan en el capullo
sin abrirse. Estas flores a menudo son pequeas y poco
atractivas.
EN: cleistogamy

Clematis jackmanii
DF: Hbrido interespecfico probable entre Clematis lanuginosa
x Clematis viticella.
EN: Clematis jackmanii

Clerodendrum speciosum
DF: Hbrido interespecfico posiblemente entre Clerodendrum
splendens x Clerodendrum thomsoniae.
EN: Clerodendrum speciosum

clima
DF: Condiciones del tiempo en una regin, a lo largo del ao o
como promedio durante una serie de aos.
EN: climate

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clima favorable a incendios
DF: Parmetros del clima (ejemplo, precipitacin, humedad
relativa, velocidad y direccin del viento, etc.) que
tienen influencia en la ocurrencia de un incendio y el
comportamiento subsecuente del mismo.
EN: fire weather

clima martimo
DF: Un clima bastante hmedo con un rango de temperaturas con
una variacin muy pequea o moderada que tpicamente ocurre
en una regin influenciada por una corriente de viento
ocenica.
EN: maritime climate

clima mediterrneo
DF: Clima tpico, aunque no exclusivo, de la regin
mediterrnea con inviernos fros y hmedos y veranos secos
y clidos.
EN: Mediterranean climate

clindamicina
DF: Agente antibacteriano el cual es un anlogo semisinttico
de la lincomicina.
EN: clindamycin

clnicas rurales de salud
DF: Provisin de servicios de salud a travs de clnicas
mdicas en zonas rurales.
EN: rural health clinics

clivaje celular
DF: Serie de divisiones mitticas de un cigoto de una sola
clula durante las primeras etapas de la embriognesis.
EN: cell cleavage

clonacin (animales)
DF: Formacin de uno o ms animales genticamente idnticos
derivados mediante la reproduccin de una sola clula, la
cual puede proceder de un embrin, un feto o una clula
somtica adulta.
EN: cloning (animals)

clonacin (clulas)
DF: Proceso de producir un grupo de clulas (clones), todos
genticamente idnticos, de un mismo ancestro.
EN: cloning (cells)

cloprostenol
DF: Una prostaglandina sinttica anloga que tiene efectos
luteolticos y es usada para sincronizacin del estro o
celo en ganado.
EN: cloprostenol

cloranfenicol
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DF: Primer antibitico aislado de cultivos de Streptomyces
venequelae en 1947, el cual ahora se produce
sintticamente. Tiene una estructura relativamente simple y
fue el primer antibitico de amplio espectro descubierto.
Acta interfiriendo la sntesis de protena bacteriana y es
principalmente bacteriosttico.
EN: chloramphenicol

clorofluorocarburos
DF: Serie de hidrocarburos que contienen cloro y flor. Se han
utilizado como refrigerantes, agentes de limpieza,
solventes y como extinguidores del fuego.
EN: chlorofluorocarbons

clortetraciclina
DF: Tetraciclina con una sustitucin de 7-cloro.
EN: chlortetracycline

cloxacilina
DF: Antibitico semisinttico clorado derivado de oxacilina.
EN: cloxacillin

coadyuvantes de vacunas
DF: Sustancias que aumentan, estimulan, activan, potencian, o
modulan la respuesta inmune en el nivel celular o bien en
el humoral. La eficacia teraputica de muchos de los
modificadores de respuestas biolgicas est relacionada con
su adyuvanticidad inmunolgica especfica para el antgeno.
EN: vaccine adjuvants

coagulacin intravascular diseminada
DF: Enfermedad caracterizada por la disminucin de los
elementos involucrados en la coagulacin sangunea a causa
de su utilizacin en la coagulacin diseminada que se
produce dentro de los vasos. La activacin del mecanismo de
coagulacin puede producirse por causa de varios trastornos.
EN: disseminated intravascular coagulation

cobertura de la tierra
DF: Materiales fsicos que caracterizan la superficie de la
tierra. Estos incluyen rboles, pastos u otra vegetacin,
rocas, as como estructuras modificadas por el hombre. La
cobertura del suelo es a menudo observada por tecnologa de
teledeteccin.
EN: land cover

coccidiosis
DF: Infeccin protozoica encontrada en animales y seres
humanos. La causan diversos tipos diferentes del gnero
Coccidia.
EN: coccidiosis

cociente de las probabilidades
DF: La razn de dos probabilidades.
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La exposicin del cociente de las probabilidades para casos
y control de datos es la razn de las probabilidades a
favor de la exposicin entre los no casos. El cociente de
las probabilidades de enfermedad-de una seccin de cohortes
o cruz es el cociente de las probabilidades a favor de la
enfermedad entre los expuestos a las probabilidades a favor
de la enfermedad entre los no expuestos. La prevalencia del
cociente de probabilidades se refiere a una razn de
probabilidades derivadas transversalmente a partir de
estudios de caso prevalentes.
EN: odds ratio

cociente raz
DF: Proporcin de races a los brotes en una planta, ya sea
medido en peso seco o peso fresco.
EN: root shoot ratio

cocultivo
DF: Tcnica de cultivo que consiste en mezclar varios tipos de
clulas in vitro para permitir interacciones sinrgicas o
antagonistas, como en la diferenciacin celular o apoptosis.
EN: coculture

Codex Alimentarius
DF: Cdigo de normas internacionales desarrollado conjuntamente
por la Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas para la
Agricultura y los Alimentos (FAO) y la Organizacin Mundial
de la Salud (OMS) in 1962.
EN: Codex Alimentarius

Cdigo Alimentario del Organismo para el Control de Alimentos y
Medicamentos
DF: Referencia de la Direccin para el Control de Alimentos y
Medicamentos que sirve de gua a restaurantes y y negocios
que venden alimentos e instituciones tales como asilos de
ancianos para evitar enfermedades transmitidas por los
alimentos.

Cdigo de prcticas
DF: Las reglas y procedimientos documentados establecidos por
entidades reguladoras o asociaciones de comercio que sirven
como gua para prcticas aceptables. No tienen fuerza de
ley.
EN: code of practice

cdigos de barras de ADN
DF: Tcnicas para normalizar y agilizar la identificacin o la
clasificacin taxonmica de los organismos, con base en el
descifre de la secuencia de una o varias regiones del ADN.
EN: DNA barcoding

coeficiente de arrastre
DF: Una relacin de la fuerza de resistencia que frena un
objeto que se desplaza a travs de un fluido como el agua o
629

el aire.
EN: drag coefficient

coeficiente de consanguinidad
DF: Cuando los padres estn relacionados genticamente, la
probabilidad de homocigocidad ocurre debido a que la
descendencia hereda los mismos genes ancestrales de ambos
padres.
EN: inbreeding coefficient

coeficiente de cultivo
DF: La estimacin del uso consuntivo del agua por los cultivos
sobre la base de los valores de la evapotranspiracin.
EN: crop coefficient

coevolucin
DF: Evolucin en la que genes o fragmentos de genes de dos o
ms especies ecolgicamente interdependientes (por ejemplo,
una planta y sus polinizadores) cambian juntas y no
divergen.
EN: coevolution

coformicina
DF: Antibitico sinergista ribonuclesido e inhibidor de la
adenosina deaminasa aislado de Nocardia interforma y
Streptomyces kaniharaensis . Se propone como un sinergista
antineoplsico e inmunosupresor.
EN: coformycin

cognicin
DF: Proceso intelectual o mental mediante el cual un organismo
adquiere conciencia o conocimiento.
EN: cognition

cohesion social
DF: Caracterstica de los grupos sociales que describe la
firmeza del compromiso de los participantes con otros
miembros del grupo y con el grupo en conjunto.
EN: social cohesion

colecistoquinina
DF: Pptido de 33 aminocidos secretado por la mucosa
intestinal superior y tambin encontrado en el sistema
nervioso central. Causa contraccin de la vescula biliar,
liberacin de enzimas exocrinas pancreticas (o digestivas)
y afecta otras funciones gastrointestinales. La
colecistoquinina puede ser el mediador de la saciedad.
EN: cholecystokinin

colectivizacin
DF: Organizar una economa, industria o empresa sobre la base
de la teora poltica o econmica de control grupal,
especialmente sobre la produccin y la distribucin.
EN: collectivization
630

colectores solares
DF: Los dispositivos que absorben y acumulan la radiacin solar
para su uso como fuente de energa.
EN: solar collectors

colelitiasis
DF: Presencia o formacin de clculos biliares.
EN: cholelithiasis

clera porcino
DF: Enfermedad aguda y altamente contagiosa de los cerdos,
causada por el virus de la peste porcina clsica. Tiene un
inicio abrupto con morbilidad y mortalidad altas, pero
tambin se puede presentar en formas crnica y subclnica.
Entre los sntomas se incluye fiebre elevada, anorexia,
hemorragia y otros sntomas digestivos, nerviosos y
pulmonares, y la infeccin puede llevar a falla
reproductiva.
EN: hog cholera

colestasis
DF: Disminucin del flujo biliar en cualquier nivel desde los
hepatocitos a la ampolla de Vater.
EN: cholestasis

colesterol de lipoprotena de alta densidad
DF: Colesterol contenido en lipoprotenas de alta densidad
(LAD) o que est fijado a ellas, incluidos los esteres de
colesterol y el colesterol libre.
EN: high density lipoprotein cholesterol

clico
DF: Paroxismo causado por dolor. Esta condicin generalmente se
presenta en la regin abdominal, pero tambin puede ocurrir
en otras zonas.
EN: colic

colistina
DF: Antibitico polipptido cclico de Bacillus colistinus .
Se compone de polimixinas E1 y E2 (o Colistinas A, B y C)
que actan como detergentes en las membranas celulares. La
colistina es menos txica que la polimixina B, pero en
cierta forma similar; el metanosulfonato es utilizado
oralmente.
EN: colistin

colitis
DF: Inflamacin del colon.
EN: colitis

colonoscopa
DF: Examen endoscpico, tratamiento o ciruga de la superficie
luminal del colon.
631

EN: colonoscopy

colorantes reactivos
DF: Clase de colorantes que se enlazan a molculas de fibra y
se fijan reaccionando qumicamente. Se utilizan
especialmente en la coloracin de fibras celulsicas,
proteicas y de nylon.
EN: reactive dyes

colposcopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se practica en el cuello del
tero y la vagina por medio de un endoscopio especialmente
diseado que se introduce a travs de la vagina.
EN: colposcopy

columna cervical
DF: Zona del cuello en la columna vertebral compuesta por siete
vrtebras cervicales.
EN: cervical spine

columna lumbar
DF: Regin de la parte baja de la columna vertebral entre las
vrtebras torcicas y las vrtebras sacras, que
corresponden a cinco vrtebras lumbares.
EN: lumbar spine

columna torcica
DF: Las doce vrtebras de la columna en la zona del pecho,
ubicadas entre las vertebras lumbares y cervicales.
EN: thoracic spine

combustibles (ecologa de incendios)
DF: Vegetacin viva o muerta que puede encenderse.
EN: fuels (fire ecology)

combustibles alternativos
DF: Sustitutos de los lquidos tradicionales, los carburantes
derivados del petrleo para vehculos de gasolina y diesel.
Incluye el metanol, etanol, biodiesel, gas natural
comprimido y otros. Las alternativas son promovidas para la
reduccin de la contaminacinla dependencia del petrleo
importado.
EN: alternative fuels

combustin
DF: Reaccin qumica del oxgeno con otro elemento o compuesto.
La reaccin va acompaada de la liberacin de calor y,
generalmente, luz.
EN: combustion

comedores comunitarios
DF: Organizaciones o centros que preparan comidas o celebran
reuniones para su distribucin, ya sea in situ o fuera de
las instalaciones de los beneficiarios ms necesitados los
632

cuales no residen en las instalaciones. Las comidas se
ofrecen a poco o ningn costo.
EN: community feeding centers

comer menos de lo necesario
DF: Comer menos de lo necesario para mantener un peso normal.
EN: undereating

competencia del vector
DF: La capacidad fisiolgica de un organismo vector de
adquirir, mantener y transmitir un agente infeccioso,
descrito por la susceptibilidad a una respuesta de
patgenos, respuesta inmune, y el mantenimiento de la
infeccin por el tiempo suficiente para que ocurra la
transmisin de la enfermedad.
EN: vector competence

competencia ecolgica
DF: Demanda simultnea por parte de dos o ms organismos o
especies de un recurso necesario en su ambiente (por
ejemplo, nutrientes, espacio, agua).
EN: ecological competition

competicin vegetal
DF: La demanda simultnea de dos o ms individuos o especies
vegetales por un recurso necesario en su ambiente (por
ejemplo, nutrientes, agua, espacio).
EN: plant competition

complejo antgeno-anticuerpo
DF: Complejo formado por la unin de molculas de antgenos y
anticuerpos. La deposicin de grandes complejos
antgeno-anticuerpo que produce dao a los tejidos causa
enfermedades al complejo inmunitario.
EN: antigen-antibody complex

complejo captador de luz
DF: Complejo de protenas de pigmento que capta la energa de
la luz y la convierte en energa excitn que puede migrar
al centro de reaccin fotosinttica donde ocurre la
fotosntesis. La luz es absorbida por molculas de pigmento
(e.g. clorofila, bacterioclorofila, carotenoides,
ficobilina) que se adhieren a la protena.
EN: light harvesting complex

complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad
DF: Regin gentica que contiene los loci de los genes que
determinan la estructura de los antgenos de
histocompatibilidad definidos serolgicamente (DS) y por
linfocito (DL), de los genes que controlan la estructura de
los antgenos inmunes asociados con las respuestas (aI), y
de los genes de respuesta inmune (rI), que controlan la
capacidad de un animal para responder inmunolgicamente a
los estmulos antignicos y de los genes que determinan la
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estructura y/o el nivel de los primeros cuatro componentes
del complemento.
EN: major histocompatibility complex

complejo productor de oxgeno
DF: complejo productor de oxgeno (CPO) es un complejo de
protena en el Fotosistema II.
EN: oxygen evolving complex

complejo proteosomo endopeptidasa
DF: Una complejo largo de multisubunidades que juega un rol
importante en la degradacin de la mayora de las protenas
nucleares y citoslicas en clulas eucariticas. Contiene
un sub-complejo cataltico 700-kDa y dos sub-complejos
regulatorios 700-kDa. El complejo digiere protenas
ubiquitinadas y protenas activadas va ornitina
decarboxilasa antizima.
EN: proteasome endopeptidase complex

complejo sinaptonmico
DF: Tercera parte de la estructura del material proteinceo
semejante a una banda que sirve para alinear y unir los
pares de cromosomas homlogos. Se forma durante la fase
citogeno de la primera divisin meitica. Es un
prerrequisito para el intercambio gentico.
EN: synaptonemal complex

complejos multienzimticos
DF: Sistemas enzimticos que funcionan de manera secuencial
catalizando reacciones consecutivas ligadas por
intermediarios metablicos comunes. Ellos pueden suponer
simplemente una transferencia de molculas de agua o tomos
de hidrgeno y pueden estar asociados con largas
estructuras supramoleculares como las mitocondrias o los
ribosomas.
EN: multienzyme complexes

complejos multiproteicos
DF: Complejos macromoleculares formados a partir de la
asociacin de subunidades proteicas definidas.
EN: multiprotein complexes

complementacin gentica
DF: Produccin de un fenotipo natural por dos alelos mutantes
recesivos diferentes que actan independientemente en la
misma clula diploide del heterocarin.
EN: genetic complementation

complicaciones (enfermedad)
DF: Coexistencia de dos o ms condiciones o estados
patolgicos; las condiciones pueden preceder o ser
posteriores (secuelas) al inicio de una enfermedad primaria
y pueden no estar etiolgicamente relacionadas entre s.
EN: complications (disease)
634

complicaciones postoperatorias
DF: Procesos patolgicos que afectan a los pacientes despus de
un procedimiento quirrgico. Pueden o no estar relacionados
con la enfermedad por la cual se realiza la ciruga y
pueden o no ser el resultado directo de la ciruga.
EN: postoperative complications

componentes de las paredes celulares
DF: Composicin qumica y constituyentes de las paredes
celulares.
EN: cell wall components

comportamiento carroero
DF: Bsqueda de animales muertos o de materia orgnica en
descomposicin para alimentarse.
EN: scavenging behavior

comportamiento de impronta
DF: Patrones de comportamiento o aprendizaje rpido que ocurre
en momentos crticos de etapas muy incipientes del
desarrollo animal, mediante los cuales los individuos
jvenes de una especie adquieren patrones irreversibles de
comportamiento de esa especie.
EN: imprinting behavior

comportamiento del fuego
DF: La manera en que el fuego reacciona a las influencias del
combustible, clima y topografa.
EN: fire behavior

comportamiento econmico
DF: La manera en la cual se toman decisiones respecto al manejo
de riquezas, incluyendo la manera de compra/venta de bienes
y servicios, generacin de ingresos, asignacin de
recursos econmicos, prstamos/intereses, inversiones, y
otras elecciones financieras.
EN: economic behavior

composicin botnica
DF: El porcentaje de especies de plantas que comprenden una
comunidad de plantas.
EN: botanical composition

composicin de las heces
DF: composicin qumica de las heces.
EN: feces composition

composicin del rodal
DF: La proporcin de cada especie de planta en una unidad
dirigida, tal como una foresta, csped o cosecha.
EN: stand composition

compost a base de residuos de la produccin de hongos
635

DF: Producto de desecho residual que queda despus de la
recoleccin de setas.
EN: spent mushroom compost

compost de setas
DF: Compost especialmente formulado y procesado por lo general
contiene estircol, paja y otros materiales de desecho que
se utilizan en la produccin de setas.
EN: mushroom compost

compras verdes
DF: Compra de productos renovables, amigables con el medio
ambiente o de base biolgica, con el fin de proporcionar
beneficios como la reduccin del impacto del cambio
climtico, seguridad energtica y el desarrollo econmico
sostenible.
EN: environmentally preferable purchasing

compresibilidad
DF: Habilidad de un material de reducir su tamao o volumen
mediante compresin.
EN: compressibility

compuestos de amonio
DF: Compuestos inorgnicos y orgnicos que contienen el in
NH4+.
EN: ammonium compounds

comunicacin de crisis
DF: Tipo de comunicacin de riesgos, que reconoce un peligro,
valida la preocupacin, y comunica una accin de manera
eficaz.
EN: crisis communication

comunicacin de riesgo
DF: Proceso educativo donde los riesgos potenciales son
comunicados a los individuos o grupos de individuos a fin
de promover la conciencia sobre el riesgo y prevenir
incidentes adversos.
EN: risk communication

comunicacin interauricular tipo seno venoso
DF: Defecto cardaco congnito del tabique interauricular que
afecta el flujo sanguneo de la vena cava inferior o de la
superior.
EN: sinus venosus atrial septal defect

comunicadores de riesgo
DF: Personas que realizan la comunicacin del riesgo.
EN: risk communicators

comunidades sostenibles
DF: Una comunidad que es ecolgica, econmica y socialmente
sana y resistente a travs del manejo de sus recursos
636

naturales, financieros y humanos para satisfacer las
necesidades actuales garantizando al mismo tiempo que los
recursos suficientes sean equitativamente disponibles en el
futuro.
EN: sustainable communities

comunidades vegetales
DF: Las poblaciones de plantas varias (especies) que viven en
el mismo hbitat o medio ambiente, tpicamente con una o
ms especies dominantes.
EN: plant communities

concentracin
DF: Proceso de aumentar la cantidad de sustancia disuelta en
una solucin mediante la evaporacin del solvente.
EN: concentrating

concentracin (economa)
DF: Medida del grado en que una cuantas industrias grandes
dominan las ventas, produccin o capacidades totales dentro
de una industria o mercado.
EN: concentration (economics)

concentracin inhibitoria 50
DF: Concentracin de un compuesto necesaria para reducir el
crecimiento de la poblacin de organismos, incluyendo
clulas eucariticas, en un 50% in vitro. Aunque a menudo
se usa para denotar actividad antibacterial in vitro,
tambin se utiliza como estndar para la citotoxicidad de
clulas eucariticas en cultivo.
EN: inhibitory concentration 50

concentracin letal 50
DF: Concentracin de un material en el aire que mata el 50% de
los animales de prueba cuando se administra en una nica
exposicin en un perodo especfico (generalmente 1 hora);
medida comn de toxicidad aguda de vapores, polvos,
atomizados en gotas finas, y gases. Srvase tomar en cuenta
que los valores de concentracin letal se utilizan cuando
la va de administracin es la inhalacin. Los valores CL
generalmente se expresan como partes de material por
millones de partes de agua (ppm).
EN: lethal concentration 50

concentracin mnima inhibitoria
DF: Prueba de sensibilidad microbial que mide la mnima
concentracin de un agente antimicrobiano inhibidor del
crecimiento de un microoganismo.
EN: minimum inhibitory concentration

concentracin qumica
DF: Medida de la cantidad de sustancia presente en cantidad de
una unidad de mezcla o solucin. Las cantidades se pueden
expresar en moles, gramos o volmenes.
637

EN: chemical concentration

concepcin
DF: Fusin entre el espermatozoide y el vulo en los animales
para producir un cigoto.
EN: conception

conceptus
DF: Producto de la concepcin en cualquier etapa de desarrollo
desde la fertilizacin al nacimiento. Incluye el embrin o
el feto y las membranas embrionarias.
EN: conceptus

conciencia
DF: Sentido de percepcin de s mismo y del entorno.
EN: consciousness

condiciones ambientales secas
DF: Hbitats o sitios caracterizados por la disponibilidad
limitada de agua.
EN: dry environmental conditions

condiciones anaerbicas
DF: Ausencia completa o temporal de oxgeno elemental gaseoso o
disuelto en un ambiente determinado.
EN: anaerobic conditions

condiciones de humedad ambiental
DF: Hbitats o lugares de ambientes con mucha humedad.
EN: wet environmental conditions

condiciones de trabajo
DF: Usar para referirse al ambiente social, fsico y
psicolgico de los trabajadores humanos.
EN: working conditions

condiciones msicas
DF: Hbitats o sitios caracterizados por condiciones
ambientales moderadas, es decir, ni definidamente hmedo
(condiciones hdricas) ni seco (condiciones xricas).
EN: mesic conditions

condimentos
DF: Sazonadores y saborizantes que generalmente son aadidos
por el consumidor a las comidas despus de su preparacin.
EN: condiments

condrognesis
DF: Formacin de cartlago.
EN: chondrogenesis

conducta agonista
DF: Comportamiento social agresivo o defensivo, tal como
pelear, huir o sumisin entre individuos generalmente de la
638

misma especie.
EN: agonistic behavior

conducta del consumidor
DF: La manera en la cual la gente toma decisiones con respecto
a la obtencin de bienes o servicios; especficamente: qu,
cuando, por qu, donde, con qu frecuencia y de quien
compran los bienes y servicios.
EN: consumer behavior

conducta evitativa
DF: Conductas por medio de las cuales un animal se mantiene
alejado de situaciones o condiciones ambientales que le
producen dolor o ansiedad.
EN: avoidance behavior

conexinas
DF: Grupo de protenas homlogas que forman los canales
intermembranales de las uniones de brechas. Las conexinas
son los productos de una familia de genes identificados que
tiene regiones altamente conservadas y altamente
divergentes. La variedad contribuye a la amplia gama de
propiedades funcionales de las uniones de brechas.
EN: connexins

confiabilidad (estadstica)
DF: Grado en que una prueba, un experimento o un instrumento de
medicin entrega los mismos resultados cada vez.
EN: reliability

conformacin de protenas
DF: Configuracin tridimensional o forma de una cadena de
polipptidos. El polipptido se une a una estructura
proteica que se determina de acuerdo al estado de energa
ms bajo que se puede lograr. Este menor nivel de energa
se determina mediante la secuencia del aminocido de la
cadena del polipptido.
EN: protein conformation

congelacin
DF: Remocin del calor para cambiar una sustancia de lquido a
slido.
EN: freezing

conjugacin
DF: Proceso biolgico mediante el cual dos clulas se ponen en
contacto e intercambian material gentico. En las
bacterias, la transferencia es unilateral desde el donante
al receptor; en los protozoos, el intercambio es bilateral
entre los conjugantes.
EN: genetic conjugation

conocimientos y destrezas en computacin
DF: Poseer las destrezas bsicas para el uso de computadores.
639

EN: computer literacy

conos (retina)
DF: Neuronas fotosensibles aferentes, ubicadas principalmente
dentro de la fvea central de la mcula ltea. Hay tres
tipos principales de clulas conos (rojo, azul y verde) con
fotopigmentos de diferentes curvas de sensibilidad
espectral. Las clulas del cono retiniano operan en la
visin diurna (a intensidad fotpica) proporcionando el
reconocimiento de colores y la agudeza visual central.
EN: cones (retina)

conservacin de la naturaleza
DF: Proteccin, preservacin o restauracin de los recursos
naturales tales como bosques, suelo, agua y vida silvestre.
EN: natural resources conservation

conservacin del hbitat
DF: Preservacin, mantencin, proteccin, restauracin y
mejoramiento del hbitat de las especies salvajes.
EN: habitat conservation

Consorcio Interagencia de la Evaluacin de Riesgo
DF: Asociacin de representantes de agencias federales,
institutos y centros que trabajan colectivamente para
investigar, coordinar y comunicar en el mbito de la
evaluacin de riesgos de seguridad.
EN: Interagency Risk Assessment Consortium

consumo (economa)
DF: Uso de bienes econmicos en la satisfaccin de necesidades
o en la fabricacin.
EN: consumption (economics)

consumo alimentario
DF: Informacin sobre consumo de alimentos que mide el flujo de
materias primas y productos alimentarios procesados a
travs del sistema de comercializacin.
EN: food consumption

consumo de oxgeno
DF: Velocidad a la que un tejido utiliza oxgeno o velocidad a
la que el oxgeno entre a la sangre.
EN: oxygen consumption

consumo promedio diario
DF: Consumo promedio de un agente biolgico, qumico o fsico,
durante un perodo especfico de tiempo, tomando en
consideracin la frecuencia, duracin e intensidad de
exposicin. Usualmente expresado en unidades de mg/Kg/da.
EN: average daily intake

Consumos Diarios de Referencia
DF: Anteriormente, se mencionaban como las Raciones Diarias
640

Recomendadas en EE.UU. Estas guas para el consumo dietario
de ciertas vitaminas y minerales esenciales son
independientes del consumo total de caloras.
EN: Reference Daily Intakes

contacto directo
DF: Un modo de exposicin entre un agente biolgico, qumico o
fsico y una superficie expuesta y susceptible.
EN: direct contact

contacto indirecto
DF: Modo de exposicin a un agente biolgico, qumico o fsico
que incluye vectores o materiales contaminados.
EN: indirect contact

contacto primario
DF: Exposicin inicial a un agente biolgic, qumico o fsico.
EN: primary contact

contacto secundario
DF: Exposicin de un agente biolgico, qumico o fsico despus
de su exposicin inicial.
EN: secondary contact

contaminacin de origen puntual
DF: La contaminacin de origen puntual se refiere a aquella que
proviene de una fuente especfica identificable, como una
caera, canal, estanque, pozo o zanja.
EN: point source pollution

contaminacin del sedimento
DF: Contaminacin de sedimentos.
EN: sediment contamination

contaminantes (polucin)
DF: Substancia introducida al ambiente y que tiene efectos
adversos en los sistemas biolgicos de los organismos.
EN: pollutants

conteo sobre placa
DF: El nmero de colonias de bacterias u hongos que se
desarrollan en medios de cultivo en una placa de Petri con
una cantidad conocida de inculo.
EN: plate count

contraccin uterina
DF: Contraccin del msculo del tero durante el parto.
EN: uterine contraction

contrachapado
DF: Un tablero de madera engomada hecho de capas relativamente
finas de chapas con el grano de las capas adyacentes en
ngulos rectos o de chapas en combinacin con mdula de
madera o madera reconstituida. La construccin usual tiene
641

un nmero impar de capas.
EN: plywood

contrachapado de madera blanda
DF: Material estructural hecho de capas de chapa de madera
blanda pegadas, bajo presin y calor, con los granos de
capas contiguas en ngulos rectos unos con otros.
EN: softwood plywood

contratacin
DF: Adicin de un nuevo individuo dentro de una poblacin.
EN: recruitment

control fsico
DF: Manejo, erradicacin o expulsin de pestes mediante el uso
de mtodos abiticos no qumicos o barreras fsicas.
EN: physical control

conversin de dosis interespecfica
DF: El proceso de extrapolar desde las dosis animales a dosis
humanas equivalentes.
EN: interspecies dose conversion

conversin de piensos
DF: Unidades de piensos consumidas por unidad de aumento de
peso o unidad de produccin, por ejemplo leche, carne,
huevos.
EN: feed conversion

conversin energtica
DF: Cambio de energa de una forma a otra.
EN: energy conversion

conversin gentica
DF: Segregacin asimtrica de genes durante la replicacin, que
produce hebras recombinantes no recprocas y la aparente
conversin de un alelo en otro.
EN: gene conversion

cooperativas
DF: Organizacin formada con el propsito de producir y
comercializar bienes y productos de propiedad colectiva
entre miembros que comparten los beneficios.
EN: cooperatives

cooperativas de marketing
DF: Tipo de cooperativa que ensambla y comercializa materias
producidas mayoritariamente por sus miembros.
EN: marketing cooperatives

cooperativas de negociacin
DF: Tipo de cooperativa que negocia precios, calidad y trminos
de entrega con los compradores.
EN: bargaining cooperatives
642

copa de los rboles
DF: Las ramas y follaje de un rbol situados por encima del
tronco principal o tallo.
EN: tree crown

coproductos
DF: Cualquiera de dos o ms productos elaborados en conjunto
bajo el mismo proceso o unidad de produccin.
EN: coproducts

cor triatriatum
DF: Malformacin del corazn en la que la vena pulmonar comn
embrionaria no se incorpora en la aurcula izquierda,
dejando una membrana fibromuscular perforada que biseca la
aurcula izquierda, es decir, se forma un corazn con tres
atrios. La abertura entre las dos secciones de la aurcula
izquierda determina el grado de obstruccin al retorno
venoso pulmonar y las hipertensiones venosa pulmonar y
arterial pulmonar.
EN: cor triatriatum

cordero (carne)
DF: Carne de ovejas que tienen ms de un ao de edad.
EN: mutton

corion
DF: La ltima membrana extraembrionaria que rodea al embrin en
desarrollo.
EN: chorion

cormos
DF: Tallo engrosado subterrneo, de base hinchada y crecimiento
vertical que contiene nudos y abultamientos de los que
salen yemas. Esta recubierto por capas de hojas secas, a
modo de tnicas superpuestas. En la parte inferior produce
pequeos cormos nuevos que servirn para la reproduccin de
nuevas plantas.
EN: corms

corona de la raz
DF: Punto de crecimiento donde las races se unen al tallo.
EN: root crown

corporaciones
DF: Organizacin comercial con fines de lucro en la que la
corporacin es una entidad distinta de la gente que la
controla, administra y posee. Los accionistas y los
personeros de la compaa (por ejemplo, el directorio)
estn protegidos contra prdidas personales.
EN: corporations

corpsculo polar del huso
DF: Centro organizador de microtbulos de levadura,
643

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, que funciona
como el centrosoma de las clulas de los mamferos.
EN: spindle pole body

corredores biolgicos
DF: Areas que conectan habitats separados y permiten el
movimiento y acceso de species silvestres. Estos espacios
posibilitan el flujo gentico entre poblaciones aisladas y
pueden aminorar los efectos negativos de la fragmentacin
del habitat.
EN: biological corridors

correlacin
DF: Relacin estadstica del grado en el que dos o ms
variables presentan una tendencia a variar entre s.
EN: correlation

correlacin gentica
DF: Porcin de una correlacin fenotpica entre dos
caractersticas en una poblacin que se puede atribuir a
efectos genticos aditivos.
EN: genetic correlation

corrupcin
DF: Sabor u olor no deseado en alimento fresco o procesado. La
corrupcin puede venir de la degradacin del alimento o de
contaminacin desde otra fuente.
EN: taint

corta de recuperacin
DF: Corta que se realiza principalmente para utilizar el
material inerte y cado y los rboles aislados de alto
riesgo que no sern comercializables si permanecen en pie
hasta la siguiente corta programada.
EN: salvage logging

cortafuego
DF: Barrera natural o construida utilizada para detener o
controlar incendios que puedan ocurrir, o para proporcionar
una lnea de control desde donde combatirlo.
EN: fire break

cortando las flores marchitas
DF: La prctica de remover flores muertas o marchitas para
favorecer el subsecuente florecimiento, prevenir la
produccin de semillas o mejorar la apariencia de la planta.
EN: deadheading

cortaviento
DF: Hilera o hileras de rboles, arbustos u otras plantas
utilizadas para reducir la erosin del viento, para
proteger cultivos jvenes y para controlar la nieve soplada
por el viento. Los cortavientos tambin proporcionan
excelente proteccin contra las inclemencias del tiempo
644

para la vida silvestre, el ganado, las casas y las
construcciones de granjas.
EN: shelterbelts

cortisol
DF: El principal glucocorticoide secretado por la corteza
adrenal. Su contraparte sinttica se usa, inyectada o en
forma tpica, en el tratamiento de inflamaciones, alergias,
enfermedades del colgeno, asma, deficiencia
adrenocortical, schock, y en algunas condiciones
neoplsicas.
EN: cortisol

costeo del ciclo de vida
DF: El costo del ciclo de vida de un producto o proyecto
incluye costos de operacin, mantenimiento, contratacin y
eliminacin y/o desmantelamiento, adems del costo inicial
de adquisicin.
EN: life cycle costing

costo de oportunidad
DF: Resultado econmico de abandonar una oportunidad, a menudo
asociado con inversiones.
EN: opportunity costs

costo de transporte
DF: Cobro por el transporte de productos y materias primas por
parte de una empresa de transporte comercial.
EN: freightage

costos de produccin
DF: La suma, medida en dlares, de todos los insumos comprados
y otros gastos necesarios para producir productos agrarios.
Las estadsticas del coste de produccin puede ser
expresado como un promedio por animal, por acre, o por
unidad de produccin (hectlitro, libra, o hundredweight)
para todas las granjas en un rea o en el pas. Nota del
traductor: 1 hundredweight (cwt) = 50.802 kilogramos
EN: production costs

cowdriosis
DF: Enfermedad septicmica transmitida por garrapatas de
rumiantes causada por Ehrlichia ruminantium de la familia
Rickettsiaceae.
EN: heartwater

crecimiento celular
DF: Aumento del tamao de una clula.
EN: cell growth

crecimiento determinado
DF: Crecimiento de las plantas en el cual el crecimiento del
eje principal est terminado. Habitualmente se aplica a
inflorescencia, donde la flor terminal es la primera en
645

madurar a lo largo de la inflorescencia.
EN: determinate growth

crecimiento forestal
DF: Cambio en el volumen de madera que se produce en un perodo
de tiempo.
EN: forest growth

crecimiento indeterminado
DF: Crecimiento de una planta que contina en el pice, como la
continuacin del desarrollo de flores en inflorescencias
indeterminadas.
EN: indeterminate growth

crema de coco
DF: Capa superior espesa y pastosa que se separa de la leche de
coco tras la refrigeracin o el enlatado y que contiene
menos agua.
EN: coconut cream

cremado
DF: Proceso en el que las partculas de la fase dispersa de una
emulsin, tales como las gotitas suspendidas en un fluido
inmiscible, ascienden o se hunden, dependiendo de la
flotabilidad o de otras propiedades fisicoqumicas y/o
reolgicas.
EN: creaming

creosota
DF: Mezcla lquida y oleosa de fenoles, creosoles e
hidrocarburos aromticos policclicos que se obtiene
mediante destilacin de alquitrn de carbn o madera,
especialmente de madera de raul.
EN: creosote

cra artificial
DF: Cra que se produce en un ambiente no natural.
EN: artificial rearing

cra de pez desarrollada
DF: Peces inmaduros jvenes en la fase post-larval de
desarrollo, caracterizada por el comienzo de alimentacin
exgena y el final de la dependencia al saco vitelino como
fuente primaria de nutricin.
EN: fish fry

cra de tortugas
DF: El cultivo de tortugas para alimentacin y otros propsitos.
EN: turtle culture

crianza de ranas
DF: El cultivo de las ranas para alimentacin y otros
propsitos.
EN: frog culture
646

cras de gansos
DF: Gansos jvenes.
EN: goslings

criptgamas
DF: Plantas y organismos similares a las plantas, tales como
musgos, helechos, hongos y algas, que se reproducen por
esporas y no por semillas.
EN: cryptogams

criptorquidismo
DF: Defecto del desarrollo caracterizado por la ausencia de
descenso de los testculos al escroto.
EN: cryptorchidism

criptozoitos
DF: Estado de los parsitos de la malaria Plasmodium, que se
desarrollan directamente de los esporozoitos durante la
fase exoeritroctica.
EN: cryptozoites

cristalinas
DF: Principales protenas encontradas en los lentes vertebrados.
EN: crystallins

criterio de desempeo, CAC
DF: Efecto en frecuencia y/o concentracin de un peligro en un
alimento que debe ser alcanzado mediante la aplicacin de
una o ms medidas de control para proporcionar o contribuir
a una OP (objetivo de rendimiento) o un OIA (objetivo de
seguridad alimentaria)
EN: CAC performance criterion

criterio de seleccin
DF: Rasgos de la planta o raza animal que se desea obtener en
la progenie.
EN: selection criteria

criterios de calidad de agua
DF: Niveles especficos de calidad de agua que, de ser
alcanzado, se espera que indique que un cuerpo de agua es
adecuado para el uso que se le ha designado. Los criterios
se basan en niveles especficos de contaminantes que haran
que el agua fuera daina si se usara para beber, para la
natacin, la agricultura, la produccin de peces o para los
procesos industriales.
EN: water quality criteria

criterios microbiolgicos
DF: Criterio microbiolgico para los alimentos, el cual define
la aceptabilidad de un producto o un lote de alimentos,
basado en la ausencia o presencia, o el nmero de
microorganismos, incluidos parsitos, y / o la cantidad de
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sus toxinas / metabolitos, por unidad (s) de masa, volumen,
zona, o lote.
EN: microbiological criteria

cromatina sexual
DF: Masa condensada de cromatina, en el ncleo interfase, que
constituye un cromosoma X
inactivado. cada cromosoma X que sobrepase la cifra de uno
forma un cuerpo de cromatina
sexual (corpusculo de Barr) en el ncleo de los mamferos.
EN: sex chromatin

cromatforos
DF: Grandes clulas pigmentarias de peces, anfibios, reptiles y
numerosos invertebrados, las cuales dispersan y juntan sus
grnulos de pigmentos. Entre ellas se incluyen los
melanforos, eritrforos, xantforos, leucforos e
iridforos. En el caso de las algas, los cromatforos se
refieren a los cloroplastos; en el caso de las bacterias
fototrficas, se refieren a orgnulos membranosos
(cromatforos bacterianos).
EN: chromatophores

cromatografa de intercambio de iones
DF: Tcnica de separacin en la que la fase estacionaria consta
de resinas de intercambio de iones. Las resinas contienen
iones pequeos sueltos que intercambian lugar fcilmente
con otros iones pequeos de carga similar en soluciones que
se aplican a las resinas.
EN: ion exchange chromatography

cruzamiento de prueba
DF: Cruza entre un organismo que exhibe el fenotipo dominante
de un caracter determinado, pero cuyo genotipo para ese
rasgo es desconocido, y un organismo homocigtico recesivo
para el rasgo, de manera que el genotipo desconocido se
pueda determinar a partir de la descendencia.
EN: testcrosses

cruzamiento exogmico
DF: Cruza de individuos que pertenecen a cepas o familias
diferentes dentro de la misma raza o variedad.
EN: outcrossing

cruzamiento superior
DF: El trmino no se limita al contexto de las plantas o los
animales. La cruza entre un animal macho de sangre pura con
un animal hembra no pura sangre. La polinacin de plantas
de semilla de una lnea no endogmica con polen de una
lnea endogmica.
EN: topcrossing

cruzamientos recprocos
DF: Consiste en realizar dos cruzamientos; en el primero, la
648

progenie resulta de cruzar un macho de la poblacin A con
una hembra de la poblacin B; en el segundo cruzamiento, la
progenie resulta de cruzar un macho de la poblacin B con
una hembra de la poblacin A.
EN: reciprocal crosses

cubculos libres
DF: Cubculos en los que animales lecheros pueden entrar y
salir libremente, en lugar de estar confinados entre
barandas.
EN: free stalls

cubierta (plantas)
DF: El estrato o capa mas o menos contnuo de vegetacin
formada por el follaje y ramas de plantas.
EN: canopy

cubierta forestal
DF: La cubierta o estrato mas o menos continuo compuesto de las
ramas superiores o ms altas y follaje de rboles
forestales que es expuesta a la luz solar restringiendo el
paso de la misma hacia el sotobosque y la hojarasca,
mantillo o lecho forestal.
EN: forest canopy

cuchillera
DF: Surtido de cuchillos, tenedores, cucharas y otros
implementos usados para comer.
EN: flatware

cuelure
DF: Kairomona sinttica que moscas de la fruta del gnero
tephritidae, tales como Bactocera cucurbitae.
EN: cue-lure

cuenca alimentaria
DF: La delimitacin de la zona geogrfica de produccin local y
/ o regional, transporte, comercializacin, distribucin y
suministro de alimentos a una poblacin, de forma anloga a
un punto de inflexin en su descripcin de un sistema
alimentario geogrfico.
EN: foodshed

cuencas hidrogrficas
DF: rea de tierra drenada por un ro, donde las
precipitaciones escurren hacia arroyos, ros, lagos y
embalses. Es una tierra que se puede identificar trazando
una lnea a lo largo de las elevaciones ms altas entre dos
reas en un mapa, habitualmente una cresta.
EN: watersheds

cuerpos cetnicos
DF: Sustancias qumicas tales como el cido diactico, el cido
hidroxibutrico y la acetona, que son producido en el
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hgado de los animales. Una cantidad excesiva de ellas en
el cuerpo produce cetosis. La eliminacin de cetonas en la
orina se denomina cetonuria.
EN: ketone bodies

cuerpos fructferos
DF: Cualquier estructura reproductiva que produce esporas o
gametos.
EN: fruiting bodies

cuerpos lpidos
DF: Inclusin citoplasmtica que contiene lpidos y tiene una
membrana inusual compuesta por una sola capa de
fosfolpidos. Los cuerpos lpidos se encuentran
especialmente en semillas ricas en aceite.
EN: lipid bodies

cuerpos pedunculados
DF: Masas pedunculadas en pares en el protocerebro,
involucradas en la integracin visual y la conducta.
EN: mushroom bodies

cuidado familiar diario
DF: Cuidado de nios, adultos dependientes o ancianos por parte
de otras personas de los padres o tutores legales.
EN: family day care

cuidado infantil
DF: Cuidado de nios en el hogar o en instituciones.
EN: child care

cuidado y mantenimiento de terrenos
DF: Cuidado y mantenimiento de reas verdes establecidas
artificialmente.
EN: grounds maintenance

cuidadores de animales
DF: Personas entrenadas en procedimientos del cuidado de
animales que ayudan a cuidar o manipular animales en
laboratorios, en instalaciones veterinarias y de
investigacin.
EN: animal technicians

culdoscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se lleva a cabo en los
rganos plvicos femeninos mediante un endoscopio que se
introduce en la cavidad plvica, a travs de la pared
posterior de la vagina.
EN: culdoscopy

cultivo anfibio
DF: Cultivo de anfibios para alimentacin otros propsitos.
EN: amphibian culture

650

cultivo axnico
DF: Cultivo de una sola especie no contaminado ni asociado con
algn otro organismo viviente.
EN: axenic culture

cultivo con enriquecimiento
DF: Tcnica para aislar los organismos en la que las
condiciones nutritivas y/o medioambientales son controladas
para favorecer el crecimiento de un organismo o grupo de
organismos especfico.
EN: enrichment culture

cultivo continuo
DF: Cultivo de un solo producto en un terreno ao tras ao.
Contrasta con cultivo rotativo y cultivo mixto.
EN: continuous cropping

cultivo de algas
DF: El cultivo de macroalgas o algas para alimentacin y otros
propsitos.
EN: seaweed culture

cultivo de anguila
DF: El cultivo de anguilas para alimentacin y otros propsitos.
EN: eel culture

cultivo de clulas
DF: Tcnica para mantener y/o propagar clulas dispersas de
tejidos originales, cultivo primario, lneas celulares o
estirpes celulares.
EN: cell culture

cultivo de cocodrilos
DF: El cultivo de cocodrilos para alimentacin, cuero,
conservacin y otros propsitos.
EN: crocodile farming

cultivo de rganos
DF: Mantenimiento o desarrollo in vitro de rganos de animales,
que se originan a partir de cultivos tridimensionales de
clulas no desagregadas, de tal modo que el tejido retiene
parte de las caractersticas histolgicas del tejido in
vivo o todas sus caractersticas.
EN: organ culture

cultivo de plantas acuticas
DF: El cultivo de las plantas acuticas para alimentacin y
otros propsitos.
EN: aquatic plant culture

cultivo de reptles
DF: El cultivo de reptiles para alimentacin y otros propsitos.
EN: reptile culture

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cultivo de rotacin
DF: La siembra de un cultivo en otro cultivo ya existente; por
ejemplo, la siembra de trigo de invierno en un cultivo de
frijoles de soya ya existente. La prctica de comenzar un
cultivo en otro ya existente.
EN: relay cropping

cultivo de tejido
DF: Mtodo que consiste en mantener o desarrollar tejidos,
primordios de rganos, rganos completos o partes de ellos,
con el fin de preservar su estructura, su funcin o ambos.
EN: tissue culture

cultivo de temporal
DF: Sistema de produccin de cultivos sin el uso de irrigacin.
EN: rainfed farming

cultivo doble
DF: Dos productos diferentes cultivados en la misma rea
durante una temporada de cultivo.
EN: double cropping

cultivo en franjas de nivel
DF: El cultivo de productos en una disposicin sistemtica de
franjas o bandas que sirven como barreras vegetales
naturales contra el viento y la erosin. Las franjas o
bandas pueden ir perpendiculares a la pendiente del terreno
o en la misma direccin del viento predominante.
EN: strip cropping

cultivo en jaulas
DF: Mtodo de produccin para cultivar especies acuticas
utilizando jaulas hechas de alambre o red montadas en
marcos rgidos que se dejan en el agua.
EN: cage culture

cultivo en terrazas
DF: En las prcticas agronmicas, construccin de lomas de
tierra a lo ancho de una pendiente con un canal plano o en
explanada para detener la erosin del suelo y controlar el
escurrimiento del agua.
EN: terracing

cultivo entre lneas
DF: Sistema de cultivo que implica la plantacin de cultivos
alimentarios en franjas, cuyos bordes estn formados por
rboles o arbustos de crecimiento rpido. Estas especies
leosas generalmente son leguminosas y pueden proporcionar
nitrgeno estable al sistema.
EN: alley cropping

cultivo intercalar
DF: Cultivo simultneo de dos o ms especies diferentes de
productos, como en el caso de hileras alternadas en el
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mismo campo o en una sola extensin de terreno.
EN: intercropping

cultivo migratorio
DF: Un sistema de cultivo, comn en los trpicos, a travs del
cual se limpia el terreno, se queman los residuos, y crecen
los cultivos por un perodo relativamente breve hasta que
la produccin declina. Luego el terreno es abandonado. El
terreno original se limpia y cultiva nuevamente luego de un
perodo de barbecho no controlado de 3 a 20 aos, durante
el cual, por lo general, la fertilidad del suelo es
restaurada en forma natural por la vegetacin leosa.
EN: shifting cultivation

cultivo mixto
DF: Cultivo de varios productos simultneamente en el mismo
terreno, pero no en hileras.
EN: mixed cropping

cultivo molecular
DF: Plantas o animales transgnicos producidos para elaborar
protenas y otros compuestos industriales para una variedad
de usos, tales como frmacos, vacunas, enzimas
industriales, adelgazantes de la sangre, coagulantes de la
sangre, hormonas del crecimiento, anticonceptivos tpicos,
bioplsticos, etc.
EN: molecular farming

cultivo monoxnico
DF: Cultivo que contiene una especie que crece en presencia de
otra especie.
EN: monoxenic culture

cultivo mltiple
DF: Cultivo de ms de un producto en forma consecutiva en un
mismo terreno en un mismo ao.
EN: multiple cropping

cultivos asociados
DF: Cultivos que son compatibles entre s y que crecen bien
juntos. Los cultivos asociados son plantados
simultneamente en el mismo terreno, especialmente cuando
uno beneficia al otro.
EN: companion crops

cultivos de cobertura
DF: Cultivo producido entre perodos de produccin regular del
cultivo principal con el objetivo de proteger el suelo
contra la erosin y mejorar su productividad, salud y
calidad.
EN: cover crops

cultivos de grano
DF: Productos, principalmente de hierbas forrajeras, cultivados
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por sus semillas comestibles, como maz, trigo, centeno,
alforfn, amaranto, etc. En el mercado de cereales se
incluye la soja como cereal.
EN: grain crops

cultivos de invernadero
DF: Productos cultivados en invernadero.
EN: greenhouse production

cultivos de peces
DF: El cultivo de peces, incluyendo especies de agua dulce y
salada, para alimentacin y otros propsitos.
EN: fish culture

cultivos energticos
DF: Cultivos cosechados especficamente para proveer los
materiales crudos para la produccin de energa, incluyendo
cultivos alimenticios como el maz, la caa de azcar y
los cultivos no alimenticios como los lamos y el csped de
pradera (Panicum virgatum).
EN: energy crops

cultivos hidropnicos
DF: El cultivo de plantas sin suelo en un ambiente donde los
nutrientes son proporcionados por medio de la aplicacin de
soluciones nutritivas.
EN: hydroponics

cultivos industriales
DF: Los cultivos que no son especficamente para productos
alimenticios tales como: (cultivos de frutas, hortalizas y
cereales), sino son cultivados para producir un producto
til para el hombre o para los procesos industriales, como
las fibras, aceites, productos qumicos, resinas, energa,
ceras o tintes.
EN: industrial crops

cultivos intermedios
DF: Cultivos de crecimiento rpido plantados y cosechados entre
dos cultivos regulares.
EN: catch crops

cumplir requisitos
DF: Requisitos que una persona o grupo debe cumplir para
recibir productos o servicios.
EN: program eligibility

cuotas de importacin
DF: Lmite cuantitativo impuesto a la importacin de ciertas
mercaderas o productos.
EN: import quotas

curado (cosechas)
DF: Tratamiento postcosecha aplicado a cosechas para reducir la
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prdida de agua y el deterioro durante el almacenamiento.
En cosechas de raz y tubrculo, el curado se refiere al
proceso de curacin de heridas con el desarrollo y
suberizacin de nuevo tejido epidrmico llamado peridermis
de herida. En las cosechas de bulbo, el curado se refiere
al proceso de secado de los tejidos del cuello y de las
hojas exteriores para formar catfilos secos. Las cosechas
pueden ser curadas en terreno o en instalaciones diseadas
para el proceso.
EN: curing (crops)

curado (productos alimentarios)
DF: Cualquiera de varios procesos en que se utilizan productos
qumicos, humo, azcar o especias para conserva los
alimentos y/o modificar su maduracin, color o sabor; se
puede utilizar en combinacin con el secado.
EN: curing (food products)

curado de plsmidos
DF: Tratamiento de las clulas con una sustancia que interfiere
con la replicacin de los plsmidos.
EN: plasmid curing

curado de virus
DF: Causar la prdida de un virus latente que se ha insertado
en un genoma bacteriano (virus lisogenizado).
EN: virus curing

curso agudo
DF: Progesin breve y relativamente grave de una enfermedad.
EN: acute course

cursos en lnea
DF: Lecciones educativas dirigidas a estudiantes y llevadas a
cabo a travs de Internet. Puede que los alumnos y el
instructor no se renan cara a cara sin embargo interactuan
a travs de software basado en la Web y correo electrnico.
EN: online courses

curtido
DF: Proceso consistente en aplicar agentes qumicos a los
cueros o pieles en la elaboracin de cuero.
EN: tanning

cutina
DF: Sustancia cerosa repelente al agua que se deposita en la
superficie de las plantas, compuesta de una cadena compleja
larga de steres lpidos y otros derivados de cidos
grasos. Este biopolmero es un constituyente importante de
la cutcula de las plantas.
EN: cutin

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D

dao al ADN
DF: Dao producido por medicamentos o radiacin al ADN que
producen anormalidades en su conformacin de doble hlice.
EN: DNA damage

dao por nieve
DF: Dao a las plantas causado por la nieve.
EN: snow damage

daptomicina
DF: Antibitico lipopptido cclico que inhibe las bacterias
gram positivas.
EN: daptomycin

datacin por carbono radiactivo
DF: Determinacin de la antigedad de una sustancia orgnica
mediante la medicin de la velocidad de prdida de carbono
radiactivo (carbono 14). El mtodo se basa en el principio
de que todas las plantas y animales vivos absorben pequeas
cantidades de radiocarbono y tal absorcin termina cuando
mueren.
EN: radiocarbon dating

datos de rster
DF: Informacin de tipo espacial que es representada en una
matriz bidimensional en la cual el valor registrado en cada
celda corresponde a una caracterstica especfica de la
ubicacin.
EN: raster data

datos espaciales
DF: Toda informacin representada en imgenes bidimensionales o
tridimensionales, incluyendo informacin de deteccin
remota y de mapas.
EN: spatial data

datos vector
DF: Tipo de informacin espacial que usa un sistema de
coordenadas para representar un punto, una lnea o un
polgono (rea).
EN: vector data

daunorubicina
DF: Antraciclina aminoglucsida antineoplsica muy txica
aislada de Streptomyces peucetius y otros, que se utiliza
en el tratamiento de la leucemia y otras neoplasias.
EN: daunorubicin

deacidificacin
DF: Elevar el pH de una sustancia o material por sobre 7.0
EN: deacidification

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declaracin ambiental de producto
DF: Mecanismo normalizado (ISO 14025/TR), basado en el anlisis
del ciclo de vida, que se utiliza para comunicar
informacin medioambiental cuantificada sobre el ciclo de
vida con respecto a un producto.
EN: environmental product declaration

declaraciones de impacto ambiental
DF: Documento exigido de las organizaciones federales por la
Ley Nacional de Poltica Ambiental para proyectos grandes o
propuestas legislativas que afecten de manera significativa
el ambiente. Herramienta para toma de decisiones, describe
los efectos positivos y negativos de la empresa y cita
acciones alternativas.
EN: environmental impact statements

declinacin del bosque
DF: Enfermedad compleja que involucra estrs bitico y abitico
en un rodal, que provoca una disminucin lenta y progresiva
del crecimiento, con prdida de salud y vigor. La
mortalidad es frecuente. Sin embargo, los rboles afectados
se pueden recuperar una vez que cesa el estrs. Involucra
factores naturales (huracanes, inundaciones, incendios,
sequas, plagas, etc.) y tambin actividad humana
(deforestacin y degradacin forestal).
EN: forest decline

decoracin de interiores
DF: La prctica de planificar el diseo de espacios interiores,
incluyendo la disposicin de los enseres del hogar y de
otros elementos decorativos.
EN: interior design

dedos de zinc
DF: Motivos de las protenas de unin de ADN y ARN, cuyos
aminocidos estn plegados en
una sola unidas estructural alrededor de un tomo de zinc.
En el dedo de zinc clsico, un tomo
de zinc est unido a dos cisteinas y dos histidinas. Entre
ambas cisteinas y entre ambas histidinas
hay 12 residuos que forman la punta de un dedo de unin de
ADN. Por medio de variaciones en
la composicin de las secuencias de las puntas de dedos, y
el nmero de las repeticiones en
tandem del motivo y su espaciamiento, los dedos de zinc
pueden formar un gran nmero de
secuencias especficas distintas de sitios de unin.
EN: zinc finger motif

deficiencia de adhesin de leucocitos en bovinos
DF: Enfermedad hereditaria recesiva autosmica que afecta a
terneros Holstein. Los especimenes homocigticos mueren
debido a susceptibilidad extrema a infecciones, causada por
la incapacidad de los leucocitos de pasar del torrente
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sanguneo al tejido infectado. Esta incapacidad la causa la
falta de protena de adhesin integrina beta 2 en la
superficie de los linfocitos debido a mutacin de dos
puntos en el gen CD 18.
EN: bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency

defoliantes
DF: Productos qumicos que causan la cada de las hojas o el
follaje de las plantas, generalmente para facilitar la
cosecha.
EN: defoliants

degradacin de protenas
DF: Descomposicin general de estructuras proteicas en
productos u organismos.
EN: protein degradation

degradacin qumica
DF: Degradacin de una sustancia por un agente qumico o por
una fuente de energa, como luz, calor o electricidad.
EN: chemical degradation

dehiscencia
DF: Ruptura abierta de vainas maduras o cpsulas en la lneas
definidas o suturas.
EN: dehiscence

delignificacin
DF: Remocin de parte o toda la lignina de la madera a travs
de un tratamiento qumico.
EN: delignification

delincuencia juvenil
DF: Comportamiento de nios o adolescentes que constituye un
crimen delito? (violacin de la ley) o se caracteriza por
conductas antisociales que estn sujetas a accin legal.
EN: juvenile delinquency

demanda bioqumica de oxgeno
DF: Medida de la cantidad de contaminacin orgnica en el agua.
EN: biochemical oxygen demand

demanda del consumidor
DF: Deseo del consumidor de poseer un bien condicionado por su
disposicin y capacidad de pago.
EN: consumer demand

demanda econmica
DF: Deseo de comprar bienes o servicios econmicos a precio de
mercado.
EN: economic demand

demeclociclina
DF: Un anlogo de la tetraciclina que contiene un 7-cloro y un
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6-metil. Al ser eliminada ms lentamente que la
tetraciclina, mantiene niveles efectivos de sangre para
perodos ms largos de tiempo.
EN: demeclocycline

dendritas
DF: Extensiones del cuerpo de las clulas nerviosas. Son cortas
y ramificadas y reciben estmulos de otras neuronas.
EN: dendrites

dendroclimatologa
DF: El estudio del crecimiento anual de los anillos de un rbol
para determinar los patrones histricos de variacin del
clima.
EN: dendroclimatology

dendrocronologa
DF: Estudio de los anillos de crecimiento anual de un rbol y
la influencia de la variaciones climticas a travs del
tiempo.
EN: dendrochronology

dengue
DF: Enfermedad humana infecciosa aguda causada por el virus del
dengue, que se presenta en epidemias en regiones tropicales
y subtropicales y es transmitido por un mosquito del gnero
Aedes (generalmente A. aegypti, pero tambin A. albopictus).
EN: dengue

Dengue virus
DF: Especies del gnero Flavivirus que causan una fiebre aguda
y algunas veces una enfermedad hemorrgica en humanos. El
dengue es una enfermedad transmitida por mosquitos y cuatro
serotipos son conocidos.
EN: Dengue virus

denominacin de origen protegida
DF: Indicaciones geogrficas sobre alimentos y otros productos
agropecuarios, basadas en regulaciones de la Unin Europea,
las cuales garantizan que solo los productos originarios de
una regin determinada son comercialmente identificables
como tales.
EN: protected designation of origin

densidad del rodal
DF: rea basal total promedio por acre de un rodal determinado.
EN: stand density

densidad energtica
DF: Energa por unidad de peso o volumen.
EN: energy density

denuncia de irregularidades
DF: Denuncia de mala conducta profesional o incompetencia
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observada o sospechada a las autoridades competentes o a la
comunidad.
EN: whistleblowing

deodorizacin
DF: Proceso utilizado para eliminar o enmascarar olores, en
particular, olores desagradables.
EN: deodorization

deposicin atmosfrica
DF: El proceso por el cual sustancias qumicas, tales como
partculas contaminantes son transferidas de la atmsfera a
la superficie de la tierra.
EN: atmospheric deposition

deposicin hmeda
DF: Tipo de deposicin atmosfrica en la cual las sustancias
qumicas y las partculas atmosfricas son incorporadas en
pequeas gotas y transferidas a la supeficie terrestre en
forma de lluvia, niebla o nieve. Comparar con deposicin
seca.
EN: wet deposition

deposicin proteica
DF: Protena retenida en los tejidos cuando la sntesis de
protena excede la degradacin de
protenas.
EN: protein deposition

deposicin seca
DF: Deposicin de gases atmosfricos y partculas en la
superficie de la Tierra en ausencia de precipitaciones.
Comparar con el trmino deposicin hmeda.
EN: dry deposition

depresin econmica
DF: Perodo de varios aos de disminucin del crecimiento
econmico que suele ser visto como ms grave que una
recesin econmica, por ejemplo, la disminucin del
producto interno bruto en ms de 10%.
EN: economic depression

depresin por alogamia
DF: La reduccin en la buena condicin de la progenie debido a
cruces entre poblaciones genticamente diferentes.
EN: outbreeding depression

depsipptidos
DF: Compuestos formados por cadenas de aminocidos que alternan
con los cidos carboxlicos va steres y enlaces de
amidas. Comnmente forman parte de un ciclo.
EN: depsipeptides

depuracin renal
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DF: Una medida de la funcin del rin, a saber, el volumen de
plasma que es removido completamente de una sustancia por
el rin en una cantidad dada de tiempo.
EN: renal clearance

depuradores de radicales libres
DF: Sustancias que influyen en el curso de una reaccin qumica
al combinarse fcilmente con los radicales libres.
EN: free radical scavengers

derecho ad valorem
DF: Tarifa definida como un porcentaje del valor de un bien o
producto importado.
EN: ad valorem duty

deriva gentica
DF: Fluctuacin de la frecuencia de alelos de una generacin a
la siguiente.
EN: genetic drift

derivados qumicos
DF: Compuestos derivados de un compuesto base por medio de una
reaccin qumica que tienen una estructura qumica similar.
EN: chemical derivatives

derivatizacin
DF: Transformacin de un compuesto qumico en uno de estructura
qumica similar, pero con propiedades qumicas diferentes.
EN: derivatization

dermatitis atpica
DF: Enfermedad inflamatoria crnica de la piel determinada
genticamente, caracterizada por un aumento de la capacidad
de formar reagina (IgE) con un aumento de la
susceptibilidad a rinitis alrgica y asma, acompaada de
una disposicin hereditaria a un umbral disminuido al
prurito.
EN: atopic dermatitis

dermatitis de contacto
DF: Tipo de reaccin aguda y crnica de la piel en la que se
manifiesta sensibilidad reaccionando a materiales o
sustancias que entran en contacto con la piel. Puede
involucrar mecanismos alrgicos y no alrgicos.
EN: contact dermatitis

dermatomicosis
DF: Infecciones superficiales de la piel o sus anexos causadas
por cualquiera de varios hongos.
EN: dermatomycoses

dermatomiositis
DF: Enfermedad inflamatoria subaguda o crnica de los msculos
y la piel, caracterizada por debilidad muscular proximal y
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una erupcin cutnea caracterstica. La frecuencia de
aparicin de la enfermedad es similar en nios y adultos.
Las lesiones de la piel por lo general adoptan la forma de
una erupcin color prpura (o con menos frecuencia una
dermatitis exfoliativa) afectando la nariz, mejillas,
frente, parte superior del tronco y los brazos. La
enfermedad se asocia con una microangiopata intramuscular
mediada por el complemento, lo que conduce a la prdida de
los capilares, isquemia muscular, necrosis de las fibras
musculares, y atrofia perifascicular. La forma infantil de
esta enfermedad tiende a evolucionar hacia una vasculitis
sistmica. La dermatomiositis puede ocurrir en asociacin
con neoplasias malignas.
EN: dermatomyositis

dermis
DF: Capa de tejido conjuntivo vascular bajo la epidermis.
EN: dermis

derribos
DF: Los rboles que han sido desarraigados, derribados o
arrancados por los vientos excesivos. Los rboles que
tienen races poco profundas son especialmente susceptibles
a este tipo de dao.
EN: windthrow

desacople (economa)
DF: El concepto de separar los pagos agrcolas del requisito de
que los agricultores produzcan cultivos de programas
especficos y/o retiren de produccin la tierra con el fin
de eliminar incentivos de aumento de produccin.
EN: decoupling (economics)

desalinizacin
DF: Proceso de eliminacin de sales del agua, por lo general,
agua de mar, suelo, u otras sustancias.
EN: desalination

desamidacin
DF: Tipo de reaccin qumica en la que un grupo funcional amida
es eliminado.
EN: deamidation

desarrollo anormal
DF: Se puede utilizar para referirse al desarrollo anormal de
cualquier organismo, que se caracteriza por el cambio de la
morfologa de estructuras anatmicas.
EN: abnormal development

desarrollo comunitario
DF: Medidas adoptadas para fomentar el cambio sociocultural y
mejorar la calidad de vida de las comunidades locales.
EN: community development

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desarrollo del esqueleto
DF: Desarrollo general de los huesos del feto al estado adulto.
EN: skeletal development

desarrollo econmico
DF: Cualquier esfuerzo o proceso que promueve el mejoramiento
de la economa de una regin y la calidad de vida de sus
habitantes
EN: economic development

desarrollo humano
DF: Crecimiento o maduracin de tipo fisiolgico, psicolgico y
sociolgico que ocurre a lo largo de toda la vida de un
individuo.
EN: human development

desarrollo socioeconmico
DF: Actividades en que los factores sociales y econmicos, se
traducen en el crecimiento de la economa y la sociedad y
que son medibles en ambos trminos por ejemplo, el
crecimiento en el nmero de puestos de trabajos creados y
el aumento de la esperanza de vida.
EN: socioeconomic development

desarrollo sustentable
DF: Desarrollo que satisface las necesidades del presente sin
comprometer la capacidad de futuras generaciones de suplir
sus propias necesidades.
EN: sustainable development

descarboxilacin
DF: Eliminacin de un grupo carboxilo de un compuesto qumico,
generalmente en forma de dixido de carbono.
EN: decarboxylation

descartes de la pesca
DF: Peces capturados que son devueltos al mar vivos o muertos,
entre los cuales se incluye una parte o la totalidad de la
pesca incidental. Estos peces pueden o no haber sido
subidos a bordo por los pescadores.
EN: fish discards

descongelado (proceso)
DF: Proceso que involucra el paso de un estado congelado a un
estado no congelado.
EN: thawing

descontaminacin
DF: Remocin de contaminantes o material contaminador de un
producto, una persona, un objeto o un ambiente.
EN: decontamination

descripcin del riesgo
DF: Narrativa que define y limita una condicin adversa para la
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toma de decisiones.
EN: risk description

descripciones
DF: Lista de caracteres que da los atributos o caractersticas
de un taxn especfico.
EN: descriptions

desecantes
DF: Productos qumicos utilizados para promover el secado de
los tejidos vivos.
EN: desiccants

desechos de caa
DF: Las hojas secas que permanecen en el campo despus de que
la caa ha sido cosechada. Los agricultores generalmente
queman la basura o trasto porque sta imposibilita la
biodegradacin, es altamente indigestible como material,
tiene una baja densidad de biomasa y es voluminosa para
el transporte.
EN: sugarcane trash

desechos leosos gruesos
DF: Material de madera grande y leoso tales como rboles
cados y ramas en varias etapas de descomposicin que
suministran nutrientes importantes a los recursos
forestales y sirven de hbitat en forestas y
ecosistemas. Pueden tener una funcin geomrfica en
canales de corrientes de agua.
EN: coarse woody debris

desechos slidos municipales
DF: Basura recolectada localmente, incluyendo desechos
residenciales, comerciales e institucionales.
EN: municipal solid waste

desinapsis
DF: Separacin de cromosomas homlogos pareados en la etapa de
diploteno de la profase meitica.
EN: desynapsis

desinfeccin
DF: Proceso o tratamiento qumico que destruye la mayora de
los microorganismos.
EN: disinfection

desinfectantes
DF: Sustancias utilizadas en objetos inanimados que destruyen
organismos dainos o inhiben su actividad.
EN: disinfectants

desmina
DF: Protena de los filamentos intermedios que se halla
predominantemente en las clulas musculares lisas,
664

esquelticas y cardiacas. Se localiza en la lnea Z.
EN: desmin

desmoche
DF: Prctica que consiste en remover las ramas superiores de un
rbol o arbusto.
EN: topping (pruning)

desmosomas
DF: Tipo de unin que adosa una clula a su vecina. Una de
varias regiones diferenciadas que se presentan, por
ejemplo, cuando las membranas citoplasmticas de clulas
epiteliales adyacentes se encuentran en estrecha aposicin.
Consiste en una regin circular de cada membrana junto con
los microfilamentos intracelulares correspondientes y un
material intracelular que puede incluir, por ejemplo,
mucopolisacridos.
EN: desmosomes

desmoteado de algodn
DF: Proceso de usar una mquina desmotadora de algodn para
separar la semilla de algodn de las hilachas.
EN: cotton ginning

desnutricin
DF: Estado causado por la insuficiente ingestin o inadecuada
digestin de los nutrientes. Puede producirse al tener una
dieta inadecuada o desequilibrada, problemas digestivos,
problemas de absorcin, u otros trastornos mdicos.
EN: malnutrition

desnutricin proteico-calrica
DF: Falta de energa o protenas suficientes para satisfacer
las demandas metablicas del cuerpo, como consecuencia de
una ingesta inadecuada de protenas en la dieta, ingesta de
protenas de mala calidad en la dieta, aumento de las
demandas de protenas debido a enfermedad, o prdida de
nutrientes.
EN: protein energy malnutrition

desorcin
DF: Proceso mediante el que se extrae una sustancia absorbida o
adsorbida.
EN: desorption

desplazamiento del marco de lectura
DF: Tipo de mutacin en la que varios nucletidos no divisibles
por tres se borran o se insertan en una secuencia de
codificacin, con lo cual se produce una alteracin del
marco del lectura de toda la secuencia descendente de la
mutacin. Estas mutaciones las pueden inducir ciertos tipos
de mutgenos o pueden producirse espontneamente.
EN: frameshift mutation

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desplazamiento inmiscible
DF: Movimiento simultneo de dos o ms fluidos inmiscibles en
un medio poroso.
EN: immiscible displacement

desplazamiento miscible
DF: Mezcla y movimiento de dos o ms fluidos completamente
solubles en un medio poroso.
EN: miscible displacement

desregulacin gubernamental
DF: El retiro, reduccin o relajacin de regulaciones
gubernamentales y restricciones en una industria o sector
de mercado previamente regulado.
EN: government deregulation

destete
DF: Sustitucin de la leche materna o sustitutos de leche por
alimento slido en la dieta de un
nio o un mamfero jven.
EN: weaning

destino ambiental
DF: Destino de un contaminante qumico o biolgico despus de
que se liberal al ambiente.
EN: environmental fate

destreza en la equitacin
DF: Destreza para montar y manejar caballos.
EN: horsemanship

destrezas para la vida
DF: Habilidades personales y sociales que toda persona necesita
para la vida cotidiana.
EN: life skills

deteccin de quorum
DF: Deteccin de qurum es un proceso de comunicacin bacterial
de clula a clula en el cual clulas bacterianas coordinan
su expresin gentica produciendo y liberando seales
moleculares, autoinductores, en respuesta a la fluctuacin
de la densidad celular.
EN: quorum sensing

deteccin del fuego
DF: El acto de descubrir, localizar y reportar incendios
espontneos.
EN: fire detection

detectores
DF: Dispositivo que automticamente identifica y graba un
estmulo.
EN: detectors

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detergentes
DF: Agente con regiones polares (hidrfilas) y no polares
(hidrofbicas) que tiene propiedades limpiadoras debido a
su capacidad para unirse a otras molculas, especialmente
aceites, y hacerlas solubles en agua.
EN: detergents

deterioro
DF: Proceso mediante el cual desciende la calidad de productos,
materiales, etc.
EN: deterioration

deterioro de alimentos
DF: Diversos grados de deterioro fsico, qumico y/o biolgico
de las propiedades sensoriales, contenido de nutrientes y/o
seguridad de los alimentos. Entre las principales causas se
incluyen: 1) crecimiento y actividad de microorganismos, 2)
enzimas naturales, 3) insectos, parsitos y roedores, 4)
temperatura, 5) humedad y resequedad, 6) air/oxgeno, 7)
luz, 8) tiempo.
EN: food spoilage

determinacin del sexo
DF: Mecanismo en una especie dada por medio de la cual el sexo
de un individuo est
determinado. En muchas especies, el sexo queda establecido
al momento de la fertilizacin por el
semen que fertiliza al huevo. En los humanos, el
espermatozoide que lleva el cromosoma Y
determina la produccin del zigoto masculino.
EN: sex determination

detoxificacin (procesamiento)
DF: Remocin o desactivacin de un veneno o sustancias txicas
de un producto o sustancia no viviente.
EN: detoxification (processing)

deuterio
DF: Istopo estable de hidrgeno. Tiene un neutrn y un protn
en el ncleo.
EN: deuterium

diagnstico de neumomediastino
DF: Introduccin intencional de aire o gas en el mediastino que
facilita la realizacin de exmenes y diagnsticos.
EN: diagnostic pneumomediastinum

diarrea viral bovina
DF: Enfermedad aguda del ganado causada por el virus de la
diarrea viral bovina. A menudo ulceraciones en el hocico
son el nico sntoma, aunque tambin se observa fiebre,
diarrea, disminucin de la produccin de leche y prdida
del apetito. La mortalidad es alta en animales que exhiben
signos clnicos, especialmente diarrea.
667

EN: bovine viral diarrhea

das abiertos
DF: Nmero de das entre el parto y la concepcin.
EN: days open

diasteremeros
DF: Esteroismeros que no son imgenes especulares. Tienen
propiedades fsicas diferentes, pero propiedades qumicas
similares.
EN: diastereomers

dicloxacilina
DF: Una de las penicilinas, que es resistente a la penicilinasa.
EN: dicloxacillin

dicogamia
DF: Condicin de ciertas especies de plantas en la cual los
estambres y pistilos no maduran simultneamente, de modo
que se produce fertilizacin cruzada.
EN: dichogamy

diestro
DF: Perodo de latencia que separa las fases de estro en
animales poliestros.
EN: diestrus

dietas especiales
DF: Rgimen diettico diseado para cumplir ciertas metas
nutricionales, fisiolgicas y/o mdicas.
EN: special diets

difraccin de rayos X
DF: La dispersin de rayos X por materia, especialmente
cristales, con variacin acompaante en intensidad debido a
la interferencia de los efectos. El anlisis de la
estructura de los cristales en diversos materiales es
realizado al pasar rayos X a travs de ellos y registrando
la difraccin de la imagen de los rayos.
EN: X-ray diffraction

difusin facilitada
DF: Movimiento pasivo de las molculas que excede la velocidad
esperada en una difusin simple, sin que se produzca un
gasto de energa en el proceso. Se logra mediante la
introduccin de molculas que se difunden pasivamente a un
ambiente o camino ms favorable para el movimiento de esas
molculas. Algunos ejemplos de difusin facilitada son el
transporte pasivo de sustancias hidrfilas a travs de una
membrana lipdica por medio de poros hidroflicos que
atraviesan la membrana, y el deslizamiento de una protena
de unin de ADN a lo largo de una cadena de ADN.
EN: facilitated diffusion

668

digestin aerbica
DF: Proceso bioqumico que utiliza microorganismos en presencia
de oxgeno para descomponer la materia orgnica.
EN: aerobic digestion

digestin anaerbica
DF: Proceso bioqumico que utiliza bacterias en ausencia de
oxgeno para descomponer la materia orgnica, con lo que se
produce metano y otros subproductos.
EN: anaerobic digestion

dihaploida
DF: La constitucin cromosomal de clulas formadas por
haploidizacin de poliploides; diaploides resultantes de
reducir a la mitad las copias de cromosomas de tetraploides
los cuales son especialmente tiles en la produccin
selectiva de los cultivos.
EN: dihaploidy

dihidrostreptomicina
DF: Antibitico semi-sinttico aminoglicsido que se utiliza
en el tratamiento de la tuberculosis.
EN: dihydrostreptomycin

dihidroxifenilalanina
DF: Derivado beta-dihidroxilado de fenilalanina. La forma D de
la dihidroxifenilalanina tiene menos actividad fisiolgica
que la forma L y se usa habitualmente de manera
experimental para determinar si los efectos farmacolgicos
de la levodopa son estereoespecficos.
EN: dihydroxyphenylalanine

dimensiones fractales
DF: Un fractal es una forma fragmentada irregular y a menudo
discontinua. Una dimensin fractal es una extensin de la
nocin de dimensin encontrada en la geometra Euclideana.
Las dimensiones fractales pueden ser no enteras
(fraccionarias). Hay ms de una manera de computar una
dimensin fractal, y una manera comn es la dimensin de
Hausdorff-Besicovich.
EN: fractal dimensions

dimerizacin
DF: Una reaccin qumica en la que dos molculas de subunidades
idnticas (monmeros) forman una estructura qumica nica,
denominada dmero.
EN: dimerization

dinmica molecular
DF: El estudio de conformaciones y movimientos moleculares
usando tcnicas de simulacin computarizadas.
EN: molecular dynamics

dique (hidrologa)
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DF: Barrera artificial construida a travs de un cuerpo de agua
con el propsito de retener el agua en un embalse.
EN: dams (hydrology)

diques
DF: Bordes bajos de tierra construidos a lo largo del contorno
del borde inferior de un terreno para controlar la erosin
del suelo.
EN: bunds

Direccin del Servicio Agrcola
DF: Servicio del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados
Unidos de Norteamrica cuyas funciones consisten en
estabilizar el ingreso agrcola, ayudar a los agricultores
a conservar los recursos de tierras y agua, proporcionar
crditos a agricultores nuevos o desaventajados y ayudar a
que las operaciones agrcolas se recuperen de los efectos
de desastres.
EN: Farm Service Agency

disco adhesivo ventral
DF: Estructura microtubular que se halla en el citoesqueleto
del trofozoito Giardia. Constituye un orgnulo esencial que
media la adhesin del Giardia a la mucosa intestinal
husped.
EN: ventral adhesive disk

discondroplasia
DF: Desarrollo anormal de cartlagos y huesos.
EN: dyschondroplasia

diseo asistido por computador
DF: El uso del computador en el trabajo de diseo.
EN: computer-aided design

diseo del ciclo de vida
DF: El diseo del ciclo de vida incluye en cada fase del diseo
del producto consideraciones sobre su impacto ambiental, de
modo que el impacto final causado por el producto sea
minimizado y optimizado mediante el desempeo econmico y
fsico.
EN: life cycle design

diseo para el medio ambiente
DF: Diseo enfocado a enfatizar los principios de
sostenibilidad que tienen como objetivo disminuir el
impacto ambiental de un producto o proceso.
EN: design for environment

disgnesis hbrida
DF: Elementos P encargados de mediar la transposicin en la
lnea germen, investigada por primera vez en drosfilos, en
donde los machos de ciertas cepas (cepas P) son apreadas
con las hembras de otra cepa (cepa M), producindo progenie
670

estril.
EN: hybrid dysgenesis

dismicos
DF: Que tiene un conjunto de cromosomas haploides ms un
cromosoma anlogo adicional; por ejemplo, N+1.
EN: disomics

disparlure
DF: Feromona sexual de la palomilla gitana, Limantria dispar, y
tambin el extracto sinttico utilizado para atraer a los
machos de la especie.
EN: disparlure

dispersin hidrodinmica
DF: Dispersin de solutos, coloides, materia particulada o
calor mediante la combinacin de procesos de difusin y
mezcla qumica de fluidos a lo largo del lecho de flujos de
aguas subterrneas.
EN: hydrodynamic dispersion

dispersiones
DF: Sistema de dos fases que consiste en la distribucin de
partculas finamente divididas en un medio continuo.
EN: dispersions

displasia de cadera canina
DF: Enfermedad hereditaria de las articulaciones de la cadera
de los perros. Los signos de la enfermedad pueden hacerse
evidentes en cualquier momento despus de las 4 semanas de
edad.
EN: canine hip dysplasia

disponibilidad de nutrientes
DF: La disponibilidad de nutrientes para ser ingeridos y usados
por organismos biolgicos vivientes.
EN: nutrient availability

disposicin a pagar
DF: Es el monto que los consumidores estn dispuestos a pagar
por un bien o servicio final. Constituye una estimacin
del valor en uso.
EN: willingness to pay

distancia gentica
DF: Divergencia gentica entre dos individuos, poblaciones o
especies. Generalmente es una estadstica basada en las
diferencias en las frecuencias de alelos en poblaciones
separadas, pero puede usar otros datos, tales como el
nmero de repeticiones en tandem, secuencias de ADN, o
incluso el nmero de mutaciones requeridas para producir
las diferencias observadas.
EN: genetic distance

671

distocia
DF: Dificultad para dar a luz o durante la labor de parto.
EN: dystocia

distribucin acumulada
DF: La suma de las probabilidades de cada valor de una variable
aleatoria discreta o de la distribucin de la probabilidad
integral para una variable aleatoria continua, es decir,
una variable X es menor que o equivalente a x, para cada
valor de x.
EN: cumulative distribution

distribucin de probabildad
DF: La probabilidad de cada valor de una variable aleatoria
discreta o la probabilidad de un valor de una variable
aleatoria continua dentro de un intervalo particular.
EN: probability distribution

distribuidores de alimentos
DF: Las organizaciones que distribuyen alimentos (alimentos no
preparados, tales como alimentos enlatados, cereales,
arroz, pan y frutas frescas o la carne a veces) a las
personas necesitadas en la comunidad.
EN: food pantries

distrofia muscular
DF: Trmino genrico para un grupo de trastornos hereditarios
que se caracterizan por una degeneracin progresiva de los
msculos esquelticos sin involucrar el sistema nerviosos.
EN: muscular dystrophy

diterpenoides
DF: Terpenoides que tienen un esqueleto C20.
EN: diterpenoids

diverticulitis
DF: Inflamacin de uno o ms divertculos.
EN: diverticulitis

divertculo
DF: Condicin patolgica que se manifiesta como una abertura de
una bolsa o saco de un rgano sacular o tubular.
EN: diverticulum

divisas
DF: Las transacciones relacionadas con el dinero internacional
(moneda) negociadas de un pas a otro por los gobiernos o
las empresas.
EN: foreign exchange

dodecil sulfato de sodio
DF: Surfactante aninico, por lo general, es una mezcla de
sulfatos de alquilo de sodio, principalmente el lauril;
reduce la tensin superficial de las soluciones acuosas. Es
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utilizado como emulsionante de grasa, agente humectante,
detergente en cosmticos, frmacos y cremas dentales,
tambin como herramienta de investigacin en bioqumica de
las protenas.
EN: sodium dodecyl sulfate

domesticacin
DF: Procedimiento de mejoramiento gentico para obtener una o
ms caractersticas deseadas en plantas y animales.
EN: domestication

dopamina
DF: Uno de los transmisores de catecolamina del cerebro. Se
deriva de la tirosina y es precursor de la norepinefrina y
la epinefrina. La dopamina es un importante transmisor del
sistema extrapiramidal del cerebro, y es importante tambin
para la regulacin del movimiento. Una familia de
receptores media su accin.
EN: dopamine

dosificacin letal mediana
DF: Cantidad en una sola dosis de una sustancia slida o
lquida suficiente para matar al 50% de la poblacin
probada. Usualmente se expresa en mg/kg (miligramos del
material por kilogramo de peso corporal) y es usada para
todas las rutas de exposicin a excepcin de la inhalacin.
Compare con concentracin letal 50
EN: lethal dose 50

dosis absorbida
DF: La cantidad de una sustancia que penetra a travs de una
barrera (el intercambio de capas) de un organismo, ya sea a
travs de procesos fsicos o biolgicos.
EN: absorbed dose

dosis administrada
DF: La cantidad de una sustancia dada a un sujeto de prueba
(humano o animal) para determinar las relaciones
dosis-respuesta.
EN: administered dose

dosis de exposicin estimada
DF: La medida o dosis calculada a la cual los organismos es
probable que sean expuestos considerando todas las fuentes
y vas de comunicacin.
EN: estimated exposure dose

dosis de genes
DF: Nmero de copias de un gen determinado presente en una
clula o ncleo.
EN: gene dosage

doxociclina
DF: Derivado de tetraciclina sinttica con actividad
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antimicrobiana similar. Los estudios en animales sugieren
que puede causar manchas en los dientes en menor grado que
otras tetraciclinas. Se utiliza en algunas reas para el
tratamiento de la malaria por P. falciparum resistente a la
cloroquina (malaria, Plasmodium falciparum).
EN: doxycycline

doxorrubicina
DF: Antibitico antineoplsico obtenido a partir de
Streptomyces peucetius. Es un derivado hidroxilado de la
daunorubicina.
EN: doxorubicin

dumping (economa)
DF: Venta de bienes en un mercado extranjero a un precio
inferior al que tiene en el mercado interno: el precio para
el importador es menor al precio normal que se cobra al
comprador en el pas de origen del producto.
EN: dumping (economics)

duodenoscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se lleva a cabo en la
superficie luminal del duodeno por medio de un endoscopio.
EN: duodenoscopy

duplicacin gentica
DF: Procesos que ocurren en varios organismo, mediante los
cuales surge un nuevo gen; por ejemplo, la duplicacin de
un gen individual. En la duplicacin gentica contigua, la
secuencia duplicada coexiste dentro de los lmites
establecidos por las seales de inicio y detencin para
sntesis de protenas del original, lo cual origina un
producto de transcripcin y una protena ms grandes a
expensas de la protena existente.
EN: gene duplication

duracin de la exposicin
DF: Frecuencia y duracin de tiempo en que un organismo est en
contacto con un agente biolgico, fsico o qumico.
EN: exposure duration

durion
DF: Fruta de tamao grande y forma ovalada, de gran sabor, pero
de mal olor y cscara spera.
EN: durians

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E

Eastern equine encephalitis virus
DF: Especies de Alphavirus causando encephalomyelitis en
Equidae y humanos. El virus fluctua a lo largo de la costa
Atlntica de los Estados unidos y Canada y tiene un alcance
tan al sur como el Caribe, Mxico y partes de Amrica
Central y del Sur. Infecciones en cabalos muestran una
mortalidad de hasta un 90 por ciento y en humanos tan alta
como 80% durante epidemias. Mosquitos Culiseta y Aedes son
los vectores para la transmisin de esta enfermedad.
EN: Eastern equine encephalitis virus

eclosin (metamorfosis)
DF: Escape de insectos adultos de la cutcula de la pupa, el
capullo o el pupario o, en insectos hemimetbolos, de la
cutcula del ltimo estadio ninfal.
EN: eclosion

eco-eficiencia
DF: La relacin entre los resultados econmicos de los
productos, procesos y servicios y su impacto ambiental, con
el objetivo de ser producto de un uso eficiente de los
materiales y energa en todo el ciclo de vida, con el fin
de reducir los costos econmicos y ecolgicos.
EN: eco-efficiency

ecoetiquetado
DF: Smbolo, grfico o declaracin que aparece en los productos
o en sus envases a fin de transmitir un aspecto
medioambiental de ese producto al consumidor.
EN: ecolabeling

ecofisiologa
DF: El estudio de la respuesta adaptativa de la fisiologa de
un organismo a su entorno.
EN: ecophysiology

ecologa comunitaria
DF: Estudio de las relaciones entre comunidades de organismos y
su ambiente.
EN: community ecology

ecologa econmica
DF: Campo de estudio interdisciplinario que integra los
sistemas ambientales, sociales y econmicos que examinan el
valor econmico de productos no comerciales y servicios
conectados a la economa, que son sostenidos por un flujo
de energa y materiales en el ambiente natural.
EN: ecological economics

ecologa industrial
DF: Estudio sistemtico de los usos de materiales y energa y
los flujos de productos y procesos industriales, enfocados
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en el rol de la industria con miras a reducir las cargas
ambientales en todo el ciclo de vida del producto, desde
materias primas hasta la gestin de residuos.
EN: industrial ecology

ecologa poblacional
DF: Campo de la ecologa que se relaciona con la dinmica
poblacional dentro de las especies y los patrones de
espacio y tiempo de las interacciones de estas poblaciones
con factores ambientales.
EN: population ecology

economa ambiental
DF: Rama de la economa que estudia el impacto econmico de las
polticas ambientales y los usos del anlisis econmico
para apoyar tanto las toma de decisiones ambientales, como
la evaluacin del costo-beneficio de la proteccin del
medio ambiente.
EN: environmental economics

economa de mercado
DF: Sistema econmico en el cual bienes y servicios son
intercambiados en un mercado libre de regulacin o
direccin guberamental. En esta, la produccin y consumo
de bienes y servicios es impulsada por la demanda del
consumidor y el oferente.
EN: market economy

economa mixta
DF: Sistema econmico en el cual algunos bienes y servicios son
dirigidos y administrados por el gobierno y otros son
propiedad privada e intercambiados en el mercado libre.
EN: mixed economy

economas de aglomeracin
DF: Beneficios obtenidos por mltiples empresas que se
encuentran ubicadas en la misma zona geogrfica, ya que
ello supone una disminucin de los costos de produccin y
otras ventajas adquiridas como resultado de los efectos de
red.
EN: agglomeration economies

economas de planificacin centralizada
DF: Sistema econmico en el cual la economa es dirigida y
administrada por su propio gobierno.
EN: centrally planned economy

ecorregiones
DF: Regiones fsicas que se caracterizan por sus especies y
comunidades diversas y tambin se clasifican por sus
caractersticas fsicas similares, tales como el clima,
factores meteorolgicos, topografa, elevacin, tipos de
suelo, etc.
EN: ecoregions
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ecosistemas
DF: Sistema funcional que incluye organismos de una comunidad
natural junto con su ambiente.
EN: ecosystems

ecotipos
DF: Grupo subespecfico que se adapta genticamente a un
hbitat particular.
EN: ecotypes

ecotonas
DF: Zonas de transicin en que se juntan dos o ms ecosistemas.
EN: ecotones

ecotoxicologa
DF: El trmino fue acuado en 1969 por Ren Truhaut. Ciencia de
los venenos y las sustancias txicas que ocurren en el
ambiente y sus efectos. Se puede ampliar a la ciencia que
predice los efectos de agentes potencialmente txicos en
ecosistemas naturales y especies no blanco.
EN: ecotoxicology

ecoturismo
DF: Viaje a lugares naturales enfocndose en la apreciacin,
conservacin, preservacin y el desarrollo sostenible de
los recursos naturales del rea y la comunidad que la rodea.
EN: ecotourism

ectima contagiosa
DF: Dermatitis infecciosa de ovejas y cabras que afecta
principalmente el hocico y los labios. La causa un poxvirus
y puede ser transmitida al hombre.
EN: contagious ecthyma

edema
DF: Cantidad excesiva de fluido acuoso acumulado en los
espacios intercelulares, que ms habitualmente se encuentra
presente en tejido subcutneo.
EN: edema

edicin de ARN
DF: Proceso que cambia la secuencia de nucletidos del ARNm a
partir de aquella del molde de
ADN que lo codifica.
EN: RNA editing

educacin a distancia
DF: Entrega de material educativo en un rea geogrfica amplia
a travs de una o ms tecnologas, incluyendo vdeo,
computador y lser.
EN: distance education

educacin ambiental
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DF: Programas educacionales y capacitacin en temas
ambientales, proteccin y gestin ambientales.
EN: environmental education

educacin especial
DF: Programas educacionales para estudiantes que necesitan
mtodos de enseanza o materiales especializados porque
tienen caractersticas intelectuales, fsicas,
emocionales o sociales diferentes a las de estudiantes
normales.
EN: special education

educacin primaria
DF: Educacin de alumnos desde kindergarten hasta sexto,
sptimo u octavo grado (dependiendo del sistema escolar).
EN: elementary education

educacin secundaria
DF: Educacin de estudiantes en los grados o cursos de 7mo y
8vo aos y los estudiantes de enseanza secundaria o media
de 1ro a 4to ao, o de 9no a 12mo (dependiendo del sistema
de educacin escolar).
EN: secondary education

educacin temprana
DF: Educacin de alumnos desde el nivel pre-escolar hasta el
tercer grado.
EN: early childhood education

educacin vocacional
DF: Educacin para oficios u ocupacines especficos.
EN: vocational education

edulcorantes
DF: Sustancias que endulzan los alimentos, bebidas,
medicamentos, etc, como el azcar, sacarina u otros
productos sintticos de bajas caloras.
EN: sweeteners

edulcorantes no nutritivos
DF: Endulzantes que no tienen ningn contenido energtico o
nutritivo significativo.
EN: nonnutritive sweeteners

efecto aditivo
DF: Una respuesta biolgica a la exposicin a mltiples
sustancias, lo cual equivale a la suma de las respuestas de
todas las sustancias agregadas.
EN: additive effect

efecto de Crabtree
DF: Efecto de aumentar la fermentacin proporcionando glucosa
como nutriente en ciertas levaduras.
EN: Crabtree effect
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efecto de posicin (gentica)
DF: Cambio en la expresin fenotipica de una gen debido a un
cambio en la ubicacin fsica del
gen con respecto a los genes vecinos.
EN: position effect (genetics)

efecto fundador
DF: Principio que establece que cuando una muestra pequea de
una poblacin mayor se establece como entidad aislada
nueva, su acervo gentico lleva slo una parte de la
diversidad gentica representada en la poblacin de origen.
De tal manera, resulta probable que los destinos genticos
de la poblacin de origen y de la nueva poblacin se
establezcan de maneras diferentes, ya que las presiones
evolutivas de las diferentes reas de las dos poblaciones
operarn sobre distintos acervos genticos.
EN: founder effect

efecto invernadero
DF: Trmino popular usado para describir la influencia de los
gases de invernadero para mantener la superficie de la
Tierra ms caliente de lo que estara en otras condiciones.
Estos gases radiativamente activos son relativamente
transparentes a la radiacin de onda corta entrante, pero
son relativamente opacos a la radiacin de onda larga
saliente, y la atrapan para volver a irradiarla de vuelta a
la Tierra, con lo cual mantienen temperaturas ms elevadas
en la superficie.
EN: greenhouse effect

efecto maternal
DF: Influencia del fenotipo o genotipo de la madre en el
fenotipo de su descendencia.
EN: maternal effect

efecto trmico de los alimentos
DF: Mayor gasto energtico y liberacin de calor debido al
efecto estimulante que tienen los nutrientes de los
alimentos sobre el metabolismo en general.
EN: thermic effect of food

efectos de borde
DF: Caractersticas ecolgicas asociadas con la unin de dos
tipos de hbitat o ecosistemas distintos de modo que afecta
la estructura de la poblacin y los rasgos biolgicos de
las comunidades animales o vegetales.
EN: edge effects

efectos genticos aditivos
DF: Accin gentica que es el resultado de genes que actan
independientemente de su historial gentico, de modo que
cada gen tiene una habilidad idntica de expresarse y
realiza una contribucin independiente a la expresin de un
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rasgo.
EN: additive gene effects

eficacia en el uso del agua
DF: Caracterstica de las plantas que se mide por la cantidad
de materia seca o producto cosechable producido por unidad
de agua utilizada por la planta.
EN: water use efficiency

eficiencia de uso de la radiacin
DF: Medicin que relaciona la produccin de materia seca con la
energa de radiacin fotosintticamente activa (PAR)
captada.
EN: radiation use efficiency

eficiencia energtica
DF: Relacin entre la salida de energa respecto del aporte de
energa total de un proceso.
EN: energy efficiency

efluentes
DF: Cualquier lquido de desecho o subproducto que entra en el
ambiente desde algn punto de origen.
EN: effluents

Ehrlichia
DF: Gnero de bacterias que causan enfermedad en seres humanos,
rumiantes, cnidos y roedores. Su vector principal son las
garrapatas.
EN: Ehrlichia

ehrlichiosis
DF: Enfermedad transmitida por garrapatas caracterizada por
fiebre, dolor de cabeza, mialgias, anorexia, y
ocasionalmente, erupciones en la piel. Los agentes causales
pertenecen al orden de los Rickettsiales e incluyen a la
especie Erhlichia; en los seres humanos, la enfermedad la
causa el Anaplasma phagocytophilum; en los caballos la
causa la Neorickettsia risticii.
EN: ehrlichiosis

El Gran Chaco
DF: Una vasta planicie con medio ambiente y zonas climticas
variados que se extienden a travs del norte de Argentina,
sudeste de Bolivia, noroeste de Paraguay y en una pequea
rea del sudoeste de Brasil. El uso de la tierra abarca el
ganado y produccin agrcola y forestal.
EN: El Gran Chaco

El Nio Oscilacin del Sur
DF: Calentamiento de la corriente marina a lo largo de las
costas de Per y Ecuador que generalmente se asocia con
cambios severos en los patrones del clima de la regin. Un
episodio El Nio ocurre generalmente cada 3 a 7 aos y se
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asocia con cambios climticos de nivel mundial.
EN: El Nino

elaboracin de compost
DF: La biodecomposicin del material orgnico, como restos
animales, residuos de plantas o lodos, en presencia de
aire, por medio de mtodos de control que incluyen mezcla
mecnica y aireacin.
EN: composting

elaboracin de pulpa kraft
DF: La elaboracin de pulpa kraft involucra la coccin
(digestin) de los chips de madera en una solucin alcalina
(hidrxido de sodio, hidrosulfida, y sulfuro de sodio) por
varias horas durante las cuales los qumicos atacan la
lignina de la madera. Despus, la lignina disuelta se
retira pero deja las fibras de celulosa. La pulpa kraft sin
blanquear es de color caf oscuro, por lo que antes de ser
usada en muchos procesos para elaborar papel, debe
someterse a varios procesos de blanqueo.
EN: kraft pulping

elaboracin del cariotipo
DF: Mapeamiento del conjunto total de cromosomas del ncleo de
una clula.
EN: karyotyping

elaioplastos
DF: Plstidos que sintetizan y almacenan aceites.
EN: elaioplasts

elasticidad
DF: Medidas de la respuesta de una variable econmica en
relacin a otra.
EN: elasticities

elasticidad de la demanda
DF: Relaciones entre el cambio de precio de un producto bsico
y el cambio correspondiente de la cantidad que se vende. Si
un pequeo cambio va acompaado de un cambio relativamente
grande de la cantidad vendida, se dice que la demanda es
elstica (responde a los cambios de precio). Sin embargo,
si un gran cambio de precio va acompaado de un pequeo
cambio de la cantidad vendida, se dice que la demanda es
inelstica.
EN: demand elasticities

elasticidad de sustitucin
DF: Medida del efecto en el consumo de dos bienes si el precio
de uno cambia.
EN: elasticity of substitution

elasticidad del ingreso
DF: Relaciones entre la cantidad de bienes demandado a medida
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que aumenta el ingreso (=% cambio en cantidad / % cambio en
ingreso).
EN: income elasticities

elasticidades de abastecimiento
DF: Grado en el cual el precio de un bien cambia como resultado
de un cambio unitario del abastecimiento (= % de cambio de
la cantidad suministrada / % cambio de precio).
EN: supply elasticities

elechos arborescentes
DF: Elechos, generalmente tropicales, con un tronco o caudex
grueso cuya copa cuenta con frondas de gran tamao y se
mantienen sobre el suelo.
EN: tree ferns

electroforesis
DF: Proceso electroqumico en el que las macromolculas o
partculas coloidales con una carga elctrica neta migran a
una solucin bajo la influencia de una corriente elctrica.
EN: electrophoresis

electroforesis en gel con gradiente de desnaturalizacin
DF: Electroforesis en la que varios gradientes
desnaturalizantes se utilizan para inducir a los cidos
nucleicos a derretirse en las distintas etapas resultantes
de la separacin de molculas en base a diferencias en las
secuencias pequeas, incluyendo SNPs [polimorfismos de
nucletido nico]. Los desnaturalizantes utilizados
incluyen el calor, formamida y urea.
EN: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado
DF: Electroforesis en gel en el que la direccin del campo
elctrico se cambia peridicamente. Esta tcnica es similar
a otros mtodos electroforticos normalmente utilizados
para separar las molculas de doble cadena del ADN que
varan en tamao de hasta decenas de miles de pares de
bases. Sin embargo, por la alternancia de la direccin del
campo elctrico, es capaz de separar las molculas de ADN
de varios millones de pares de bases de longitud.
EN: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

electroforesis en gel de dos dimensiones
DF: Electroforesis en la que un segundo transporte
electrofortico perpendicular de los componentes es
realizado por separado como resultado de la primer
electroforesis. Esta tcnica generalmente, es realizada en
geles de poliacrilamida.
EN: two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida
DF: Electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida que se utiliza como
medio de difusin.
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EN: polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

electrofusin
DF: Fusin por la aplicacin de una corriente elctrica; En
sistemas biolgicos, este mtodo es usado para fusionar
clulas.
EN: electrofusion

electroporacin
DF: Tcnica en la cual pulsos elctricos, de intensidad en
kilovoltios por centmetro y de duracin de microsegundos a
milisegundos, originan una prdida temporal de la
semipermeabilidad de las membranas celulares, con lo cual
se produce una fuga de iones, escape de metabolitos y mayor
absorcin de drogas, sondas moleculares y ADN por parte de
las clulas. Algunas aplicaciones de electroporacin
incluyen introduccin de plsmidos o ADN forneo en clulas
vivas para transfeccin, fusin de clulas para preparar
hibridomas, e insercin de protenas a las membranas
celulares.
EN: electroporation

electrorretinografa
DF: Registro de potenciales elctricos en la retina despus de
la estimulacin por la luz.
EN: electroretinography

elementos de respuesta
DF: Secuencias de nucletidos, generalmente al inicio de la
cadena, que son reconocidas por
factores de transcripcin reguladores especficos,
provocando la respuesta del gen a los distintos
agentes reguladores. Estos elementos pueden encontrarse
tanto en regiones promotoras como
intensificadoras.
EN: response elements

elementos potenciadores
DF: Secuencia de ADN que acta en cis y puede aumentar la
transcripcin de genes. Los elementos potenciadores
generalmente pueden funcionar en cualquier direccin y a
diversas distancias de un promotor.
EN: enhancer elements

elementos transponibles de ADN
DF: Segmentos discretos de ADN que pueden escindirse y
reintegrarse a otro sitio del genoma.
La mayora son inactivos, es decir, no se han encontrado
fuera del estado integrado. Los
elementos transportables de ADN incluyen los elementos SI
bacterianos (secuencias de
insercin), los elementos Tn, los elementos controladores
del maz Ac y Ds, Drosophila P,
elementos gitanos y pogo, los elementos humanos Tigger y
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los elementos Tc y marinos que se
encuentran en todo el reino animal.
EN: transposons

eliminacin por seleccin (plantas)
DF: El deshacerse en forma individual de plantas genticamente
indeseables, inferiores, dbiles, enfermas o infestadas de
una plantacin para asegurar el nivel de pureza gentica o
vigor de la cosecha.
EN: culling (plants)

Elytrigia littorea
DF: Hbrido intergenrico de Elymus repens x Thinopyrum junceum.
EN: Elytrigia littorea

Elytrigia obtusiuscula
DF: Hbrido interespecfico de Thinopyrum pycnanthum x
Thinopyrum junceum.
EN: Elytrigia obtusiuscula

emaciacin
DF: Manifestacin clnica de delgadez excesiva, generalmente
causado por enfermedad o falta de alimentacin.
EN: emaciation

embarque
DF: Transporte de bienes por navo.
EN: shipping

embolia
DF: Bloqueo de un vaso sanguneo por un cogulo sanguneo o
materia extraa que ha sido transportada desde lejos por el
torrente sanguneo.
EN: embolism

embriognesis somtica
DF: Inicicacin de embriones a partir de clulas somticas
previamente diferenciadas. En este
proceso regenerativo, todas pla plntulas producidas tienen
la misma constitucin gentica. Tanto
los embriones sexuales como los somticos poseen una raz y
un brote primordial.
EN: somatic embryogenesis

emerga
DF: Energa disponible de un tipo determinado que se ha
requerido previamente, en forma directa o indirecta, para
generar un producto o servicio (emjulio).
EN: emergy

emisiones
DF: Descargas al ambiente, por ejemplo, de gases, particulados,
olores, polvo, calor, vapor, etc.
EN: emissions
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emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero
DF: La descarga de gases de efecto invernadero, como dixido de
carbono, metano, xido nitroso y diversos hidrocarburos
halogenados, en la atmsfera. La combustin de combustibles
fsiles, las actividades agrcolas y los procesos
industriales contribuyen a las emisiones de gases de efecto
invernadero.
EN: greenhouse gas emissions

empalme del ARN
DF: Exlusin final de secuencias sin sentido o secuencias
interventoras (intrones) antes de que la
ltima transcripcin de ARN sea enviada al citoplasma.
EN: RNA splicing

empleo
DF: Gente que recibe sueldos, salarios u otro tipo de
remuneracin por su trabajo.
EN: employment

empresas
DF: Esfuerzo diligente orientado a generar ganancias econmicas.
EN: business enterprises

empresas desde el domicilio
DF: Un pequeo negocio que tiene su base en una residencia y
cuyo propietario y operador es el residente del domicilio,
a pesar que empleados contratados puedan realizar trabajos
all pero viven en otro lugar.
EN: home-based businesses

empresas individuales
DF: Organizacin comercial donde el negocio es posedo y
manejado por una persona.
EN: sole proprietorship

empresas privadas
DF: Organizaciones dedicadas a la produccin, distribucin y/o
venta de bienes o servicios. Son propiedad y estn
operadas por un individuo o un grupo de personas privadas o
instituciones.
EN: private enterprises

enantimeros
DF: Par de esteroismeros que no son imgenes especulares
superimpuestas anlogas a las manos humanas. Tiene
idnticas propiedades fsicas, excepto por la rotacin de
luz polarizada, e idnticas propiedades qumicas, excepto
por reacciones a agentes reactivos pticos.
EN: enantiomers

encamado
DF: Condicin en que una planta, especialmente de cereal, ha
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sido aplastada contra el suelo o daada en tal forma que no
se mantiene erguida debido a las condiciones climticas o
debido a que el tallo no es lo suficientemente fuerte para
sostenerla.
EN: lodging

encefalitis
DF: Inflamacin del cerebro causada por infeccin, procesos
autoinmunes, toxinas y otras condiciones. Las infecciones
virales son una causa relativamente frecuente de esta
condicin. Encefalomielitis es el trmino genrico para
designar la inflamacin del cerebro y de la mdula espinal.
Existe un traslapo considerable en el uso de los trminos
encefalomielitis y encefalitis en la literatura.
EN: encephalitis

encefalitis ovina
DF: Infeccin aguda producida por un virus transmitido por la
garrapata que ocasiona meningoenfefalomielitis en carneros.
EN: louping ill

encefalomalacia
DF: Ablandamiento o prdida de tejido cerebral con
posterioridad a un INFARTO CEREBRAL; isquemia cerebral
(vase ISQUEMIA CEREBRAL), infeccin, TRAUMA CRANEOCEREBRAL
u otro tipo de lesin.
EN: encephalomalacia

encefalomielitis equina
DF: Grupo de infecciones de Alphavirus que afectan a los
caballos y al hombre, transmitidas por la picadura de
mosquitos. Estas enfermedades son endmicas en regiones de
Sudamrica y Norteamrica.
EN: equine encephalomyelitis

encefalopata espongiforme bovina
DF: Encefalopata transmisible del ganado bovino caracterizada
por una estructura espongiforme del tejido cerebral y
asociada con protena del prin en el cerebro.
EN: bovine spongiform encephalopathy

encefalopata transmisible del visn
DF: Tipo de encefalopata espongiforme subaguda que ocurre en
forma natural en visones criados en granjas comerciales
(Mustela vision). En trminos neuropatolgicos, se
caracteriza por cambios espongiformes en el neuropilo,
vacuolacin neuronal intracitoplsmica, hipertrofia e
hiperplasia astroctica.
EN: transmissible mink encephalopathy

encuestas serolgicas
DF: Investigaciones epidemiolgicas que incluyen, la deteccin
e identificacin de anticuerpos de antgenos especficos en
las poblaciones de individuos.
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EN: serological surveys

encuestas sobre enfermedades
DF: Investigaciones epidemiolgicas sobre la ocurrencia,
incidencia y prevalencia de enfermedades en una poblacin
de individuos.
EN: disease surveys

encurtido (proceso)
DF: Mtodo para preservar y dar sabor a los alimentos que
consiste en remojarlos en salmuera o vinagre, a menudo con
especias.
EN: pickling

endocarditis
DF: Alteraciones inflamatorias exudativas y proliferativas del
endocardio, caracterizadas por la presencia de vegetaciones
en la superficie del endocardio o en el propio endocardio
que con frecuencia comprometen una vlvula cardiaca y en
ocasiones afectan el revestimiento interno de las cmaras
cardiacas u otras partes del endocardio. Puede presentarse
como un trastorno primario o como complicacin relacionada
con otra enfermedad.
EN: endocarditis

endogamia
DF: Apareamiento de plantas o animales que tienen una estrecha
relacin gentica.
EN: inbreeding

endometritis
DF: Inflamacin del endometrio, generalmente causada por
infecciones intrauterinas.
EN: endometritis

endoparasitoides
DF: Parasitoides que, en algn momento de su ciclo de vida, se
desarrollan en el cuerpo de su husped. En sus etapas
inmaduras de desarrollo pueden ser endoparasitoides,
mientras que, como adultos, tienen una vida independiente.
EN: endoparasitoids

endopoliploida
DF: Estado poliploide en el que los cromosomas de una clula se
han dividido y duplicado repetidamente sin sufrir divisin
del ncleo ni de la clula.
EN: endopolyploidy

endoscopa
DF: Procedimiento de aplicacin de endoscopio para diagnosticar
y tratar enfermedades. La endoscopa consiste en hacer
pasar un instrumento ptico a travs de vas naturales del
cuerpo, tales como el tracto digestivo o a travs de
pequeas incisiones para examinar el interior del cuerpo.
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Con los avances de la imagenologa, los endoscopios y la
miniaturizacin del equipo endoquirrgico, se puede
realizar ciruga durante una endoscopa.
EN: endoscopy

endoscopia de las vas respiratorias
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se lleva a cabo en las vas
respiratorias mediante un endoscopio.
EN: respiratory tract endoscopy

endoscopia del tracto digestivo
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se practica en el tracto
digestivo mediante un endoscopio.
EN: digestive tract endoscopy

endoscopia gastrointestinal
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se lleva a cabo en el tracto
gastrointestinal con la ayuda de un endoscopio.
EN: gastrointestinal endoscopy

endoscopia por cpsula
DF: Imgenes endoscpicas no invasivas obtenidas a travs de un
videoendoscopio en cpsula, a fin de examinar el tracto
gastrointestinal, especialmente el intestino delgado.
EN: capsule endoscopy

endoscopios
DF: Instrumentos utilizados para examinar visualmente
estructuras internas del cuerpo. Existen endoscopios
rgidos y tambin flexibles de fibra ptica que permiten
varios tipos de visin endoscpica.
EN: endoscopes

endosomas
DF: Vesculas citoplasmticas que se forman cuando las
vesculas revestidas dejan su cubierta de clathrin. Los
endosomas internalizan macromolculas captadas por
receptores en la superficie de la clula.
EN: endosomes

endotelinas
DF: Pptidos de 21 aminocidos producidos por clulas del
endotelio vascular y que funcionan como potentes
vasoconstrictores.
EN: endothelins

endotoxemia
DF: Condicin caracterizada por la presencia de endotoxinas en
la sangre. Si la endotoxemia es el resultado de bacterias
con forma de bastoncitos gram negativos, se puede producir
choque.
EN: endotoxemia

endotoxinas
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DF: Toxinas estrechamente relacionadas con el citoplasma
viviente o la pared celular de ciertos microorganismos que
no se difunden fcilmente en el medio de cultivo, sino que
son liberadas cuando se produce lisis de las clulas.
EN: endotoxins

enemigos naturales
DF: Organismos vivos de la naturaleza que matan, debilitan o
reducen el potencial reproductivo de otros organismos.
EN: natural enemies

energa digestible
DF: Energa en los alimentos o los piensos que est disponible
para los seres humanos o animales mediante la digestin, y
se mide como la diferencia entre el contenido de energa
bruta y la energa perdida en las heces.
EN: digestible energy

energa especfica
DF: Densidad de la energa basada especficamente en el peso.
EN: specific energy

energa incorporada
DF: Total de energa requerida para generar un producto
figurativamente representado o incorporado en el mismo
producto.
EN: embodied energy

energa metabolizable
DF: Energa neta en alimentos o piensos que est disponible
para los seres humanos o animales mediante la digestin y
absorcin, y se mide como la diferencia entre el contenido
de energa bruta y la energa perdida por ser estos
digeridos o no.
EN: metabolizable energy

energa primaria
DF: El trmino energa primaria debe ser utilizado para
designar aquellas fuentes que suponen solamente los
procesos de extraccin o captacin, con o sin separacin
del material contiguo, y de limpieza o clasificacin, antes
de que la energa incorporada en esa fuente pueda
convertirse en calor o trabajo mecnico.
EN: primary energy

enfermedad Aleutiana del visn
DF: Enfermedad lenta y progresiva del visn ocasionada por el
virus de la enfermedad aleutiana del visn. Se caracteriza
por baja reproduccin, prdida de peso, autoinmunidad,
hipergammaglobulinemia, incremento de la susceptibilidad a
infecciones bacterianas, y muerte por insuficiencia renal.
La enfermedad ocurre en visones de todo tipo de color, pero
el visn homozigtico recesivo para el gen Aleutiano es
particularmente susceptible por el color claro de su piel.
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EN: Aleutian mink disease

enfermedad celaca
DF: Enfermedad caracterizada por absorcin intestinal
deficiente precipitada por alimentos que contienen gluten.
La mucosa intestinal muestra prdida de estructura vellosa.
EN: celiac disease

enfermedad de Aujeszky
DF: Infeccin causada por herpesvirus altamente contagiosa que
afecta el sistema nervioso central de cerdos, ganado,
perros, gatos, ratas y otros animales.
EN: Aujeszky disease

enfermedad de Borna
DF: Encefalomielitis que afecta a caballares, ovinos y bovinos,
causada por un virus en el ARN.
EN: Borna disease

enfermedad de Crohn
DF: Trastorno gastrointestinal caracterizado por infiltrados
inflamatorios crnicos, fibrosis que afecta todas las capas
serosas, y desarrollo de granulomas no caseificantes.
EN: Crohn disease

enfermedad de declaracin obligatoria
DF: Una enfermedad que han de notificarse a nivel federal,
estatal, o de autoridades locales de salud debido a la
infeccin, gravedad, o prevalencia.
EN: notifiable disease

enfermedad de desarrollo ortopdico
DF: Trmino genrico para designar las distintas anormalidades
de las extremidades y problemas generales del desarrollo de
las extremidades de caballos jvenes.
EN: developmental orthopedic disease

enfermedad de la frontera
DF: Enfermedad congnita de las ovejas causada por un virus
estrechamente relacionado o idntico a cepas de virus que
causan diarrea en bovinos.
EN: border disease

enfermedad de los ovinos de Nairobi
DF: Infeccin de carneros y cabras producida por arbovirus
transmitidos por garrapatas. Se caracteriza por fiebre alta
y gastroenteritis hemorrgica.
EN: Nairobi sheep disease

enfermedad de Marek
DF: Enfermedad viral de las aves transmisible y causada por el
herpesvirus 2 aviar. Hay una infiltracin de clulas
linfoides o la formacin de un tumor linfomatoso en los
nervios perifricos y gnadas, pero que tambin puede
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afectar los rganos viscerales, piel, msculos y ojos.
EN: Marek disease

enfermedad de Newcastle
DF: Enfermedad vrica aguda y contagiosa de las aves. Los
sntomas incluyen menor produccin y huevos a menudos
blandos y deformes, prdida del apetito, dificultad para
respirar, descarga nasal, y diarrea. Es muy comn la alta
mortalidad entre la poblacin joven.
EN: Newcastle disease

enfermedad de replante
DF: Enfermedad que afecta a plantas susceptibles como manzanas,
peras, ciruelas, cerezas y rosas, cuando son colocadas en
terreno previamente ocupado por una especie relacionada.
Las causas exactas no son conocidas, pero en el primer ao
las nuevas plantas crecern pobremente. Una teora es que
la enfermedad de replante se debe a una total invasin de
patgenos de los rboles hongos, bacterias, nematodos,
virus y otros organismos.
EN: replant disease

enfermedad del caballo africano
DF: Infeccin causada por reovirus transportados por insectos
que afecta a caballos, mulas y burros en frica y el Medio
Oriente; se caracteriza por edema pulmonar, compromiso
cardaco y edema de la cabeza y el cuello.
EN: African horse sickness

enfermedad del msculo blanco
DF: Miodegeneracin que es ms frecuente en becerros y en
corderos cuyas cras han sido alimentadas durante la
gestacin o por ms tiempo, especialmente con legumbres
(Fabaceae), que se cultivan en ciertas reas donde existe
deficiencia de selenio en el suelo o ausencia de este
mineral. Se ha registrado en muchos pases. Se ha producido
experimentalmente en varias especies de animales mantenidos
con poco consumo de selenio. Una miopata similar ocurre de
manera natural en cabras, ciervos, potros y perros pero no
existe prueba de su etiologa.
EN: white muscle disease

enfermedad del rasguo del gato
DF: Una infeccin bacteriana auto-limitante de los ndulos de
la linfa, causada por Afipia felis y por Bartonella
henselae. Usualmente se manifiesta una o ms semanas
despus del rasguo de un felino, con ndulos crecidos e
inflamados en el sitio del rasguo como sntoma primario.
EN: cat scratch disease

enfermedad infecto-contagiosa maedi-visna
DF: Leucoencefalomielitis desmielinizante de las ovejas y
cabras causada por el virus maedi-visna. Es similar pero no
igual a scrapie.
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EN: maedi-visna disease

enfermedad navicular
DF: Inflamacin crnica del hueso navicular y bursal de las
patas delanteras del caballo, lo que provoca cojera y pasos
cortos.
EN: navicular disease

enfermedad transmitidas por alimentos
DF: Las enfermedades transportadas por alimentos las causa el
consumo de alimentos o bebidas contaminadas.
EN: foodborne illness

enfermedad vesicular porcina
DF: Infeccin causada por enterovirus en cerdos, clnicamente
indistinguible de la enfermedad de las manos y la boca, de
la estomatitis vesicular y del exantema vesicular.
EN: swine vesicular disease

enfermedades causadas por deficiencias
DF: Enfermedades causadas por una ingesta insuficiente de
nutrientes esenciales, por ejemplo, protenas (o
aminocidos), vitaminas y minerales o por ingesta
inadecuada de caloras.
EN: deficiency diseases

enfermedades cerebrovasculares
DF: Categora amplia de enfermedades caracterizadas por el
deterioro del flujo sanguneo en las arterias y venas que
irrigan el cerebro. En el uso comn, el trmino
enfermedades vasculares no se limita a condiciones que
afectan la corteza cerebral, sino que se refiere tambin a
enfermedades vasculares de todo el cerebro, el diencfalo,
el troncoencfalo y el cerebelo.
EN: cerebrovascular disorders

enfermedades crnicas
DF: Enfermedades caracterizadas por su presencia permanente y
por discapacidad residual. Las condiciones las causa una
alteracin patolgica no reversible que requiere
entrenamiento especial del paciente, o puede requerir de un
perodo prolongado de supervisin, observacin o cuidado.
EN: chronic diseases

enfermedades de las cabras
DF: Enfermedades de cabras domsticas del gnero Capra.
EN: goat diseases

enfermedades de las ovejas
DF: Enfermedades de ovejas domsticas y de montaa del gnero
Ovis.
EN: sheep diseases

enfermedades de los caballos
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DF: Enfermedades de caballos domsticos y salvajes de la
especie Equus caballus.
EN: horse diseases

enfermedades de los porcinos
DF: Enfermedades de los cerdos domsticos y del jabal salvaje
del gnero Sus.
EN: swine diseases

enfermedades de peces
DF: Enfermedades de peces de agua dulce o salada, de criaderos
o acuarios. El trmino incluye enfermedades de teleostos
(peces verdaderos) y de elasmobranquios (tiburones, mantas
rayas y noriegas).
EN: fish diseases

enfermedades del ganado vacuno
DF: Enfermedades del ganado domstico del gnero Bos,
incluyendo enfermedades de vacas, yacs y cebes.
EN: cattle diseases

enfermedades del sistema nervisoso
DF: Enfermedades del sitema nervioso central y perifrico.
Estas incluyen enfermedades del cerebro, mdula espinal,
nervios craneales, nervios perifricos, races nerviosas,
sistema nervioso autnomo, unin neuromuscular y msculos.
EN: nervous system diseases

enfermedades emergentes
DF: Las enfermedades infecciosas que son nuevas en sus rangos
de brote (geogrfico y de husped) o el modo de transmisin.
EN: emerging diseases

enfermedades hematolgicas
DF: Trastornos de la sangre y de tejidos que la forman.
EN: hematologic diseases

enfermedades iatrognicas
DF: Cualquier condicin adversa en un paciente que se produce
como resultado del tratamiento indicado por un mdico,
cirujano, u otro profesional de la salud, especialmente
infecciones adquiridas por el paciente durante el curso del
tratamiento.
EN: iatrogenic disorders

enfermedades idiopticas
DF: Enfermedades y trastornos que se desarrollan sin causa
conocida o aparente.
EN: idiopathic diseases

enfermedades inmunolgicas
DF: Trastornos ocasionados por mecanismos inmunolgicos
anormales o la ausencia de stos, ya sean humorales,
mediados por clulas o ambos.
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EN: immunologic diseases

enfermedades linfticas
DF: Enfermedades de la linfa o de los vasos linfticos.
EN: lymphatic diseases

enfermedades metablicas
DF: Trmino genrico para enfermedades causadas por un proceso
metablico anmalo. Puede ser congnito debido a anomala
enzimtica heredada o adquirida debido a enfermedad de un
rgano endcrino o insuficiencia de un rgano
metabolicamente importante tal como el hgado.
EN: metabolic diseases

enfermedades micobacteriales
DF: Infecciones por bacterias del gnero Micobacterium,
incluyendo lepra (Micobacterium leprae), paratuberculosis
(Micobacterium paratuberculosis), tuberculosis, e
infecciones por micobacteria tpica.
EN: mycobacterial diseases

enfermedades miocrdicas
DF: Cualquier enfermedad del miocardio o de las capas
musculares de la pared del corazn. Estas enfermedades son
enfermedades del tejido, a diferencia de las enfermedades
cardacas, que generalmente son enfermedades de la funcin
cardaca.
EN: myocardial diseases

enfermedades neurodegenerativas
DF: Afecciones hereditarias y espordicas que se caracterizan
por una disfuncin progresiva del sistema nervioso. Suelen
asociarse a la atrofia de las estructuras afectadas del
sistema nervioso central o perifrico.
EN: neurodegenerative diseases

enfermedades ocupacionales
DF: Enfermedades debidas a factores involucrados con el trabajo
de una persona.
EN: occupational diseases

enfermedades por prin
DF: Grupo de trastornos genticos, infecciosos o degenerativos
espordicos del sistema nervioso animal y humano que se
asocian con priones anormales. En los seres humanos, estas
condiciones se caracterizan generalmente por demencia,
ataxia y un resultado fatal. Las enfermedades de esta
categora incluyen el sndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob,
scrapie, la encefalopatia espongiforme bovina, la caquexia
busulfnica del venado mula y del alce de Amrica, y
encefalopatia transmisible del visn. Las caractersticas
patolgicas incluyen la encefalopatia espongiforme sin
evidencias de inflamacin.
EN: prion diseases
694

enfermedades rickettsiales
DF: Infecciones por bacteria del orden Rickettsiales.
EN: rickettsial diseases

enfoque isoelctrico
DF: Electroforesis en la que se establece un gradiente de pH en
un medio de gel y protenas que migran hasta llegar al
sitio (o foco) en el cual el pH es igual a su punto
isoelctrico.
EN: isoelectric focusing

enlace hidrofbico
DF: Interaccin resultante de la exclusin de residuos no
polares de agua. Es un determinante significativo de la
conformacin de las protenas y de las estructuras de los
lpidos.
EN: hydrophobic bonding

enmiendas calizas
DF: Productos agroqumicos que contienen calcio y / o
compuestos de magnesio capaces de neutralizar la acidez del
suelo.
EN: liming materials

enriquecimiento ambiental
DF: Modificacin del ambiente fsico de los animales,
especialmente de aquellos en cautiverio, con el propsito
de satisfacer necesidades conductuales y mejorar el
bienestar.
EN: environmental enrichment

enriquecimiento de dixido de carbono
DF: Aumento en la concentracin de dixido de carbono (CO2)
varias veces superior al nivel atmosfrico normal.
EN: carbon dioxide enrichment

enriquecimiento del dixido de carbono al aire libre
DF: Sistema experimental utilizado para determinar cmo el
desarrollo vegetal y los ecosistemas responden a
concentraciones atmosfricas controladas de dixido de
carbono en el campo y no en un espacio cerrado.
EN: free air carbon dioxide enrichment

ensamblaje de genomas
DF: Tcnica de secuenciacin en la que numerosos fragmentos de
la secuencia de ADN son reunidos utilizando algoritmos
bioinformticos e informticos, a fin de reconstruir el
conjunto completo de material gentico que la representa en
los cromosomas de un organismo.
EN: genome assembly

ensayo de Ames
DF: Prueba que detecta una posible carcinogenicidad de un
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qumico y determina la forma en que muchas bacterias
mutantes his - de Salmonella typhimurium desarrollan
mutaciones inversas debido a la exposicin al qumico en
cuestin.
EN: Ames test

ensayo local en ndulos linfticos
DF: Este ensayo es un mtodo alternativo para identificar
qumicos que tienen la capacidad de provocar
sensibilizacin y dermatitis alrgica de contacto. Se han
establecido lmites con el fin de requerir un menor nmero
de animales y procedimientos menos dolorosos.
EN: local lymph node assay

ensayos biolgicos
DF: El mtodo para medir los efectos de una sustancia
biolgicamente activa, usando un organismo viviente in vivo
o tejido in vitro o bajo condiciones controladas en un
modelo de clula.
EN: bioassays

ensayos clnicos
DF: Estudio clnico pre-planeado de la seguridad, eficacia, u
horario ptimo de dosificacin de una o ms drogas,
dispositivos, o tcnicas de diagnstico, teraputicas, o
profilcticas, en humanos o animales seleccionados segn
criterios predeterminados de elegibilidad y observado para
lograr la evidencia predefinida de efectos favorables y
desfavorables.
EN: clinical trials

ensilado
DF: Cualquier cosecha que es recogida verde y conservada en una
condicin suculenta por fermentacin parcial en un
contenedor ms o menos hermtico como un silo.
EN: silage

enteritis hemorrgica
DF: Enfermedad importante desde el punto de vista econmico,
que afecta a los pavos, causada por un aviadenovirus tipo
II, virus de la enteritis hemorrgica (VEH).
EN: hemorrhagic enteritis

enterobactina
DF: Un trmero cclico de fijacin del hierro de
2,3-dihidroxi-N-benzoil-L-serina. Es producido por E. coli
y otras bacterias entricas.
EN: enterobactin

enterocolitis
DF: Inflamacin de la mucosa intestinal del intestino delgado y
del intestino grueso.
EN: enterocolitis

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enteropatgenos
DF: Microorganismos, generalmente bacterias, capaces de causar
enfermedades en el tracto intestinal.
EN: enteropathogens

enteroscopia de doble baln
DF: Exploracin del intestino delgado realizada por medio de un
endoscopio, que avanza desde el estmago hacia los
intestinos mediante la inflacin alternativa de dos
balones, uno montado en un extremo del endoscopio y el otro
en un sobretubo.
EN: double-balloon enteroscopy

enterotoxemia
DF: Enfermedad causada por la liberacin de exotoxinas de
Clostridium perfringens en ovejas, cabras, ganado bovino,
potros y cerdos. La enterotoxemia tipo B en corderos se
denomina disenteria de los corderos; la enterotoxemia tipo
C en ovejas maduras produce struck, y causa enterotoxemia
hemorrgica en terneros, corderos y cerdos; la
enterotoxemia tipo D en ovejas y cabras se denomina
enfermedad del rin pulposo o basquilla.
EN: enterotoxemia

enterotoxinas
DF: Sustancias que son txicas para el tracto intestinal y
causan vmitos, diarrea, etc. Las enterotoxinas ms comunes
las producen bacterias.
EN: enterotoxins

entomologa veterinaria
DF: Plagas de artrpodos en animales y humanos.
EN: veterinary entomology

entrecruzamiento
DF: Intercambio de segmentos en posiciones correspondientes a
lo largo de pares de cromosomas homlogos mediante ruptura
simtrica y reensamblaje transversal.
EN: crossing over

entrenamiento de fuerza
DF: Ejercicio que desarrolla la fuerza muscular utilizando
movimientos de resistencia.
EN: strength training

entropin
DF: Inversin hacia adentro del borde del prpado, con el
cartlago tarsal volteado hacia adentro, hacia el globo
ocular.
EN: entropion

envasado bajo atmsfera modificada
DF: Una tecnologa de envasado donde la composicin del gas que
rodea al producto es cambiada con la finalidad de prolongar
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el tiempo de vida o periodo de conservacin del producto y
reducir el deterioro natural del mismo. Ejemplos de esta
tecnologa son los empacados con materiales de gas
permeable y gas vaciado con nitrgeno.
EN: modified atmosphere packaging

envase al vaco
DF: Proceso de empaque de productos procesados en el cual se
elimina el aire y se forma un vaco. Se puede introducir
dixido de carbono o nitrgeno en forma de gas en el
empaque para ayudar a eliminar el oxgeno. La eliminacin
del aire retarda el crecimiento de bacterias aerbicas.
EN: vacuum packaging

envejecimiento
DF: Cambios graduales irreversibles en la estructura y funcin
de un organismo que ocurren
como resultado del pasar del tiempo.
EN: senescence

envejecimiento solar
DF: Envejecimiento fisiolgico resultante de la exposicin
crnica a la radiacin ultravioleta, especialmente a la luz
del sol. Los rayos UVA y UVB cambian con el tiempo la
estructura y la elasticidad de la piel.
EN: photoaging

envenenamiento
DF: Condicin o estado fsico producido por la ingestin,
inyeccin o inhalacin, o exposicin a un agente nocivo.
EN: poisoning

envenenamiento por escombroides
DF: envenenamiento por escombroides es causado por la ingestin
de alimentos con altos niveles de histamina y posiblemente
otros compuestos y aminas vasoactivas.
EN: scombroid poisoning

envoltorio nuclear
DF: Estructura intracelular constituida por dos membranas
concntricas que encierran al ncleoplasia y lo separan del
citoplasma. Las reas donde se fusionan estas dos membranas
se denominan complejos de poros nucleares.
EN: nuclear membrane

eosinofilia
DF: Aumento anormal de eosinfilos en la sangre, los tejidos o
los rganos.
EN: eosinophilia

epidemiologa
DF: Estudio de los diversos factores que influyen en la
ocurrencia, distribucin, prevencin y control de
enfermedades, lesiones y otros eventos relacionados con la
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salud en una poblacin determinada.
EN: epidemiology

epidemiologa celular
DF: Aplicacin de la biologa molecular con el fin de responder
a preguntas epidemiolgicas, incluyendo el rol de factores
genticos en la emergencia de enfermedades tanto en
poblaciones como en individuos, as como la deteccin y la
identificacin molecular de patgenos infecciosos.
EN: molecular epidemiology

epidermitis exudativa
DF: Dermatitis aguda generalizada que afecta a cerdos jvenes.
El agente causante es el Staphylococcus hyicus y es
inhibida con antibiticos. Un virus tipo vesicular puede
ser un factor de predisposicin. Se producen lesiones en la
piel y exudacin de suero que, junto con el sebo, cubre el
cuerpo.
EN: exudative epidermitis

epidermlisis bullosa
DF: Grupo de trastornos determinados genticamente que se
caracteriza por la formacin de ampollas en la piel y en
las mucosas.
EN: epidermolysis bullosa

epfisis
DF: Extremo de un hueso separado del centro por la placa
epifisaria hasta que cesa el crecimiento del hueso. En ese
momento, la placa desaparece y el extremo y el centro del
hueso se unen.
EN: epiphyses

epifitas
DF: Plantas no parsitas que crecen en otras plantas para
obtener apoyo en lugar de echar races en el suelo.
EN: epiphytes

epigentica
DF: Estudio de los mecanismos mediante los cuales los genes
producen sus efectos fenotpicos.
EN: epigenetics

epinastia
DF: Crecimiento ms fuerte en la superficie superior que en la
inferior de una planta, que provoca que una parte de la
planta, como una hoja, se curve hacia abajo.
EN: epinasty

epirubicina
DF: Una antraciclina, que es la 4'-epi-ismero de la
doxorubicina. El compuesto ejerce sus efectos antitumorales
por la interferencia con la sntesis y funcin del ADN.
EN: epirubicin
699

epistasis
DF: Forma de interaccin gentica mediante la cual un gen
interfiere con la expresin fenotpica de otro gen o genes
no allicos. Los genes cuya expresin es alterada por genes
no allicos se denominan hipostticos o se dice que
presentan hipostasis.
EN: epistasis

epitopos
DF: Sitios de un antgeno que interactan con anticuerpos
especficos.
EN: epitopes

equilibrio nutritivo del suelo
DF: Cuenta del total de aportes y consumos de un nutriente en
particular en un ecosistema agrcola.
EN: soil nutrient balance

equipo de diagnstico
DF: Objetos no fungibles utilizados para realizar exmenes.
EN: diagnostic equipment

equipo de seguridad
DF: Equipamiento y artculos diseados para prevenir o reducir
los riesgos de lesiones o accidentes.
EN: safety equipment

equipo, mantenimiento y reparacin
DF: Mantenimiento, servicio y restauracin de equipos a buenas
condiciones para trabajar.
EN: equipment maintenance and repair

ergonoma
DF: Ciencia del diseo, construccin o equipamiento de
dispositivos mecnicos o entornos artificiales, adaptados a
las necesidades antropomtricas, fisiolgicas o
psicolgicas de las personas que los van a utilizar.
EN: ergonomics

ergotismo
DF: Intoxicacin causada por ingesta de grano de cornezuelo o
por el uso mal dirigido o excesivo de cornezuelo como
medicina.
EN: ergotism

erisipela porcina
DF: Enfermedad contagiosa, aguda y crnica, de los cerdos
jvenes causada por Erisipelotrix insidiosa
(=Erysipelothrix rusiopatiae).
EN: swine erysipelas

eritromicina
DF: Antibitico macrlido bacteriosttico producido por
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Streptomyces erythreus. La eritromicina A se considera su
componente activo principal. En los organismos sensibles,
inhibe la sntesis de protenas mediante la unin a
subunidades 50S ribosomales. Este proceso de unin que
inhibe la actividad peptidil transferasa e interfiere con
la traslocacin de los aminocidos durante la traduccin y
el montaje de las protenas.
EN: erythromycin

erosin del suelo
DF: Desgaste de la superficie terrestre por accin del agua,
del viento, del hielo u otros agentes geolgicos.
EN: soil erosion

erosin laminar
DF: Erosin producida en una capa fina, relativamente uniforme
de partculas sobre la superficie del suelo.
EN: sheet erosion

Erysipelothrix
DF: Un gnero de bacterias gram-positivas, anaerobias
facultativas, en forma de barra que tienen la tendencia de
formar filamentos largos. Sus organismos estn extensamente
distribuidos en la naturaleza y son parasticos en
mamferos, aves, y peces.
EN: Erysipelothrix

Escandinavia
DF: Regin que comprende Dinamarca, Noruega y Suecia; en
ocasiones se incluye tambin a Finlandia e Islandia.
EN: Scandinavia

escaramujos
DF: El fruto del rosal.
EN: rose hips

escenario de exposicin
DF: Conjunto de hiptesis sobre cmo la exposicin puede tener
ligar, incluyendo el establecimiento de la exposicin, las
caractersticas del factor de estrs y las actividades que
puedan conducir a la exposicin.
EN: exposure scenario

escenario de incertidumbre
DF: Incertidumbre debido a errores, agregacin de errores,
errores en juicio profesional o anlisis incompleto.
EN: scenario uncertainty

Escherichia coli O157
DF: Un serogrupo productor de verocytotoxin perteneciente a la
subfamilia "O" de Escherichia coli que ha sido identificada
como la causante de severas enfermedades transmitidas por
los alimentos. Recientemente una cepa de este serogrupo, el
serotipo H7 que produce toxinas similares a la Shiga, ha
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sido vinculado a brotes de enfermedades en humanos
producidas por la contaminacin de alimentos de origen
bovino. Este serogrupo causa el sndrome urmico hemoltico
y hemorrgico y predominantemente diarrea hemorrgica y
gastroenteritis en nios.
EN: Escherichia coli O157

Escherichia coli productora de la toxina shiga
DF: Cepas de la Escherichia coli capaces de producir al menos
dos citotoxinas antignicamente distintas, frecuentemente
codificadas en bacterifagos: las toxinas shiga 1 y 2.
Estas bacterias pueden causar enfermedades graves en los
seres humanos, incluidas la diarrea sanguinolenta y el
sndrome urmico hemoltico.
EN: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli uropatgena
DF: Cepas de la Escherichia coli que crecen y persisten
preferentemente dentro de las vas urinarias. Ellas
presentan ciertas estrategias y factores de virulencia que
causan infecciones en el tracto urinario.
EN: uropathogenic Escherichia coli

esclereidas
DF: Un tipo de clula de la esclernquima que vara de tamao
(e.g. isodiamtrica, ramificada, estrellada, etc.) y
caractersticamente tiene paredes celulares hoyadas,
gruesas y lignificadas. Las esclereidas, como las clulas
de fibra, ocurren en muchas partes de la planta y proveen
soporte estructural a los tejidos vegetales.
EN: sclereids

esclerosis
DF: Proceso patolgico que consiste en el endurecimiento o
fibrosis de una estructura anatmica, generalmente un vaso
o un nervio.
EN: sclerosis

esclerotizacin
DF: El endurecimiento y oscurecimiento de la quitina en el
exoesqueleto.
EN: sclerotization

escorrenta
DF: Parte del agua de precipitaciones o irrigacin sobre la
tierra que tiene una interaccin limitada con el paisaje y
finalmente llega al agua superficial, tal como arroyos,
estanques, represas, embalses, ocanos, ros, etc.
EN: runoff

escuelas pequeas
DF: Aunque la denominacin de "pequeas" depende del lugar, las
escuelas pequeas de enseanza primaria y secundaria
generalmente no exceden los 750 estudiantes.
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EN: small schools

esfinterotoma endoscpica
DF: Incisin en el esfnter de Oddi o en la ampolla de Vater
realizada mediante la insercin de un esfinterotomo a
travs de un endoscopio (duodenoscopio), a menudo despus
de haberse llevado a cabo una colangiografa retrgrada
(colangiopancreatografa retrgrada endoscpica). El
tratamiento endoscpico por esfinterotoma es el mtodo
preferido para tratar pacientes que sufren de clculos
retenidos o recurrentes en las vas biliares, luego de
haberse practicado un colecistectoma, y pacientes con bajo
riesgo quirrgico, cuya vescula biliar est an en su
cuerpo.
EN: endoscopic sphincterotomy

esmoltificacin
DF: El proceso regulado hormonalmente por el que peces
andromos sufren adaptaciones fsicas y fisiolgicas por la
migracin de agua dulce a agua salada, ocurriendo
tpicamente entre el primer y segundo ao de vida.
EN: smoltification

esofagoscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se realiza en el esfago con
la ayuda de un endoscopio.
EN: esophagoscopy

espaciadores transcritos internos
DF: Secuencia de la regin no funcional del ARN localizado
entre la estructural del ARN ribosomal (ARNr) en un
precursor del ARN mensajero.
EN: internal transcribed spacers

espacio extracelular
DF: Espacio intersticial entre clulas ocupado por un lquido y
por sustancias fibrosas amorfas.
EN: extracellular space

esparcidores
DF: Dispositivo diseado para aplicar en la tierra las
semillas, fertilizantes o reparadores del suelo. El
esparcidor tpicamente consiste en un depsito de
alimentacin desde el cual se proporciona el material a un
mecanismo giratorio tipo hlice, que lo dispersa.
EN: broadcasters

especiacin
DF: Evolucin de nuevas especies.
EN: biological speciation

especiacin aloptrica
DF: Mecanismo de evolucin de nuevas especies por medio del
cual dos poblaciones de una especie que no pueden cruzarse
703

por encontrarse aisladas geogrficamente evolucionan
gradualmente en dos especies diferentes mediante la
divergencia gentica.
EN: allopatric speciation

especiacin simptrica
DF: Mecanismo de evolucin de nuevas especies por medio del
cual dos poblaciones de una especie distribuidas en la
misma rea geogrfica o en reas geogrficas traslapadas
evolucionan paulatinamente a travs de la divergencia
gentica en dos especies diferentes.
EN: sympatric speciation

especie estenotpica
DF: Organismos tolerantes solo a un escaso nmero de
condiciones ambientales o adaptables solo a una variedad
limitada de cambios ambientales. Las especies estenotpicas
son incapaces de vivir en una amplia gama de hbitats, por
lo que su distribucin geogrfica es restringida, comparada
con la de las especies euritpicas.
EN: stenotopic species

especies de oxgeno reactivo
DF: Las especies reactivas de oxgeno son molculas que
contienen oxgeno con configuraciones electrones no
apareados e inestables los cuales son altamente reactivos
con otras molculas.
EN: reactive oxygen species

especies en peligro de extincin
DF: Animales, plantas, aves, peces, u otros organismos vivos en
peligro de extincin debido a los cambios naturales o
hechos por el hombre en el medio ambiente.
EN: endangered species

especies estenohalinas
DF: Organismos acuticos intolerantes a grandes variaciones en
la salinidad del agua.
EN: stenohaline species

especies eurihalinas
DF: Organismos acuticos que pueden tolerar grandes variaciones
en la salinidad del agua.
EN: euryhaline species

especies euritpicas
DF: Organismo caracterizado por su habilidad para vivir en una
gran variedad de hbitats y para tolerar una amplia gama de
condiciones ambientales. La distribucin geogrfica de las
especies euritpicas es ms amplia que la de las especies
estenotpicas.
EN: eurytopic species

especies hermanas
704

DF: Especies que son morfolgicamente casi idnticas y que
guardan unan estrecha relacin desde el punto de vista
gentico, pero que estn reproductivamente aisladas y no
pueden cruzarse para producir una descendencia frtil.
EN: sibling species

especies indicadoras
DF: Especies que aparecen en zonas con condiciones ambientales
particulares y que provocan cambios en la distribucin de
la poblacin o en las condiciones espejo del medio ambiente
y la salud general del ecosistema.
EN: indicator species

especies introducidas
DF: Especies que intencionalmente o no intencionalmente son
tradas por humanos a un nuevo ambiente o rea geogrfica
que est fuera de su espacio nativo original. Opuesto de
especies nativas.
EN: introduced species

especies invasivas
DF: Las especies invasivas son aquellas plantas, animales, y
microorganismos que no son nativos de una regin y que, al
ser introducidos en forma accidental o intencional, causan
dao econmico o al medio ambiente o dao a la salud
humana. Vea orden ejecutiva 13112 (Febrero 1999)
EN: invasive species

especies limnfilas
DF: Organismos que prefieren vivir en lagos, estanques,
pantanos, charcos o en aguas tranquilas, estancadas o que
corren lentamente.
EN: limnophilic species

especies nativas
DF: Especies que son nativas o que naturalmente pertenecen a un
rea geogrfica o ambiente particular. Opuesto de especies
introducidas.
EN: indigenous species

especies pioneras
DF: Los primeros miembros de una poblacin en llegar a una
nueva rea, por lo general a un ambiente descubierto,
estril, sin colonizar o perturbar. Las especies pioneras
iniciar el proceso de sucesin ecolgica y generalmente son
reemplazadas por especies de sucesin.
EN: pioneer species

especies refilas
DF: Organismos que prefieren vivir en corrientes o en aguas que
se mueven rpidamente.
EN: rheophilic species

especificidad analtica
705

DF: El grado en que una prueba puede distinguir entre el
analito de inters y otros componentes en la muestra.
EN: analytical specificity

especificidad diagnstica
DF: La proporcin conocida de animales de referencia no
infectados o personas que dan negativo en una prueba de
deteccin.
EN: diagnostic specificity

espcimen reproductor
DF: Plantas o animales utilizados en el mejoramiento gentico
para obtener las caractersticas deseadas en la generacin
siguiente.
EN: breeding stock

espectinomicina
DF: Antibitico producido por Streptomyces spectabilis. Es
activo frente a bacterias gram-negativas y se utiliza para
el tratamiento de la gonorrea.
EN: spectinomycin

espectrometra de masas de desorcin-ionizacin lser asistida por matriz
DF: Tcnica de espectrometra de masas empleada para analizar
biomolculas grandes. Se implantan molculas del analito en
un exceso de matriz de pequeas molculas orgnicas que
muestran una alta absorcin resonante en la longitud de
onda lser utilizada. La matriz absorbe la energa lser,
induciendo de ese modo una suave desintegracin de la
mezcla muestra-matriz a matriz libre (fase gaseosa) y
molculas del analito e iones moleculares.

espectrorradimetro de imgenes de resolucin moderada
DF: Un espectrorradimetro de alta resolucin a bordo de la
nave espacial Terra y Agua, diseado para colectar datos
del espectro en 36 bandas con el fin de incrementar el
entendimiento de la dinmica global del medio ambiente y
sus procesos. Lanzada en 1999.
EN: moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer

espectroscopia dielctrica
DF: Tcnica de medicin de las propiedades dielctricas de los
materiales, las cuales varan en un rango de frecuencias,
dependiendo de las propiedades fsicas del material. Esta
tcnica consiste en medir, en un rango de frecuencias, la
impedancia elctrica y el desplazamiento de fase de un
campo elctrico a su paso a travs del material.
EN: dielectric spectroscopy

espermatforos
DF: Cpsula que contiene esperma por ser transferida directa o
indirectamente de los machos a las hembras.
EN: spermatophores

706

espermatogonios
DF: Clula germinal primordial masculina que da origen a los
espermatocitos.
EN: spermatogonia

espigas de pasto
DF: Porcin de tallo y raz de pasto que se usa para trasplante
e instalacin de csped y prados.
EN: grass sprigs

espiramicina
DF: Antibitico macrlido producido por Streptomyces
ambofaciens. El frmaco es eficaz contra bacterias
gram-positivas de patgenos aerobios, N. gonorrhoeae y los
estafilococos. Se utiliza para tratar infecciones causadas
por bacterias y Toxoplasma gondii.
EN: spiramycin

esplenomegalia
DF: Aumento de volumen del bazo.
EN: splenomegaly

espliceosomas
DF: Organelos en los cuales se producen reacciones de excisin
y entrelazado que eliminan los
intrones de las molculas de ARN mensajeras precursoras. Un
componente de un espliceosoma
son cinco pequeas molculas de ARN nucleares (U1, U2, U4,
U5, U6), las que al trabajar
unidas a las protenas contribuyen a plegar fragmentos de
ARN en la forma adecuada y luego
entretejerlas al mensaje.
EN: spliceosomes

esporofitas
DF: Fase en que se producen las esporas dentro del ciclo de
vida de las plantas, con alternancia de generaciones (es
decir, con dos o ms formas en el ciclo de vida). Comparara
con gametofitos.
EN: sporophytes

estabilidad dimensional
DF: Capacidad de un material de retener su forma y tamao en
condiciones de uso.
EN: dimensional stability

estabilidad enzimtica
DF: Medida en que una enzima mantiene su actividad o
conformacin estructural cuando es sometida al
almacenamiento, aislamiento y purificacin o varias otras
manipulaciones fsicas o qumicas incluyendo enzimas
proteolticas y calor.
EN: enzyme stability

707

estabilidad gentica
DF: La tendencia de una poblacin de mantener sus genotipos a
travs de generaciones.
EN: genetic stability

estabulacin
DF: Corrales de trnsito temporales en los que los animales de
granja descansan durante su paso hacia mataderos, muelles o
mercados. La estabulacin permite a los animales
recuperarse del estrs que les produce su transporte.
EN: lairage

estabulacin libre abierta
DF: Estabulacin al aire libre que permite al ganado lechero
entrar a los compartimentos y salir de ellos con libertad,
en contraste con las cornadizas, donde suele estar
recluido. Los establos estn frecuentemente cubiertos por
un techo; sin embargo, estn expuestos a las inclemencias
del tiempo, por lo que son utilizados tpicamente en
regiones con inviernos templados.
EN: open free stalls

estaciones agrcolas experimentales
DF: Centros donde la investigacin cientfica se realiza con el
fin de mejorar la produccin alimentaria y agrcola. Los
cientficos y el personal de la estacin experimental
quienes trabajan con los agricultores y otros miembros de
la industria de la agricultura y la alimentacin.
EN: agricultural experiment stations

estadstica demogrfica
DF: Concepto limitado a la estadstica poblacional de
poblaciones humanas.
EN: demographic statistics

estado funcional
DF: Evaluacin de la capacidad de realizar funciones fsicas
normales, tales como caminar, agacharse, sostenerse con
firmeza, etc. Se usa con frecuencia en la evaluacin del
estado de salud de los ancianos.
EN: functional status

estado postprandial
DF: Codicin fsica que ocurre despus de una comida.
EN: postprandial state

Estados de la Gran Cuenca
DF: La regin elevada entre las Montaas Wasatch y la Sierra
Nevada.
EN: Great Basin States

Estados del Golfo Prsico
DF: Trmino frecuentemente aplicado a varios estados de la
costa este de la Pennsula Arbiga.
708

EN: Persian Gulf States

estndares de calidad de agua
DF: Estndares ambientales para los cuerpos de agua, adoptados
por el estado y aprobados por la Agencia para la Proteccin
del Ambiente (EPA, del ingls Enviormental Protection
Agency). cuerpos de agua. Los estndares cubren el uso del
cuerpo de agua y los criterios de calidad de agua que deben
cumplirse para proteger el o los usos designados.
EN: water quality standards

estndares de identidad de un producto
DF: Los estndares de identidad definen a un producto dado, su
nombre y los ingredientes que deben o pueden ser usados en
la fabricacin del producto.
EN: standards of identity

estandares de seguridad
DF: Criterios para garantizar la seguridad de las actividades,
procesos o productos.
EN: safety standards

estandarizacin
DF: Proceso para eliminar los efectos de las diferencias u
otras variables confusas, a fin de establecer criterios
uniformes en la que los valores, prcticas, prestaciones
puedan ser medidos y comparados.
EN: standardization

estatus educacional
DF: Nivel de educacin de las personas.
EN: educational status

esteatitis
DF: Inflamacin del tejido adiposo. Indicador histopatolgico
de deficiencia de vitamina E en animales alimentados con
dietas que contienen demasiados cidos grasos no saturados.
EN: steatitis

estequiometra
DF: Ratios de molculas de compuestos en reaccin.
EN: stoichiometry

estereoismeros
DF: Compuestos que se asemejan porque los tomos estn
enlazados a otros tomos que son iguales, pero se
diferencian entre s por la forma en que los tomos estn
orientados en el espacio.
EN: stereoisomers

esterigmatocistina
DF: Micotxina carcinognica producida por cepas de mohos
comnes Aspergillus versicolor y Aspergillus nidulans.
EN: sterigmatocystin
709

esterilizacin (animal)
DF: Extirpacin de los ovarios y el tero de un animal hembra,
en especial de una mascota, con el propsito de
esterilizarla.
EN: spaying

esterilizacin (microorganismos)
DF: Destruccin de toda forma de vida, especialmente
microorganismos, mediante la utilizacin de calor,
productos qumicos, u otros medios.
EN: sterilizing

esterilizacin por autoclave
DF: Esterilizacin con una fuente de alta presin.
EN: autoclaving

estimacin
DF: Procedimiento estadstico en el cual se utilizan muestras
de datos al azar para asignar un valor probable a una
cantidad desconocida.
EN: estimation

estimacin del riesgo
DF: Cuantificacin de la probabilidad y severidad de efectos
adversos, incluyendo incertidumbres asociadas.
EN: risk estimate

estimulacin sexual (crianza)
DF: Estimular a un animal para que acepte el coito.
EN: teasing (breeding)

estrategia evolucionalmete estable
DF: Concepto de la teora del juego que supone una poblacin
desplegando una estrategia (mostrando un fenotipo) que es
resistente a la invasin de organismos que despliegan otra
estrategia (alelos mutantes que producen otros fenotipos).
EN: evolutionarily stable strategy

estratificacin de semillas
DF: Prctica de poner semillas en un medio hmedo a regimenes
especficos de temperatura para romper el letargo de la
semilla y estimular la germinacin.
EN: seed stratification

estratigrafa
DF: Rama de la geologa que se preocupa de la formacin,
composicin, ordenamiento en el tiempo y disposicin en el
espacio de las rocas sedimentarias.
EN: stratigraphy

estrato superior
DF: Esa porcin del follaje de plantas y rboles formando la
cubierta o capa superior de una comunidad de plantas.
710

EN: overstory

estrato vegetal
DF: Estructura vertical de las comunidades vegetales.
EN: plant strata

estreimiento
DF: Evacuacin de heces infrecuente o dificultosa.
EN: constipation

estreptavidina
DF: Protena bacteriana tetramrica que se une fuertemente a la
biotina.
EN: streptavidin

estreptomicina
DF: Antibitico producido por el actinomicete de suelo
Streptomyces griseus . Acta mediante la inhibicin de la
iniciacin y procesos de alargamiento durante la sntesis
de protenas.
EN: streptomycin

estrs bitico
DF: Efectos nocivos en organismos vivos producidos por otros
organismos, entre los que se incluyen bacterias, hongos,
virus, parsitos, insectos dainos, especies invasivas,
malas hierbas y otras plagas.
EN: biotic stress

estrs osmtico
DF: Cambio en la presin osmtica que causa un paso rpido de
agua o de otro solvente a travs de una membrana por medio
de smosis. En las clulas vivas, este puede dar como
resultado la ruptura de la membrana celular y la lisis de
la clula.
EN: osmotic stress

estridulacin
DF: Comunicacin por sonido entre los insectos producida por la
friccin de partes rgidas del cuerpo como las patas o las
alas.
EN: stridulation

estro
DF: Perodo del ciclo estral relacionado con la receptividad y
fertilidad mximas en hembras mamferas no primates.
EN: estrus

estrgenos no esteroidales
DF: Compuestos no esteroidales con actividad estrognica.
EN: nonsteroidal estrogens

estrongiloidiasis
DF: Infeccin por nemtodos del gnero Strongyloides.
711

EN: strongyloidiasis

estructura agrcola
DF: El anlisis de quin proporciona la tierra, el trabajo y
los recursos de capital necesarios para la produccin
agrcola y la forma en que se distribuyen las ganancias
entre los participantes.
EN: farm structure

estructura cuaternaria de las protenas
DF: Estructura tridimensional de una protena formada por dos o
ms subunidades; la forma en que las subunidades encajan
entre s.
EN: protein quaternary structure

estructura de la vegetacin
DF: Morfologa y arquitectura general de una comunidad de
plantas, por ejemplo, la disposicin vertical de plantas de
diferentes alturas en un sistema agroforestal, la
presencia/ausencia de espacios en el follaje de un bosque,
o el espaciamiento horizontal de plantas individuales.
EN: vegetation structure

estructura de mercado
DF: Caractersticas de una industria que estn relacionadas con
su rendimiento econmico, como el nmero de compradores y
vendedores, diferenciacin de producto entre empresas,
barreras para la entrada, gastos, grado de integracin y
diversificacin.
EN: market structure

estructura familiar
DF: Estructura organizacional de la familia determinada por los
miembros del grupo familiar y la funcin de cada miembro y
las relaciones jerrquicas entre los miembros de la familia.
EN: family structure

estructura qumica
DF: Ubicacin de los tomos, grupos de iones, en relacin de
unos a otros en una molcula, como asimismo el nmero, tipo
y ubicacin de enlaces covalentes.
EN: chemical structure

estructura secundaria de las protenas
DF: Nivel de la estructura proteica en la cual interacciones de
enlaces de hidrgeno regulares dentro de tramos contiguos
de la cadena de polipptidos dan origen a hlices alfa,
hebras beta (que se alinean para formar hojas beta) u otros
tipos de espirales. Esto corresponde al primer nivel de
plegamiento en la conformacin proteica.
EN: protein secondary structure

estructura terciaria de las protenas
DF: Conformacin tridimensional de una cadena de polipptidos
712

de una protena globular en su estado plegado nativo. La
estructura terciaria est determinada por cuatro
interacciones: enlace de hidrgeno, interacciones
electrostticas (inicas), interacciones hidrofbicas y
uniones covalentes transversales.
EN: protein tertiary structure

estructuras hidrulicas
DF: Estructuras artificiales que sirven para desviar,
restringir, detener o controlas de alguna otra forma el
flujo natural del agua.
EN: hydraulic structures

Estudio de Dieta Total
DF: El TDS implica la compra de muestras de alimentos en los
EE.UU., la preparacin de estos para ser consumidos
(tabla-ready), y el anlisis de los alimentos para medir
los niveles de determinados contaminantes y nutrientes. La
ingesta diettica de estos analitos en la poblacin de
EE.UU. se calcula multiplicando los niveles encontrados en
alimentos TDS por el consumo promedio para cada alimento.
La estrategia general y las metas del TDS se han mantenido
constantes desde su creacin en 1961, pero la metodologa
especfica ha sido revisada peridicamente.
EN: Total Diet Study

estudios de caso y control
DF: Estudio epidemiolgico en contraste con los de la
enfermedad de inters (casos) que aquellos sin la
enfermedad (controles). Los grupos se comparan con respecto
al historial de exposicin.
EN: case-control studies

estudios de casos prcticos
DF: Examen profundo de un solo caso o evento.
EN: case studies

estudios de cohortes
DF: Estudios en que se identifican subconjuntos de una
poblacin definida. Las cohortes son poblaciones definidas
que, en conjunto, son observadas para tratar de determinar
caractersticas distintivas del subgrupo.
EN: cohort studies

estudios de observacin
DF: Mtodo de investigacin en el cual los investigadores
observan con atencin para obtener los datos sin
manipulacin.
EN: observational studies

estudios descriptivos
DF: Investigaciones usados para identificar patrones,
tendencias o caractersticas, pero no relaciones de
causalidad.
713

EN: descriptive studies

estudios epidemiolgicos
DF: Estudios diseados para examinar asociaciones o relaciones
causales comnmente supuestas. Generalmente tienen que ver
con la identificacin de medicin de factores de riesgo o
exposiciones.
EN: epidemiological studies

estudios longitudinales
DF: Estudios en los que las variables relacionadas con un
individuo o grupo de individuos se miden a lo largo de un
perodo.
EN: longitudinal studies

estudios metablicos
DF: Mtodo de investigacin en el que se investigan las rutas
bioqumicas del metabolismo, incluyendo la absorcin, las
biotransformaciones y la produccin de metabolitos y
energa.
EN: metabolic studies

estudios prospectivos
DF: Estudio en el cual los grupos con y sin una intervencin de
intereses dan seguimiento en el tiempo.
EN: prospective studies

estudios retrospectivos
DF: Tipo de estudio no experimental en el cual todos los
fenmenos investigados ocurren antes de iniciar el estudio.
EN: retrospective studies

estudios transversales
DF: Estudios en que las variables son determinadas en cada
miembro de la poblacin en estudio o en una muestra
representativa en un momento particular.
EN: cross-sectional studies

etiolacin
DF: Crecimiento de una planta que muestra un color blanco o
desteido debido a la falta de luz.
EN: etiolation

etiologa
DF: Rama de la ciencia que se ocupa de las causas y el origen
de las enfermedades.
EN: etiology

etioplastos
DF: Se usa en referencia a agentes causativos, incluyendo
microorganismos, e involucran factores ambientales y
sociales y hbitos personales. Implica patognesis.
EN: etioplasts

714

etiquetado nutricional con porcentajes
DF: Declaracin cuantitativa de los ingredientes que contiene
un producto.
EN: percentage ingredient labeling

etiquetado por fotoafinidad
DF: Una tcnica de etiquetado que utiliza molculas fotoactivas
con la finalidad de identificar sitios de vinculacin en
proteinas
EN: photoaffinity labeling

etiquetas de secuencia expresada
DF: Porcin pequea de un gen completo que se puede utilizar
para ayudar a identificar genes desconocidos y ubicar su
posicin dentro de un genoma.
EN: expressed sequence tags

etnobotnica
DF: Conocimiento de las plantas y tradiciones agrcolas de un
pueblo. En el campo de la medicina, el nfasis histrico y
actual recae en la medicina tradicional y en la existencia
y uso medicinal de plantas y sus constituyentes.
EN: ethnobotany

eutroficacin
DF: Proceso mediante el cual los cuerpos de agua se enriquecen
en nutrientes disueltos, por ejemplo fosfatos, nitratos,
compuestos nitrogenados. Los nutrientes merman el oxgeno
disuelto del agua estimulando el crecimiento de algas y
otras plantas acuticas.
EN: eutrophication

evaluacin biolgica
DF: Parte de una evaluacin ambiental que evala
especficamente los riesgos potenciales de comunidades de
plantas y animales y sus hbitats.
EN: biological assessment

evaluacin cualitativa del riesgo
DF: Evaluacin del riesgo basada en datos que, aunque es
insuficiente para estimaciones numricas del riesgo,
permite una clasificacin o separacin en categoras
descriptivas y la identificacin de incertidumbre inherente.
EN: qualitative risk assessment

evaluacin cuantitativa del riesgo
DF: Valoracin del riesgo que utiliza expresiones numricas del
riesgo e indicadores de incertimbre inherente.
EN: quantitative risk assessment

evaluacin de impacto ambiental
DF: Anlisis ambiental que evala los cambios positivos y
negativos para las condiciones del ambiente en el sitio de
un proyecto propuesto y alrededor de l. Cuando se realiza
715

de acuerdo con la Ley de Poltica Ambiental Nacional, se
puede preparar un estudio de impacto ambiental ms
detallado en espera de esta evaluacin general.
EN: environmental assessment

evaluacin de la exposicin
DF: Determinacin o estimacin (cualitativa o
cuantitativo) de la magnitud, frecuencia, duracin y va de
exposicin de la poblacin
EN: exposure assessment

evaluacin de la liberacin
DF: Evaluacin de la probabilidad de introduccin de un agente
desde su lugar de origen hasta el punto de entrada de un
rea o pas.
EN: release assessment

evaluacin de riesgo
DF: El proceso de anlisis e identificacin de potenciales
riesgos, heridas, prdidas u otros efectos adversos por
medios cualitativos o cuantitativos.
EN: risk assessment

evaluacin de riesgo microbiolgico
DF: Evaluacin cualitativa y cuantitativa de la probabilidad de
efectos adversos de los microorganismos patgenos.
EN: microbiological risk assessment

evaluacin del ciclo de vida
DF: Tcnica para evaluar los aspectos ambientales e impactos
potenciales asociados a un producto, proceso o servicio,
por: elaborar un inventario de energa e insumos materiales
pertinentes y salidas ambientales [productos], la
evaluacin de los impactos ambientales potenciales
asociados a los insumos y salidas identificadas
[productos]; la interpretacin de los resultados para
ayudar a tomar una decisin con mayor criterio.
EN: life cycle assessment

evaluacin del impacto del ciclo de vida
DF: Fase de valoracin del ciclo de vida el cual evala el
potencial impacto ambiental de un productos, procesos o
sistemas a lo largo del ciclo de vida.
EN: life cycle impact assessment

Evaluacin del riesgo qumico
DF: Evaluacin cualitativa o cuantitativa de la probabilidad de
efectos negativos de los agentes qumicos.
EN: chemical risk assessment

evaluacin preliminar
DF: Examinacin o evaluacin sistemtica realizada para
detectar una determinada sustancia o caracterstica.
EN: screening
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evaluacin preliminar del riesgo
DF: Proceso que separa los elementos de peligro dentro de
categoras descriptivas de inters para los tomadores de
decisiones, basado en criterios especficos.
EN: risk screening

evaluadores del riesgo
DF: Personas que realizan la valoracin del riesgo.
EN: risk assessors

evalucin del riesgo acumulativo
DF: Anlisis, caracterizacin y posible cuantifiacin de los
riesgos combinados para la salud o el medio ambiente de
mltiples agentes o factores de estrs.
EN: cumulative risk assessment

evaporacin
DF: El proceso de cambio de un lquido a vapor o gas,
usualmente agua en meteorologa.
EN: evaporation

evolucin concertada
DF: Dos genes relacionados que evolucionan juntos como si
constituyeran un solo locus.
EN: concerted evolution

evolucin paralela
DF: Desarrollo de caractersticas similares en especies que no
estn relacionadas debido a
adaptaciones a presiones ambientales similares.
EN: parallel evolution

exactitud
DF: Grado en el que una medicin se acerca al verdadero valor
de la cantidad medida.
EN: accuracy

exantema vesicular de porcinos
DF: Infeccin del cerdo por calicivirus caracterizada por
degeneracin hidrpica del epitelio oral y cutneo.
EN: vesicular exanthema of swine

exantema vrico de manos, pies y boca
DF: Enfermedad viral leve muy infecciosa que ataca a los nios,
caracterizada por lesiones vesiculares en la boca, las
manos y los pies. Es causada por el virus de Coxsackie A.
EN: hand, foot and mouth disease

exceso de hierro
DF: Excesiva acumulacin de hierro en el cuerpo producida por
una absorcin de hierro mayor de lo normal en el tracto
gastrointestinal o por inyeccin parenteral. Puede deberse
a una hemocromatosis idioptica, una ingesta excesiva de
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hierro, el alcoholismo crnico, ciertos tipos de anemia
refractaria o una hemosiderosis transfusional.
EN: iron overload

exclusin competitiva
DF: Desplazamiento o eliminacin de una especie de su hbitat
por otra especie mediante competencia interespecfica.
EN: competitive exclusion

excrecin de bacterias
DF: Expulsin de bacterias del cuerpo. Entre las vas ms
importantes de excrecin se incluyen los tractos
respiratorio, genital e intestinal.
EN: bacterial shedding

excrecin de virus
DF: Expulsin de partculas virales del cuerpo. Entre las vas
ms importantes de excrecin se incluyen los tractos
respiratorio, genital e intestinal. Constituye un
importante medio de transmisin vertical.
EN: viral shedding

exina
DF: La parte exterior de un grano de polen o esporas.
EN: exine

exopolisacridos
DF: Polisacridos microbianos secretados en el ambiente
circundante, los cuales suelen utilizarse en aplicaciones
industriales.
EN: exopolysaccharides

exosomas
DF: Vesculas secretadas por cuerpos multivesiculares en el
ambiente extracelular cuando estos cuerpos se fusionan con
la membrana plasmtica. Los cuerpos multivesiculares surgen
de los endosomas cuando estos acumulan vesculas (en
ocasiones denominadas vesculas intraluminales) por la
invaginacin interna de la membrana de los endosomas.
EN: exosomes

exotoxinas
DF: Toxinas producidas especialmente por clulas bacterianas o
fngicas y liberadas en el medio de cultivo o el ambiente.
EN: exotoxins

expansin (materiales)
DF: Aumento del volumen de un gel o slido asociado con la
absorcin de un lquido o gas.
EN: swelling (materials)

expansin trmica
DF: Tendencia de los materiales a aumentar su longitud y
volumen al aumentar su temperatura.
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EN: thermal expansion

explantes
DF: Partes de un organismo viviente, como las clulas, los
tejidos, o los rganos, que son transferidos a un medio
artificial para cultivo.
EN: explants

explotacin agrcola familiar
DF: Negocio agrcola que (1) produce mercancas para venta en
cantidades atribuibles a una granja ms que a una
residencia rural; (2) produce ingresos suficientes
(incluyendo empleo externo a la granja) para pagar los
gastos de operacin de la granja y la familia, para pagar
deudas, y para mantener la propiedad; (3) es administrado
por el operador; (4) cuenta con una cantidad considerable
de trabajo proporcionado por el operador y la familia; y
(5) es probable que contrate mano de obra de temporada
durante perodos de acumulacin de trabajo y una cantidad
razonable de mano de obra de tiempo completo.
EN: family farms

explotacin de venta directa
DF: Granjas que producen cultivos y cran animales
principalmente para la venta.
EN: commercial farms

exposicin
DF: Contacto hecho con un agente qumico, fsico o biolgico y
un organismo.
EN: exposure

exposicin acumulada
DF: La suma total de toda la exposicin a agentes biolgicos,
qumicos o fsicos, por rutas, caminos y fuentes
pertinentes.
EN: cumulative exposure

exposicin aguda
DF: Contacto hecho entre un agente qumico, fsico, o biolgico
y un organismo, durante un perodo corto de tiempo
(normalmente menos de un da).
EN: acute exposure

exposicin ambiental
DF: Exposicin a agentes qumicos, fsicos o biolgicos
potencialmente dainos en el ambiente o a factores
ambientales que pueden incluir ionizacin, radiacin,
organismos patognicos o productos qumicos txicos.
EN: environmental exposure

exposicin crnica
DF: Contacto hecho entre un agente qumico, fsico o biolgico
y un organismo, habitualmente por un largo perodo de
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tiempo (normalmente ms de un ao).
EN: chronic exposure

exposicin drmica
DF: Contacto entre la piel y un agente fsico, qumico o
biolgico.
EN: dermal exposure

exposicin diettica
DF: Contacto entre un agente fsico, qumico o biolgico y un
organismo por ingestin.
EN: dietary exposure

exposicin ocupacional
DF: Contacto con un agente fsico, qumico o biolgico en el
lugar de trabajo.
EN: occupational exposure

exposicin por inhalacin
DF: Contacto entre un organismo y agentes fsicos, qumicos o
biolgicos a travs del sistema respiratorio.
EN: inhalation exposure

exposicin subcrnica
DF: Contacto entre un agente qumico, fsico o biolgico y un
organismo por un perodo intermedio de tiempo (normalmente,
das o meses)
EN: subchronic exposure

exposicn agregada
DF: La suma total de toda la exposicin a un determinado agente
biolgico, qumico o fsico a travs de las rutas
pertinentes, las vas y fuentes.
EN: aggregate exposure

expresin gentica
DF: Manifestacin fenotpica de un gen o varios genes mediante
los procesos de accin genticos.
EN: gene expression

extensibilidad
DF: Capacidad de un material de ser extendido o estirado sin
romperse.
EN: extensibility

extincin de incendios
DF: Todo el proceso de detectar, localizar, contener y
extinguir un incendio.
EN: fire suppression

extraccin de aguas subterrneas
DF: Remocin de aguas subterrneas que suelen utilizarse como
agua de riego o, despus de su tratamiento, como agua
potable.
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EN: groundwater extraction

extraccin de nutrientes
DF: Extraccin de nutrientes desde el sistema del suelo
mediante la cosecha de cultivos.
EN: nutrient offtake

extraccin de vapores del suelo
DF: La extraccin de vapores del suelo es una tecnologa
remedial in situ que reduce las concentraciones de
constituyentes voltiles en productos derivados del
petrleo absorbidos por los suelos en zonas no saturadas
(vadosas). Se aplica vaco a travs de los pozos cercanos a
la fuente de contaminacin del suelo. Los constituyentes
voltiles de la masa contaminante se "evaporan" y los
vapores son atrados hacia los pozos de extraccin. El
vapor extrado es tratado entonces (generalmente con
adsorcin de carbono) antes de liberarlo a la atmsfera.
EN: soil vapor extraction

extractos de compost
DF: Extractos lquidos de compost que pueden ser utilizados
como estimulador de crecimiento
vegetal/fertilizante/insecticida o en el control de
enfermedades de las plantas.
EN: compost extracts

extractos de madera
DF: Sustancias en la madera que no son parte integral de la
estructura celular, que pueden ser removidos por solucin
en agua caliente o fra, ter, benceno u otros solventes
que no reaccionan qumicamente con los componentes de la
madera.
EN: wood extractives

exuvio
DF: Tegumento que queda despus de la ecdisis.
EN: exuvium

eyeccin lctea
DF: Expulsin de leche desde la cavidad alveolar mamaria, que
est rodeada por una capa de clulas epiteliales secretoras
de leche y una red de clulas mioepiteliales. La
contraccin de las clulas mioepiteliales est regulada por
seales neuroendocrinas.
EN: milk ejection

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F

fabricacin sostenible
DF: La fabricacin sostenible es la manufactura de productos
mediante procesos econmicamente viables que minimizan el
impacto negativo en el ambiente, a la vez que conservan los
recursos naturales y la energa. La fabricacin sostenible
tambin mejora la inocuidad del producto y beneficia a los
operarios y a la comunidad.
EN: sustainable manufacturing

factor 1 de crecimiento de fibroblasto
DF: Un factor de crecimiento polipeptdico de cadena simple o
nica de 17-kDa que juega un rol significativo en el
proceso de curacin de heridas y que es un potente inductor
de angiognesis fisiolgica. Se enlaza con heparina, la
cual potencia su actividad biolgica y lo protege de la
protelisis. El factor de crecimiento es un inductor
extremadamente potente de sntesis de ADN en una variedad
de tipos de clulas de lineajes mesodermales y
neuroectodermales, y tambin tiene actividad quimiotctica
y mitognica. Fue originalmente nombrada factor de
crecimiento de fibroblasto acdico en base a sus
propiedades qumicas y para ser distinguido del factor de
crecimiento de fibroblasto bsico (factor 2 de crecimiento
de fibroblasto).
EN: fibroblast growth factor 1

factor 2 de crecimiento de fibroblasto
DF: Un factor de crecimiento polipeptdico de cadena simple o
nica que juega un rol significativo en el proceso de
curacin de heridas y que es un potente inductor de
angiognesis fisiolgica.
EN: fibroblast growth factor 2

factor A de crecimiento endotelial vascular
DF: Miembro original de la familia de factores de crecimiento
celular endotelial llamada factores de crecimiento
endotelial vascular. Originalmente fue aislado de clulas
tumorales y denominado factor angiognico tumoral y
factor de permeabilidad vascular. Aunque se expresa en
altos niveles en ciertas clulas derivadas de tumores, es
producido por una amplia variedad de tipos de clulas.
Adems de estimular el crecimiento y la permeabilidad
vasculares, puede desempear un papel en la estimulacin de
la vasodilatacin mediante rutas dependientes de xido
ntrico. El empalme alternativo del ARNm del factor A de
crecimiento endotelial vascular da como resultado varias
isoformas de la protena que est siendo producida.
EN: vascular endothelial growth factor A

factor B de crecimiento endotelial vascular
DF: Factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular expresado en una
variedad de tejidos. Se une con un alto grado de
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especificidad al receptor 1 del factor de crecimiento
endotelial vascular y a la neuropilina 1.
EN: vascular endothelial growth factor B

factor C de crecimiento endotelial vascular
DF: Factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular que se une
especficamente a los receptores 2 y 3 del factor de
crecimiento endotelial vascular. Adems de constituir un
factor angiognico, puede influir en los vasos linfticos
para estimular la linfangiognesis. Presenta una estructura
similar a la del factor D de crecimiento endotelial
vascular, ya que ambos contienen extensiones N- y C-
terminales que no se encontraban en otros miembros de la
familia de FCEV.
EN: vascular endothelial growth factor C

factor D de crecimiento endotelial vascular
DF: Factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular que se une
especficamente a los receptores 2 y 3 del factor de
crecimiento endotelial vascular. Adems de ser un factor
angiognico, puede influir en los vasos linfticos para
estimular la linfangiognesis. Presenta una estructura
similar a la del factor C de crecimiento endotelial
vascular, ya que ambos contienen extensiones N- y C-
terminales que no se hallaban en otros miembros de la
familia de FCEV.
EN: vascular endothelial growth factor D

factor de bioacumulacin
DF: La concentracin de una sustancia en los tejidos de un
organismo, dividido por su concentracin en un medio
ambiental en situaciones en las que est expuesto el
organismo y su alimentacin (es decir, lo que representa
para la exposicin sobre la cadena alimentaria, as como la
absorcin qumica directa).
EN: bioaccumulation factor

factor de condicin
DF: Medida del estado de salud general de los peces calculada
mediante la relacin peso-longitud corporal. Se utiliza
para comparar las condiciones de crecimiento de los peces.
Constituye un indicador de la calidad ambiental.
EN: condition factor

factor de emisin
DF: Valor nico para modificar a escala emisiones a datos de
actividad en trminos de un ndice estndar de emisiones
por unidad de actividad (por ejemplo, gramos de dixido de
carbono emanados por barril de combustible fsil consumido
o por libra de producto generado).
EN: emissions factor

factor de necrosis tumoral alfa
DF: Glicoprotena srica producida por los macrfagos activados
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y otros leucocitos
mononucleares de mamferos. Tiene actividad necrotizante
contra las lneas de clulas tumorales
e incrementa la capacidad de rechazar trasplantes de
tumores. En trminos antignicos, se
diferencia de las linfotoxinas, aunque comparten los mismos
receptores, las mismas actividades
biolgicas y secuencias de aminocidos homlagas en forma
significativa.
EN: tumor necrosis factor-alpha

factor de seguridad
DF: Ajuste matemtico (por lo general una reduccin de 10
veces) utilizado para dar cuenta de la extrapolacin de los
datos para alcanzar un nivel de riesgo que se considera
seguro.
EN: safety factor

factor de transcripcin NF-kappa B
DF: Activador transcripcional nuclear ubicuo e inducible que se
une a elementos potenciadores en muchos diferentes tipos de
clulas y que se activa mediante estmulos patgenos. El
complejo NF-kappa B es un heterodmero compuesto por dos
subunidades de ADN vinculante: NF-kappa B1 y relA.
EN: transcription factor NF-kappa B

factor VIII
DF: Factor antihemoflico que es parte del factor VIII /
complejo del factor de von Willebrand. El factor VIII se
produce en el hgado y acta en la va intrnseca de la
coagulacin sangunea.
EN: factor VIII

factores de necrosis tumoral
DF: Familia de protenas que fueron originalmente identificadas
por su habilidad para causar
necrosis de neoplasias. Su efecto necrtico sobre las
clulas esta mediada por receptores de factor
de necrosis tumoral los cuales inducen apoptosis.
EN: tumor necrosis factors

factores de transcripcin
DF: Sustancias endgenas, usualmente protenas, que son
efectivas en la iniciacin,
estimulacin, o terminacin del proceso de transcripcin
gentica.
EN: transcription factors

factores de transcripcin hlice-bucle-hlice bsica
DF: Familia de factores de transcripcin de unin al ADN que
contiene un motivo estructural hlice-bucle-hlice bsico.
EN: basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors

factores edficos
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DF: Condicin del suelo, ya sea fsica, biolgica o qumica,
que influye en los organismos y en los procesos que ocurren
en el suelo.
EN: edaphic factors

factores inmunolgicos
DF: Sustancias biolgicamente activas cuyas acciones afectan o
desempean un rol en el funcionamiento del sistema
inmunitario.
EN: immunologic factors

factores sigma
DF: Protena que es una subunidad de la ARN polimerasa. Efecta
la iniciacin de cadenas
especficas de ARN a partir del ADN.
EN: sigma factors

factores transformadores de crecimiento
DF: Polipptidos hormonalmente activos que pueden inducir al
fenotipo transformado cuando es aanido a clulas normales
no transformadas. Han sido encontradas en cultivos
lquidos de clulas transformadas retroviralmente y en
clulas derivadas de un tumor asi como en fuentes no-
neoplsticas.
EN: transforming growth factors

fagosomas
DF: Vesculas citoplasmticas limitadas por una membrana,
formadas por la invaginacin de
material fagocitado. Se fusionan con los lisosomas para
formar los fagolisosomas dentro de los
cuales las enzimas hidrolticas del lisosoma digieren el
material fagocitado.
EN: phagosomes

falanges
DF: Huesos de los dedos de la mano o del pie.
EN: phalanges

Falconidae
DF: Familia que incluye los halcones o falcos y a las caracaras
o caranchos.
EN: Falconidae

faloidina
DF: Polipptido muy txico aislado principalmente de Amanita
phalloides (Agaricaceae), causa dao heptico grave y daos
en el sistema nervioso central y rin por intoxicacin por
hongos. Se utiliza en el estudio de daos en el hgado
EN: phalloidine

familia de multigenes
DF: Conjunto de genes originados por la duplicacin y variacin
de algn gen ancestral. Tales genes pueden estar agrupados
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en el mismo cromosoma o dispersos en diferentes cromosomas.
EN: multigene family

familias extendidas
DF: Grupo de personas que constituyen una sola familia o viven
cerca unos de otros y a menudo estn relacionados por
consanguinidad, matrimonio o adopcin.
EN: extended families

farmacocintica
DF: Mecanismo dinmico y cintico de sustancias exgenas y
absorcin, adsorcin, biotransformacin, distribucin,
liberacin, transporte, ingestin y eliminacin de
medicamentos como funcin de dosificacin, extensin y tasa
de procesos metablicos. Incluye a la toxicocintica, los
mecanismos farmacocinticos de los efectos txicos de una
sustancia.
EN: pharmacokinetics

farmacogenmica
DF: Rama de la gentica que se ocupa de la variabilidad
gentica en respuestas individuales a frmacos y a su
metabolismo (biotransformacin).
EN: pharmacogenomics

farmacognosia
DF: La ciencia que trata de las drogas preparadas a partir de
fuentes naturales, incluyendo plantas, minerales, animales
y otros organismos.
EN: pharmacognosy

fase eritroctica
DF: Fase de desarrollo del parsito de la malaria Plasmodium
que ocurre en eritrocitos husped.
EN: erythrocytic stage

fase exoeritroctica
DF: Fase de desarrollo del parsito de la malaria Plasmodium
que tiene lugar en clulas husped distintas de los
eritrocitos.
EN: exoerythrocytic stage

fase paquiteno
DF: La fase en la primera profase meitica, la cual sigue a la
fase cigoteno, cuando el cruzamiento entre cromosomas
homlogos empieza.
EN: pachytene stage

faseolotoxina
DF: Toxina bacteriana formada Pseudomonas syringae pv.
phaseolicola, el agente causante de tizn de halo del
frjol, compuesto por el tripptido ornitina, alanina, y
homoarginina y un grupo inorgnico (N-sulfodiaminofosfinil)
unido a un grupo de aminos N- 5 de ortinina, que acta como
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inhibidor de orntina carbamoiltransferasa, bloqueando la
biosntesis de arginina.
EN: phaseolotoxin

feedlot
DF: Instalaciones cerradas donde se alimenta ganado para
producir carne de vacuno para comercializacin.
EN: feedlots

fenologa
DF: Estudio de fenmenos biolgicos peridicos en relacin con
el clima, particularmente con los cambios estacionales.
Estos fenmenos se pueden usar para interpretar las
estaciones locales y las zonas climticas.
EN: phenology

fenotipo
DF: Apariencia externa del individuo. Es producto de las
interacciones entre genes y entre el genotipo y el ambiente.
EN: phenotype

fens
DF: Tierras hmedas que acumulan depsitos de turba. Los fens
son menos acdicos que los pantanos y obtienen la mayor
parte de su agua de agua subterrnea rica en calcio y
magnesio.
EN: fens

fenurn ATC
DF: Sal de fenurn y cido tricloroactico.
EN: fenuron TCA

fermentacin en estado lquido
DF: Proceso de fermentacin controlado en el que se producen
microrganismos en un medio de cultivo lquido.
EN: liquid state fermentation

fermentacin lctica
DF: Fermentacin llevada a cabo por bacterias cido lcticas en
la cual el azcar se convierte completa o casi
completamente en cido lctico o en una mezcla de cido
lctico y otros productos.
EN: lactic fermentation

ferredoxinas
DF: Protenas que contienen hierro o hierro-azufre las cuales
participan en reacciones de transferencia electrnica.
EN: ferredoxins

ferricromo
DF: Pptido cclico que consta de tres residuos de
delta-N-hidroxi-delta-N-acetylornithine. Acta como un
agente de transporte de hierro en Ustilago sphaerogena.
EN: ferrichrome
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fertilizacin (reproduccin)
DF: Fusin entre un gameto masculino y un gameto femenino para
producir un cigoto.
EN: fertilization (reproduction)

fertilizacin in vitro
DF: Mtodo de laboratorio en el que se ponen vulos en un medio
al que se le agregan espermatozoides para fertilizacin.
El(los) cigoto(s) que se producen(n) se introduce(n) en un
tero para que se desarrolle(n).
EN: in vitro fertilization

fertilizantes
DF: Cualquier material orgnico o inorgnico de origen natural
o sinttico que se agrega al suelo para proporcionarle
nutrientes, incluyendo nitrgeno, fsforo y potasio,
necesario para mantener el crecimiento de las plantas.
EN: fertilizers

frulas (mdico)
DF: Aparatos rgidos o flexibles utilizados para mantener en
posicin una parte desplazada o mvil, o para mantener en
su lugar y proteger una parte lesionada.
EN: splints (medical)

fetoscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se practica al feto y en la
cavidad amnitica a travs del abdomen o el tero, por
medio de un endoscopio.
EN: fetoscopy

fetunas
DF: Familia de alfaglobulinas de unin a calcio que se
sintetizan en el hgado y desempean un papel fundamental
en el mantenimiento de la solubilidad del calcio en la
sangre. Las fetunas contienen dominios aminoterminales de
cistatina y se clasifican como cistatinas tipo 3.
EN: fetuins

fibra corta
DF: Fibras cortas cortadas a una longitud especfica para ser
trenzadas y formar un hilo para tejido o dar puntadas en
telas, o para mechones en alfombras. El algodn, el lino, y
la lana existen slo como fibras cortas. El nylon y el
poliester son fibras sintticas disponibles en forma de
fibra corta.
EN: staple (fibers)

fibra de algodn sin desmotar
DF: Algodn sin desmotar que consiste en la semilla con las
hilas adheridas tal como fue cogido del botn.
EN: seed cotton

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fibras nerviosas
DF: Prolongaciones delgadas de las neuronas, incluyendo los
axones y sus cubiertas gliales (vaina de la mielina). Las
fibras nerviosas conducen los impulsos nerviosos a y desde
el sistema nervioso central.
EN: nerve fibers

fibrina
DF: Protena derivada de fibrinogeno en presencia de trombina,
que forma parte del cogulo sanguneo.
EN: fibrin

fibrosis
DF: Cualquier condicin patolgica en que tejido conjuntivo
fibroso invade cualquier rgano, generalmente como
consecuencia de inflamacin u otra lesin.
EN: fibrosis

fibrosis qustica
DF: Enfermedad hereditaria de las glndulas exocrinas que con
mayor frecuencia afecta el pncreas, el sistema
respiratorio y las glndulas sudorparas; comienza
generalmente en la infancia y se caracteriza por
infecciones respiratorias crnicas, insuficiencia
pancretica, y susceptibilidad al agotamiento por calor. La
cirrosis heptica es comn en la niez y puede producir
hipertensin portal, esplenomegalia e hiperesplenismo.
EN: cystic fibrosis

ficobilina
DF: Un pigmento protenico soluble en agua que ayuda a la
fotosntesis y se encuentra en algas rojas y cianobacterias.
EN: phycobilin

ficobilisoma
DF: Pequea estructura esfrica que atrapa la luz, en algas
rojasy cianobacterias, compuesta
principalmente por ficobilina. Los ficobilisomas contienen
los pigmentos que transfieren la
energa luminosa a la clorofila A.
EN: phycobilisome

ficoll
DF: Polmero sinttico producido por un entrecruzamiento de
epiclorohridrina y sacarosa.
EN: ficoll

fiebre
DF: Alza anormal de la temperatura corporal, generalmente como
resultado de un proceso patolgico.
EN: fever

fiebre aftosa
DF: Enfermedad altamente contagiosa causada por un Aftovirus en
729

el ganado bovino, los cerdos, las ovejas y cabras. Se
caracteriza por el desarrollo de ampollas en el hocico y
las patas y causa cojera.
EN: foot-and-mouth disease

fiebre bovina efmera
DF: Infeccin de Ephemerovirus del ganado causada por el virus
de la fiebre bovina efmera. Se caracteriza por sntomas
respiratorios, aumento de secreciones orofarngeas y
lacrimacin, dolor en las articulaciones, temblor y rigidez.
EN: bovine ephemeral fever

fiebre catarral maligna
DF: Infeccin por herpesvirus del ganado bovino caracterizada
por inflamacin catarral del epitelio respiratorio superior
y alimentario, queratoconjuntivitis, encefalitis y aumento
de los ganglios linfticos.
EN: malignant catarrhal fever

fiebre catarral ovina
DF: Infeccin reoviral transmitida por artrpodos,
principalmente a ovinos, pero tambin al ganado bovino y a
rumiantes salvajes; se caracteriza por una lengua hinchada
de color azul y a menudo por inflamacin de la banda
coronaria y la lmina sensible de las patas.
EN: bluetongue

fiebre del heno
DF: Rinitis alrgica que tiene lugar cada ao en la misma
poca. Se caracteriza por una conjuntivitis aguda
acompaada por lagrimeo y comezn. Se le considera una
afeccin alrgica provocada por alrgenos especficos.
EN: hay fever

fiebre del Valle del Rift
DF: Enfermedad febril similar al dengue, causada por arbovirus
transmitidos por mosquitos.
EN: Rift Valley fever

fiebre maculosa de las Montaas Rocosas
DF: Enfermedad febril aguda causada por la Rickettsia
rickettsii (gnero Rickettsia, familia Rickettsiaceae). Se
transmite a los seres humanos por picadas de garrapatas
infectadas y ocurre slo en el Norte y el Sur de Amrica.
Entre sus caractersticas se incluyen el comienzo sbito
con cefalea, escalofros y fiebre con una duracin de dos a
tres semanas. Comnmente aparece un exantema cutneo en
extremidades y tronco alrededor del cuarto da de la
enfermedad.
EN: Rocky Mountain spotted fever

fiebre porcina africana
DF: Enfermedad en ocasiones fatal, causada por un Asfivirus que
afecta a los cerdos; se caracteriza por fiebre, tos,
730

diarrea, ndulos linfticos hemorrgicos y edema de la
vescula biliar. Se transmite entre cerdos domsticos por
contacto directo, ingestin de comida infectada, fmites, o
mecnicamente mediante moscas de los establos o garrapatas
de cuerpo blando (del gnero Ornithodoros).
EN: African swine fever

fiebre Q
DF: Enfermedad infecciosa aguda causada por la coxiella
burnetii de la familia Rickettsiaceae. Se caracteriza por
comienzo brusco con fiebre, cefalea, malestar general y
decaimiento. En seres humanos, se contrae comnmente por la
inhalacin de polvo infectado a partir de animales
domsticos infectados.
EN: Q fever

fiebre vitularia
DF: Enfermedad de las vacas y ovejas en gestacin y en
amamantamiento que produce paresia generalizada y muerte.
La enfermedad, que se caracteriza por hipocalcemia, ocurre
durante el alumbramiento o poco tiempo despu en vacas y
durante las semanas previas al alumbramiento o despus de
l en las ovejas.
EN: milk fever

fieras
DF: Animales que han escapado de un ambiente domstico y han
vuelto al estado salvaje.
EN: feral animals

filamentos intermedios
DF: Filamentos citoplasmticos de dimetro intermedio
(aproximadamente 10 nanmetros) ente los microfilamentos y
los microtbulos. Pueden estar compuestos de varias
protenas diferentes y forman un anillo alrededor del
ncleo celular.
EN: intermediate filaments

filipina
DF: Complejo de antibiticos polienos obtenidos a partir de
Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipina III altera la funcin
de la membrana al interferir con los esteroles de sta,
inhibe la respiracin mitocondrial, y es considerado un
agente antifngico. Filipins I, II y IV son menos
importantes.
EN: filipin

filogenia
DF: Relaciones entre grupos de organismos en funcin de su
composicin gentica.
EN: phylogeny

filogeografa
DF: El estudio de la distribucin espacial de la evolucin de
731

los organismos basados en el genotipo.
EN: phylogeography

filopatra
DF: Conducta manifestada por un individuo que regresa a su
lugar de nacimiento u origen o que permanece en l.
EN: philopatry

filoplano
DF: Microambiente en la superficie de una hoja.
EN: phylloplane

filosfera
DF: Microambiente tridimensional que rodea una hoja.
EN: phyllosphere

filotaxia
DF: La disposicin de hojas en un tallo.
EN: phyllotaxy

filtrados
DF: El producto de la filtracin; una sustancia que ha pasado
a travs del filtro
EN: filtrates

financiamiento
DF: Recursos financieros recolectados o proporcionados para el
apoyo de un propsito determinado.
EN: funding

finanzas
DF: Administracin de dinero, operaciones bancarias,
inversiones, deudas y crditos.
EN: finance

fstula
DF: Comunicacin o pasaje anormal entre dos rganos internos o
entre un rgano interno y la superficie del cuerpo.
EN: fistula

fisura del paladar
DF: Fisura congnita del paladar blando y/o duro debida a una
unin defectuosa.
EN: cleft palate

fitocroma
DF: Una protena azulada conjugada de pigmento vegetal, que
existe en dos formas, Pr y Pfr, que absorbe la luz roja y
entonces inicia respuestas fisiolgicas como la
germinacin, el crecimiento y la floracin.
EN: phytochrome

fitoplncton
DF: Organismos fotosintticos principalmente microscpicos,
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como algas, dinoflagelados, y diatomeas, que flotan
libremente en sistemas acuticos.
EN: phytoplankton

fitoqumicos
DF: Cualquier constituyente bioactivo no mineral y no
vitamnico de las plantas, que los investigadores
consideren como posiblemente til en la mejora de la salud
o en la prevencin o el tratamiento de enfermedades.
EN: phytochemicals

fitoremediacin
DF: El uso de plantas para la absorcin, almacenamiento,
degradacin, inmobilizacin, transformacin, o volatizacin
de sustancias perjudiciales para mitigar el dao a la salud
humana o del ambiente.
EN: phytoremediation

fitosiderforos
DF: Compuestos quelantes en las plantas, comunes en los pastos,
que el hierro secuestrar.
EN: phytosiderophores

fitosociologa
DF: Rama de la ecologa vegetal que se ocupa de la composicin,
la distribucin, las caractersticas y las interrelaciones
de las especies vegetales que viven en comunidades de
plantas.
EN: phytosociology

fitosteroles
DF: Trmino general para los esteroles encontrados en plantas.
EN: phytosterols

fitoterapia
DF: Uso de plantas o hierbas para tratar enfermedades o aliviar
el dolor.
EN: phytotherapy

flagelina
DF: Una protena con un peso molecular de 40.000 aislada de los
flagelos bacterianos. A un pH y una concentracin de sal
adecuados, tres monmeros de flagelina pueden
espontneamente reagregarse para formar estructuras que
parecen flagelos intactos.
EN: flagellin

flemn interdigital
DF: Enfermedad de las partes crneas y de las estructuras
blandas adyacentes de las patas del ganado bovino, cerdos y
ovejas. Se conoce tambin como necrobacilosis interdigital.
EN: footrot

florfenicol
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DF: Florfenicol es un derivado fluorados del cloranfenicol. Es
un antibitico de amplio espectro utilizado para controlar
las infecciones de las vas respiratorias en el ganado
bovino y porcino.
EN: florfenicol

floricanes
DF: Tallo bienal tpico del Rubus. Durante el primer ao de
crecimiento, el tallo se denomina retoo o primocane, ya
que es incapaz de florecer y precede a los floricanes.
Durante el segundo ao de crecimiento, los tallos se
denominan floricanes, que florecen, dan frutos y mueren
durante este segundo ao.
EN: floricanes

fluidez de la membrana
DF: Movimiento de las molculas de fosfolpidos dentro de la
capa bilpidica, dependiendo de las clases de fosfolpidos
presentes, su composicin de cidos grasos y el grado de
insaturacin de las cadenas aclicas, la concentracin de
colesterol y la temperatura.
EN: membrane fluidity

flujo gentico
DF: Movimiento de genes de una poblacin a otra de la misma
especie.
EN: gene flow

flujo laminar
DF: Flujo ininterrumpido de un gas o de un lquido en el cual
la velocidad en cualquiera de sus puntos es relativamente
estable, como al pasar por sobre una superficie suave. Cf.
flujo turbulento.
EN: laminar flow

flujo turbulento
DF: Flujo caracterizado por velocidades agitadas e irregulares,
y presiones que fluctan aleatoriamente, como si se
desplazara o pasara sobre una superficie spera.
EN: turbulent flow

fluorometra
DF: Mtodo de anlisis para detectar y medir la fluorescencia
de los compuestos, clulas, protenas o nucletidos, u
objetos previamente marcados con agentes fluorescentes.
EN: fluorometry

foie gras
DF: Hgado de ganso o de pato que generalmente se sirve para
untar.
EN: foie gras

folculos de Graaf
DF: El folculo maduro del ovario que segrega estrgenos y es
734

el estado final del desarrollo follicular en mamferos.
EN: Graafian follicles

folculos linfticos agregados
DF: Tejido linfoide de la mucosa del intestino delgado.
EN: Peyer's patches

folistatina
DF: Protena ampliamente distribuida que se une directamente a
las activinas. Funciona como antagonista de las activinas,
inhibe la secrecin de hormonas estimuladoras de los
folculos, regula la diferenciacin celular y desempea una
funcin importante en la embriognesis. La folistatina es
una cadena simple de polipptidos glicosilados de
aproximadamente 37-kDa y no es miembro de la familia de la
inhibina. Tambin se une a o neutraliza varios miembros de
la familia beta del factor de crecimiento de transformacin.
EN: follistatin

foresia
DF: Relacin de comensalismo en la cual un organismo es
transportado por un organismo ms grande de otra especie.
EN: phoresy

formacin de varios embriones
DF: Desarrollo de ms de un embrin a partir de un solo vulo o
semilla.
EN: polyembryony

formacin docente
DF: Educacin o capacitacin de profesores o maestros.
EN: teacher education

formalina
DF: Solucin acuosa de formaldehdo al 37%, utilizada como
fijador histolgico, desinfectante o antisptico.
EN: formalin

formas del torrente sanguneo
DF: Estado morfolgico en el ciclo de vida de los tripanosomas
durante la infeccin del husped mamfero.
EN: bloodstream forms

formas procclicas
DF: Estado morfolgico en el ciclo de vida de los tripanosomas
durante la infeccin del vector artrpodo.
EN: procyclic forms

formicina
DF: Ribonuclesidos pirazolopirimidina aislados de Nocardia
interforma. Son antibiticos antineoplsicos con
propiedades citostticas.
EN: formycin

735

forraje
DF: Cultivo de forraje grosero de gran valor nutritivo, alto en
fibra y cultivado especialmente para alimentar rumiantes.
Incluye pastos y leguminosas cortados en el momento
adecuado de madurez y almacenados para preservar su calidad.
EN: forage

fosforilacin oxidante
DF: Proceso biqumico en el cual se sintetiza ATP a partir de
ADP y fosfato inorgnico en el metabolismo celular.
EN: oxidative phosphorylation

fotoamarillamiento
DF: Decoloracin de productos causada por la luz.
EN: photoyellowing

fotoblanqueo
DF: Cambio inducido mediante luz en el grupo qumico
responsable del color en una molcula, lo cual genera la
prdida de absorcin de la luz de una determinada longitud
de onda.
EN: photobleaching

fotoestabilidad
DF: Capacidad de de un producto, un material o un producto
qumico para soportar la exposicin a la luz sin sufrir
efectos adversos.
EN: photostability

fotofosforilacin
DF: Formacin de ATP a partir de ADP y fosfato en cloroplastos
que usan energa luminosa
durante la fotosntesis.
EN: photophosphorylation

fotogrametra
DF: Realizacin de mediciones mediante el uso de fotografas
estereoscpicas.
EN: photogrammetry

fotoheterotrofos
DF: Organismos que dependen de la luz para obtener energa y de
la materia orgnica compleja para obtener carbono.
EN: photoheterotrophs

fotoinhibicin
DF: Reduccin de la velocidad de fotosntesis en alta
intensidad de luz cuando la energa
luminosa excede el punto de saturacin (velocidad mxima de
fotosntesis) y el flujo normal de
electrones es interrumpido.
EN: photoinhibition

fotomorfognesis
736

DF: Diferenciacin, desarrollo y crecimiento biolgicos
regulados por la luz.
EN: photomorphogenesis

fotoperiodismo
DF: Respuesta fisiolgica y conductual de un orgaismo a la
duracin relativa de la luz y la oscuridad.
EN: photoperiodism

fotoqumica
DF: Estudio de los efectos de la luz en las reacciones qumicas.
EN: photochemistry

fotorespiracin
DF: Consumo de oxgeno debido a la oxidacin de los
carbohidratos, y la produccin de dixido
de carbono durante la fotosntesis.
EN: photorespiration

fotosensores lineales (retina)
DF: Neuronas aferentes fotosensibles situadas en la retina
perifrica, con un aumento de la densidad radial fuera de
la fvea central. Siendo mucho ms sensibles a la luz que
las clulas conos de la retina. Son responsables de la
visin crepuscular (en intensidades escotpicas), as como
de la visin perifrica, pero no proveen ninguna
discriminacin de los colores.
EN: rods (retina)

fotosintatos
DF: Productos qumicos resultantes de la fotosntesis.
EN: photosynthates

fotosntesis
DF: Sntesis de carbohidratos a partir de dixido de carbono y
agua por parte de la clorofila, por
medio de la cual utiliza enrega luminosa y produce oxgeno.
EN: photosynthesis

fototoxicidad
DF: Condicin adversa debida a la sobrexposicin a la luz.
EN: phototoxicity

fototoxinas
DF: Agentes fotosensibles, sustancias qumicas que causan
sensibilidad extema de la piel a los rayos ultravioletas
del sol.
EN: phototoxins

fracciones subcelulares
DF: Componentes de una clula que se obtienen por medio de
diversas tcnicas de separacin
las cuales, aunque rompen la delicada anatoma de una
clula, preservan la estructura y fisiologa
737

de sus componentes funcionales y permiten realizar anlisis
bioqumicos y ultraestructurales.
EN: subcellular fractions

fracturas femorales
DF: Fracturas de fmur.
EN: femoral fractures

fracturas humerales
DF: Fracturas del hmero.
EN: humeral fractures

fracturas seas
DF: fracturas de huesos o cartlagos.
EN: bone fractures

fracturas por estrs
DF: Fracturas debidas a la tensin causada por el ejercicio
repetitivo. Se cree que son producto de una combinacin de
fatiga muscular y falla sea, y que ocurren en situaciones
en las que la remodelacin sea predomina sobre la
reparacin. Las zonas de estrs ms comunes son el
metatarso, la fbula, la tibia y el cuello del fmur.
EN: stress fractures

fragmentacin de ADN
DF: Divisin endonucleica del ADN genmico en fragmentos
oligonucleosomales en sitios internucleosomales. La
fragmentacin de ADN y la condensacin de cromatina se
consideran como el sello distintivo de la apoptosis.
EN: DNA fragmentation

franja capilar
DF: rea de la zona saturada justo sobre el nivel de agua en la
que el agua se mantiene por capilaridad y tensin de la
superficie. El grado de saturacin depende de la
distribucin del tamao de los poros del suelo.
EN: capillary fringe

franjas filtro
DF: Franjas de hierbas usadas para interceptar o atrapar
sedimentos, productos orgnicos, plaguicidas y otros
potenciales contaminantes antes de que lleguen a un cuerpo
de agua.
EN: filter strips

freatofitos
DF: Plantas cuyas races profundas se extienden en la zona
capilar o debajo de ella para obtener agua desde la capa
fretica.
EN: phreatophytes

frecuencia
DF: Nmero de ocurrencias de un fenmeno peridico dentro de
738

una cantidad especfica de tiempo.
EN: frequency

frecuencia gentica
DF: Proporcin de uno en particular de todos los alelos de un
locus gentico en una poblacin de cra.
EN: gene frequency

frecuencia respiratoria
DF: Cantidad de veces en las que un ser viviente respira a
travs de los pulmones (respiracin) por unidad de tiempo,
a menudo por minuto.
EN: respiratory rate

freemartin
DF: Condicin que se presenta en mellizos dicigticos de sexo
diferente en el ganado bovino (y con frecuencia en otras
especies) cuando la anastomosis de los vasos placentarios
permite intercambiar hormonas y clulas durante la vida
fetal. La ternera es un especimen intersexuado estril
debido al paso de andrgenos desde el macho y ambos
terneros son quimeras de clulas sanguneas con tolerancia
inmunitaria debido al intercambio de clulas in utero.
EN: freemartinism

frondas
DF: Estructura similar a la de una hoja que presenta un
helecho, una palma, una cica, un liquen, una alga marina u
otra planta.
EN: fronds

frugvoros
DF: Organismos que se alimentan principalmente de frutos.
EN: frugivores

fruta de pan
DF: Fruta ovalada o redonda de pulpa cremosa y cscara
amarillo-verdosa con espinas redondeadas y pequeas.
Generalmente se cuece y se come como verdura y tiene el
sabor de una patata. Es un alimento de base en la cocina
del Pacifico del Sur y en Malasia.
EN: breadfruits

fruta del pobre
DF: Parecida a la fruta del pan, la fruta del pobre es de mucho
mayor tamao y puede llegar a pesar hasta 45 kilos.
Generalmente se cuece, tiene sabor a papa y se usa como
hortaliza en la cocina del Pacfico Sur y Malasia.
EN: jackfruits

frutos
DF: El ovario maduro de una flor.
EN: fruits

739

fuentes de energa renovable
DF: Fuentes de energa originadas en procesos naturales
continuos, tales como el sol, el viento, flujos de agua,
etc.
EN: renewable energy sources

fuentes de nutrientes dietticos
DF: Alimentos y suplementos que contribuyen con nutrientes
especficos a la dieta, tales como leguminosas que
proporcionan una importante fuente de protena en la dieta
vegetariana.
EN: dietary nutrient sources

fuentes proteicas
DF: Alimentos de la dieta que aportan protenas.
EN: protein sources

fuerza muscular
DF: Cantidad de fuerza generada por la contraccin muscular. La
fuerza muscular puede ser medida durante la contraccin
isomtrica, isotnica o isocintica ya sea manualmente o
utilizando un dispositivo, como un dinammetro de fuerza
muscular.
EN: muscle strength

fullereno
DF: Una estructura polidrica de carbono, compuesta por
aproximadamente 60 a 80 tomos de carbono en el pentgono y
con una configuracin hexagonal.Ellos son nombrados como
Buckminster Fuller, debido a su semejanza estructural con
domos geodsicos.
EN: fullerene

fumigantes
DF: Pesticida o desinfectante usado en forma de gas, vapor,
emanaciones, o humo.
EN: fumigants

fundicin
DF: Proceso de separacin del metal de un mena, generalmente
mediante el calentamiento en un horno hasta el punto de
fusin.
EN: smelting

fusariosis
DF: Enfermedad de las plantas causada por hongos de la especie
Fusarium.
EN: Fusarium wilt

fusin
DF: Proceso de paso de estado slido a estado lquido.
EN: melting

fusin celular
740

DF: Fusin de clulas somticas in vitro o in vivo, que produce
hibridacin celular somtica.
EN: cell fusion

fusin de genes
DF: Fusin de genes estructurales para analizar el
comportamiento de protenas o fusin de secuencias
reguladores con genes estructurales para determinar
mecanismos de regulacin.
EN: gene fusion

fusin de grasas
DF: El proceso de someter las canales y partes animales,
especialmente los tejidos grasos, a molienda, extraccin,
calor u otros tratamientos para fundir fuera las grasas y
convertirlos en subproductos de la carne.
EN: rendering

Future Farmers of America
DF: Organizacin para alumnos de enseanza secundaria que
estudian agricultura vocacional.
EN: Future Farmers of America

741

G

galactsidos
DF: Glucsidos formados por la reaccin del grupo hidroxilo en
el tomo de carbono anomrico de la galactosa con un
alcohol para formar un acetalo. Incluye los galactsidos
alfa y beta.
EN: galactosides

galletas crujientes
DF: Alimentos horneados crujientes elaborados con masa sin
levadura y harina de grano para que los aromas o
condimentos puedan ser agregados.
EN: crackers

gallinas
DF: Pollos hembras adultos.
EN: hens

gallinas viejas
DF: Gallina ponedora de huevos para crianza o para fines
comerciales que ya no rinde al nivel de produccin deseado.
EN: spent hens

gallos
DF: Pollos machos adultos normalmente mantenidos para
reproduccin.
EN: roosters

Gallus gallus
DF: El gallo rojo de la selva (Gallus gallus) es generalmente
aceptado como el ancestro de las razas modernas de pollos
(Gallus gallus domesticus). A pesar de que la domesticacin
empezara alrededor de los 2500-2100 a.C., los gallos rojos
de la selva son todava encontrados en su diversidad nativa
en la India y el Sureste Asitico.
EN: Gallus gallus

gametocitos
DF: Clulas de plantas o animales indiferenciadas que se
dividen por meiosis y producen gametos.
EN: gametocytes

gametofitos
DF: Fase en que se producen los rganos sexuales y tienen
gametos en el ciclo vital de plantas que alternan
generaciones (por ejemplo, aquellas que tienen dos o ms
formas en el ciclo vital). Comparar con esporofitos.
EN: gametophytes

gametforos
DF: Estructuras que soportan los rganos reproductivos
(gametangios) de los musgos y helechos.
EN: gametophores
742

gammagrafa
DF: La produccin de una imagen obtenida por cmaras que
detectan las emisiones radiactivas de un radionclido
inyectado, ya que ste ha sido distribuido diferencialmente
a lo largo de los tejidos del cuerpo.
EN: scintigraphy

ganadera de campos libres
DF: Un sistema de gestin de animales donde los animales no son
confinados sino que mas bien pueden recorrer y buscar
forraje libremente en una rea abierta grande.
EN: free range husbandry

ganado alimentado con pasto
DF: Animales para carne criados mayormente en potreros en vez
de corral o lote.
EN: grass-fed livestock

ganado de cra
DF: Vaquillas y/o novillos castrados que son criados y
engordados en pasturas u otro forraje para la posterior
venta como reemplazo de la crianza a corral o feed-lot.
EN: stocker cattle

ganado de engorde
DF: Crianza de ganado vacuno desde la etapa de ternero a la
venta para operaciones de terminacin.
EN: feeder cattle

ganancia media diaria
DF: Aumento en el peso corporal promedio de un animal en
crecimiento expresado en libras, kilogramos o gramos por
da.
EN: average daily gain

gansos machos
DF: gansos machos.
EN: ganders

gases de invernadero
DF: Gases tales como el vapor de agua, el anhdrido carbnico,
el ozono troposfrico, el xido nitroso, y el metano, que
son transparentes a la radiacin solar, pero opacos a la
radiacin de onda larga. Su efecto es similar al del gas en
un invernadero.
EN: greenhouse gases

gasificacin
DF: Proceso calrico o qumico de cambiar una sustancia a gas,
usado a menudo para producir combustibles a partir de
materiales carbonosos, como carbn o biomasa.
EN: gasification

743

gasohol
DF: Una mixtura de gasolina y combustibles de alcohol, ya sea
metanol o etanol, que es usada como un combustible para
motores. La mixtura es usualmente 90% gasolina y 10%
combustible de alcohol.
EN: gasohol

gasto de energa en reposo
DF: Combinacin de necesidades de energa basal, ms el efecto
trmico del alimento, ms una pequea cantidad de energa
requerida para realizar las actividades sedentarias ms
bsicas.
EN: resting energy expenditure

gasto del consumidor
DF: Los bienes y servicios comprados por consumidores a nivel
local, regional, o nacional. Los datos de gastos del
consumidor son usualmente reportados en categoras amplias,
como por ejemplo la cantidad de dinero gastado en alimentos
en el hogar, en comidas en restaurantes, vestimenta,
transporte, entretenimiento, servicios de salud, bienes
para el hogar, etc.
EN: consumer expenditure

gasto energtico
DF: Combinacin de los requisitos energticos de base, ms el
efecto trmico de los alimentos y una pequea cantidad de
energa necesaria para realizar las actividades sedentarias
mnimas.
EN: energy expenditure

gastrinas
DF: Familia de hormonas pptidas gastrointestinales que excitan
la secrecin de jugos gstricos. Pueden presentarse tambin
en el sistema nervioso, donde se supone que son
neurotransmisores.
EN: gastrins

gastritis
DF: Inflamacin del estmago, especialmente de la mucosa
gstrica.
EN: gastritis

gastroenteritis transmisible
DF: Especie de gastroenteritis crnica en cerdos adultos y
gastroenteritis fatal en lechones, causada por Coronavirus.
EN: transmissible gastroenteritis

gastronomia
DF: Estilo o mtodo de preparacin de alimentos.
EN: cuisine

gastroscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se realiza en el interior del
744

estmago mediante un endoscopio.
EN: gastroscopy

generadores elctricos
DF: Dispositivo que convierte la energa trmica, qumica o
mecnica en electricidad.
EN: electric generators

genes
DF: Secuencias especficas de nucletidos a lo largo de una
molcula de ADN (o, en el caso de algunos virus, el ARN),
los cuales representan las unidades funcionales de la
herencia. La mayora de los genes eucariotas contienen un
conjunto de regiones codificantes (exones) que se colocan
juntos en la transcripcin, despus de la eliminacin de la
secuencia intermedia (intrones) y por lo tanto los genes
divididos son etiquetados.
EN: genes

genes dominantes
DF: Genes que se reflejan en el fenotipo tanto en el estado de
homocigoto como en el de hterocigoto.
EN: dominant genes

genes duplicados
DF: Dos genes idnticos que muestran la misma accin
fenotpica, pero localizados en regiones diferentes de un
cromosoma o en cromosomas diferentes.
EN: duplicate genes

genes estructurales
DF: Genes que codifican las protenas requeridas en las
funciones enzimticas y estructurales de
las clulas. Incluyen a los genes de desarrollo y los genes
diferenciados.
EN: structural genes

genes hometicos
DF: Secuencias de ADN altamente conservadas que han sido
identificadas en transcripciones genticas especficas que
van desde la Drosofila melanogaster a los ratones y los
seres humanos. La funcin de los genes homeobox, en parte,
es la de generar protenas deunin a ADN (protenas del
homeodominio) con una secuencia evolutiva conservada de
aproximadamente 60 residuos.
EN: homeotic genes

genes letales
DF: Genes que dan lugar a la muerte prematura del organismo;
los genes letales dominates matan los heterocigotes,
mientras que los genes letales recesivos slo matan los
homocigotes.
EN: lethal genes

745

genes mayores
DF: Genes que causan grandes diferencias en los rasgos de
organismos que heredan diferentes alelos.
EN: major genes

genes reguladores
DF: Genes que regulan o circunscriben la actividad de otros
genes, especficamente genes que
codifican para protenas (represoras o activadoras) que
regulan la transcripcin gentica de los
genes estructurales y/o genes regulatorios.
EN: regulator genes

genes reporteros
DF: Genes cuya expresin es fcilmente detectable y portanto se
emplean para estudiar la
actividad promotora en muhcas posiciones en un genoma
diana. En la tecnologa del ADN
recombinante, estos genes pueden unirse a una regin
promotora de inters.
EN: reporter genes

genes sintticos
DF: Secuencias biologicamente funcionales de ADN qumicamente
sintesizado in vitro.
EN: synthetic genes

genes suicidas
DF: Genes utilizados en forma transgnica, como por ejemplo,
mediante tcnicas de transferencia para provocar la muerte
celular.
EN: suicide genes

genes supresores
DF: Genes que inhiben la expresin de una mutacin previa.
Permiten que el fenotipo de tipo
salvaje sea restaurado parcial o totalmente.
EN: suppressor genes

genes supresores de tumores
DF: Genes que inhiben la expresin del fenotipo tumorgeno y
que suelen intervenir en el control del crecimiento
celular. Cuando son desactivados o se pierden, se elimina
una barrera a la proliferacin normal, por lo que es
posible que ocurra un crecimiento irregular.
EN: tumor suppressor genes

gentica cuantitativa
DF: rea de la gentica que estudia la herencia de ragos que
varan continuamente. La mayora
de los programas prcticos de mejoramiento involucran la
aplicacin de la gentica cuantitativa.
EN: quantitative genetics

746

gentica microbial
DF: Rama de la gentica que trata sobre los mecanismos y
procesos genticos de los organismos.
EN: microbial genetics

geneticina
DF: Antibitico derivado de Micromonospora rhodorangea.
EN: geneticin

genoma
DF: Conjunto completo de material gentico de los cromosomas de
un organismo con sus genes correspondientes.
EN: genome

genmica
DF: Rama de la gentica que estudia organismos en trmino de
sus genomas; por ejemplo, su secuencia de ADN completa.
EN: genomics

genotipificacin
DF: Mtodos empleados para determinar alelos especficos de los
individuos o polimorfismos de nucletido nico (PNU).
EN: genotyping

genotipo
DF: Constitucin gentica de un organismo, clula, individuo o
taxn, distinta de su apariencia fsica (es decir,
fenotipo).
EN: genotype

genotoxicidad
DF: Grado en el que una toxina tiene efectos adversos en el ADN.
EN: genotoxicity

gentamicina
DF: Complejo de tres diferentes sulfatos aminoglucsidos
estrechamente relacionados, Gentamicinas C1, C2 y C1
(SubA), obtenidos a partir de Micromonospora purpurea y
especies relacionadas. Ellos son antibiticos de amplio
espectro, pero pueden causar dao renal y en odos. Actan
inhibiendo la sntesis de protenas (traduccin gentica).
EN: gentamicin

gentiobiosa
DF: Disacrido que consta de dos unidades de glucosa en un
enlace glicosdico beta (1-6).
EN: gentiobiose

geocodificacin
DF: Proceso de hacer corresponder la informacin registrada en
tablas con lugares especficos del mundo real a travs de
coordenadas establecidas.
EN: geocoding

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geodesia
DF: Ciencia encargada de medir el tamao y la forma de la
tierra utilizando puntos de referencia que trazan los
niveles de las elevaciones y las profundidades marinas. Los
principios de la geodesia se pueden aplicar a otros cuerpos
planetarios.
EN: geodesy

geoestadsticas
DF: La aplicacin de mtodos estadsticos en datos
geoespaciales. Las Geoestadsticas se aplican a muchas
disciplinas tales como geologa, hidrologa, meteorologa,
geografa, ecologa, ciencias forestales y agricultura.
EN: geostatistics

geofagia
DF: Prctica de comer tierra, yeso o arcilla.
EN: geophagia

geomorfologa
DF: El estudio de la superficie de la tierra y como ha cambiado
en el transcurso del tiempo.
EN: geomorphology

georeferenciamiento
DF: Procedimiento para establecer la relacin entre las
coordenadas de un mapa o imagen con las coordenadas
especficas del mundo real.
EN: georeferencing

germoplasma
DF: Clulas o tejidos de los cuales se puede generar un nuevo
organismo.
EN: germplasm

gestin de la informacin
DF: Conjunto de actividades cuya meta es proporcionar
informacin, servicios, y medios ... de manera que suplan
mejor las necesidades del usuario.
EN: information management

gestin de pesqueras
DF: El proceso de mantener los recursos acuticos que son
importantes para las pesqueras, como la evaluacin de
existencias acuticas, monitoreo del medio ambiente y la
aplicacin de regulacin pesquera.
EN: fisheries management

gestin de riesgos
DF: Proceso que emprende una organizacin para minimizar
riesgos financieros, de salud u otros, al identificar los
potenciales riesgos o efectos adversos, planificar la
reaccin y manejar incidentes que de hecho ocurren de
manera tal que su efecto y costos son minimizados.
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EN: risk management

gestin del voluntariado
DF: Reclutamiento, asignacin de horarios, reconocimiento y
retencin de los voluntarios o las voluntarias.
EN: volunteer management

ghee
DF: Tipo de mantequilla derretida que tiene sabor y olor a nuez
acaramelados.
EN: ghee

ghrelin
DF: Pptido de 28 aminocidos con un grupo octanoil en serina
en la tercera posicin, estimula la secrecin de
somatotropina y es un antagonista de la somatostatina. Es
sintetizado en muchos tejidos, pero las clulas ghrelin se
concentran en la mucosa estomacal. Estimula la ingestin de
alimentos y disminuye la utilizacin de grasa.
EN: ghrelin

ginognesis
DF: Desarrollo de un embrin de un huevo fertilizado que slo
involucra los cromosomas maternos del ncleo de la hembra.
EN: gynogenesis

glaciacin
DF: La formacin, avance o recesin de glaciares y capas de
hielo cubriendo el paisaje.
EN: glaciation

glndula nidamental
DF: La parte glandular especializada del oviducto que forma la
cscara del huevo.
EN: shell gland

glicognesis
DF: Biosntesis de glicgeno a partir de molculas de glucosa.
EN: glycogenesis

glioxisomas
DF: Microcuerpos que se producen en las clulas vegetales y en
algunos microorganismos eucariticos, los cuales contienen
enzimas del ciclo del glioxilato.
EN: glyoxysomes

globalizacin
DF: Integracin mundial de mercados de productos, servicios y
capital.
EN: globalization

glucorregulacin
DF: Procesos bioqumicos que mantienen el nivel de glucosa en
los organismos vivos.
749

EN: glucoregulation

glucsidos cardacos
DF: Cualquiera de varios glucsidos obtenidos principalmente de
plantas tales como la digital, utilizada medicinalmente
para aumentar la fuerza de contraccin del msculo cardaco
y para regular los latidos cardacos.
EN: cardiac glycosides

gobernanza
DF: El proceso por el cual se le asigna autoridad un grupo de
personas para dirigir, informar, supervisar y administrar
los recursos con el fin de alcanzar los objetivos de una
organizacin o programa.
EN: governance

gobernanza ambiental
DF: El proceso por medio del cual los participantes del sector
pblico y/o privado con poder de decisin, coordinan
polticas, reglamentos, normas y prcticas en el uso,
manejo y proteccin de los recursos naturales.
EN: environmental governance

goitrogenos
DF: Goitrogenos son sustancias que pueden interferir con la
function de la glndula de la tiroides.
EN: goitrogens

goma xantana
DF: Polisacrido que se obtiene de la fermentacin de azcar de
maz. Se utiliza como agente espesante, emulsionante y
estabilizador en una variedad de productos alimentarios y
no alimentarios.
EN: xanthan gum

gomas
DF: Un trmino integral para los exudados viscosos no voltiles
de las plantas que se disuelven o se expanden en contacto
con el agua. Muchas sustancias a las que se les llama
gomas, tales como gomas de pino y de abeto, son en realidad
oleoresinas.
EN: plant gums

gomosis
DF: Exudacin de goma, ltex o savia de algunos rboles
frutales y caa de azcar que puede ser causada por
insectos, dao mecnico, microorganismos patgenos o malas
condiciones climticas.
EN: gummosis

gossyplure
DF: Feromona sexual de la hembra del gusano bellotero,
Pectinophora gossypiella, y tambin el compuesto sinttico
usado para atraer a los machos de la especie.
750

EN: gossyplure

graduacin del riesgo
DF: Ubicacin de los elementos de riesgo en una secuencia
ordinal para la toma de decisiones basada en informacin
cualitativa y cuantitativa.
EN: risk ranking

grficos por computador
DF: La tcnica de combinar los clculos de computador con
distintos dispositivos de pantalla, impresoras, plotters,
etc, para representar la informacin en formato grfico o
pictrico.
EN: computer graphics

gramicidina
DF: Grupo de antibiticos peptdicos derivados de Bacillus
brevis. La Gramicidina C o S es un cclico, 10- amino cido
polipptido y las gramicidinas A, B, D son lineales. La
Gramicidina es uno de los dos componentes principales de la
Tirotricina la cual se utiliza por va tpica para
organismos gram-positivos. Es txica para la sangre,
hgado, riones, meninges y el aparato olfativo.
EN: gramicidin

grandlure
DF: Mezcla de componentes de la feromona de agregacin del
grillo del algodonero, Anthonomus grandis.
EN: grandlure

graneros
DF: Un edificio agrcola grande que puede ser usado para una
variedad de actividades de granja, tales como almacenar
heno, granos para alimentacin animal y equipo de la granja
o como refugio para ganado.
EN: barns

granja al tenedor
DF: Descripcin de todos los pasos en el proceso, de principio
a fin, que incluyen la produccin, procesamiento, envasado,
manipulacin, almacenamiento, conservacin, distribucin y
preparacin de un producto alimenticio.
EN: farm to fork

granjas
DF: Cualquier establecimiento que normalmente produce y vende
productos agrcolas.
EN: farms

granjas pequeas
DF: Granjas con menos de $250,000 de ingresos brutos anuales,
en las cuales la labor del da a da y la administracin
estn realizadas por el granjero y/o la familia del
granjero que la posee o alquila los valores productivos.
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EN: small farms

granos
DF: Granos integrales comestibles de plantas, principalmente de
la familia Poaceae. Los mercados de granos incluyen la soja
dentro de los granos.
EN: grains

granos alimenticios
DF: Semillas de cereales ms comnmente usadas para
alimentacin humana, principalmente trigo y arroz.
EN: food grains

granos forrajeros
DF: Cualquiera de los cereales ms comnmente usados para
alimentar ganado o aves de corral, incluyendo maz, sorgo,
avena, centeno y cebada.
EN: feed grains

granos refinados
DF: Productos derivados de los cereales cuya composicin
natural, qumica y nutricional ha sido alterada mediante
procesamientos como la molienda, la extraccin de salvado y
la eliminacin del germen. Por lo general, estos productos
tienen una textura ms fina que los granos enteros.
EN: refined grains

grnulos de cromafina
DF: Grnulos de las glndulas adrenales y de varios otros
rganos relacionados con la sntesis, almacenamiento,
metabolismo y secrecin de epinefrina y norepinefrina.
EN: chromaffin granules

grnulos secretorios
DF: Vesculas provenientes del aparato de Golgi que contienen
material por ser liberado en la superficie de la clula.
EN: secretory granules

Granulovirus
DF: Un gnero de la familia Baculoviridae, subfamilia
Eubaculovirinae, caracterizada por cuerpos oclusivos de
forma cilndrica oval. El tipo de especie es Cydia
pomonella granulovirus.
EN: Granulovirus

granza
DF: Cscaras de semillas separadas de los granos de cereal
despus de trillar junto con tallos y hojas resultantes del
proceso.
EN: chaff

grasa abdominal
DF: Grasa corporal ubicada en la regin abdominal.
EN: abdominal fat
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grasa amarilla
DF: Subproducto hecho, por lo general, de grasas de
restaurantes (grasas y aceites de cocina). Otra fuente
proviene de plantas que producen sebo de calidad inferior.
EN: yellow grease

grasa blanca de calidad
DF: Grado especfico de grasa principalmente de cerdo definida
por su dureza, color, contenido cido graso, humedad,
partculas insolubles, elementos no saponificables y cidos
grasos libres.
EN: choice white grease

grasa lctea
DF: Componente lpido de la leche producido por la vaca,
constituido mayormente por glicridos que contienen cidos
butrico, olico, y palmtico.
EN: milk fat

grasa lctea anhidra
DF: Producto lcteo a base de nata o mantequilla, el cual
contiene al menos 99.8% de grasa lctea y 0.10% de humedad.
EN: anhydrous milk fat

grasa subcutnea de mamferos acuticos
DF: Capa espesa de tejido adiposo aislante que se encuentra
debajo de la piel de mamferos acuticos como las ballenas,
las focas, las morsas y los manates.
EN: blubber

grasa viceral
DF: Grasa corporal que amortigua los rganos, en especial, los
rganos intestinales.
EN: visceral fat

grosor de la grasa
DF: Medida de la profundidad del tejido graso en humanos o
animales o en la carne.
EN: fat thickness

grupos de inters
DF: Individuos, grupos u organizaciones que tienen un inters o
se ven afectadas por las actividades del gobierno, de
negocios o de otra.
EN: stakeholders

grupos de madurez
DF: Clasificacin de algunas variedades de cultivos,
especialmente porotos de soja, en base a su crecimiento y
desarrollo. Por ejemplo, un poroto de soja con un grupo de
crecimiento O o OO solo necesita una temporada de
crecimiento breve antes de la cosecha, en tanto que un poro
de soja con un grupo de crecimiento V y VI necesita una
753

temporada de crecimiento ms larga antes de que la planta
est completamente desarrollada y en condiciones de ser
cosechada. Existen 13 grupos de madurez del poroto de soja:
OOO, OO, O, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, y X.
Los grupos de madurez tambin se describen en funcin de su
hbito de crecimiento indeterminado/determinado.
EN: maturity groups

grupos focales
DF: Mtodo de recoleccin de datos y herramienta de
investigacin cualitativa en la que se rene un pequeo
grupo de individuos y se les permite actuar en una
discusin de sus opiniones sobre tpicos, problemticas o
cuestiones.
EN: focus groups

grupos sanguneos
DF: Sistemas (o esquemas) de clasificacin de los diferentes
antgenos ubicados en los eritrocitos. Los antgenos son la
expresin fenotpica de las diferencias genticas
caractersticas de grupos sanguneos especficos.
EN: blood groups

guaifenesina
DF: Expectorante con accin relajante muscular. Se utiliza en
muchos preparados para la tos.
EN: guaifenesin

gutacin
DF: El proceso en el cual el agua es exudada a travs de las
hojas de las plantas.
EN: guttation

754

H

habitantes de las Islas del Pacfico
DF: Personas que tienen sus orgenes en cualquiera de los
pueblos de Hawai, Guam, Samoa, o cualquier otra isla del
Pacfico.
EN: Pacific Islanders

hbitats
DF: Elementos y condiciones externos que rodean, influyen y
afectan la vida y el desarrollo de un organismo o poblacin.
EN: habitats

hbitos culinarios
DF: Hbitos alimentarios, prcticas culinarias y creencias
sobre los alimentos y la salud de un pueblo, regin o
perodo histrico que se centran en los usos medicinales,
sociolgicos, culturales, psicolgicos y/o histricos de
los alimentos.
EN: foodways

halitosis
DF: Fetidez del aliento que obedece a diversas causas, tales
como una mala higiene oral, infecciones dentales u orales o
la ingesta de ciertos alimentos.
EN: halitosis

hambruna
DF: Escasez generalizada de alimentos que afecta a un gran
nmero de personas y causa enfermedades y muerte.
EN: famine

haplotipos
DF: Constitucin gentica de los individuos con respecto a un
miembro de un par de genes alelos; conjunto de alelos
simples o genes estrechamente relacionados que tienden a
heredarse juntos, tales como los del complejo mayor de
histocompatibilidad, porciones de fenotipos determinados
por genes localizados en uno de un par de cromosomas.
EN: haplotypes

haptenos
DF: Pequeos determinantes antgenos capaces obtener una
respuesta inmunitaria slo cuando se acopla a un
transportador. Los haptenos se unen a anticuerpos, pero por
s mismos no pueden elicitar respuesta de anticuerpos.
EN: haptens

haptoglobinas
DF: Glicoprotenas plasmticas que forman un complejo estable
con la hemoglobina para ayudar en el reciclaje de hierro
heme.
EN: haptoglobins

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harina de carne y huesos
DF: El residuo protico dejado despus que la humedad y la
grasa han sido extradas en el proceso normal de fundido.
Ello incluye el hueso, pero excluye materiales extraos
como pelo, cascos o cuernos.
EN: meat and bone meal

harina de huesos
DF: Harina de origen animal producida de huesos que se cuecen
al vapor bajo presin y luego se muelen. Contiene 1,5-2,5%
de nitrgeno, 12-15% de fsforo y 20-34% de calcio.
EN: bone meal

harina de madera
DF: Madera reducida a partculas finamente divididas,
aproximadamente igual en tamao, apariencia y textura que
las harinas de cereales, pasan a travs de una criba tamao
40 a 100.
EN: wood flour

harina de plumas
DF: Suplemento alimenticio proteico obtenido mediante
hidrlisis de plumas bajo calor y presin.
EN: feather meal

harina de sangre
DF: Harina producida de sangre fresca de animales que tiene un
alto contenido de lisina (aproximadamente 9% de la protena
cruda).
EN: blood meal

Head Start
DF: Programa federal dirigido a nios de hasta cinco aos de
edad, provenientes de familias de escasos recursos, el cual
promueve su madurez para la escolaridad mediante la
potenciacin de su desarrollo cognitivo, social y emocional.
EN: Head Start

helado de leche
DF: El helado de leche es similar a un helado corriente, pero
contiene menos grasa (2,5% vs. 10%) y slidos lcteos
(11-14%) y tiene una textura ms liviana, menos cremosa.
EN: ice milk

helmintiasis
DF: Infestacin de gusanos parsitos de la clase de los
helmintos.
EN: helminthiasis

helmintos
DF: Parsitos similares a gusanos de animales, incluidos los de
la fase parasitaria de nematodos cestodos, trematodos,
acantocfalos y nematomorfos, especialmente aquellos que
paralizan los intestinos de vertebrados.
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EN: helminths

hematocrito
DF: Volumen de eritrocitos contenidos en una muestra de sangre.
El volumen se mide por centrifugacin en un tubo con marcas
graduadas o con un contador automtico de clulas
sanguneas. Es un indicador del estado eritroctico en la
enfermedad.
EN: hematocrit

hematoma
DF: Extravasacin de sangre localizada en un rgano, espacio o
tejido.
EN: hematoma

hemocitos
DF: Clulas sanguneas de invertebrados.
EN: hemocytes

hemocoel
DF: Cavidad del cuerpo de los artrpodos y algunos moluscos que
contiene sangre o hemolinfa, la cual funciona como parte
del sistema circulatorio baando directamente los rganos.
EN: hemocoel

hemofilia
DF: Ditesis hemorrgica que se presenta en dos formas
principales. Hemofilia A: hemofilia clsica resultante de
una deficiencia del factor VIII: Es un trastorno heredado
de la coagulacin sangunea caracterizado por una tendencia
permanente a las hemorragias. Hemofilia B: deficiencia del
factor de coagulacin IX, heredado como trastorno
relacionado con X. (Tambin conocida como Enfermedad de
Navidad, debido al primer paciente estudiado en detalle, no
a la festividad).
EN: hemophilia

hemoglobinuria
DF: Presencia de hemoglobina libre en la orina.
EN: hemoglobinuria

hemolinfa
DF: Lquido parecido a la sangre del hemocoel en sistemas
circulatorios abiertos de los artrpodos y la mayora de
los moluscos.
EN: hemolymph

hemlisis
DF: Destruccin de eritrocitos por diversos agentes, tales como
anticuerpos, bacterias, productos qumicos, temperaturas y
cambios de tonicidad.
EN: hemolysis

hemorragia
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DF: Sangramiento o escape de sangre desde una vena o arteria.
EN: hemorrhage

hemosiderosis
DF: Condiciones en las que se presenta un aumento generalizado
en los depsitos de hierro de los tejidos del cuerpo,
particularmente del hgado y el sistema fagoctico
mononuclear, sin producirse un dao demostrable en los
tejidos. El nombre se refiere a la presencia de hierro
teible en el tejido en forma de hemosiderina.
EN: hemosiderosis

hemostasis
DF: Proceso que detiene espontneamente el flujo de sangre
desde los vasos que la transportan bajo presin. Se logra
mediante contraccin de los vasos, la adhesin e
incorporacin de elementos formados de la sangre, y
mediante el proceso de coagulacin del plasma o de la
sangre.
EN: hemostasis

heno
DF: Pasto, trbol, alfalfa y otras leguminosas o cualquier otra
planta con hojas que se corta y se deja secar para usarse
como forraje.
EN: hay

henolaje
DF: Ensilaje de baja humedad (35-55% de humedad). El pasto y
las plantas de leguminosas se cortan y se dejan secar en el
campo hasta que llegan a un nivel de humedad ms bajo que
el normal para ensilaje de pasto pero sin que est tan seca
como para embalaje.
EN: haylage

hepatitis
DF: Inflamacin del hgado y enfermedad del mismo que implica
alteraciones degenerativas o necrticas de los hepatocitos.
EN: hepatitis

hepatitis A
DF: Inflamacin del hgado en humanos causada por un miembro
del gnero hepatovirus, el virus de la hepatitis A humana,
que puede transmitirse por medio de la contaminacin fecal
de los alimentos o del agua.
EN: hepatitis A

hepatitis alcohlica
DF: Inflamacin del hgado causada por el consumo excesivo de
alcohol. Se caracteriza por la necrosis de hepatocitos, la
infiltracin de neutrfilos y el depsito de corpsculos de
Mallory. Dependiendo de su gravedad, la lesin inflamatoria
puede ser reversible o evolucionar hasta convertirse en una
cirrosis heptica.
758

EN: alcoholic hepatitis

hepatitis autoinmune
DF: Inflamacin hepatocelular crnica, cuya causa se desconoce,
y que se autoperpeta y suele presentar
hipergamaglobulinemia y autoanticuerpos de suero.
EN: autoimmune hepatitis

hepatitis B
DF: Inflamacin del hgado en humanos provocada por un miembro
del gnero orthohepadnavirus, el virus de la hepatitis B,
que se transmite principalmente por exposicin parenteral,
por ejemplo, a travs de la transfusin de sangre o de
productos sanguneos contaminados; no obstante, este puede
ser transmitido tambin por contacto sexual o personal
ntimo.
EN: hepatitis B

hepatitis B crnica
DF: Inflamacin del hgado en humanos causada por el virus de
la hepatitis B, la cual perdura por seis meses o ms. Se
transmite principalmente por exposicin parenteral, por
ejemplo, a travs de una transfusin de sangre o productos
sanguneos contaminados; sin embargo, tambin puede
transmitirse por contacto sexual o personal ntimo.
EN: chronic hepatitis B

hepatitis C
DF: Inflamacin del hgado en humanos causada por el virus de
la hepatitis C, un virus de ARN monocatenario cuyo perodo
de incubacin es de 30 a 90 das. La hepatitis C se
transmite principalmente en forma parenteral por medio de
sangre contaminada y suele asociarse a las transfusiones y
al abuso de drogas intravenosas; sin embargo, en un nmero
significativo de casos, se desconoce la fuente de su
infeccin.
EN: hepatitis C

hepatitis C crnica
DF: Inflamacin del hgado en humanos producida por el virus de
la hepatitis C, la cual perdura por seis meses o ms. La
hepatitis C crnica puede conducir a la cirrosis heptica.
EN: chronic hepatitis C

hepatitis crnica
DF: Inflamacin del hgado con dao hepatocelular persistente
por seis meses o ms, caracterizada por necrosis de
hepatocitos e infiltracin de clulas inflamatorias
(leucocitos). La hepatitis crnica puede ser causada por
virus, medicamentos, enfermedades autoinmunes y otros
factores desconocidos.
EN: chronic hepatitis

hepatitis D
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DF: Inflamacin del hgado en humanos producida por el virus de
la hepatitis delta, un virus de ARN defectuoso que solo
puede infectar a pacientes con hepatitis B. Debido a su
envoltura vrica, el virus de la hepatitis delta requiere
para desarrollarse los antgenos de la superficie del virus
de la hepatitis B producidos por estos pacientes. La
hepatitis D puede presentarse ya sea simultnea
(coinfeccin) o subsecuentemente (sobreinfeccin) a la
infeccin de hepatitis B. De manera similar a la hepatitis
B, este virus se transmite principalmente por exposicin
parenteral, por ejemplo, a travs de la transfusin de
sangre o productos sanguneos contaminados, pero tambin
puede transmitirse por contacto sexual o personal ntimo.
EN: hepatitis D

hepatitis D crnica
DF: Inflamacin del hgado en humanos provocada por el virus de
la hepatitis delta, conjuntamente con el virus de la
hepatitis B, la cual permanece por seis meses o ms.
EN: chronic hepatitis D

hepatitis E
DF: Inflamacin aguda del hgado en humanos provocada por el
virus de la hepatitis E, un virus de ARN monocatenario sin
envoltura. De manera similar a la hepatitis A, su perodo
de incubacin es de 15 a 60 das, y se transmite en forma
entrica, frecuentemente a travs de la va fecal-oral.
EN: hepatitis E

hepatitis infecciosa canina
DF: Enfermedad contagiosa causada por adenovirus que causa
fiebre, edema, vmitos y diarrea en perros, especialmente
en cachorros. En zorros causa encefalitis aguda con
convulsiones, parlisis, coma y muerte.
EN: infectious canine hepatitis

hepatoma
DF: Carcinoma primario de las clulas hepticas. Vara desde un
tumor bien diferenciado difcil de distinguir de los
hepatocitos normales a un neoplasma poco diferenciado. Las
clulas pueden ser uniformes o marcadamente pleomrficas o
pueden formar clulas gigantes.
EN: hepatoma

hepatopancreatitis necrotizante
DF: Enfermedad grave de los camarones cultivados causada por
una proteobacteria alfa gram-negativa.
EN: necrotizing hepatopancreatitis

herbicidas
DF: Plaguicidas que eliminan las malezas y otras plantas que
crecen donde no son deseados.
EN: herbicides

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heredabilidad
DF: Grado de variacin de un rasgo que es genticamente
transmisible de padres a hijos.
EN: heritability

herencia citoplasmtica
DF: Transmisin de los caracteres de los padres por medios
extracromosmicos, tales como el ADN de las mitocondrias,
cloroplastos o plsmidos.
EN: cytoplasmic inheritance

hernia
DF: Salida o protusin de una porcin de un rgano o tejido a
travs de un orificio anormal.
EN: hernia

herpes simplex
DF: Grupo de infecciones agudas causadas por herpes simplex del
tipo 1 2, que se caracterizan por el desarrollo de una o
ms vesculas pequeas llenas de lquido con una base
eritematosa en la piel o en la membrana mucosa. Se presenta
como infeccin primaria o recurre debido a la reactivacin
de una infeccin latente.
EN: herpes simplex

heterocarin
DF: Clula que contiene uno o ms ncleos de orgenes
diferentes como resultado de una fusin.
EN: heterokaryon

heterocromatina
DF: Porcin del material cromosmico que permanece condensado y
es transcripcionalmente inactivo durante la interfase.
EN: heterochromatin

heterfilos
DF: Granulocitos de las aves, que corresponden a los
neutrfilos en los seres humanos.
EN: heterophils

heterogeneidad gentica
DF: La presencia de personajes aparentemente con
caractersticas similares, para los que la evidencia
gentica indica que genes diferentes o diferentes
mecanismos genticos estn involucrados en diferentes
linajes.
EN: genetic heterogeneity

heteroscedasticidad
DF: Inconstancia de las desviaciones estndar de un conjunto de
variables aleatorias, ms comnmente expresadas como
variabilidades divergentes o medidas como cambios en la
varianza.
EN: heteroskedasticity
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heterosis
DF: Superioridad adaptativa del genotipo heterocigoto con
respecto a uno o ms rasgos en comparacin con el
homocigoto correspondiente.
EN: heterosis

hetertrofos
DF: Organismos cuya principal fuente de nutricin la constituye
materia orgnica compleja. Contrastar con autotrofos.
EN: heterotrophs

hibridacin amplia
DF: Hibridacin interespecfica e intergnerica, que es el
primer paso para introducir la variacin adventicia y
transferir genes y caracteres deseados de las especies
silvestres a especies cultivadas.
EN: wide hybridization

hibridacin genmica comparativa
DF: Mtodo empleado para comparar dos conjuntos de ADN
cromosmico mediante el anlisis de diferencias en el
nmero y la ubicacin de copias de secuencias especficas.
Se utiliza para hallar grandes cambios en las secuencias
tales como supresiones, duplicaciones, amplificaciones o
traslocaciones.
EN: comparative genomic hybridization

hibridacin in situ
DF: Tcnica que localiza secuencias especficas de cido
nucleico dentro de cromosomas, clulas hiscariticas o
bacterianas intactas mediante la utilizacin de sondas
rotuladas especficamente para cido nucleico.
EN: in situ hybridization

hibridacin in situ fluorescente
DF: Tipo de hibridacin in situ en la cual secuencias
especficas se tien con tintura fluorescente para poder
determinar su ubicacin y tamao, utilizando microscopa
fluorescente. Esta tincin es lo suficientemente clara para
poder ver la seal de hibridacin en los despliegues de la
metafase y en los ncleos de la interfase.
EN: fluorescence in situ hybridization

hibridacin sustractiva de supresin
DF: Tcnica de hibridacin de cido nucleico empleada para
investigar la variacin gentica, examinando la expresin
diferencial de genes mediante comparaciones de ADNc.
EN: suppression subtractive hybridization

hbridos
DF: Progenie heterocigota de dos padres genticamente distintos.
EN: hybrids

762

hidrocarburos clorinados
DF: Productos qumicos que contienen slo cloro, carbono e
hidrgeno. Incluyen una clase de insecticidas persistentes
y de amplio espectro que permanecen en el ambiente y se
acumulan en la cadena alimentaria.
EN: chlorinated hydrocarbons

hidrodinmica
DF: Rama de la ciencia de la mecnica que trata el movimiento
de fluidos y las fuerzas que actan sobre los slidos
inmersos en fluidos.
EN: hydrodynamics

hidrmetros
DF: Instrumentos de medicin para determinar la fuerza de
gravedad especfica de lquidos o soluciones.
EN: hydrometers

hidroperxidos
DF: Derivados qumicos de perxido del hidrgeno en el que un
tomo de hidrgeno es reemplazado por un grupo organyl.
EN: hydroperoxides

hgado graso
DF: Decoloracin amarilla del hgado debida a degeneracin
grasa de las parenquimales hepticas.
EN: fatty liver

higiene de los alimentos
DF: Promocin de la higiene y prevencin de enfermedades
mediante el mantenimiento de condiciones sanitarias de los
alimentos, en su manipulacin, en las instalaciones y
equipos de preparacin/procesamiento de alimentos.
EN: food sanitation

higromicina B
DF: Aminoglucsido producido por Streptomyces hygroscopicus.
Este es utilizado como un antihelmntico contra infecciones
porcinas causadas por nemtodos, gusanos nodulares y
tricocfalos.
EN: hygromycin B

hiperacumuladoras
DF: Plantas que poseen la habilidad de acumular altas
concentraciones de metales pesados sin efectos txicos y
que se utilizan en la fitodecontaminacin de suelos
contaminados.
EN: hyperaccumulators

hiperbilirubinemia
DF: Proceso patgeno consistente en un aumento anormal en la
cantidad de bilirrubina en el torrente sanguneo, lo que
puede resultar en ictericia.
EN: hyperbilirubinemia
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hipercolesterolemia
DF: Niveles de colesterol anormalmente altos en la sangre.
EN: hypercholesterolemia

hiperhidricidad
DF: Trastorno fisiolgico que se produce en cultivos de tejidos
de plantas caracterizado por alta retencin de agua a causa
de condiciones adversas de los cultivos.
EN: hyperhydricity

hiperlipidemia
DF: Exceso de lpidos en la sangre.
EN: hyperlipidemia

hiperlipoproteinemia
DF: Enfermedad metablica que se caracteriza por tener un nivel
elevado de colesterol plasmtico y/o de triglicridos. La
forma hereditaria se atribuye a un mecanismo gentico nico.
EN: hyperlipoproteinemia

hiperparasitismo
DF: Parasitismo en el que un parsito secundario parasita un
parsito previamente existente (primario) en un husped.
EN: hyperparasitism

hiperplasia
DF: Aumento en el nmero de clulas de un tejido u rgano no
debida a la formacin de un tumor. Difiere de la
hipertrofia, que es un aumento de volmen sin que aumente
el nmero de clulas.
EN: hyperplasia

hipersensibilidad
DF: Reactividad alterada hacia un antgeno que puede dar por
resultado reacciones patolgicas ante exposiciones
subsiguientes a ese antgeno en particular.
EN: hypersensitivity

hipertensin
DF: La hipertensin es la presin sangunea arterial sistmica
persistentemente elevada y puede no tener una causa
conocida ni estar asociada a otras enfermedades. La
hipertensin se considera un factor de riesgo para el
desarrollo de enfermedades al corazn, enfermedad vascular
perifrica, enfermedades renales y accidente
cerebrovascular.
EN: hypertension

hipertiroidismo
DF: Actividad funcional excesiva de la glndula tirodea.
EN: hyperthyroidism

hipertrofia
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DF: Incremento general en la totalidad o en parte de un rgano,
no debido a la formacin de un tumor ni al incremento en el
nmero de clulas.
EN: hypertrophy

hiperuricemia
DF: Nivel excesivo de cido rico o de urato en la sangre,
definido por su solubilidad en el plasma a 37C. Es
superior a 0.42 mmol por litro (7.0 mg/dL) en los hombres o
a 0.36 mmol por litro (6.0 mg/dL) en las mujeres. Esta
condicin es causada por una sobreproduccin de cido rico
o un aclaramiento renal deficiente.
EN: hyperuricemia

hipervitaminosis
DF: Complejo de sntomas que resulta de la ingestin de
cantidades excesivas de vitaminas.
EN: hypervitaminosis

hipervitaminosis A
DF: Complejo de sntomas que resulta de la ingestin de
cantidades excesivas de vitamina A.
hypervitaminosis D
EN: hypervitaminosis A

hipervitaminosis D
DF: La hipervitaminosis D es una afeccin que tiene lugar luego
de tomar dosis muy altas de vitamina D. Un exceso de esta
vitamina causa niveles anormalmente altos de calcio en la
sangre, lo que con el tiempo puede daar gravemente los
huesos, los tejidos blandos y los riones. Suele ser
producida por formas de vitamina D que requieren receta
mdica.
EN: hypervitaminosis D

hipervitaminosis E
DF: Sntoma de un problema causado por ingerir cantidades
excesivas de vitamina E.
EN: hypervitaminosis E

hipocampo
DF: Parte central del diencfalo que se extiende desde la
regin del quiasma ptico al borde caudal de los cuerpos
mamilares y forma las paredes inferior y lateral del tercer
ventrculo.
EN: hippocampus

hipocolesterolemia
DF: Condicin mdica en la cual los niveles de colesterol en la
sangre son anormalmente bajos.
EN: hypocholesterolemia

hipfisis
DF: Pequea glndula impar situada en la silla turca. Est
765

unida al hipotlamo por un corto tallo.
EN: pituitary gland

hipolipoproteinemia
DF: Presencia de niveles anormalmente bajos de lipoprotenas en
el suero.
EN: hypolipoproteinemia

hipotensin
DF: Presin sangunea anormalmente baja presente en shock pero
no siempre indicativa de shock.
EN: hypotension

hipotermia
DF: Temperatura corporal ms baja que la normal, especialmente
en animales de sangre caliente; en el ser humano es
usualmente accidental o no intencional.
EN: hypothermia

hipoxia
DF: Manifestacin clnica de sufrimiento respiratorio que
consta de una ausencia casi completa de oxgeno.
EN: hypoxia

histeroscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se practica en el interior
del tero con la ayuda de un endoscopio.
EN: hysteroscopy

histiocitosis
DF: Aparicin anormal de histiocitos en la sangre (generalmente
en tejido).
EN: histiocytosis

hogar de acogida
DF: Cuidado y educacin de nios en instituciones privadas por
parte de personas distintas de sus padres naturales, con o
sin adopcin.
EN: foster care

hogares de ancianos
DF: Instalaciones que proporcionan supervisin de enfermera y
asistencia mdica limitada a personas que no requieren
hospitalizacin.
EN: nursing homes

hojarasca
DF: Acumulacin de hojas, bindillas, corteza, acculas, tallos,
frutos, ramas y otras partes de las plantas sobre la
superficie del suelo.
EN: plant litter

hollejos de pacana
DF: Tejido verde y carnoso que cubre y envuelve la nuez en
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desarrollo.
EN: pecan husks

holomorfos
DF: Hongo perfecto en el que se conocen las etapas sexual y
asexual.
EN: holomorphs

homocarin
DF: Clula con dos o ms ncleos idnticos, resultado de fusin.
EN: homokaryon

homogeneizacin
DF: Proceso de reducir el tamao de las partculas en un
fluido, de modo que las partculas se dispersen en el
fluido, dndole una consistencia uniforme; por ejemplo, la
crema en productos lcteos.
EN: homogenization

homologa de secuencia
DF: Grado de semejanza entre secuencias. Los estudios de
homologia de secuencia de
aminocido y homologia de secuencia de cido nucleico
proporcionan informacin til sobre la
interrelacin gentica de genes, productos gnicos y
especies.
EN: sequence homology

hormona adipocintica
DF: Hormonas pptidas producidas por algunas especies de
insectos que estimulan la liberacin de acilgliceroles
desde el cuerpo graso y se utilizan como fuente de energa
por los msculos del vuelo. Existen varios tipos de
pptidos con actividad adipocintica. Estos pptidos estn
compuestos de 8-10 aminocidos.
EN: adipokinetic hormone

hormona antimulleriana
DF: Una glicoprotena que causa la regresin de los ductos
Mullerianos. Es producida por las clulas de Sertoli en los
testculos. En la ausencia de esta hormona, los ductos
Mullerianos desarrollan en estructuras del tracto
reproductivo femenino. En el gnero masculino, defectos en
esta hormona resultan en un ducto Mulleriano persistente,
una forma de pseudohermafrodismo masculino.
EN: anti-Mullerian hormone

hormona de la glndula protorcica
DF: Hormona producida por clulas neurosecretoras que estimula
la glndula protorcica para
producir ecdisteroides.
EN: prothoracicotropic hormone

hormona liberadora de gonadotropina
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DF: Hormona decapptida liberada por el hipotlamo. Estimula la
sntesis y secrecin de hormonas foliculoestimulantes (FSH)
y hormonas luteinizantes (LH) desde la glndula pituitaria.
EN: gonadotropin-releasing hormone

hormonas
DF: Sustancias qumicas que tienen un efecto regulador
especfico en la actividad de ciertos rganos. El trmino
se aplica a sustancias secretadas por varias glndulas
endocrinas y que son transportadas por el torrente
sanguneo a los rganos especficos; tambin se emplea para
denominar aquellas sustancias que no son producidas por las
glndulas endocrinas, pero que tienen efectos similares.
EN: hormones

hormonas gastrointestinales
DF: Hormonas secretadas por la mucosa gastrointestinal que
afectan la calidad o el momento en que se produce la
secrecin de enzimas digestivas, y regulan la actividad
motriz de los rganos del sistema digestivo.
EN: gastrointestinal hormones

hormonas hipotalmicas
DF: Hormonas aisladas del hipotlamo que ejercen control sobre
otros rganos, principalmente sobre la glndula pituitaria.
EN: hypothalamic hormones

hormonas liberadoras de hormona hipofisaria
DF: Hormonas liberadas por una estructura (por ejemplo, el
hipotlamo o la glndula tiroidea)
que provocan la secrecin de hormonas hipofisarias.
EN: pituitary hormone-releasing hormones

hormonas pancreticas
DF: Hormonas peptdicas segregadas hacia la sangre por clulas
en los islotes de Langerhans del pncreas. Las clulas alfa
segregan glucagn, las clulas beta segregan insulina, las
clulas delta segregan somatostatina y las clulas PP
segregan el polipptido pancretico.
EN: pancreatic hormones

hormonas peptdicas
DF: Pptidos que son secretados en la sangre y tienen funcin
endocrina. Las hormonas
pptdicas incluyen a la insulina, la oxitocina y la
somatostatina. Estas hormonas tienen acciones
sistmicas.
EN: peptide hormones

hormonas placentarias
DF: Hormonas producidas en la placenta durante el embarazo.
EN: placental hormones

hormonas progestacionales
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DF: Tipo de hormonas sexuales relacionadas con ciertos cambios
en el tero y la vagina durante
el ciclo menstrual. Son necesarias para el desarrollo de
tejido mamario y para la mantencin del
embarazo.
EN: progestational hormones

hormonas sexuales
DF: Hormonas qie tienen atividad estrognic o andrognica.
EN: sex hormones

hormonas sintticas
DF: Compuestos qumicos sintticos que imitan la actividad de
las hormonas producidas en el
cuerpo pero que difieren en estructura de las hormonas que
ocurren en forma natural.
EN: synthetic hormones

hormonas vegetales
DF: Cualquiera de las sustancias qumicas producidas en una
planta producida en cantidades diminutas que afectan los
procesos fisiolgicos, el crecimiento y el desarrollo.
EN: plant hormones

horticultores
DF: Personas educadas en la ciencia y arte de cultivar frutas,
vegetales y plantas ornamentales.
EN: horticulturists

horticultura comercial
DF: Establecimiento de cultivos hortcolas con el objetivo de
venderlos y obtener ganancias, independientemente de la
escala de la empresa.
EN: commercial horticulture

horticultura urbana
DF: Ciencia y arte de pomover el crecimiento y desarrollo
exitoso de plantas ornamentales, pasto, verduras y frutas
en el ambiente urbano.
EN: urban horticulture

huella de carbono
DF: Una medida del conjunto total de las emisiones de gases de
efecto invernadero, por lo general se expresa en trminos
de la cantidad de emisiones de dixido de carbono (CO2
equivalente), que son directa e indirectamente producidas
por las actividades de los individuos, familias,
poblaciones, gobiernos, empresas, organizaciones o sectores
de servicios, o acumulado a lo largo del ciclo de vida de
un producto.
EN: carbon footprint

huella ecolgica
DF: La huella ecolgica es una medida de la zona, ya sea en
769

tierra o en agua, necesaria para soportar un cierto nivel
y/o tipo de consumo por una empresa, actividad, persona o
poblacin. El clculo de la huella evala los recursos (por
ejemplo: cantidad de agua, energa, nutrientes o tierra,
[capital natural]) necesarios para la produccin de lo que
se consume y los recursos necesarios para asimilar los
desechos resultantes.
EN: ecological footprint

huella hdrica
DF: Es una medida del total de agua dulce consumida y / o
contaminada por las personas, comunidades, gobiernos o las
empresas que utilizan el agua como productores o
consumidores de bienes y servicios. La huella hdrica sirve
como un indicador de sostenibilidad y una herramienta de
decisin para la gestin del agua.
EN: water footprint

huella molecular
DF: Metodologa para sintetizar qumicamente moldes de
polmeros o sitios de reconocimiento de molculas
especficas. Entre las aplicaciones de polmeros de huella
molecular se incluyen separaciones, ensayos, biosensores y
catlisis.
EN: molecular imprinting

huertos semilleros
DF: Una plantacin de rboles seleccionados por sus caracteres
hereditarios, desarrollados y tratados para ser producidos
en abundancia y cosechar fcilmente sus semillas.
EN: seed orchards

huspedes paratnicos
DF: Huspedes intermediarios en los cuales no se produce
desarrollo de parsitos.
EN: paratenic hosts

humectabilidad
DF: Una condicin de una superficie que determina cun
rpidamente un lquido mojar y se derramar sobre la
superficie, o si ser repelido y no se derramar sobre la
superficie.
EN: wettability

humedales
DF: rea saturada por agua superficial o subterrnea con
vegetacin adaptada para la vida en un suelo en tales
condiciones.
EN: wetlands

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I

ictericia
DF: Manifestacin clnica de hiperbilirrubinemia, que consiste
en la acumulacin de pigmentos biliares en la piel, lo que
resulta en una coloracin amarillenta de la piel y las
mucosas.
EN: jaundice

ictioplancton
DF: Componente del zooplancton que flota libremente e incluye
las ovas, las cras y las larvas de peces.
EN: ichthyoplankton

idarubicina
DF: Antraciclina antineoplsica administrada por va oral. El
compuesto ha demostrado actividad contra el cncer de mama,
linfomas y leucemias, adems de un potencial para reducir
la toxicidad cardaca.
EN: idarubicin

identificacin de los peligros
DF: Descripcin de los tipos y naturaleza de los efectos
adversos causados por sustancias, actividades o eventos.
EN: hazard identification

identificacin de necesidades
DF: Identificacin sistemtica de las necesidades de una
poblacin o la evaluacin de individuos para determinar el
nivel apropiado de servicios necesarios.
EN: needs assessment

identificacin del material
DF: Designacin de los componentes de un productos en palabras,
smbolos o nmeros.
EN: material identification

imagen corporal
DF: Concepto individual que las personas tienen de sus cuerpos
como objetos insertos en el espacio, independientemente de
todos los dems objetos.
EN: body image

iminoazcares
DF: Azcares en los que el oxgeno es sustituido por un tomo
de nitrgeno. Tal sustitucin impide el metabolismo normal,
lo que provoca la inhibicin de las glucosidasas y
glucosiltransferasas.
EN: imino sugars

imitacion molecular
DF: Proceso en el cual las propiedades estructurales de una
molcula introducida imita o simula a las molculas del
husped.
771

EN: molecular mimicry

implantes de medicamentos
DF: Envases pequeos o pellets de medicamento slido
implantados en el cuerpo para obtener una liberacin
continua del medicamento.
EN: drug implants

implementos de labranza
DF: Herramientas y maquinarias diseadas para labrar la tierra
en forma eficiente; por ejemplo, labradoras, rastras,
discos y arados.
EN: tillage implements

impuesto a las ventas
DF: Impuesto gravado al precio al detalle de un artculo que es
recolectado por el minorista.
EN: sales tax

impuesto sobre consumos especficos
DF: Impuesto sobre la fabricacin y distribucin de bienes
especficos no esenciales tales como cigarrillos y
combustible.
EN: excise tax

impuesto sobre el patrimonio
DF: Impuesto sobre la transferencia de propiedad de una persona
fallecida a su(s) heredero(s), o legatarios.
EN: estate tax

incendio de estructuras
DF: Fuegos que se originan en cualquier parte de un edificio,
un refugio u otra estructura o en todo el edificio y queman
la totalidad o slo parte de l.
EN: structure fires

incertidumbre
DF: La condicin en que el conocimiento razonable sobre
riesgos, beneficios, o en el futuro no est disponible.
EN: uncertainty

incertidumbre del modelo
DF: Incertidumbre debido a la necesaria simplificacin de los
procesos del mundo real, errores de especificacin de la
estructura del modelo, modelo de uso indebido o inadecuado
uso de variables sustitutivas o insumos.
EN: model uncertainty

incertidumbre del parmetro
DF: Incertidumbre en un parmetro debido a la falta de
conocimiento razonable de su relacin, o debido a la falta
de precisin con lo que se puede describir o calcular.
EN: parameter uncertainty

772

incidencia
DF: Proporcin en la que ocurre un evento.
EN: incidence

incidencia de la enfermedades
DF: Nmero de casos nuevos de una enfermedad determinada
durante un perodo determinado en una poblacin especfica.
Se diferencia de la prevalencia de la enfermedad en que se
refiere a todos los casos, nuevos o viejos, en la
poblacin, en un momento dado.
EN: disease incidence

incisin de rboles
DF: Recoleccin de savia o resinas de los rboles, como en la
elaboracin de jarabe de arce, trementina, caucho natural,
etc.
EN: tree tapping

incompatibilidad citoplasmtica
DF: Incompatibilidad reproductiva entre poblaciones alopticas
de la misma especie en la que los huevos fertilizados por
esperma de machos infectados con simbionte intracelular
rickettsial no llegan a incubar. Este efecto se produce
principalmente en insectos y en algunos artrpodos, y el
ms estudiado y aparentemente ms comn de estos parsitos
reproductivos es la especie Wolbachia.
EN: cytoplasmic incompatibility

incrustacin
DF: Incrsustarse, taparse, o estrecharse por la accin de
materias extraas.
EN: fouling

indicador de punto medio
DF: Punto en la cadena de causa y efecto (mecanismo
medioambiental) de una categora de impacto especfica,
anterior al punto final, en el cual los factores de
caracterizacin pueden ser calculados para reflejar la
importancia relativa de una emisin o extraccin en un
inventario de ciclo de vida (ICV).
EN: midpoint indicator

indicadores ambientales
DF: Medida, estadstica, o valor que proporciona una medicin
aproximada o evidencia de los programas de manejo ambiental
o del estado o condicin del ambiente.
EN: environmental indicators

ndice de rea foliar
DF: rea total de la superficie superior de las hojas por rea
de unidad de terreno que se encuentre directamente debajo
de la planta.
EN: leaf area index

773

ndice de cosecha
DF: Grano pesado como porcentaje del peso suelo seco total en
la madurez.
EN: harvest index

ndice de gestacin
DF: porcentaje de una poblacin que queda embarazada. La tasa
de preez se utiliza generalmente para grupos de individuos
que comparten una caracterstica comn o pertenecen a la
misma poblacin.
EN: pregnancy rate

ndice de masa corporal
DF: Proporcin entre la altura y el peso de una persona. El IMC
es igual a la masa en kilogramos dividida por el cuadrado
de la estatura en metros.
EN: body mass index

ndice de precios al consumidor
DF: Medida general de precios al menudeo de la Oficina de
Estadsticas Laborales de los Estados Unidos (de bienes y
servicios) pagados por los asalariados de las zonas urbanas
y los oficinistas. Incluye los precios de aproximadamente
400 tems, entre los cuales se encuentran alimentos,
prendas de vestir, vivienda, atencin mdica y transporte.
El IPC-U se utiliza comnmente para deflactar datos de
series cronolgicas y constituye la media de inflacin ms
aceptada.
EN: Consumer Price Index

ndice de seleccin
DF: Prediccin de los objetivos a largo plazo del cruzamiento.
EN: selection index

ndice de yodo
DF: Nmero de gramos de yodo absorbidos por 100 gramos de una
muestra de grasa en una medida de la insaturacin qumica
de la grasa.
EN: iodine value

ndice glucmico
DF: Escala de los efectos de los alimentos en las
concentraciones de glucosa de la sangre poco despus de su
ingestin.
EN: glycemic index

ndice gonadosomtico
DF: Clculo del peso de la gnada como porcentaje del peso
total del cuerpo, el cual se utiliza para medir la madurez
sexual en relacin con el desarrollo sexual de los ovarios
o los testculos.
EN: gonadosomatic index

ndice hepatosomtico
774

DF: Proporcin del peso del hgado con respecto al peso
corporal total, la cual se utiliza para medir las reservas
de energa de un animal, especialmente de los peces.
EN: hepatosomatic index

indgenas americanos
DF: Pueblos indgenas de Norteamrica, Centroamrica y
Sudamrica, exceptuando Alaska.
EN: American Indians

induccin de aire
DF: La induccin de aire es una tecnologa remedial in situ que
reduce las concentraciones de constituyentes voltiles en
derivados de petrleo adsorbidos por los suelos y disueltos
en napas de agua. Involucra la inyeccin de aire libre de
contaminantes en la subsurperficie de la zona saturada,
permitiendo una transicin de fase de los hidrocarburos de
un estado disuelto a un estado de vapor. El aire entonces
es ventilado a travs de la zona no saturada.
EN: air sparging

industria pesquera
DF: Industria dedicada a la recoleccin, procesamiento,
comercializacin y distribucin de peces, mariscos,
moluscos y otros organismos acuticos de valor comercial.
EN: fish industry

infarto
DF: Proceso patolgico que consiste en un suministro sanguneo
insuficiente sbito a un rea lo cual resulta en necrosis
de esa rea. Es normalmente causado por un trombo, un
mbolo o una torcin vascular.
EN: infarction

infarto del miocardio
DF: Necrosis extensa del miocardio, a consecuencia de
interrupcin del riego sanguneo en la regin.
EN: myocardial infarction

infeccin cruzada
DF: La infeccin contrada entre organismos individuales con
diferentes agentes patgenos, como bacterias, hongos, virus
y parsitos. La infeccin tambin puede ser adquirida del
entorno, los equipos contaminados, el personal de salud y
el cuidado de los animales.
EN: cross infection

infeccin mixta
DF: Infeccin con ms de un patgeno o parsito, al mismo
tiempo.
EN: mixed infection

infecciones por VIH
DF: Incluye el espectro de infecciones virales de
775

inmunodeficiencia humana que oscila desde la
seropositividad, pasando por el complejo relacionado con el
SIDA (CRS), hasta el sndrome de inmunodeficiencia
adquirida (SIDA).
EN: HIV infections

Infectious bronchitis virus
DF: Especies de Coronavirus que causan infecciones en pollos y
posiblemente faisanes. Polluelos de hasta las cuatro
semanas de edad son los ms afectados severamente.
EN: Infectious bronchitis virus

Infectious bursal disease virus
DF: Especies de Avibirnavirus que causan una severa inflamacin
en la bursa de Fabricius en pollos y otras aves de corral.
Se piensa que la transmisin es debida al agua o piensos
contaminados. Vacunas han sido utilizadas con un variado
grado de xito.
EN: Infectious bursal disease virus

inflacin
DF: Es un incremento en el nivel general de precios en una
economa. La inflacin se produce cuando la cantidad de
dinero en circulacin aumenta en relacin con la cantidad
de bienes y servicios que se ofrecen. El resultado es
"demasiado dinero en persecucin de demasiados pocos
bienes" y los precios se elevan por la demanda. Cuando se
tienen tasas elevadas de inflacin la gente tiende a perder
confianza en el dinero, y la cantidad del que se halla en
circulacin aumenta en relacin con los gastos en precios
corrientes, ya que la gente tiende a retener (acumular)
bienes en lugar de dinero. La inflacin se asocia con un
incremento del gasto bruto nacional a precios corrientes
que es mayor que el aumento en la oferta real de bienes y
servicios disponibles.
EN: inflation

inflamacin
DF: Proceso patolgico caracterizado por lesin o destruccin
de tejidos causada por diversas reacciones citolgicas y
qumicas. Se manifiesta usualmente por signos tpicos de
dolor, calor, rubor, edema y prdida de funcin.
EN: inflammation

influenza
DF: Una infeccin aguda, viral contagiosa causada por
Orthomyxvoviridae y que se caracteriza por la inflamacin
de las vas respiratorias y fiebre.
EN: influenza

influenza aviar
DF: Infeccin viral de influenza A que afecta a aves silvestres
y domsticas; algunas cepas causan una mortalidad alta en
aves de corral.
776

EN: avian influenza

informacin
DF: Datos presentados en un contexto que les da significando;
cualquier declaracin o estimacin de hecho u opinin, sin
importar la forma o el formato ... incluyendo datos, texto,
hojas de clculo, grficos, fotos, voz y video.
EN: information

infraestructura
DF: Instalaciones, servicios y estructuras bsicas necesarias
para el funcionamiento de una comunidad, pas o rea,
incluyendo transporte pblico y caminos, sistemas de
telecomunicaciones, sistemas de aguas pblicas, lneas de
alta tensin, e instituciones pblicas tales como escuelas,
oficinas de correos y crceles.
EN: infrastructure

infraestructura verde
DF: Marco de interconexin de los espacios naturales y/o de
ingeniera, estructuras, instalaciones, productos o
servicios que proporcionan los beneficios ecolgicos y
sostenibles para las personas y comunidades.
EN: green infrastructure

ingeniera
DF: La aplicacin de principios fsicos, mecnicos y
matemticos, para efectos prcticos, tales como el diseo,
fabricacin y el funcionamiento de la maquinaria.
EN: engineering

ingeniera agrcola
DF: Disciplina incluye el diseo de maquinaria, equipo y
estructuras usados para operaciones agrcolas y el
almacenamiento y procesamiento de artculos agrcolas.
EN: agricultural engineering

Ingeniera ambiental
DF: Rama de la ingeniera ambiental relacionada con el medio
ambiente, especialmente con el agua y manejo de desechos.
EN: environmental engineering

ingeniera celular
DF: Tcnicas y mtodos utilizados para modificar o seleccionar
clulas y desarrollar las condiciones necesarias para el
cultivo de clulas, a fin de producir molculas en forma
biosinttica (ingeniera metablica), generar estructuras
tisulares y rganos in vitro (ingeniera de tejidos) o
lograr otros objetivos de investigacin en materia de
bioingeniera.
EN: cell engineering

ingeniera de cofactor
DF: Actividad en la que se modifica deliberadamente el nivel de
777

oxidacin de cofactores tales como NADH y NADPH, mediante
tcnicas de ingeniera metablica.
EN: cofactor engineering

ingeniera de protenas
DF: Procedimientos mediante los cuales se introducen cambios
especficos en genes estructurales (mutagnesis de sitio
especfico) para producir genes mutantes que pueden formar
pares con promotores que dirigen la sntesis de una
protena especificamente alterada; esta protena luego se
analiza para ver sus propiedades estructurales y
funcionales y despus compararlas con las propiedades
esperadas. El diseo de la protena puede ser asistido por
tecnologa grfica computacional y otras tcnicas avanzadas
de modelamiento molecular.
EN: protein engineering

ingeniera de tejidos
DF: Generacin de tejidos in vitro empleada en aplicaciones
clnicas como el reemplazo de tejidos u rganos daados. El
uso del andamiaje de tejidos posibilita la generacin de
estructuras tisulares o tejidos complejos de capas
mltiples.
EN: tissue engineering

ingeniera del ciclo de vida
DF: Proceso de desarrollo de especificaciones para cumplir con
un conjunto de caractersticas, costos y requerimientos
ambientales y las metas que abarcan el producto, el
sistema, el proceso o la facilidad del ciclo de vida.
EN: life cycle engineering

ingeniera gentica
DF: Modificacin dirigida del complemento gentico de un
organismo viviente mediante tcnicas tales como alteracin
del ADN, sustitucin de material gentico por medio de un
virus, transplante de ncleos completos, transplante de
clulas hbridas, etc.
EN: genetic engineering

ingeniera metablica
DF: Tcnicas y mtodos utilizados para modificar genticamente
el resultado del producto biosinttico de las clulas y
crear las condiciones necesarias para cultivar las clulas
como biorreactores.
EN: metabolic engineering

ingeniera sostenible
DF: Diseo, comercializacin y uso de procesos y productos que
son viables y econmicos, al tiempo que reducen la
generacin de contaminacin en la fuente y minimizan el
riesgo para la salud humana y el medio ambiente.
EN: sustainable engineering

778

ingesta diaria permitida
DF: La cantidad de una sustancia a la que un organismo puede
estar expuesto diariamente durante un perodo prolongado de
tiempo (generalmente a lo largo de su vida) sin sufrir
efectos perjudiciales.
EN: acceptable daily intake

Ingestas Adecuadas
DF: Cuando no se dispone de evidencia cientfica suficiente
para calcular un requisito promedio, se establecen Ingestas
Adecuadas.
EN: Adequate Intakes

Ingestas Dietticas de Referencia
DF: Ingestas Dietticas de Referencia (DRI, la sigla en ingls)
es un trmino que se utiliza para referirse a al menos tres
tipos de valores de referencia: Requerimiento Promedio
Estimado (Estimated Average Requirement- EAR), Cantidad
Diettica Recomendada (Recommended Dietary Allowances-
RDA) y Nivel de Consumo Superior Tolerable (Tolerable
Upper Intake Level). Reemplazarn gradualmente a la RDA.
EN: Dietary Reference Intakes

ingestin
DF: Acto de ingerir comidas, bebidas u otras substancias.
EN: ingestion

inhibina
DF: Hormona glicoproteca producida en los tbulos seminferos
por las clulas de Sertoli en el macho y por las clulas
granulosas en los folculos de la hembra. La hormona inhibe
la sntesis de FSH y LH por las clulas de la pituitaria,
con lo cual afecta la maduracin sexual y la fertilidad.
EN: inhibin

iniciativa empresarial
DF: La organizacin, manejo y asuncin de riesgos de un negocio
o empresa, usualmente implica un elemento de cambio o un
reto y una nueva oportunidad.
EN: entrepreneurship

inmigracin
DF: Movimiento de un organismo desde su rea nativa hacia otra
distinta.
EN: immigration

inmunidad maternal
DF: Resistencia a agentes causantes de enfermedades inducida
por la introduccin de inmunidad maternal en el feto por
medio de la transferencia a travs de la placenta hacia el
neonato mediante el calostro y la leche.
EN: maternal immunity

inmunidad mediada por clulas
779

DF: Manifestaciones de la respuesta inmunitaria mediadas por
linfocitos T sensibilizados a antgenos mediante linfocinas
o citotoxicidad directa. Se produce en ausencia de
anticuerpos circulantes o cuando los anticuerpos desempean
un rol secundario.
EN: cell-mediated immunity

inmunidad mucosa
DF: Ausencia de susceptibilidad ante los efectos patgenicos de
microorganismos forneos o sustancias antignicas como
consecuencia de secreciones de anticuerpos de las membranas
mucosas. El epitelio mucoso de los tractos
gastrointestinal, respiratorio y reproductivo producen una
forma de inmunoglobulina A (IgA), que protege estos puertos
de entrada al cuerpo.
EN: mucosal immunity

inmunizacin
DF: Estimulacin deliberada de la respuesta inmune de un
husped. La inmunizacin activa involucra la administracin
de antgenos o adyuvantes inmunolgicos. La inmunizacin
pasiva involucra la administracin de suero inmune o
linfocitos o sus extractos e.g. factor de trasferencia, ARN
inmune, o trasplante de tejido productor de clulas inmuno
competentes (timo o mdula sea).
EN: immunization

inmunoanticoncepcin
DF: Mtodos anticonceptivos basados en tcnicas y procesos
inmunolgicos, tales como el uso de vacunas anticonceptivas.
EN: immunocontraception

inmunocompetencia
DF: Habilidad de las clulas linfoides de dar una repuesta
humoral o celular inmunitaria al enfrentar un antgeno.
EN: immunocompetence

inmunogentica
DF: Rama de la gentica que trata las bases genticas de la
respuesta inmunitaria.
EN: immunogenetics

inmunomodulacin
DF: Alteracin del sistema inmunolgico o de una respuesta
inmunitaria por medio de agentes que activan o suprimen su
funcin. Puede incluir la inmunizacin o la administracin
de frmacos inmunomoduladores. La inmunomodulacin tambin
puede abarcar una alteracin no teraputica del sistema
inmunolgico provocada por sustancias endgenas o exgenas.
EN: immunomodulation

inmunomoduladores
DF: Sustancias que aumentan, estimulan, activan, potencian o
modulan la respuesta inmune a nivel celular o humoral.
780

EN: immunomodulators

inmunosupresin (fisiolgica)
DF: Deficiencia de la inmunidad mediada celular o humoralmente;
incapacidad de entregar una respuesta inmunitaria normal.
EN: immunosuppression (physiological)

inmunosupresin (terapia)
DF: Prevencin deliberada o disminucin de la respuesta inmune
del husped. Puede ser inespecfica, como la administracin
de agentes inmunosupresores (drogas o radiacin) o por
deplecin de linfocitos, o pueden ser especficos como en
la desensibilizacin o la administracin simultnea de
antgenos y drogas inmunosupresoras.
EN: immunosuppression (therapy)

inocuidad alimentaria
DF: La adecuacin de un alimento para consumo humano.
EN: food safety

inocuidad alimentaria en granjas
DF: Estrategias y prcticas que se desempean en el lugar de
produccin de los productos alimenticios con el fin de
reducir el riesgo de enfermedades transmitidas por los
alimentos.
EN: on-farm food safety

inculo
DF: Trmino colectivo para referirse a los microorganismos o
sus partes (esporas, fragmentos miceliales, etc.) capaces
de provocar infeccin o simbiosis cuando se transfieren a
un husped. El trmino tambin se usa para referirse a los
organismos simbiticos o patgenos transferidos por cultivo.
EN: inoculum

inquilinismo
DF: Relacin comensal en la que la especie inquilina acta como
parsito social de la especie husped; a menudo vive en
nidos o deposita huevos en heridas provocadas por otros
insectos.
EN: inquilinism

insecticidas
DF: Plaguicidas que eliminan insectos.
EN: insecticides

insecticidas neonicotinoides
DF: Los neonicotinoides son una clase de insecticidas con un
modo de accin comn que afecta al sistema nervioso central
de los insectos, causando parlisis y muerte.
EN: neonicotinoid insecticides

inseminacin artificial
DF: Introduccin de semen en el tero de un animal hembra
781

generalmente mediante inyeccin con un instrumento parecido
a una jeringa, con el objetivo de lograr la fertilizacin y
la reproduccin sexual.
EN: artificial insemination

instalacin de csped
DF: Ubicacin e instalacin de de franjas de csped para cubrir
reas de terreno sin vegetacin.
EN: sodding

Instituciones 1994
DF: Universidades controladas tribalmente por Nativos
Americanos que :obtuvieron el estatuto de las concesiones
de tierras en virtud de la Educacin Primaria y Secundaria
de la Ley de Reautorizacin de 1994.
EN: 1994 Institutions

Instituciones de 1890
DF: Decretado el 30 de agosto de 1890 (captulo 841, 26 Stat.
417). Esta ley autoriz crditos directos adicionales para
los colegios con tierras a su merced para la agricultura
que se haban establecido en la Ley Morrill de 1862. La
caracterstica ms importante de la segunda Ley Morrill de
1862 fue que la escuela podra recibir los fondos
adicionales slo si los negros eran admitidos en sus
programas o si proporcionaban aunque
de manera separada igual calidad de educacin agrcola
superior a los estudiantes de color negro.
EN: 1890 Institutions

instituciones de vida asistida
DF: Alternativa de vivienda y atencin mdica que combina la
independencia con el cuidado personal. Ofrece una
combinacin de vivienda, servicios personalizados de apoyo
y atencin de la salud, diseado para satisfacer las
necesidades, tanto programadas como no programadas, de
quienes necesitan ayuda con las actividades de la vida
diaria.
EN: assisted living facilities

Instituto Nacional de Alimentos y Agricultura
DF: Agencia en EE.UU. del Departamento de Agricultura antes
conocido como el Servicio Cooperativo Estatal de
Investigacin, Educacin y Extensin., y renombrado como el
Instituto Nacional de la Agricultura y la Alimentacin el
30 de septiembre de 2009.
EN: National Institute of Food and Agriculture

instruccin culinaria
DF: Mtodo de instruccin utilizado para demostrar tcnicas de
preparacin de alimentos.
EN: cooking instruction

instrumentacin
782

DF: Usado con procedimientos diagnsticos y teraputicos,
tcnicas analticas y especialidades o disciplinas para el
desarrollo o modificacin de aparatos, instrumentos o
equipos.
EN: instrumentation

insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva
DF: Complicacin presente en ENFERMEDADES CARDACAS. Llenado
defectuoso del corazn y/o contraccin y vaciado incompleto
que se produce como resultado de la incapacidad del corazn
para bombear una cantidad de sangre suficiente que supla
las necesidades de los tejidos corporales o la capacidad de
hacerlo slo a una presin elevada.
EN: heart failure

insulina
DF: Hormonas proteicas secretadas por clulas beta del
pncreas. La insulina desempea una funcin importante en
la regulacin del metabolismo de la glucosa, lo cual
generalmente promueve la utilizacin de glucosa.
EN: insulin

integracin vertical
DF: Coordinacin de varios niveles de produccin, procesamiento
y distribucin bajo una sola unidad de toma de decisiones,
generalmente por propiedad directa de las diferentes etapas
o mediante contratos.
EN: vertical integration

inteligencia artificial
DF: Disciplina que se ocupa del desarrollo de sistemas
informticos y robticos ampliados, capaces de realizar
acciones inteligentes. Tambin puede definirse como un
subcampo de la informtica que se encarga de los conceptos
y mtodos de inferencia simblica por computadora y de la
representacin simblica de los conocimientos por ser
utilizados en la formulacin de inferencias.
EN: artificial intelligence

intensidad del fuego
DF: La tasa de energa calorfica liberada por un incendio.
EN: fire intensity

intensificacin sostenible de la agricultura
DF: La intensificacin sostenible de la produccin de cultivos
brinda oportunidades para optimizar la produccin agrcola
por unidad de rea, tomando en cuenta una variedad de
aspectos en torno a la sostenibilidad, incluido el impacto
potencial o real en los mbitos social, poltico, econmico
y ambiental.
EN: sustainable agricultural intensification

interaccin gentica
DF: Participacin de genes en diferentes loci en la produccin
783

de un fenotipo.
EN: gene interaction

interaccin genotipo-ambiente
DF: Efecto de diversas condiciones ambientales en el fenotipo y
nivel de desempeo de un individuo.
EN: genotype-environment interaction

interaccin nucleocitoplsmica
DF: Interaccin recproca del ambiente citoplsmico y de la
expresin gnica nuclear.
EN: nucleocytoplasmic interaction

interaccin nutricin-genotipo
DF: Regulacin de los nutrientes segn la expresin gentica.
EN: nutrition-genotype interaction

intercambio de aniones
DF: Reaccin qumica reversible entre un slido, a menudo, una
de las resinas de intercambio aninico, y un fluido por el
que los aniones pueden ser intercambiados de una sustancia
a otra.
EN: anion exchange

intercambio de cationes
de las resinas de intercambio catinico, y un fluido por el
que los aniones pueden ser intercambiados de una sustancia
a otra.
EN: cation exchange

intercambio de iones
de las resinas de intercambio catinico, y un fluido por el
que los iones pueden ser intercambiados de una sustancia a
otra.
EN: ion exchange

intercambio de semillas
DF: Cualquier acto de dar o recibir semillas, generalmente sin
intercambio de dinero.
EN: seed exchange

intercambio gaseoso pulmonar
DF: Intercambio de oxgeno y dixido de carbono entre el aire
alveolar y la sangre de los capilares pulmonares.
EN: pulmonary gas exchange

intercambio neto del ecosistema
DF: Medida de la cantidad neta de carbn que entra y sale del
ecosistema, usualmente asociada con el flujo de dixido de
carbono del ecosistema a la atmsfera.
EN: net ecosystem exchange

784

inters (finanzas)
DF: Tarifa que se paga por el uso de dinero prestado;
generalmente corresponde a un porcentaje de la cantidad
prestada.
EN: interest (finance)

interesterificacin enzimtica
DF: Reaccin enzimtica en la que una enzima, como la lipasa,
cataliza la reordenacin de cidos grasos en el esqueleto
de glicerol de una grasa, especialmente para cambiar sus
propiedades de fusin.
exerga
Cantidad mxima de energa externa que podra extraerse de
un sistema o forma de energa, en relacin con cierto
ambiente de referencia. La exerga no es una forma de
energa, sino una denominacin de la calidad de la energa.
EN: enzymatic interesterification

interface de usuario
DF: Parte de un sistema tcnico que requiere la interaccin con
el usuario humano. Incluye la forma en que el usuario
utiliza dispositivos de entrada, tales como el teclado y el
mouse para comunicarse con la computadora, y la manera en
que la informacin se muestra en la pantalla o en el
dispositivo de salida.
EN: user interface

interfaz urbano-rural
DF: rea compartida en la que los asentamientos humanos y las
estructuras contrudas se entremezclar con terrenos no
urbanizados o son adyacentes a terrenos baldos en los que
la vegetacin puede crecer sin mayor intervencin humana.
EN: wildland-urban interface

interfern-alfa
DF: El interfern producido por los linfocitos estimulados
mitognica o antignicamente. Es estructuralmente diferente
del interfern de tipo I y su actividad principal es la
inmunorregulacin. Se ha implicado en la expresin de
antgenos de histocompatibilidad de clase II en las clulas
que normalmente no los producen, lo que conduce a
enfermedades autoinmunes.
EN: interferon-alpha

interfern-beta
DF: Uno de los interferones tipo 1 producido mediante
fibroblastos en respuesta al estmulo producido por virus
vivos o inactivados por ARN bicatenario. Constituye una
citocina con actividad antiviral, antiproliferativa e
inmunomoduladora.
EN: interferon-beta

interfern-gamma
DF: El interfern producido por los linfocitos estimulados
785

mitognica o antignicamente. Es estructuralmente diferente
de interfern de tipo I y su actividad principal es la
inmunorregulacin. Se ha implicado en la expresin de
antgenos de histocompatibilidad de clase II en las clulas
que normalmente no los producen, lo que conduce a
enfermedades autoinmunes
EN: interferon-gamma

interferones
DF: Protenas secretadas por clulas vertebradas en respuesta a
un amplia gama de inductores. Confieren resistencia contra
varios virus diferentes, inhiben la proliferacin de
clulas normales y malignas, impiden la multiplicacin de
parsitos intracelulares, refuerzan la fagocitosis de
granulocitos y macrfagos, aumentan la actividad de clulas
NK, y muestran varias otras funciones inmunomoduladoras.
EN: interferons

Internet
DF: Confederacin libre de redes de comunicacin por
computadoras de todas partes del mundo. Las redes que
conforman Internet estn conectadas a travs de varias
redes centrales. Internet surgi del proyecto ARPAnet del
gobierno de los Estados Unidos y estaba destinada a
facilitar el intercambio de informacin.
EN: Internet

interneuronas
DF: Neurona pequea interpuesta entre las neuronas aferente y
eferente o entre cualquier par de neuronas.
EN: interneurons

intervalo de confianza
DF: Serie de valores que tienen una probabilidad especfica
(por ejemplo 95%) de contener el parmetro estadstico (es
decir, una cantidad tal que la media o la varianza que
describe una poblacin estadstica) de que se trate.
EN: confidence interval

intervencin nutricional
DF: Pruebas clnicas de dietas o suplementos dietarios
adaptados a uno o ms grupos especficos de riezgo, tales
como pacientes de cncer, mujeres embarazadas, nios con
sndrome de Down, poblaciones con deficiencias
nutricionales, etc.
EN: nutritional intervention

intolerancia alimentaria
DF: El cuerpo no puede digerir adecuadamente una porcin de
alimento rechazado, generalmente a causa de alguna
deficiencia qumica.
EN: food intolerance

intoxicacin por setas
786

DF: Envenenamiento por ingestin de hongos superiores (setas),
principalmente, pero no restringido, a variedades txicas.
EN: mushroom poisoning

introgresin
DF: Incorporacin de genes de una especie, que no puede
reproducirse en forma aislada, en las reservas genticas de
otra mediante la hibridacin interespecfica y
retrocruzamiento con la especie parental. La introgresin
natural no es comn y los hbridos no se adaptan tan bien
como la especie parental.
EN: introgression

invasin ecolgica
DF: Competencia interespecfica en la que especies nativas
compiten por recursos con especies no nativas (por ejemplo,
nutrientes, espacio, agua, etc.)
EN: ecological invasion

inventario del ciclo de vida
DF: Proceso de cuantificacin de la energa y requerimientos de
materia prima, emisiones atmosfricas, emisiones
transmitidas por el agua, desecos slidos y otras
liberaciones en el ciclo de vida completo de un producto,
proceso o actividad.
El inventario del ciclo de vida es una fase de evaluacin
del ciclo de vida.
EN: life cycle inventory

inventarios
DF: Son existencias de materias primas, bienes acabados o
bienes en proceso de elaboracin que mantiene una empresa.
Los inventarios incluyen a veces piezas de repuesto para
maquinaria y equipo.
EN: inventories

investicacin de brotes
DF: En epidemiologa, la recoleccin de datos relativos al
diagnstico, tiempo y lugar, y lo ms importante el origen
del brote de una enfermedad.
EN: outbreak investigation

investigacin del conglomerado
DF: Revisin de un nmero inusual, real o percibido, de eventos
de salud (por ejemplo, los informes de cncer) agrupados
tiempo y lugar.
EN: cluster investigation

investigacin y desarrollo
DF: Investigacin realizada para lograr el mejoramiento de
productos o tecnologa o el desarrollo de nuevos productos
o nuevas tecnologas.
EN: research and development

787

inyeccin intracitoplasmtica de espermatozoides
DF: Tcnica de fertilizacin asistida la cual consiste en la
microinyeccin de un espermatozoide viable en un vulo
extrado.
EN: intracytoplasmic sperm injection

ionforos
DF: Agentes qumicos que aumentan la permeabilidad de membranas
de lpidos biolgicos o artificiales con iones especficos.
La mayora de los ionforos son molculas orgnicas
relativamente pequeas que actan como transportadores
mviles dentro de las membranas o se unen y forman canales
permeables a los iones en las membranas.
EN: ionophores

Iridovirus
DF: Un gnero de Iridoviridae que comprende pequeos virus de
insectos iridiscentes. Las larvas infectadas y los pellets
purificados del virus exhiben una iridiscencia de azul a
morada.
EN: Iridovirus

Irlanda
DF: Isla rodeada por el Atlntico Norte, el Mar de Irlanda y el
Mar Cltico, compuesta por Irlanda del Norte (parte del
Reino Unido) en el extremo norte de la isla y la Repblica
de Irlanda en el resto del rea.
EN: Ireland

irrigacin
DF: Aplicacin de agua al suelo con el propsito de cultivar
plantas.
EN: irrigation

irrigacin de movimiento lateral
DF: Sistema de riego por aspersin apropiado para campos
pequeos o rectangulares, el cual cuenta con un mecanismo
provisto de ruedas para mover las torres o los tubos de un
extremo al otro del campo.
EN: lateral move irrigation

islas de patogenicidad
DF: Agrupaciones de elementos genticos del genoma de un
organismo, en los que los genes codifican factores de
virulencia.
EN: pathogenicity islands

islas genmicas
DF: Tipos diferentes de elementos genticos mviles de algunos
genomas bacterianos, bacterifagos o plsmidos. Codificada
en ellos se encuentra una variedad de genes que confieren
aptitud biolgica, tales como factores de virulencia (en
islas o islotes de patogenicidad), genes de resistencia
a los antibiticos o genes requeridos para la simbiosis (en
788

islas o islotes simbiticos). Su tamao oscila entre
los 10 y los 500 kilobases y su contenido de guanina y
citosina (GC) y su uso de codn difieren de los del resto
del genoma. Contienen tpicamente un gen integrasa, aunque
en algunos casos este gen ha sido eliminado, lo que da como
resultado islas genmicas ancladas.
EN: genomic islands

islotes de Langerhans
DF: Estructuras microscpicas irregulares, que varan de
algunas hasta centenares de clulas, esparcidas a travs
del pncreas y que componen su porcin endocrina. Hay tres
tipos de clulas: alfa, que secretan glucagn; beta, que
secretan insulina; y delta (clulas D), que secretan
somatostatina.
EN: islets of Langerhans

isomaltulosa
DF: Disacrido reductor e ismero de sucrosa compuesto por una
molcula de glucosa y una de fructosa a travs de un enlace
alfa-1,6-glucosdico.
EN: isomaltulose

isotermas de sorcin
DF: Cada producto tiene una relacin propia entre el valor de
actividad del agua y su contenido de humedad, a una
temperatura especfica. Esta relacin se expresa, en la
mayora de los casos, como un grfico o una tabla del
contenido de humedad versus la humedad a una temperatura
constante.
EN: sorption isotherms

isozimas
DF: Una de varias formas estructuralmente relacionadas de una
enzima, cada una de las cuales tiene el mismo mecanismo,
pero con caractersticas qumicas, fsicas o inmunitarias
diferentes.
EN: isozymes

isquemia
DF: Deficiencia de sangre en un rgano o tejido causada por una
constriccin u obstruccin de sus vasos sanguneos.
EN: ischemia

isquemia miocrdica
DF: Trastorno de la funcin cardaca originado por un flujo
sanguneo insuficiente al tejido muscular del corazn. La
disminucin del flujo sanguneo puede deberse al
estrechamiento de las arterias coronarias
(arterioesclerosis coronaria), a obstruccin por un trombo
(trombosis coronaria), o menos comnmente, al
estrechamiento difuso de las arteriolas y de otros vasos
sanguneos dentro del corazn. La interrupcin severa del
suministro de sangre al tejido miocrdico puede producirse
789

por necrosis del msculo cardaco (infarto del miocardio).
EN: myocardial ischemia

790

J

jabones
DF: Sales de sodio o potasio con cidos grasos de cadenas
largas.
EN: soaps

jardn de nios
DF: El primer ao de educacin formal para los nios por lo
general entre 4 y 6 aos de edad, el cual os prepara para
el primer grado en la escuela primaria.
EN: kindergarten

jardineros
DF: Personas encargadas de un jardn.
EN: gardeners

jardines comunitarios
DF: Lotes de terreno, generalmente en reas urbanas, que se
arriendan a personas para jardines privados o son de
beneficio de las personas que cuidan los jardines.
EN: community gardens

josamicina
narbonensis . La droga tiene actividad antimicrobiana
contra un amplio espectro de patgenos.
EN: josamycin

jurisprudencia
DF: Ciencia, filosofa, y conocimiento de la ley, los derechos,
y los asuntos de aduana de un lugar, de modo que se pueda
aplicar la justicia.
EN: jurisprudence

justo valor de mercado
DF: Precio al que un artculo podra ser vendido en un mercado
libre a un comprador a un vendedor bien informado y que no
se ve obligado a comprar o vender.
EN: fair market value

791

K

kanamicina
DF: Complejo antibitico producido por Streptomyces
kanamyceticus, presente en el suelo japons. Est compuesto
por 3 componentes: kanamicina A, como componente principal
y kanamicinas B y C como componentes menores.
EN: kanamycin

kfir
DF: Elaboracin cida de leche fermentada con consistencia de
yogur lquido que puede contener 2 1/2 de alcohol.
EN: kefir

kimchi
DF: Un plato coreano hecho de repollo acre escabechado.
EN: kimchi

kinesin
DF: Microtbulo mecnico asociado al trifosfato de adenosina,
que utiliza la energa de la hidrlisis del ATP para mover
las organelas a travs de los microtbulos y hacia su
extremo final.
EN: kinesin

kitasamicina
kitasatoensis. La droga tiene actividad antimicrobiana
contra un amplio espectro de patgenos.
EN: kitasamycin

krigeage
DF: Una funcin compleja que enfoca la distribucin espacial
existente de un elemento en muchas ubicaciones para derivar
una prediccin de la distribucin espacial de este mismo
elemento en espacios nuevos o no observados.
EN: kriging

kuru
DF: Enfermedad producida por un prin que se encuentra
exclusivamente entre los grupos nativos lingusticos Fore
de las altiplanicies de NUEVA GUINEA. Se caracteriza por
comienzo subagudo con temblor y ataxia seguidos por
debilidad motora e incontinencia. La enfermedad se asocia
con ritos de canibalismo y se ha vuelto poc comn desde que
esta prctica ha desaparecido.
EN: kuru

kwashiorkor
DF: Sndrome producido por una severa desnutricin proteico
calrica observada ms frecuentemente en nios y
caracterizada por retraso en el crecimiento, cambios en el
pigmento de la piel y del pelo, edema, y cambios
patolgicos en el hgado.
792

EN: kwashiorkor

793

L

La Espaola
DF: Isla ubicada en el mar Caribe, al este de Cuba, y dividida
entre la Repblica de Hait en la parte occidental y la
Repblica Dominicana en la parte oriental.
EN: Hispaniola

la mejor tecnologa disponible
DF: Un concepto aplicado en el lenguaje de los reglamentos
sobre el control de la contaminacin, especialmente en
relacin a las prcticas de reduccin; como la nueva
tecnologa se convierte, cambiando parmetros disponibles y
sociales, lo que es considerado actualmente como lo "mejor
disponible".
EN: best available technology

La Nia
DF: La Nia, una fase de El Nio-Oscilacin del Sur, es un
enfriamiento peridico de las aguas de la superficie
ocenica en el Pacfico tropical este, unido a un cambio en
la conveccin del Pacfico oeste por sobre el promedio
climatolgico occidental. Estas condiciones afectan los
patrones climticos en todo el mundo.
EN: La Nina

laboratorio de cra
DF: Cra en un ambiente de laboratorio.
EN: laboratory rearing

labranza de conservacin
DF: Cualquiera de varios mtodos de labranza que garantiza
germinacin de las semillas, crecimiento de las plantas y
control de malezas y adems mantiene una cubierta eficiente
durante todo el ao con el menor desgaste posible del
suelo. El objetivo es reducir la prdida del suelo y el uso
de energa manteniendo simultneamente la calidad y el
rendimiento de los cultivos. Labranza cero es el mtodo de
labranza (para la conservacin del suelo) ms restrictivo
del sistema de labranza de conservacin. Entre otras
prcticas se incluye la siembra en caballones, la siembra
en lneas y el manejo de residuos.
EN: conservation tillage

labranza de rastrojos
DF: Un sistema de labranza que conserva un alto porcentaje de
residuos de cosecha sobre la superficie del suelo,
reduciendo as la erosin causada por el viento.
EN: stubble tillage

labranza entre filas
DF: Labranza que se realiza entre las filas en que crecen
plantas.
EN: interrow tillage
794

Laburnocytisus
DF: Quimera del injerto de Chamaecytisus y Laburnum.
EN: Laburnocytisus

laceraciones
DF: Heridas dilaceradas.
EN: lacerations

lactacin
DF: Procesos de secrecin de leche por las glndulas mamarias
maternales despus del parto. La proliferacin del tejido
glandular mamario, la sntesis de leche, y la expulsin o
bajada de la leche son reguladas por las interacciones de
varias hormonas incluyendo estradiol, progesterona,
prolactina, y oxitocina.
EN: lactation

lactosa
DF: Disacrido de glucosa y galactosa exclusivo de la leche.
EN: lactose

lagunas de desechos
DF: Lagunas artificiales utilizadas para el depsito o
tratamiento de aguas servidas, desechos lquidos, lodo, o
residuos de combustible nuclear. Tambin reciben los
excesos de los desages de superficie durante perodos de
lluvia intensa.
EN: waste lagoons

lminas de chapa orientadas
DF: Panel estructural diseado a base de madera formado de
hilos de madera, hojuelas u obleas unidas bajo presin y
calor con una resina impermeable. Las capas externas son
alineadas en la direccin de panel y las capas interiores
son alineadas, ya sea cruzadas o con orientacin al azar.
Se usan comunmente para entablado en paredes, suelos, y
cielos.
EN: oriented strandboards

laminillas (animales)
DF: Un estrato delgado o estructura tipo placa, como una de las
capas del tejido vascular sensible, entre el hueso y la
pared, en el casco de un caballo.
EN: laminae (animals)

lana de madera
DF: Virutas finas de madera utilizadas para apsitos
quirrgicos, aglomerantes para yeso, materiales de
nidificacin de animales, materiales aislantes y de empaque.
EN: wood wool

Landsat
DF: El Programa Landsat es la empresa ms antigua capturadora
795

de imgenes de la tierra desde el espacio. El primer
satlite Landsat se lanz en 1972.
EN: Landsat

langostas (insecto)
DF: Insectos que constituyen una plaga muy daina para las
plantas, que tpicamente pertenecen a la familia Acrididae.
Estas especies migran en densas plagas.
EN: locusts

laparoscopa
DF: Procedimiento en el que un laparoscopio es insertado
mediante una pequea incisin cerca del ombligo para
examinar los rganos abdominales y plvicos de la cavidad
peritoneal. Si est indicado, puede llevarse a cabo una
biopsia o cirugia durante la laparoscopia.
EN: laparoscopy

laparoscopia asistida por la mano
DF: Colocacin de una mano enguantada del cirujano en la
cavidad abdominal para realizar manipulaciones que
faciliten los procedimientos laparoscpicos.
EN: hand-assisted laparoscopy

laparotoma
DF: Tcnica de la incisin quirrgica de la pared abdominal en
cualquier punto; usualmente exploratoria.
EN: laparotomy

Laponia
DF: Regin del extremo norte de Europa que incluye a Noruega,
Suecia, Finlandia y Rusia. Se ubica principalmente dentro
del Crculo rtico.
EN: Lapland

laringoscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se lleva a cabo en el
interior de la laringe mediante un endoscopio especialmente
diseado.
EN: laryngoscopy

larvas de peces
DF: La fase de desarrollo de peces en la que han salido del
huevo y reciben nutrientes desde el saco vitelino hasta que
ste es absorbido completamente.
EN: fish larvae

larvicidas
DF: Agentes qumicos que matan a una peste o parsito en su
estado larval.
EN: larvicides

lasalocida
DF: Antibitico ionforo catinico obtenido de Streptomyces
796

lasaliensis que, entre otros efectos, disocia los flujos de
calcio en las fibras musculares.Se utiliza como un
coccidiosttico especialmente en aves de corral.
EN: lasalocid

Latinoamrica
DF: Conjunto de pases del hemisferio occidental en los cuales
el idioma principal es una lengua romance (francs,
espaol, portugus).
EN: Latin America

latinos
DF: Personas que identifican su nacionalidad, identidad tnica
o ancestros en Latinoamrica.
EN: Latinos

laxantes
DF: Agente que acta promoviendo la evacuacin intestinal, como
es el caso de un agente catrtico o purgante.
EN: laxatives

leche baja en grasa
DF: Leche que contiene al menos el 8.25 % de slidos y de la
cual se ha sacado suficiente grasa de leche para producir
un contenido graso de leche de 0,5, 1,0, 2,0%.
EN: low fat milk

leche concentrada
DF: Leche fabricada mediante extraccin parcial del agua de la
leche lquida; sin embargo, a diferencia de la leche
evaporada, no necesita coccin posterior para evitar que se
descomponga.
EN: concentrated milk

leche condensada endulzada
DF: Producto fabricado por el retiro parcial del agua de la
leche lquida, con un edulcorante adecuado aadido en
cantidades suficientes para prevenir el deterioro.
EN: sweetened condensed milk

leche cruda
DF: Leche fresca no procesada, tal como viene de una vaca,
cabra u otro mamfero.
EN: raw milk

leche de quesera
DF: Leche que es conveniente para elaboracin de quesos.
EN: cheese milk

leche deshidratada
DF: Producto lcteo obtenido al extraer entre 95 y 98% del agua
de la leche.
EN: dried milk

797

leche desnatada
DF: Leche de la cual ha sido sacada suficiente crema para
reducir su contenido de grasa lctea a menos del 0,5 % (por
lo general menos de 0,1 %).
EN: skim milk

leche desnatada en polvo
DF: Producto que se obtiene al extraer el agua de la leche
pasteurizada desnatada. No contiene ms de 5% de humedad y
menos de de 1,5% de grasa, a menos que se indique algo
diferente.
EN: dried skim milk

leche esterilizada
DF: Leche que ha sido calentada a una temperatura y por un
tiempo que mata todas las bacterias y esporas, dndole un
tiempo de duracin ms extenso.
EN: sterilized milk

leche evaporada
DF: Producto lcteo fabricado mediante la extraccin de
aproximadamente 60% del agua para concentrar y esterilizar
la leche, y evitar su descomposicin.
EN: evaporated milk

leche lquida
DF: Leche comnmente comercializada como leche lquida o crema
frescas. Esta es la forma de la leche ms propensa a
descomponerse y del ms alto costo.
EN: fluid milk

leche recombinada
DF: La leche recombinada es el producto obtenido de la mezcla
de leche desnatada, grasa de leche y agua.
EN: recombined milk

leche reconstituida
DF: La leche reconstituida es el producto obtenido por la
adicin de agua potable a la leche en polvo.
EN: reconstituted milk

leche tipo UHT
DF: Leche esterilizada que es calentada a una temperatura de
280 grados F durante al menos 2 segundos y envasada en
contenedores aspticos para no requerir refrigeracin.
EN: UHT milk

lechos fluidizados
DF: Lecho de partculas suspendidas (un polvo u otro material
particulado slido) en un flujo ascendente de aire u otro
gas, que se comporta como un fluido. Eficaz en la
transferencia de calor o humedad entre un gas y un slido,
o en la produccin de ciertas reacciones qumicas.
EN: fluidized beds
798

leghemoglobina
DF: El oxgeno de la hemoglobina, como la unin del grupo hemo
protena presente en los ndulos de las races fijan el
nitrgeno de las plantas leguminosas.
EN: leghemoglobin

leiomiosarcoma
DF: Sarcoma que contiene grandes clulas fusiformes de msculo
liso. Aunque raramente se encuentra en los tejidos suaves,
s es comn en las vsceras. Es el sarcoma ms comn de los
tejidos suaves del tracto gastrointestinal y del tero.
EN: leiomyosarcoma

lepra intermedia
DF: Una forma de lepra en la que hay manifestaciones clnicas
de los dos tipos principales (lepromatosa y tuberculoide).
La enfermedad puede cambiar hacia unas de las dos formas
polares o principales.
EN: borderline leprosy

lepra lepromatosa
DF: Una infeccin crnica transmisible, la cual es una forma
principal o polar de la lepra. Este trastorno es causado
por el Mycobacterium leprae y produce lesiones cutneas
granulomatosas difusas en forma de ndulos, mculas o
ppulas. Los nervios perifricos estn involucrados de
forma simtrica y produce secuelas neuronales en la etapa
avanzada.
EN: lepromatous leprosy

lepra multibacilar
DF: Una forma de lepra clasificada por la Organizacin Mundial
de la Salud con propsito de tratamiento, basada en las
manifestaciones clnicas y en el frotis de la piel. Los
pacientes con lepra multibacilar tienen seis o ms lesiones
con o sin resultados positivos de la piel con baciloscopia
para el agente causal Mycobacterium leprae. La lepra
multibacilar abarca la limtrofe lepromatosa, intermedia y
la lepra lepromatosa.
EN: multibacillary leprosy

lepra paucibacilar
DF: Una forma de lepra clasificada por la Organizacin Mundial
de la Salud con propsito de tratamiento, basada en
manifestaciones clnicas y en el frotis de la piel. Los
pacientes con lepra paucibacilar tiene menos de seis
lesiones en la piel sin agente causal de Mycobacterium
leprae sobre los experimentos en frotis de hendidura de
piel. La lepra paucibacilar abarca la limtrofe
tuberculoide y la lepra tuberculoide.
EN: paucibacillary leprosy

lepra tuberculoide
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DF: Una principal forma polar de lepra en la cual las lesiones
de la piel son pocas y severamente demarcadas. El nervio
perifrico es resaltado intensamente. A diferencia de la
lepra lepromatosa, la prueba de lepromina is positiva. La
lepra tuberculoide is raramente una fuente de infeccin
para otros.
EN: tuberculoid leprosy

leptina
DF: Hormona peptdica de 16 kD segregada por los adipocitos
blancos y que interviene en la regulacin de la ingestin
de alimentos y el balance energtico. La leptina aporta la
seal aferente clave para los adipocitos en el sistema de
retroalimentacin que controla los depsitos lipdicos del
cuerpo.
EN: leptin

leptospirosis
DF: Infecciones producidas por bacterias del gnero LEPTOSPIRA.
EN: leptospirosis

leucemia
DF: Enfermedad maligna progresiva de los rganos formadores de
sangre, que se caracteriza por proliferacin y desarrollo
deformado de leucocitos y sus precursores en la sangre y
mdula sea. La leucemia se clasifica clnicamente, segn
el grado de diferenciacin celular, en aguda o crnica y
segn el tipo de clula predominante que interviene, en
mieloide o linfoide.
EN: leukemia

leucina zipper
DF: Motivos que se unen al ADN formados por dos alfa hlices
que se entrelazan durante 8 giros en una espiral enrollada
y luego se bifurcan para formar unas estructuras en forma
de Y. Las leucinas que ocurren en repeticiones heptdicas
terminan en los mismos lados de las hlices y son
adyacentes unas a otras en el tronco de la Y (la regin
"zipper"). Los residuos que se unen al ADN se encuentran en
la regin bifurcada de la Y.
EN: leucine zipper

leucocitos mononucleares
DF: Los leucocitos que se encuentran en la circulacin
sistmica, tienen ncleos grandes no lobulados y carecen de
gruesos grnulos citoplasmticos.
EN: mononuclear leukocytes

leucomicinas
DF: Complejo antibitico producido por Streptomyces
kitasatoensis. El complejo consta de una mezcla de al menos
ocho componentes biolgicamente activos, A1 y A3 a A9. Las
leucomicinas tienen ambas actividades, antibacterianas y
antimicoplasmticas.
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EN: leucomycins

leucopenia
DF: Condicin en la que el nmero de leucocites en la sangre
circulante est bajo el nivel normal.
EN: leukopenia

leucosis bovina enzotica
DF: Enfermedad neoplsica linfoide del ganado bovino causada
por el virus de la leucemia bovina. La leucosis bovina
enzotica puede asumir la forma de linfosarcoma. linfoma
maligno o leucemia, pero la presencia de clulas malignas
en la sangre no es un hallazgo consistente.
EN: enzootic bovine leukosis

leucotoxinas
DF: Citotoxinas que causan degeneracin y necrosis de los
leucocitos.
EN: leukotoxins

levadura cervecera
DF: Levadura que se usa en cervecera; especficamente, las
clulas secas pulverizadas de tal levadura (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae). Se usa como suplemento nutricional debido a
su rico contenido vitamnico (particularmente del complejo
B), mineral y aminocido.
EN: brewers yeast

levadura de panadera
DF: Clulas disecadas de una o ms especies de levadura
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, usada como levado para hornear.
EN: bakers yeast

levaduras
DF: Trmino general para hongos redondos unicelulares que se
reproducen por brotes. Los
hongos de los panaderos y cerveceros son el SACCHAROMYCES
CEREVISIAE; la levadura
teraputica seca es LEVADURA, SECA.
EN: yeasts

levaduras de flor
DF: Levaduras benficas que pueden formar una pelcula de
clulas de levadura que flota en la superficie del vino.
EN: flor yeasts

Ley de Ajuste Agrcola de 1933
DF: Firmada el 12 de mayo de 1933, esta ley introdujo los
programas de apoyo de precios, incluyendo ajustes de
produccin y la incorporacin de la Corporacin de Crdito
para Productos Bsicos, bajo las leyes del Estado de
Delaware el 17 de octubre de 1933. Los beneficios del
programa se financiaron principalmente procesando impuestos
del producto especfico. La ley tambin hizo que los
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prstamos de subsidio de precios de la Corporacin de
Crdito fueran obligatorios para los productos bsicos
designados (almacenables): maz, trigo y algodn. El apoyo
para otros productos bsicos fue autorizado tras la
recomendacin del Secretario de Agricultura con aprobacin
del Presidente
EN: Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933

ley de animales
DF: Leyes y legislacin que rigen el tratamiento, confinamiento
o produccin de animales y ganado.
EN: animal law

ley de pesticidas
DF: Leyes, legislacin y regulaciones que gobiernan la
manufactura, transporte, distribucin, venta, rotulacin,
empaque, composicin, eliminacin de desechos, seguridad,
uso, y registro de los pesticidas.
EN: pesticide law

leyes de alimentos
DF: Leyes y legislaciones que gobiernan la calidad,
procesamiento, empacado, etiquetado e inocuidad de los
alimentos y productos alimenticios para humanos y animales.
EN: food law

lianas
DF: Enredaderas leosas cuyas races nacen en el suelo y por lo
general producen largos tallos que atraviesan la copa de
los rboles con el fin de alcanzar la luz del sol.
EN: lianas

liberacin de rboles
DF: Tratamiento silvicultural diseado para liberar a los
rboles jvenes de vegetacin indeseable, usualmente
competencia rebasadora.
EN: tree release

libre a bordo
DF: Precio de un producto en un punto especfico de reparto,
generalmente el precio previo al despacho.
EN: free on board

licor de cacao
DF: Licor de cacao es el alimento slido o semiplstico
preparado al moler finamente los pedazos de semillas de
cacao.
EN: chocolate liquor

licor de maceracin de maz
DF: Coproducto de la molienda hmeda del maz, en la que el
maz es procesado mediante un proceso de remojo. Se utiliza
en la produccin de una variedad de alimentos, piensos y
productos de fermentacin y como componente de algunos
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medios de cultivo.
EN: corn steep liquor

lidar
DF: Utilizacin de rayos lser pulsados y reflejados sobre un
objeto para medir distancia, posicin o velocidad.
EN: lidar

ligamento cruzado anterior
DF: Ligamento fuerte de la rodilla que se origina en la porcin
posteromedial del cndilo lateral del fmur, atraviesa los
cndilos por la zona anterior e inferior y est unido a la
depresin ubicada en frente de la eminencia intercondilar
de la tibia.
EN: anterior cruciate ligament

ligamento cruzado caudal
DF: Ligamento que, junto con el ligamento cruzado craneal,
brinda estabilidad a la babilla.
EN: caudal cruciate ligament

ligamento cruzado craneal
DF: Ligamento que, junto con el ligamento cruzado caudal,
brinda estabilidad a la babilla.
EN: cranial cruciate ligament

ligamento cruzado posterior
DF: Ligamento fuerte de la rodilla que se origina en la
superficie anterolateral del cndilo femoral interno,
atraviesa los cndilos por la zona posterior e inferior, y
est unido a la regin intercondlea posterior de la tibia.
EN: posterior cruciate ligament

lmite arbreo
DF: Zona hasta donde se limita el crecimiento normal de los
rboles; el lmite arbreo superior o del rtico est
constituido por temperaturas fras a menudo acompaadas de
sequa, y el lmite arbreo inferior o rido se forma por
sequa acompaada de temperaturas altas.
EN: treeline

lmites de deteccin
DF: Concentracin o cantidad que es producto de pequeas
mediciones que pueden ser detectadas con razonable certeza
para un procedimiento analtico dado.
EN: detection limit

limnologa
DF: Estudio de los aspectos fsicos, qumicos, hidrolgicos y
biolgicos de cuerpos de agua dulce.
EN: limnology

limpiar
DF: Eliminar la suciedad, las manchas o las impurezas para la
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inspeccin visual.
EN: cleaning

linaje
DF: Registro de la descendencia o ancestros, particularmente de
una condicin o rasgo
particular, que indica los miembros individuales de la
familia, su relacin, y su estatus en
relacin con el rasgo o condicin.
EN: pedigree

linaje materno
DF: Relacin consangunea entre la descendencia y su madre.
EN: maternal lineage

lincomicina
DF: Antibitico producido por Streptomyces lincolnensis var.
lincolnensis. Se ha utilizado en el tratamiento de
estafilococos, estreptococos e infecciones ocasionadas por
Bacteroides fragilis.
EN: lincomycin

lneas isognicas
DF: Lneas que difieren genticamente en slo un locus o muy
pocos loci. Las lneas homocigticas, los clones y los
gemelos son idnticos en todos los loci.
EN: isogenic lines

linfadenitis
DF: inflamacin de los ganglios linfticos.
EN: lymphadenitis

linfangitis
DF: inflamacin de los vasos linfticos.
EN: lymphangitis

linfoquinas
DF: Factores proteicos solubles generados por linfocitos
activados y que afectan a otras clulas, principalmente a
aquellas que participan en la inmunidad celular.
EN: lymphokines

linfotoxina
DF: Miembro del grupo de factores de necrosis tumoral que es
liberado por los linfocitos activados por antgenos o
mitgenos de clulas T. La linfotoxina es distinta
antigenicamente al factor alfa de necrosis tumoral, aunque
ambos comparten receptores comunes, actividades biolgicas
y una homologa importante en la secuencia de aminocidos.
EN: lymphotoxin

liposomas
DF: Vesculas artificiales, sencillas o multilaminares
(formadas por lecitinas u otros lpidos) que se utilizan
804

para la liberacin de una variedad de molculas biolgicas
o de complejos moleculares a las clulas, por ejemplo,
liberacin de drogas y transferencia de genes. Se utilizan
tambin para estudiar las membranas y las protenas de las
membranas.
EN: liposomes (artificial)

lisogenia
DF: Fenmeno por el cual un fago temperado se incorpora al ADN
de la bacteria huesped, establecindose un tipo de relacin
simbitica entre el profago y la bacteria, de modo que se
da una perpetuacin del profago en todos los decendientes
de la bacteria, hasta que la induccin por varios agentes,
como la radiacin ultravioleta, libera al fago, que
entonces se convierte en virulento y lisa la bacteria.
EN: lysogeny

listeriosis
DF: Infecciones producidas por bacterias del gnero Listeria,
especialmente Listeria monocitgenos.
EN: listeriosis

llamado estadstico
DF: Tctica persuasiva que utiliza datos estadsticos para
comunicar un mensaje, por lo general que evoca una
respuesta cognitiva.
EN: statistical appeal

llamado narrativo
DF: Tctica persuasiva que utiliza la evidencia descriptiva en
forma de historias para comunicar un mensaje, que por lo
general evoca una respuesta emocional.
EN: narrative appeal

llanuras sujetas a inundaciones
DF: reas de tierras bajas y relativamente planas vecinas a
aguas interiores y costeras, incluyendo reas proclives a
inundaciones de islas. Estas tierras incluyen, por lo
menos, aquellas reas que estn sujetas a una posibilidad
de un 1% o mayor de inundarse en cualquier ao.
EN: floodplains

lodo
DF: Desechos residuales slidos o semi-slidos restantes cuando
el lquido se elimina durante el tratamiento de residuos
industriales.
EN: sludge

lodo activado
DF: Lodo que se ha ventilado y tratado con microorganismos con
el fin de acelerar la actividad microbiana y la oxidacin
(descomposicin) de los compuestos orgnicos.
EN: activated sludge

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longitudes de onda
DF: Distancia en la direccin de propagacin de una onda
peridica entre dos puntos sucesivos en la misma fase (al
mismo tiempo).
EN: wavelengths

los judos
DF: Gente que practica el Judasmo y/o que reconoce su
identidad tnica o sus ancestros como judos.
EN: Jews

lugares de cruzamiento
DF: El hbitat donde los animales van para aparearse y
reproducirse.
EN: breeding sites

lutelisis
DF: Degradacin del cuerpo lteo. En ausencia de embarazo y con
la disminucin de las hormonas trficas, el cuerpo lteo
experimenta lutelisis, que se caracteriza por la
involucin y suspensin de su funcin endocrina.
EN: luteolysis

luz
DF: Radiacin electromagntica que genera una sensacin visual.
EN: light

luz azul
DF: Longitudes de onda de 440-500 nm del espectro visible de la
luz (aproximadamente 400-700 nm) que se ven azules a simple
vista.
EN: blue light

luz blanca
DF: La luz blanca es considerada, en general, como la presencia
del espectro visible completo (aproximadamente 400 a 700
nm) del espectro electromagntico, en el cual se mezclan
todos los colores de modo que se ve blanco, incoloro o
incluso levemente amarillento a la vista del ojo humano.
EN: white light

luz roja
DF: La luz roja corresponde a una longitud de onda que el ojo
percibe como roja y que corresponde a 625-740 nm en el
espectro visible de la luz (aproximadamente 400-700 nm).
EN: red light

806

M

macerado
DF: Malta molida o harina de grano que es remojada en agua
caliente y es usada para producir whisky o cerveza.
EN: mash

macroalgas
DF: Algas que se ven a simple vista, son multicelulares y
tienen distintos colores (rojo, verde, caf) y formas
(filamentosas, foliformes, acolchadas, ciliadas).
EN: macroalgae

macrodispersin
DF: Sistema de dispersin en el que el tamao de las partculas
dispersadas es relativamente grande.
EN: macrodispersion

macrofitos
DF: Plantas acuticas macroscpicas (que se pueden ver
fcilmente a simple vista) y pueden ser emergentes,
flotantes o estar sumergidas.
EN: macrophytes

madera blanda
DF: Generalmente uno de los grupos botnicos de rboles que no
tienen vasos, y en muchos casos, tienen hojas como agujas o
escamas (las conferas). Tambin se aplica a la madera
producida por estos rboles. El trmino no hace referencia
a la dureza real de la madera.
EN: softwood

madera de chapas laminadas
DF: Producto de madera creado mediante laminacin paralela de
chapas pegadas bajo presin y calor, con el grano de cada
chapa alineado paralelo al eje longitudinal de la moldura.
EN: laminated veneer lumber

madera de compresin
DF: Madera anormal formada en la parte inferior de ramas y
troncos inclinados de rboles de madera de conferas. La
madera de compresin se encoge longitudinalmente en exceso
comparada con la madera normal.
EN: compression wood

madera de desecho
DF: Trozos de madera, tales como ramas, miembros, y desechos
que quedan luego de la cosecha o procesamiento de la
madera, o restos de proyectos de construccin.
EN: waste wood

madera de primavera
DF: La porcin del anillo de crecimiento formada durante la
etapa temprana de la temporada de crecimiento. Es
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usualmente menos densa y ms dbil mecnicamente que la
madera otoal.
EN: earlywood

madera de tensin
DF: Madera anormal encontrada en rboles inclinados de algunas
especies de rboles de madera de frondosas, caracterizada
por la presencia de fibras gelatinosas y encogimiento
longitudinal excesivo. La madera de tensin puede causar
torcimiento.
EN: tension wood

madera dura
DF: Generalmente uno de los grupos botnicos de rboles que
tienen vasos o poros y hojas anchas, en contraste con las
conferas o maderas blandas. El trmino no hace referencia
a la dureza real de la madera.
EN: hardwood

madera en rollo
DF: Madera slida que est en el estado redondo. Este trmino
tambin es usado para el volumen de troncos requeridos para
producir una cantidad dada de madera, paneles, pulpa, papel
u otros productos de madera.
EN: roundwood

madera joven
DF: Parte interna del xilema que envuelve la mdula. Las
clulas son pequeas y estructuralmente menos desarrolladas
que las del xilema externo. El perodo durante el cual se
forma la madera juvenil se denomina fase juvenil.
EN: juvenile wood

madera muerta
DF: Ramas muertas o rboles en pie completamente muertos, que
derivan de procesos naturales o de una actividad
antropognica como la tala.
EN: dead wood

madera para pasta
DF: Madera destinada o adecuada para fabricacin de pulpa,
incluyendo rboles en pi o talados, residuos de
explotacin, desechos de aserradero, etc.
EN: pulpwood

madera tropical
DF: Madera de una especie arbrea tropical o subtropical.
EN: tropical wood

Maghreb
DF: Regin del Noroeste de frica que incluye a Marruecos,
Argelia, Tunisia y, en ocasiones, a Libia.
EN: Maghreb

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Magnolia soulangeana
DF: Hbrido interespecfico entre Magnolia heptapeta x Magnolia
quinquepeta.
EN: Magnolia soulangeana

magulladuras de frutas
DF: Desorden fisiolgico comn en muchos cultivos de frutos,
especialmente de tomates (Lycopersicon esculentum). El
pericarpio, o cscara, del fruto desarrolla grietas
principalmente porque el contenido del fruto absorbe agua
ms rpido de lo que se expanden las paredes del fruto.
EN: fruit cracking

maz de cera
DF: Un tipo de maz en el cual el contenido de almidn de sus
granos presenta una cantidad elevada de amilopectina.
EN: waxy corn

maz dextrinoso
DF: Granos frescos de una variedad de maz (Zea mays) con un
alto contenido de azcar y un bajo contenido de almidn,
consumido como vegetal.
EN: sweetcorn

Malassezia
DF: Gnero de hongo que causa enfermedades en la piel.
EN: Malassezia

maleza nociva
DF: Maleza arbitrariamente definida por ley como
particularmente indeseable. La definicin de este trmino
vara segn las interpretaciones legales.
EN: noxious weeds

malezas huspedes
DF: Malezas que sirven de huspedes para plagas y patgenos.
EN: weed hosts

malta (productos)
DF: Producto hecho humedeciendo grano (comnmente cebada) y
permitindole germinar tiempo suficiente como para que
produzca cantidades adecuadas de enzimas, y usado sobre
todo en preparacin de cerveza y destilacin.
EN: malt

manejo de ecosistemas
DF: Estrategia o plan de gestin de recursos naturales que es
ecolgicamente basado y considera todos los organismos y su
ambiente y que al mismo tiempo rene las necesidades
sociales, fsicas, econmicas y biolgicas de los humanos.
EN: ecosystem management

manejo de humo
DF: Aplicacin de la intensidad del fuego y de los procesos
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meteorolgicos para minimizar la degradacin de la calidad
del aire durante los fuegos prescritos.
EN: smoke management

manejo de incendios espontneos
DF: Medidas de prevencin, deteccin, y control de incendios no
planificados ni deseados, provocados por causas naturales o
por la mano del hombre.
EN: wildland fire management

manejo de materiales
DF: Tratamiento de materiales durante la , fabricacin,
procesamiento, movimiento, almacenamiento, uso,
reutilizacin y/o disposicin.
EN: materials handling

manejo de nutrientes
DF: Manejo de la cantidad, procedencia, aplicacin, forma, y
tiempo de aplicacin de los nutrientes y reparaciones al
suelo para asegurar una adecuada fertilizacin del suelo
para la produccin de plantas y para minimizar el potencial
de degradacin, particularmente la contaminacin del agua.
EN: nutrient management

manejo de recursos naturales
DF: Aplicacin de principios cientficos y tcnicos en el
manejo de los recursos naturales, tales como tierra, agua,
suelo, plantas y animales, con el fin de alcanzar los
objetivos ecolgicos, econmicos, sociales y polticos.
EN: natural resource management

manejo de rendimiento sostenido
DF: Manejo de recursos para lograr el objetivo de obtener un
suministro perpetuo y estable de productos.
EN: sustained yield management

manejo del dao causado por vida silvestre
DF: Actividades diseadas para reducir el impacto negativo, los
conflictos o los peligros provocados por la vida silvestre
a otros organismos, a la propiedad, a los recursos
naturales o agrcolas, o a la sociedad humana.
EN: wildlife damage management

manejo del paisaje
DF: La aplicacin de los principios de conservacin,
proteccin, mejoramiento y restauracin de los recursos del
paisaje impactados por eventos y actividades antropognicas.
EN: landscape management

manejo integrado de plagas
DF: Estrategia de control de plagas que utiliza un enfoque
sistemtico en el cual las poblaciones de plagas son
monitoreadas para determinar si se requieren y cundo se
requieren ciertos mtodos de control. El manejo integrado
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de plagas (MIP) utiliza mtodos de control biolgicos,
qumicos, fsicos, culturales, y/o genticos con el fin de
minimizar el uso de pesticidas, reducir costos de
produccin, y proteger el medio ambiente.
EN: integrated pest management

maniobrabilidad
DF: Velocidad con la que un vehculo o equipo con ruedas puede
cambiar de direccin sin que se pierda el control.
EN: maneuverability

manipulacin dirigida de genes
DF: Integracin de ADN exgeno en el genoma de un organismo en
sitios en que su expresin se puede controlar
adecuadamente. Esta integracin se produce como resultado
de recombinacin homloga.
EN: gene targeting

manipulacin indebida
DF: Alterar, daar, rebajar el valor o deteriorar la calidad de
un objeto o producto.
EN: tampering

mano de obra
DF: Personas empleadas y quienes buscan trabajo.
EN: labor force

mantanza selectiva (animales)
DF: Extraccin de animales o aves del rebao o la bandada por
considerarse material de crianza indeseable y/o ineficiente
o de animales que se enviarn al matadero.
EN: culling (animals)

manteca de cerdo
DF: Grasa obtenida de cerdos. Su composicin, caractersticas y
consistencia varan segn el rgimen de alimentacin.
EN: lard

mantenimiento del bienestar animal
DF: Suma o integracin de los estados de bienestar pasado y
presente de un animal a medida que intenta adaptarse a su
ambiente, y los valores humanos relacionados con los
aspectos sociales o ticos de proporcionar ese ambiente.
EN: animal welfare

mantequilla fundida
DF: Producto lcteo de crema o mantequilla que contiene al
menos 99.8% de grasa lctea.
EN: butter oil

mapas base
DF: Hoja de mapa que contiene slo las partes esenciales del
terreno necesario para identificar un lugar y constituye la
base para los mapas temticos ms detallados.
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EN: base maps

mapas temticos
DF: Mapa que muestra la distribucin espacial de un tema o
materia, como el tipo de vegetacin, la densidad de la
poblacin, o el tipo de suelo.
EN: thematic maps

mapeamiento de restriccin
DF: Utilizacin de endonucleasa de restriccin para analizar y
generar un mapa fsico de los genomas, genes u otros
segmentos de ADN.
EN: restriction mapping

mapeamiento fsico de cromosomas
DF: Mapeamiento del orden lineal y la distancia de los genes de
un cromosoma utilizando mtodos distintos a la
recombinacin gentica.
EN: physical chromosome mapping

mapeo de cromosomas
DF: Cualquier mtodo utilizado para determinar la desaparicin
y distancias relativas entre genes en un cromosoma.
EN: chromosome mapping

mapeo de mensajes
DF: Modelo que jerrquicamente organiza los mensajes de una
organizacin con respecto a temas controversiales.
EN: message mapping

mapeo de pptidos
DF: Anlisis de los pptidos generados como resultado de la
digestin o de la fragmentacin de una protena o de una
mezcla de protenas mediante electrofresis, cromatografa
o espectrometra de masas. Las huellas del pptido
resultantes son analizadas con diversos fines, incluida la
identificacin de protenas en una muestra, polimorfismos
genticos, patrones de expresin gentica y patrones para
el diagnstico de enfermedades.
EN: peptide mapping

Mar Caribe
DF: El Mar Caribe se localiza entre los paralelos 9 y 22 de
latitud norte y los meridianos 89 y 60 de longitud oeste.
Los pases que se encuentran al sur del Mar Caribe son
Venezuela, Colombia y Panam. Los pases que se encuentran
al oeste son Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala,
Belice y la Pennsula de Yucatn, Mxico. Los pases que se
encuentran al norte son las Islas Antillanas Mayores de
Cuba, la Espaola, Jamaica y Puerto Rico. Las Antillas
Menores se encuentran al este.
EN: Caribbean Sea

Mar de Sargasso
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DF: Una extensin grande de aguas tranquilas en medio del
Ocano Atlntico del Norte en la cual predomina el
Sargassum.
EN: Sargasso Sea

marcadores genticos
DF: Caracterstica gentica fenotpicamente reconocible que se
puede utilizar para identificar un locus gentico, un grupo
de ligamiento o un evento de recombinacin.
EN: genetic markers

marcapasos artificial
DF: Dispositivo diseado para estimular, mediante impulsos
elctricos, la contraccin de los msculos cardiacos. Puede
ser temporal (externo) o permanente (interno o
interno-externo).
EN: artificial pacemaker

marchitez bacteriana
DF: Enfermedad de las plantas causada por bacterias que
marchitan y arrugan el tallo y las hojas.
EN: bacterial wilt

marchitez por Verticillium
DF: Enfermedad de las plantas provocada por hongos del gnero
Verticillium, que causa el resecamiento, alicaimiento y
oscurecimiento de las partes afectadas.
EN: Verticillium wilt

mareas
DF: Movimientos peridicos de ascenso y descenso de las aguas
del mar y de la atmsfera de la Tierra, los cuales son el
resultado de las fuerzas gravitatorias de la Luna y el Sol
que actan sobre la Tierra en rotacin. Esta alteracin
verdaderamente se propaga como una ola a travs de la
atmsfera y a lo largo de la superficie de las aguas de la
Tierra.
EN: tides

marismas
DF: Tierras hmedas que no acumulan grandes depsitos de turba
en las que predomina la vegetacin herbcea.
EN: marshes

marmolado
DF: La presencia de tiras delgadas o manchas de grasa dentro de
un corte de carne. Ms marmolado por lo general se asocia
con mayor palatabilidad.
EN: marbling

masa de maz
DF: Masa de maz hecha hirviendo maz en lima cal pulverizada,
lavndolo, dejndolo secar, y luego moliendo la mezcla
restante. Se aade agua a este alimento base para formar
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masa que es usada para hacer tortillas y tamales.
EN: masa

masa fermentada
DF: Etapa intermedia en el proceso de elaboracin de una masa;
generalmente, consiste en una mezcla fermentada de harina,
levadura y lquidos.
EN: dough sponges

masas de huevos
DF: Grupo de huevos (vulos) puestos por una hembra en una sola
postura.
EN: egg masses

mastitis bovina
DF: Infeccin e inflamacin de las ubres de la vaca.
EN: bovine mastitis

materia bsica
DF: Materia prima utilizada en el procesamiento biolgico,
qumico o industrial, la cual se utiliza para elaborar
otros productos.
EN: feedstocks

material contaminado
DF: Los objetos inanimados que transportan microorganismos
patgenos y por lo tanto pueden servir como la fuente de
infeccin. Los microorganismos en materiales contaminados
por minutos u horas. Entre los ms comunes se incluyen:
prendas de vestir, papel de seda, cepillos para el cabello
y la cocina y utensilios para comer.
EN: fomites

material orgnico vivo de cobertura
DF: Habitualmente, plantas que crecen cerca del suelo y que se
plantan o siembran como subpiso del cultivo principal. El
material orgnico vivo protege el suelo contra la erosin y
no afecta de manera considerable el crecimiento del cultivo
principal.
EN: live mulches

materiales biocompatibles
DF: Materiales sintticos o naturales, aparte de los frmacos,
que se utilizan para sustituir o regenerar cualquier tejido
corporal o su funcin.
EN: biocompatible materials

materiales biomdicos
DF: Sustancias empleadas en las reas de la biomedicina o la
odontologa, principalmente por sus propiedades fsicas, a
diferencia de las qumicas.
EN: biomedical materials

materiales biomimticos
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DF: Materiales elaborados mediante tcnicas de biommesis, es
decir, con base en procesos naturales hallados en sistemas
biolgicos.
EN: biomimetic materials

materiales compuestos
DF: Productos manufacturados que se hacen a partir de dos o ms
materiales que tienen propiedades fsicas y qumicas
distintas.
EN: composite materials

matriz alimentaria
DF: Componentes nutrientes y no nutrientes de los alimentos y
sus relaciones moleculares, por ejemplo enlaces qumicos,
entre ellos.
EN: food matrix

matriz extracelular
DF: Sustancia similar a una malla que se encuentra en el
espacio extracelular y junto a la membrana de base de la
superficie celular. Promueve la proliferacin celular y
proporciona una estructura de apoyo a la cual se adhieren
las clulas o los lisatos celulares.
EN: extracellular matrix

matriz nuclear
DF: Red fibrogranular de elementos estructurales residuales
dentro de la cual estn inmersas tanto las cromatinas como
las ribonucleoprotenas. Se extiende a travs de todo el
interiro del ncleo, desde el nucleolo hasta los complejos
de poros nucleares en la periferia nuclear.
EN: nuclear matrix

mecnica
DF: Rama de la fsica dedicada al movimiento y a la reaccin de
sistemas fsicos ante fuerzas internas y externas.
EN: mechanics

mecnica de fluidos
DF: Estudio de las propiedades mecnicas de fluidos, por
ejemplo, lquidos y gases en movimiento o estacionarios.
EN: fluid mechanics

mediastinoscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se realiza en el mediastino
anterosuperior del trax por medio de un endoscopio.
EN: mediastinoscopy

medicamentos
DF: Cualquier compuesto qumico, incluyendo nutrientes, que se
usa en la prevencin, diagnstico, tratamiento o cura de
enfermedades, para aliviar el dolor o para controlar o
mejorar trastornos fisiolgicos o patolgicos en seres
humanos y animales.
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EN: drugs

medicina alternativa
DF: Grupo no relacionado de prcticas teraputicas no
ortodoxas, a menudo con sistemas explicativos que no siguen
las explicaciones biomdicas convencionales.
EN: alternative medicine

medicina ayurvdica
DF: Sistema tradicional de salud de la India basado en
costumbres, creencias y prcticas de la cultura india.
Ayurveda significa "ciencia de la Vida": veda- ciencia,
ayur-vida.
EN: Ayurvedic medicine

medicina oriental tradicional
DF: Sistema de medicina tradicional basado en costumbres,
creencias y practices del pueblo oriental.
EN: Oriental traditional medicine

medicina tradicional
DF: Sistemas de medicina basados en creencias y prcticas
culturales heredadas de generacin en generacin. El
concepto incluye rituales msticos y mgicos, terapia de
yerbas y otros tratamientos que pueden o no ser exlicados
por la medicina moderna.
EN: traditional medicine

medicina veterinaria
DF: Diagnstico y tratamiento de enfermedades y lesiones de los
animales de compaa, domsticos, exticos, salvajes, y de
produccin.
EN: veterinary medicine

medidas antropomtricas
DF: Medidas del cuerpo humano utilizadas en el estudio de la
variacin y el crecimiento humanos.
EN: anthropometric measurements

medios de comunicacin de masas
DF: Instrumentos o medios tecnolgicos de comunicacin que
alcanzan a un gran nmero de personas con un mensaje comn:
la prensa, la radio, la televisin, etc.
EN: mass media

medios de noticias
DF: Distintos medios de comunicar noticias al pblico.
EN: news media

medroxiprogesterona
DF: Una hormona sinttica progestacional usada en la prctica
veterinaria como un regulador del estro o celo.
EN: medroxyprogesterone

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megacolon
DF: Aumento patolgico del tamao del colon.
EN: megacolon

megadsis
DF: Dsis excepcionalmente grande.
EN: megadose

megaesfago
DF: Trastorno de la motilidad del esfago en el que existe una
incapacidad de relajacin del esfinter esofgico inferior
al tragar.
EN: megaesophagus

megsporas
DF: La ms grande de los dos tipos de esporas producidas en
plantas heterosporas, que se desarrolla como gametofito
femenino.
EN: megaspores

megasporocitos
DF: Clula que sufre meiosis para producir cuatro megsporas.
EN: megasporocytes

mejores prcticas de administracin
DF: Prctica o sistema de prcticas basadas en criterios
polticos, econmicos, sociales y tcnicos diseadas para
prevenir o mitigar la degradacin del ambiente natural
(especialmente de los recursos de agua y del suelo) que
causa la agricultura, la construccin, la manufactura, el
turismo u otras actividades antropognicas.
EN: best management practices

Melanesia
DF: Una de las tres divisiones principales de Islas del Ocano
Pacfico, en el suroeste del Ocano Pacfico, noreste de
Australia y al sur de la Lnea del Ecuador. Incluye las
Islas Salomn, Vanuatu, Tuvalo, Nueva Caledonia, Fiji.
EN: Melanesia

melanina
DF: Polmeros insolubles derivados de la tirosina los cuales
causan oscurecimiento de la piel (pigmentacin de la piel),
pelo y plumas. Provee proteccin contra las quemaduras
inducidas por la luz solar. Los carotenos contribuyen a la
coloracin amarilla y roja.
EN: melanin

melanocitos
DF: Las clulas de mamferos que producen el pigmento melanina,
pigmentos que se encuentran principalmente en la epidermis,
pero adems en los ojos y el pelo, por un proceso llamado
melanognesis. La coloracin puede ser modificada por el
nmero de melanocitos o la cantidad de pigmento producido y
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almacenado en los orgnulos llamados melanosomas. Los
animales grandes, no mamferos que contienen clulas de
melanina son llamados melanforos.
EN: melanocytes

melanognesis
DF: Produccin de melanina en las clulas vivas.
EN: melanogenesis

melanoidinas
DF: Polmeros de color oscuro generados a travs de la reaccin
de Maillard, por medio de la combinacin de azcares
reductores y aminocidos sometidos a altas temperaturas.
EN: melanoidins

melezitosa
DF: Un azcar obtenido del exudado de ciertos rboles (ejemplo,
el alerce y el abeto de Douglas). Este azcar es menos
dulce que la sucrosa y en hidrlisis parcial produce
glucosa y turanosa.
EN: melezitose

melibiosa
DF: Disacrido constitudo por una galactosa y una parte
glucosa en un enlace glicosdico alfa (1-6).
EN: melibiose

meliponicultura
DF: El cultivo de las abejas sin aguijn a escala comercial
para la produccin de miel o la polinizacin.
EN: meliponiculture

membrana corioalantoica
DF: Membrana extraembrionaria muy vascularizada formada por la
fusin del corion y el alantoides. Se encuentra
habitualmente en aves y reptiles. Sirve de modelo para
estudiar tumores o biologa celular, tal como la
angiognesis y el trasplante de tejido.
EN: chorioallantoic membrane

membrana vitelina
DF: La membrana de plasma del huevo.
EN: vitelline membrane

membranas extraembrionarias
DF: Membranas que protejen el embrin o feto y facilitan la
nutricin, respiracin y excrecin; el saco de la yema
(vescula umbilical), alantoides, amnios, corion, decidua y
placenta.
EN: extraembryonic membranes

meningitis
DF: Inflamacin de las membranas que recubren al cerebro y/o la
mdula espina. Las infecciones (virales, bacterianas, y
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micticas) son las causas ms comunes de esta condicin,
pero las condiciones inflamatorias tambin pueden producir
este sndrome.
EN: meningitis

menudillos de ave
DF: Vsceras comestibles de las aves de corral, que incluyen el
corazn, la molleja y el hgado. El pescuezo por lo general
tambin se incluye en el mismo envase de las vsceras al
momento de ponerlas de regreso en la canal del ave entera.
EN: giblets

mercado laboral
DF: Factores que afectan la disponibilidad y demanda de
trabajadores.
EN: labor market

mercados ambientales
DF: El crdito de contaminacin es un enfoque basado en el
mercado de consumo para lograr las metas de control de
contaminacin establecidas segn regulaciones ambientales.
Se otorga un crdito a los proveedores de manejo de
contaminacin. Las empresas reguladas que no pueden cumplir
con las normas de control por razones econmicas pueden
adquirir crditos de aquellas empresas que pueden producir
crditos a menores costos que los esperados en el mercado.
EN: environmental markets

mercados de carbono
DF: Escenario para el comercio de emisiones de dixido de
carbono de comercio de emisiones, es decir, la compra y
venta de derechos de emisin (crditos o acciones) y la
reduccin de emisiones por toneladas mtricas de dixido de
carbono, o su equivalente en gases de efecto invernadero
emitidos a la atmsfera.
EN: carbon markets

mercadotecnia social
DF: Aplicacin de prcticas de mercadotecnia para desarrollar
programas diseados para influenciar el comportamiento de
grupos especficos para que se beneficien tanto los
individuos como la sociedad.
EN: social marketing

mrito gentico
DF: La habilidad de un determinado padre de producir
descendencia superior con rasgos deseables, comparado con
otros padres.
EN: genetic merit

Meseta de Ozark
DF: rea de montaas bajas en el noroeste de Arkansas, sureste
de Misuri y noreste de Oklahoma.
EN: Ozarks
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mesetas
DF: Una meseta es una caracterstica topogrfica que consiste
en un rea relativamente llana y elevada del terreno.
EN: plateaus

mesotelioma
DF: Tumor derivado del tejido mesotelial (peritoneo, pleura,
pericardio). Aparece como capas amplias de clulas y
algunas regiones presentan clulas parecidas a los
sarcomas, en forma de agujas, y otras regiones presentan
patrones adenomatosos.
EN: mesothelioma

meta-anlisis
DF: Mtodo cuantitativo que combina los resultados de estudios
independientes (habitualmente extrados de la literatura
publicada) y sintetiza los resmenes y conclusiones, que
puede ser usado para evaluar la efectividad teraputica,
planificar nuevos estudios, etc., y que se aplica
principalmente en las reas de la investigacin y de la
medicina.
EN: meta-analysis

metabolismo cido crasulceo
DF: Va bioqumica en la que la fijacin de carbono inicial
ocurre en las clulas mesfilas externas durante la noche
cuando los estomas se abren. Cuando los estomas se cierran
durante el da, los cidos C4 se transfieren desde las
vacuolas a los cloroplastos, donde se verifica el ciclo de
Calvin y se produce glucosa.
EN: Crassulacean acid metabolism

metabolismo basal
DF: Procesos metablicos bsicos necesarios para mantener vivo
y saludable el cuerpo y en crecimiento, cuando corresponda.
EN: basal metabolism

metabolismo de cidos grasos
DF: Procesos fisiolgicos que intervienen en la biosntesis
(anabolismo) y la degradacin (catabolismo) de cidos
grasos, generando energa y metabolitos de cidos grasos.
EN: fatty acid metabolism

metabolito secundario
DF: Qumicos sintetizados por organismos que parecen no tener
un rol directo en el crecimiento
del organismo. Muchos son usados en alimentos, frmacos, y
otras aplicaciones industriales.
EN: secondary metabolites

metaboloma
DF: El conjunto total de metabolitos y molculas endgenas
pequeas involucradas en el metabolismo de clulas
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completas. El metaboloma vara de acuerdo a la etapa
fisiolgica o de desarrollo de la clula.
EN: metabolome

metabolmicos
DF: Rama de la gentica que estudia los organismos en trminos
de metabolomas, es decir, el conjunto total de metabolitos
y molculas endgenas pequeas involucradas en el
metabolismo de toda las clulas.
EN: metabolomics

metaciclina
DF: Antibitico semisinttico de amplio espectro relacionado
con la tetraciclina, pero que excreta de forma ms lenta y
mantiene los niveles efectivos de sangre por un perodo ms
prolongado.
EN: methacycline

metagenmica
DF: El anlisis del material gentico de una coleccin de
organismos usualmente no cultivados, comunidades
microbianas de especies mezcladas en su ambiente natural.
EN: metagenomics

metangenos
DF: Microorganismos, especialmente del grupo Archaea, que
pueden crecer y producir metano bajo condiciones anaerobias.
EN: methanogens

metstasis
DF: Transferencia de una neoplasia desde un rgano o parte del
cuerpo a otro sitio remoto del lugar primario.
EN: metastasis

meteorismo
DF: Distensin severa del abdomen causada por gas, generalmente
en animales rumiantes. El problema empeora con el acceso
repentino a pastizales o alfalfa en estado vegetativo,
alimentos que son fcilmente digeribles.
EN: bloat

meteorizacin
DF: Exposicin natural de un material a factores atmosfricos y
climticos, tales como el viento, la lluvia, los cambios de
temperatura, la luz solar o ultravioleta, el oxgeno, la
humedad o los agentes qumicos y biolgicos presentes en el
aire.
EN: weathering

meteorizacin del suelo
DF: Desintegracin de rocas y minerales debido a procesos
fsicos, qumicos, geolgicos y biolgicos o combinaciones
de stos. La magnitud y naturaleza de la meteorizacin del
suelo depende en gran medida de los agentes atmosfricos.
821

EN: soil weathering

metestro
DF: El periodo posterior al estro durante el cual el fenmeno
del estro mengua en aquellos animales en los que la
gestacin o la seudogestacin no ocurre.
EN: metestrus

metilacin del ADN
DF: Adicin de grupos de metilo al ADN. Las metiltransferasas
del ADN realizan esta reaccin utilizando
s-adenosilmetionina como grupo donante de metilo.
EN: DNA methylation

mtodo de clase txica aguda
DF: Ensayo alternativo a la prueba LD-50 que utiliza menor
cantidad de animales y clasifica los qumicos como: muy
txicos, txicos, peligrosos y no clasificables.
EN: acute toxic class method

mtodo de siembra en invierno
DF: Mtodo de propagacin utilizado durante todo el invierno en
lugares donde se siembran las semillas de climas clidos en
contenedores protectivos y se ubican al aire libre para
propiciar un alto porcentaje de germinacin de las
plntulas resistentes al clima regulada en forma natural
por las condiciones del tiempo.
EN: winter sowing method

mtodos de inoculacin
DF: Varios mtodos de aplicar microorganismos de modo que ellos
sobrevivan y crezcan en el sustrato escogido. Incluye los
variados mtodos de introduccin de un patgeno u organismo
beneficioso a partes de plantas (races, tallos, hojas,
flores), tierra, semillas o sustratos de cultivo.
EN: inoculation methods

mezclas de genotipos
DF: Prctica en la que dos o ms genotipos de una sola especie
se usan en combinacin, generalmente para mejorar la
resistencia a enfermedades, plagas, fijacin de nitrgeno,
etc.
EN: genotype mixtures

miasis
DF: Invasin de tejidos vivos del ser humano y de otros
mamferos, por larvas de dpteros.
EN: myiasis

micamicina
DF: Complejo antibitico originalmente aislado de Streptomyces
mitakaenis. Contiene dos ingredientes principales:
estreptogramina A (micamicina A) y estreptogramina B
(micamicina B).
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EN: mikamycin

micelas
DF: Partculas compuestas de agregados de molculas unidas por
enlaces secundarios. Usualmente, la superficie de las
micelas constan de compuestos anfipticos, orientados de
manera que se optimiza la energa de interaccin entre las
micelas y su entorno.
EN: micelles

micetocitos
DF: Clulas especializadas que albergan microorganismos
simbiticos o comensales intracelulares, que colectivamente
constituyen un micetoma.
EN: mycetocytes

micobacilina
DF: Antibitico polipptido cclico aislado de filtrados de
cultivos de Bacillus subtilis, el cual acta como un agente
antifngico.
EN: mycobacillin

micoherbicidas
DF: Formulaciones de hongos patgenos para las plantas que
controlan el crecimiento o matan plantas no deseadas y
maleza.
EN: mycoherbicides

micoparsitos
DF: Hongo que es parsito de otro hongo.
EN: mycoparasites

micoplasmosis
DF: Infecciones causadas por especies del gnero Mycoplasma.
EN: mycoplasmosis

micotoxicosis
DF: Intoxicacin causada por la ingestin de micotoxinas
(toxinas de origen mictico).
EN: mycotoxicosis

micotoxinas
DF: Compuestos de toxinas producidos por hongos (setas).
EN: mycotoxins

micovirus
DF: Virus que infecta y se replica en clulas de hongos.
EN: mycoviruses

microARN
DF: Pequeos ARN bicatenarios no codificadores de protenas,
con una longitud de entre 21y 25 nucletidos, los cuales se
forman a partir de transcritos gnicos de microARN
monocatenario mediante la ribonucleasa III (Dicer), que
823

produce pequeos ARN interferentes.
EN: microRNA

microbiologa alimentaria
DF: Presencia de bacterias patognicas y no patognicas, virus
y hongos en alimentos y productos alimentarios.
EN: food microbiology

microbiologa predictiva
DF: La microbiologa predictiva use modelos matemticos para
definir la cintica de
crecimiento de los organismos de los alimentos y para
predecir el comportamiento de los
microbios bajo determinadas condiciones ambientales. Se usa
para evaluar los riesgos del
procesamiento y manipulacin de los alimentos desde la
granja hasta la mesa y para implementar
medidas de control para protejer la calidad microbiolgica
de los alimentos, lo que es importante
tanto para la inocuidad alimentaria y la calidad de los
alimentos.
EN: predictive microbiology

microcistinas
DF: Heptapptidos cclicos que se encuentran en Microcistis y
otras cianobacterias. Han sido observados efectos
hepatotxicos y cancergenos. Algunas veces se denominan
cianotoxinas, las cuales no se deben confundir con los
productos qumicos que contienen un grupo ciano (CN), que
son txicos.
EN: microcystins

microcuerpos
DF: Partculas citoplsmicas restringidas a las membranas y que
contienen enzimas y otras sustancias.
EN: microbodies

microestructura
DF: La estructura microscpica de un organismo, material u
objeto.
EN: microstructure

microfilamentos
DF: Los ms pequeos de los filamentos citoesqueletales. Estn
compuestos principalmente por actina y/o miosina.
EN: microfilaments

microfsiles
DF: Fsiles muy pequeos identificados y estudiados mediante un
microscopio, tales como microorganismos, nanoplacton,
esqueletos de protistas, conchas, granos de polen y dientes
preservados.
EN: microfossils

824

micromatriz de anticuerpos
DF: Disposicin de un gran conjunto de diminutas manchas de
anticuerpos cubiertas o fijadas sobre microchips de
superficie slida, la cual puede ser utilizada en la
deteccin de antgenos o en el anlisis de expresin de
protenas.
EN: antibody microarrays

micronaire
DF: Una medida combinada de finura y madurez de la fibra de
algodn en base al permetro de la fibra y al grosor de la
pared de la fibra.
EN: micronaire

Micronesia
Pacfico, en el ocano Pacfico occidental, al norte de la
Lnea del Ecuador. Los grupos de islas principales incluyen
las Islas Carolina, Nauru, Kiribati, las Islas Marianas del
Norte y las Islas Marshall.
EN: Micronesia

micronutrientes de la planta
DF: Nutrientes minerales que requieren las plantas en
cantidades diminutas.
EN: plant micronutrients

microscopa fluorescente
DF: Microscopa de las muestras teidas con colorante
fluorescente (usualmente isotiocianato de fluorescena) o
de materiales naturalmente fluorescentes, que emiten luz
cuando son expuestos a luz ultravioleta o azul. La
microscopa inmunofluorescente utiliza anticuerpos que han
sido etiquetados con tinte fluorescente.
EN: fluorescence microscopy

microsomas
DF: Formaciones vesiculares formadas por el retculo
endoplsmico cuando se produce la ruptura celular. Se
pueden aislar mediante centrifugacin diferencial y se
componen de tres elementos estrucurales: las vesculas
rugosas, las vesculas lisas y los ribosomas.
EN: microsomes

micrsporas
DF: La ms pequea de los dos tipos de esporas producidas en
plantas heterosporas, que se desarrolla como gametofito
masculino.
EN: microspores

microsporocitos
DF: Clula que sufre meiosis para producir cuatro microsporas.
EN: microsporocytes

825

Microsporum
DF: Gnero de hongo que causa micosis en humanos y animales.
EN: Microsporum

microtbulos
DF: Filamentos delgados y cilndricos que se encuentran en el
citoesqueleto de las clulas de plantas y animales. Estn
compuestas por protena tubulina.
EN: microtubules

microvellosidades
DF: Proyecciones diminutas de membranas celulares que aumentan
enormemente el rea de la superficie de la clula.
EN: microvilli

middlings
DF: Combinacin de las partes gruesas de trigo molido y el
rebacillo ms fino, separado de la harina fina y el
rebacillo grueso en el cernido. Antes era considerado
valioso slo para alimentacin animal pero ahora, despus
de la separacin del salvado, se usa para lograr la mejor
calidad de harina. El salvado contiene una gran proporcin
de gluten.
EN: middlings

mieloma
DF: Tumor maligno de las clulas plasmticas que usualmente
surge en la mdula sea; se caracteriza por participacin
difusa del sistema esqueltico, hiperglobulinemia,
proteinuria de Bence-Jones, y anemia.
EN: myeloma

milbemicinas
DF: Familia de los antibiticos macrlidos con actividad
insecticida y acaricida. La milbemectina es una mezcla de
milbemicinas A3 y A4 ; su estructura en primer plano
compuesta por moxidectina (CL 301 423) es milbemicina B.
EN: milbemycins

mildiu
DF: Nombre comn par un hongo que deja una delgada capa blanca
en la superficie de las plantas y de otros materiales donde
crece.
EN: mildews

mildiu lanoso
DF: Hongo que produce parches grisceos de textura suave,
generalmente en la parte inferior de las hojas.
EN: downy mildew

mimetismo (comportamiento)
DF: Imitacin que realiza un organismo de otro o de los objetos
naturales alrededor de los cuales vive, para protegerse y
camuflarse de sus depredadores.
826

EN: mimicry (behavior)

mnimos cuadrados
DF: Mtodo estadstico para encontrar una lnea o una curva
(i.e. ' mejor ajuste') y representa una relacin entre dos
cantidades medidas (e.g. la altura y la edad de un monte de
rboles). Las mediciones se representan como puntos de un
grfico. Si se agrupan cerca de la misma lnea, el mtodo
de los cuadrados mnimos se usa para encontrar la suma
mnima de los cuadrados de la distancia vertical de cada
punto desde la lnea propuesta.
EN: least squares

minociclina
DF: Anlogo de la tetraciclina, que tiene un 7-dimetilamino y
carece del 5 metilo y grupos hidroxilo, los cuales son
eficaces contra las infecciones de estafilococo resistentes
a la tetraciclina.
EN: minocycline

mioblastos
DF: Clulas embrionarias (precursoras) de origen miognico que
se desarrollan desde el mesodermo. Se proliferan, se
desplazan a varios sitios y luego se diferencian en una
forma apropiada de miocitos.
EN: myoblasts

miocardio
DF: La capa central y ms espesa de la pared del corazn que
constituye el msculo cardaco.
EN: myocardium

miocarditis
DF: Inflamacin de las paredes musculares del corazn.
EN: myocarditis

miosina
DF: Protena ms importante en el msculo y el constituyente
principal de los delgados filamentos de las fibras
musculares. Junto con la actina, es la responsable de la
contraccin y relajacin de los msculos.
EN: myosin

miositis
DF: Inflamacin de los msculos esquelticos. Los procesos
infecciosos, autoinmunes y paraneoplsicos representan
algunas de las condiciones ms comunes que pueden asociarse
con la miositis.
EN: myositis

miostatina
DF: Factor de diferenciacin del crecimiento que constituye un
potente inhibidor del desarrollo del msculo esqueltico.
Puede influir en la regulacin de la miognesis y en el
827

mantenimiento de los msculos durante la edad adulta.
EN: myostatin

miso
DF: Pasta de soja fermentada que tambin puede contener arroz,
cebada o trigo.
EN: miso

modelos animales de enfermedades
DF: Usar en relacin a animales cuyos mecanismos patolgicos
son suficientemente similares a los de una enfermedad
humana como para servir de modelo de la enfermedad humana.
La enfermedad puede ser inducida u ocurrir naturalmente.
EN: animal disease models

Modelos de Circulacin General
DF: Modelos hidrodinmicos de la atmsfera en una cuadrcula o
resolucin espectral que determinan la presin de
superficie y las distribuciones verticales de velocidad,
temperatura, , densidad y vapor de agua como funciones de
tiempo de las leyes hidrostticas y de conservacin de
masa, la primera ley de la termodinmica, la segunda ley
del movimiento de Newton, la ecuacin de estado, y la ley
de conservacin de vapor de agua. La abreviatura en ingls
es GCM. La abreviatura AGCM corresponde a modelos
atmosfricos de circulacin general, en tanto que la
abreviatura de modelos ocenicos de circulacin general es
OGCM.
EN: General Circulation Models

modelos de exposicin
DF: Conceptualizacin matemtica, estadstica o visual del
proceso de exposicin.
EN: exposure models

modelos de insecto
DF: Insectos en los que se investiga un fenmeno biolgico que
se parece al mismo fenmeno en otros insectos u otra
especie.
EN: insect models

modelos de sistemas de alimentos
DF: Elementos simples, que pueden o no ser alimentos, y que se
utilizan como herramientas para estudiar las propiedades o
interacciones de los alimentos; por ejemplo, el aceite de
oliva calentado puede servir para observar el
desplazamiento de los materiales del empaquetado de los
alimentos.
EN: model food systems

modelos de transporte y destino
DF: Ecuaciones matemticas que simulan un sistema fsico el
cual es usado para evaluar y predecir el movimiento y el
comportamiento de los productos qumicos en el medio
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ambiente.
EN: fate and transport models

modificacin conductual
DF: Alteracin de la conducta mediante el uso de tcnicas de
condicionamiento.
EN: behavior modification

modificacin post-translational
DF: Cualquiera de varias modificaciones post-traduccionales de
pptidos o protenas enzimticamente catalizadas en la
clula de origen. Estas modificaciones incluyen la
carboxilacin, hidroxilacin, acetilacin, fosforilacin,
metilacin, glicosilacin, ubiquitinacin, oxidacin,
proteolisis, y entrecruzamiento y dan lugar a cambios en el
peso molecular y movilidad electrofortica.
EN: post-translational modification

modificadores (genes)
DF: Genes que controlan o cambian las expresiones fenotpicas
de otros genes al interferir con la transcripcin.
EN: modifiers (genes)

mdulo de prdida
DF: Medida de la energa disipada como calor en un material
viscoelstico, como un polmero, cuando se somete a la
deformacin, la cual representa una medida indirecta de la
viscosidad de los polmeros.
EN: loss modulus

moho (hongo)
DF: Hongo con una capa visible de mildi en el micelio donde se
pueden apreciar conidios en forma de polvo.
EN: molds (fungi)

moho en polvo
DF: Un hongo que forma una capa polvorienta blanca en hojas y
tallos.
EN: powdery mildew

molduras
DF: Piezas con diseos y formas particulares, hechas de madera,
plstico u otro material, que se usan como bordes
decorativos.
EN: moldings (decorative trim)

molecular clonacin
DF: Insercin de molculas de ADN recombinante de fuentes
procariticas o escariticas dentro de un vehculo de
replicacin, tal como un plsmido, o virus vector, y la
introduccin de las molculas hbridas resultantes en
clulas receptoras sin alterar la viabilidad de esas
clulas.
EN: molecular cloning
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mollejas
DF: Las glndulas timo de ternera, becerro, cordero y cerdo
usadas como alimento.
EN: sweetbreads

moluscos
DF: Organismos acuticos invertebrados como las ostras y las
almejas en el flum Mollusca que tpicamente tiene un
cuerpo que va encerrado en una concha calcrea firme.
EN: molluscs

molusquicidas
DF: Plaguicidas que eliminan a los caracoles y a las babosas.
EN: molluscicides

mondongo
DF: Corte de carne bovina de venta al por menor, que consiste
en las paredes del rumen y el retculo. El mondongo o callo
tambin puede venir de carne de cerdo y ovino.
EN: tripe

monofilia
DF: Relacin filogentica que consiste en agrupar organismos de
todos los descendientes de un nico ancestro comn y cuya
historia evolutiva se destaca por compartir caractersticas
derivadas.
EN: monophyly

monosmicos
DF: La propiedad de tener un nmero diploide de cromosomas al
que le falta un cromosoma homlogo, e.g. 2N-1.
EN: monosomics

monoterpenoides
DF: Terpenoidos con un esqueleto de C10.
EN: monoterpenoids

monurn TCA
DF: Sal de monurn y cido tricloroactico.
EN: monuron TCA

morfologa de las plantas
DF: La forma, configuracin y relaciones espaciales 3D
(estructura) de las partes de las plantas y de las plantas
completas.
EN: plant morphology

morfometra
DF: Medicin de la forma o estrcuctura de los organismos y sus
partes.
EN: morphometry

mortadela
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DF: Salchicha italiana grande, sazonada y ahumada, hecha de
carne molida de cerdo, carne de vacuno, y grasa de cerdo.
EN: mortadella

mortalidad
DF: Todas las muertes registradas en una poblacin determinada.
EN: mortality

mortalidad de peces
DF: Muerte repentina de peces por causas naturales,
contaminantes o factores ambientales, tales como la
reduccin de la concentracin de oxgeno disuelto en un
cuerpo de agua.
EN: fish kills

mortalidad embrionaria
DF: Muerte del embrin durante la embriognesis.
EN: embryonic mortality

moruecos
DF: Ovejas jvenes desde el destete hasta su primera esquila o
trasquilada.
EN: hoggets

mostaza
DF: Un saborizante que proviene de las semillas molidas de la
planta de mostaza (Brassica) disponible en polvo o en pasta.
EN: mustard

mosto de uva
DF: Mezcla de jugo, pulpa y hollejo de uva que se fermenta para
convertir en vino.
EN: grape must

motilina
DF: Cadena polipptido 22 aminocidos (peso molecular 2700)
aislado del duodeno. A pH bajo, inhibe la actividad motora
gstrica, mientras que a pH alto, tiene efecto estimulador.
EN: motilin

motivo hlice-giro-hlice
DF: Motivo proteico de unin al ADN formado de dos hlices alfa
y conectados por una cadena de aminocidos extensin corta,
que constituyen el giro.
EN: helix-turn-helix motifs

motivos de aminocidos
DF: Componentes estructurales de ocurrencia comn de protenas
formados por combinaciones simples de estructuras
secundarias adyacentes.
EN: amino acid motifs

motivos EF Hand
DF: Motivos que se unen al calcio compuestos de dos hlices (E
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y F) unidas por un lazo. El calcio se une en la regin del
lazo. Estos motivos se encuentran en muchas protenas que
son reguladas por calcio.
EN: EF hand motifs

motivos hlice-bucle-hlice
DF: Estructuras supersecundarias recurrentes caracterizadas por
20 aminocidos que se pliegan en dos hlices conectadas por
un bucle no helicoidal. Se encuentran en muchas protenas
de enlace a ADN especficas de secuencias y en las
protenas de enlace al calcio.
EN: helix-loop-helix motifs

moxalactam
DF: Antibitico beta-lactmico de amplio-espectro, similar en
estructura a las cefalosporinas, excepto por la sustitucin
de medio oxa azabiciclo por medio tia azabiciclo de ciertas
cefalosporinas . Se ha propuesto especialmente para la
meningitidis (meningococo) porque atraviesa la barrera
sangre-cerebro y combate las infecciones anaerbicas.
EN: moxalactam

mucinas
DF: Mucoprotenas de alto peso molecular que protegen la
superficie de las clulas epiteliales al actuar como
barrera a las partculas y microorganismos. Las mucinas
ancladas a la membrana pueden tener funciones adicionales
relacionadas con las interacciones de protenas en la
superficie celular.
EN: mucins

mucoprotenas
DF: Protenas conjugadas en las que los mucopolisacridos se
combinan con las protenas. La mitad de los
mucopolisacridos son el grupo predominante con respecto a
la protena que constituye slo un pequeo porcentaje del
peso total.
EN: mucoproteins

mucosa gstrica
DF: Epitelio superficial del estmago que invagina hacia la
lmina propia y forma fosas gstricas. Las glndulas
tubulares, caractersticas de cada regin del estmago
(cardiaca, gstrica y pilrica) se vacan en las fosas
gstricas. La mucosa gstrica est compuesta de varios
tipos distintos de clulas.
EN: gastric mucosa

mucosa intestinal
DF: Membrana epitelial que alinea los intestinos, produciendo
mucosidad en su borde libre.
EN: intestinal mucosa

mucosa respiratoria
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DF: Membrana mucosa que recubre las vas respiratorias,
incluidos la cavidad nasal, la laringe, la trquea y el
rbol bronquial. La mucosa respiratoria consta de varios
tipos de clulas epiteliales que van desde las cilndricas
ciliadas hasta las simples clulas caliciformes escamosas y
mucosas, y de glndulas que contienen clulas mucosas y
serosas.
EN: respiratory mucosa

muermo
DF: Enfermedad contagiosa de los caballos que se puede
transmitir a los seres humanos. La causan Pseudomonas
mallei (sin. Burkholderia mallei) y se caracteriza por
ulceracin de la mucosa respiratoria y una erupcin de los
ndulos de la piel.
EN: glanders

muerte por helada
DF: Muerte de una parte o de toda una poblacin como resultado
de su exposicin a bajas temperaturas o a las inclemencias
del tiempo durante el invierno.
EN: winterkill

mulas
DF: Descendencia hbrida de un asno y una yegua.
EN: mules

mulesing (mutilacin)
DF: La extraccin quirrgica o la destruccin fsica de la piel
cerca de la cola y el rea perineal de la oveja para
reducir la incidencia de larvas de moscas (miasis).
EN: mulesing

multiparasitismo
DF: Parasitismo de diferentes especies de parsitos alojados en
un solo husped.
EN: multiparasitism

multiplicadores
DF: En macroeconoma es el incremento proporcional del ingreso
nacional (en forma de consumo de bienes y servicios
finales), que ocurre de cada incremento unitario en nuevo
gasto derivado de alguna fuente "autnoma" como la
inversin privada, el gobierno o el mundo exterior (a
travs de las exportaciones). La suma total de todo el
consumo adicional inducido por el gasto inicial excede en
general al monto del propio gasto inicial. La medida
cuantitativa de este consumo inicial en relacin con el
incremento inicial en el gasto de inversin es el
multiplicador. Se pueden calcular numerosas variantes de
multiplicador bsico.
EN: multipliers

Musa paradisiaca
833

DF: Hbrido interespecfico entre Musa acuminata x Musa
balbisiana.
EN: Musa paradisiaca

muscalure
DF: Una feromona sexual sinttica con la cual se obtiene la
atraccin de moscas domsticas, Musca domestica.
EN: muscalure

musulmanes
DF: Personas cuyo credo religioso es el islam.
EN: Muslims

mutacin
DF: Cualquier cambio en el material gentico que puede
detectarse y heredarse, que no es causado por segregacin o
recombinacin gentica y que se transmite a las clulas
hijas y las generaciones siguientes, a menos que sea un
factor letal dominante.
EN: mutation

mutacin missense
DF: Una mutacin en la cual un codn muta de forma que dirige
la incorporacin de un aminocido diferente. Esta
sustitucin puede conducir a un producto inestable o
inactivo.
EN: missense mutation

mutacin puntual
DF: Mutacin causada por la sustitucin de un nucletido por
otro. Esto causa que una molcula
de ADN tenga un cambio en un solo par de bases.
EN: point mutation

mutacin sin sentido
DF: Mutacin en la que el sentido del codn (que codifica un
aminocido) se transforma en la misma secuencia de un codn
de detencin. Esto causa la terminacin prematura de la
traduccin de la protena, lo que resulta en la produccin
de protenas truncadas que pueden ser no funcionales.
EN: nonsense mutation

mutagnesis
DF: Proceso en el que se generan mutaciones genticas. Puede
ocurrir en forma espontnea o ser inducido por mutgenos.
EN: mutagenesis

mutagnesis en sitio dirigido
DF: Mutagnesis en la cual la mutacin es causada por induccin
in vitro, dirigida a una regin especfica de la molcula
de ADN. El mtodo ms comn involucra el uso de un mutante
oligonucletido qumicamente sintetizado que se puede
hibridizar con la molcula especfica de ADN. El ADN
bicatenario resultante puede ser transferido a una lnea de
834

clula bacteriana y las cepas mutantes pueden ser
recuperadas.
EN: site-directed mutagenesis

mutagnesis insercional
DF: Mutagnesis en la que la mutacin es causada por la
introduccin de secuencias de ADN extrao en un gen. Esto
puede ocurrir espontneamente in vivo o se puede introducir
experimentalmente in vitro. Se puede insertar ADN proviral
a un proto oncgeno en forma directa o adyacente. La
insercin del provirus puede causar mutaciones
interrumpiendo las secuencias de codificacin o los
elementos reguladores, o causar expresiones no reguladas
del proto oncgeno, lo cual produce formacin de tumores.
EN: insertional mutagenesis

Mycobacterium avium
DF: Una bacteria que causa tuberculosis en aves de corral
domsticas y en otras aves. En cerdos, puede causar
enfermedades localizadas y algunas veces diseminadas. Este
organismo ocurre ocasionalmente en ganado bovino y ovino.
Debe ser distinguido del complejo M. avium, el cual infecta
principalmente a humanos.
EN: Mycobacterium avium

Mycogone
DF: Gnero de hongo que es patognico en championes cultivados.
EN: Mycogone

835

N

Naciones Indgenas
DF: Grupos aborgenes formalmente reconocidos por el gobierno
canadiense bajo el Acta Indgena federal de 1876.
EN: First Nations

nafcilina
DF: Antibitico semi-sinttico relacionado con la penicilina.
EN: nafcillin

naftacenos
DF: Poliacenos con cuatro anillos de benceno orto-condensados
en una disposicin de lnea recta. Este grupo es mejor
conocido por la subclase llamada tetraciclinas.
EN: naphthacenes

ames
DF: Los ames en los Estados Unidos son en realidad batatas.
Por esta razn, el USDA requiere que la etiqueta "ame"
siempre sea acompaada por la de "sweetpotato". Los ames
verdaderos son especies Dioscorea.
EN: yams

nanoalambres
DF: Cables a escala nanomtrica de materiales que conducen la
electricidad. Pueden ser recubiertos con molculas como los
anticuerpos que se nen a las protenas y otros.
EN: nanowires

nanoarcillas
DF: Un nanomaterial compuesto por un mineral de arcilla con
espesores de capa de un nanmetro.
EN: nanoclays

nanobarras
DF: Estructuras a nanoescala que tienen forma de espigas
largas. Las estructuras tienen un dimetro que se mide en
la escala nanomtrica, con un parmetro de longitud
extendida.
EN: nanorods

nanocpsulas
DF: De tamao nanomtrico, hueco, con forma esfrica de objetos
que pueden ser utilizados para encapsular pequeas
cantidades de productos farmacuticos, enzimas, u otros
catalizadores.
EN: nanocapsules

nanocompuestos
DF: Son materiales creados por la introduccin de
nanopartculas en una matriz. Los nanocompuestos
resultantes pueden presentar mejores propiedades fsicas,
mecnicas, elctricas y pticas.
836

EN: nanocomposites

nanocompuestos polmricos
DF: Materiales nanoestructurados producidos por el refuerzo de
matrices polimricas con rellenos nanoescala. Los
nanocompuestos de polmero muestran mejores propiedades
fsicas, qumicas y mecnicas.
EN: polymer nanocomposites

nanocristales
DF: Cristales de un tamao de aproximadamente 10nm.
EN: nanocrystals

nanodiamantes
DF: Partculas de diamante que miden menos de 100 nanmetros.
EN: nanodiamonds

nanoemulsiones
DF: Dispersiones traslcidas de gotitas de escala nanomtrica
(el tamao de las nanogotitas oscila entre 1 y 100 nm).
EN: nanoemulsions

nanofibras
DF: Fibras con un dimetro comnmente entre 50 y 500 nanmetros.
EN: nanofibers

nanomateriales
DF: Materiales con al menos una dimensin en el rango de 1 a
100 nanmetros.
EN: nanomaterials

nanomedicina
DF: Rama de la medicina que se ocupa de la aplicacin de la
nanotecnologa para la prevencin y el tratamiento de
enfermedades. Se trata del monitoreo, reparacin,
construccin y control de los sistemas biolgicos humanos a
nivel molecular, utilizando nanodispositivos y
nanoestructuras de ingeniera.
EN: nanomedicine

nanometales
DF: Partculas metlicas cuyo tamao oscila entre uno y 100
nanmetros.
EN: nanometals

nanopartculas
DF: Las nanopartculas son trozos de material en el que las
tres dimensiones de las partculas se encuentran dentro de
la escala nanomtrica (en el rango de 1 a 100 nanmetros).
EN: nanoparticles

nanoplata
DF: Nanopartculas de plata en un rango de entre uno a 100 nm,
las cuales contienen de 20 a 15 000 tomos de plata.
837

EN: nanosilver

nanosferas
DF: Partculas esfricas, que por lo general oscilan entre 50
nm a 1000 nm de tamao, que tienen potencial como
portadores de frmacos y agentes de imagen.
EN: nanospheres

nanotecnologa
DF: La comprensin y el control de la dimensin de la materia
en dimensiones entre 1 y 100 nanmetros aproximadamente
(un nanmetro es una millonsima de metro), donde los
fenmenos nicos permiten
nuevas aplicaciones. Abarcando la ciencia a nanoescala,
ingeniera y tecnologa, nanotecnologia consiste en la
proyeccin de imagen, de medida, modelizacin y
manipulacin de la materia a esta escala de longitud.
EN: nanotechnology

nanotubos
DF: Nanoestructuras con una morfologa tubular cerrada, que
pueden ser de pared simple o multi-pared. Las estructuras
se cree que son libres de defectos, lo que lleva a una alta
resistencia a pesar de su baja densidad y puede ser
conductor de la electricidad o semiconductor, dependiendo
de su helicidad.
EN: nanotubes

nanotubos de carbono
DF: Los nanotubos de una sola o mltiples capas compuestas de
lminas de grafeno cilndrico de tomos de carbono y
cerrado en ambos extremos con tapas que contienen anillos
pentagonales. Estos nanotubos son molculas individuales
que suelen medir unos poco nanmetros de dimetro y varias
micras de longitud.
EN: carbon nanotubes

narcticos
DF: Originalmente, agentes que causaban somnolencia o inducan
el sueo. Ahora. Cualquier derivado, natural o sinttico de
opio o morfina o cualquier sustancia que tenga sus efectos.
Los narcticos tienen efectos analgsicos potentes
asociados a cambios significativos del nimo y del
comportamiento, y el potencial de crear dependencia y
tolerancia despus de la administracin repetida.
EN: narcotics

nastia
DF: Movimiento de partes de la planta en respuesta a estmulos
no direccionales que pueden ser externos o estmulos
internos de crecimiento.
EN: nastic movement

natamicina
838

DF: Antibitico antifngico macrlido anftero derivado de
Streptomyces natalensis o S. chattanoogensis Se utiliza
contra una variedad de infecciones fngicas, principalmente
adquiridas por va tpica.
EN: natamycin

natto
DF: Condimento y saborizante japons que tiene una textura
pegajosa y fuerte sabor similar a queso y est hecho de
semillas de soja cocidas al vapor, fermentadas y trituradas.
EN: natto

nauplii
DF: Primera etapa de la larva de algunos crustceos que puede
nadar libremente y tiene tres pares de apndices, un solo
ojo en el centro, y poca o nada segmentacin. El trmino se
encuentra generalmente asociado al camarn de salmuera
Artemia.
EN: nauplii

necropsia
DF: Examen post mortem (posterior a la muerte) que determina la
causa de muerte o que sirve para estudiar la patologa de
una enfermedad.
EN: necropsy

necrosis
DF: Proceso patolgico causado por la accin progresiva de
enzimas generalmente asociada a trauma celular severo.
EN: necrosis

necton
DF: Organismos acuticos que nadan activamente y, a diferencia
del plancton, pueden navegar contra las corrientes
acuticas.
EN: nekton

nefrosis
DF: Trmino histopatolgico descriptivo de enfermedad renal sin
componente inflamatorio.
EN: nephrosis

negative sense, single-stranded RNA viruses
DF: Un grupo de virus ARN cuya nica cadena negativa de ARN
viral (3' a 5') tiene una secuencia de base complementaria
al sentido positivo de la cadena (5' a 3'). El ARN viral
negativo debe ser convertido por ARN polimerasa a ARN de
sentido positivo antes de ser traducido a protena.
EN: negative sense, single-stranded RNA viruses

negociacin de valores a futuro
DF: Acuerdo entre dos personas, una que vende y acuerda
repartir y una que compra y acuerda recibir un producto de
tipo y calidad definidos y en cantidad determinada durante
839

un mes especfico de reparto a un precio acordado.
EN: futures trading

negros (raza)
DF: Personas que identifican sus orgenes en alguno de los
grupos raciales de frica.
EN: Blacks

nematicidas
DF: Plaguicidas que matan nemtodos.
EN: nematicides

neomicina
DF: Complejo antibitico producido por Streptomyces fradiae. Se
compone de neomicinas A, B y C y acta por inhibicin de la
traduccin durante la sntesis de protenas.
EN: neomycin

neoplasias mamarias animales
DF: Tumores de la glndula mamaria. Son poco comunes, excepto
en las hembras de los perros, que representan el 25% de
todos los casos de neoplasia.
EN: mammary neoplasms (animal)

neoplasmas
DF: Nuevo crecimiento anormal de tejido. Al compararlos con los
neoplasmas benignos, los neoplasmas malignos presentan un
mayor grado de anaplasia y tienen las propiedades de
invasin y metstasis.
EN: neoplasms

Neorickettsia
DF: Gnero de bacterias que causan enfermedades en seres
humanos, caballos, perros y otros caninos.
EN: Neorickettsia

Neospora
DF: Un gnero de parsitos protozoarios de la subclase Coccidia.
Sus especies son parasticas en perros, vacas, cabras y
ovejas, entre otros. Neospora caninum, una especie que
principalmente infecta a los perros, es intracelular en
clulas neurales y de otro tipo en el cuerpo, se multiplica
por endodiogenia, no tiene una vacuola parasitfora, y
tiene numerosos "rhoptries." Se conoce que causa lesiones
en muchos tejidos, especialmente en el cerebro y la mdula
espinal, asi como tambin abortos en mujeres embarazadas.
EN: Neospora

nervios perifricos
DF: Nervios fuera del cerebro y la mdula espinal, incluidos
los nervios autonmicos, craneal y espinal. Los nervios
perifricos contienen clulas no neuronales y tejidos
conjuntivos as como axones. Las capas de tejidos
conjuntivos incluyen, de afuera hacia dentro, el epineuro,
840

el perineuro y el endoneuro.
EN: peripheral nerves

netilmicina
DF: Antibitico aminoglucsido semisinttico 1-N-etil derivado
de sisomicina, con accin similar a la gentamicina, excepto
en odos y toxicidad renal.
EN: netilmicin

neumocitos
DF: Clulas epiteliales que revisten los alvolos pulmonares.
EN: pneumocytes

neumona
DF: Inflamacin de los pulmones.
EN: pneumonia

neumona bacteriana
DF: Neumona causada por varias especies de bacterias. La
neumona bacteriana generalmente es el resultado de
diseminacin broncognica de la infeccin tras
microaspiracin de secreciones. La categora ms amplia de
esta enfermedad la constituyen habitualmente las neumonas
de transmisin comn.
EN: bacterial pneumonia

neumona intersticial atpica de los bovinos
DF: Enfermedad pulmonar de los ovinos caracterizada por
hiperplasia e hipertrofia de las clulas septales del
pulmn.
EN: ovine pulmonary adenomatosis

neumoperitoneo artificial
DF: Introduccin deliberada de aire en la cavidad peritoneal.
EN: artificial pneumoperitoneum

neuritas
DF: Proyecciones semejantes a pelos de las neuronas estimuladas
por factores de crecimiento y por otras molculas obtenidas
en cultivo de tejidos. Estas proyecciones pueden llegar a
formar un rbol ramificado de dendritas o un axn simple o
pueden ser reabsorbidas en una etapa posterior de
desarrollo. El trmino neurita puede referirse a cualquier
brote filamentoso o puntiagudo de una clula neural
embrionaria en cultivo de tejido.
EN: neurites

neurocisticercosis
DF: Infeccin del cerebro, mdula espinal, o estructuras
perimenngeas producida por las formas larvarias del gnero
taenia.
EN: neurocysticercosis

neuroendoscopia
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DF: Procedimiento en el que se utilizan neuroendoscopios para
el diagnstico y tratamiento de enfermedades. Este mtodo,
que por lo general integra el uso de un neuroendoscopio y
el de un sistema de neuronavegacin asistido por
computadora, orienta los procedimientos neuroquirrgicos.
EN: neuroendoscopy

neurofibrilas
DF: Delicadas fibrillas entrelazadas formadas por la reunin de
neurofilamentos y neurotbulos que van a travs del
citoplasma del cuerpo de una neurona y que se extienden
desde una dendrita a otra o hacia el axn.
EN: neurofibrils

neurognesis
DF: Formacin de neuronas que supone la diferenciacin y la
divisin de las clulas madre. En ella una o ambas clulas
hijas se convierten en neuronas.
EN: neurogenesis

neurogla
DF: Clulas no neuronales del sistema nervioso. Se dividen en
macroglas (astrocitos, oligodendrogla y clulas de
Schwann) y microgla. No slo ofrecen soporte fsico, sino
tambin responden a las lesiones, regulan la composicin
inica y qumica del medio extracelular, participan en las
barreras hematocerebral y hematoretiniana, forman la
cubierta de mielina de las vas nerviosas, guan la
migracin neuronal durante el desarrollo e intercambian
metabolitos con las neuronas. Las neuroglas tienen
sistemas de captacin de transmisores de alta afinidad,
canales inicos dependientes del voltaje y del transmisor
de acceso y pueden liberar transmisores, pero su papel en
la sealizacin (como en muchas otras funciones) no est
clara.
EN: neuroglia

neurohipfisis
DF: Lbulo neural o posterior de la glndula pituitaria. El
infundbulo es considerado parte de la glndula pituitaria
posterior por la mayora de los autores.
EN: posterior pituitary

neurohormonas
DF: Hormona, como la norepinefrina, la vasopresina, la hormona
antidiurtica o la acetilcolina, secretada por clulas
neurosecretoras o que actan en una parte del sistema
nervioso.
EN: neurohormones

neuronas
DF: Unidades celulares bsicas del tejido nervioso. Cada
neurona est compuesta por un cuerpo, un axn y dendritas.
Su funcin es recibir, conducir y transmitir los impulsos
842

en el sistema nervioso.
EN: neurons

neuronas motoras
DF: Una neurona que conduce impulsos hacia fuera del cerebro o
la mdula espinal.
EN: motor neurons

neuronas sensoriales
DF: Neuronas que dirigen impulsos hacia dentro del cerebro o la
mdula espinal.
EN: sensory neurons

neuropata
DF: Enfermedades de los nervios perifricos externos al cerbro
y la mdula espinal, que incluyen enfermedades de la raz
sensitiva, los glnglios, el plexo, y de los nervios
sensoriales, autnomos y motores.
EN: peripheral nervous system diseases

neuropatologa
DF: Estudio de las enfermedades y los trastornos del sistema
nervioso.
EN: neuropathology

neuropptidos
DF: Pptidos liberados por neuronas como mensajeros
intercelulares. Muchos neuropptidos tambin son hormonas
liberadas por clulas no neuronales.
EN: neuropeptides

neurotrofinas
DF: Factores que aumentan las potencialidades de crecimiento de
las clulas nerviosas sensoriales y simpticas.
EN: neurotrophins

neutrfilos
DF: Leucocitos granulares que tienen un ncleo con tres y hasta
cinco lbulos conectados por delgados filamentos de
cromatina y un citoplasma que contiene una granulacin fina
y discreta que toma coloracin con tintes neutrales.
EN: neutrophils

neutropenia
DF: Disminucin del nmero de leucocitos neutrfilos en la
sangre.
EN: neutropenia

Newcastle disease virus
DF: El ms conocido paramyxovirus aviar en el gnero
Rubulavirus y la causa de una pneumoencephalitis altamente
infecciosa en aves de corral. Es adems reportado como
causa de conjuntivitis en humanos. La transmisin es por
inhalacin de gotitas contaminadas o ingestin de agua o
843

alimentos contaminados.
EN: Newcastle disease virus

nicotidamida fosforribosiltransferasa
DF: Una enzima que cataliza la formacin de nicotinamida
mononucletida(NMN) desde nicotinamida y el
5-fosforribosil-1-pirofosfato, el paso limitante en la
biosntesis de la coenzima NAD. Tambin es conocido como un
factor de crecimiento para principios de los linfocitos B,
o una adipocina con la insulina de efectos mimticos
(visfatina).
EN: nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase

nigericina
DF: Antibitico de politer que afecta el transporte de iones y
la actividad de la ATPasa de la mitocondria. Es producido
por Streptomyces hygroscopicus.
EN: nigericin

nios en edad escolar
DF: Nios y nias entre 6 y 11 aos de edad.
EN: school children

nios que empiezana a caminar
DF: Nios pequeos que recin estn aprendiendo a caminar.
EN: toddlers

nisina
DF: Antibitico 34-aminocido polipptido producido por
Streptococcus lactis. Se ha utilizado como un preservante
de alimentos enlatados, tales como: frutas, verduras y
queso.
EN: nisin

nistatina
DF: Complejo antibitico macrlido antifngico producido por
Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, y otras especies de
Streptomyces. Los componentes biolgicamente activos del
complejo son nistatina A1, A2, y A3.
EN: nystatin

nitrilasa
DF: Hidrolasas que producen un efecto en nitrilos aromticos y
alifticos y en amidas de cido.
EN: nitrilase

nivel adecuado de proteccin
DF: Grado de proteccin de salud considerado aceptable por un
gobierno miembro que establece una medida sanitaria o
fitosanitaria.
EN: appropriate level of protection

nivel del agua superficial
DF: Nivel de la superficie de un cuerpo de agua.
844

EN: surface water level

Nivel Mximo de Consumo Tolerable
DF: Consumo mximo de nutrientes por da que probablemente no
generar riesgos de efectos adversos a la salud en un 97 a
98% de individuos en un grupo de edad o gnero especfico.
EN: Tolerable Upper Intake Level

nivel sin efecto adverso observado
DF: Nivel ms alto de exposicin en los cuales no hay aumentos
biolgicamente significativos en la frecuencia o severidad
de los efectos adversos entre la poblacin expuesta y su
control adecuado, algunos efectos pueden ser producidos a
este nivel, pero no se consideran negativos o precursores
de los efectos adversos.
EN: no observed adverse effect level

niveles de accin de defectos
DF: Niveles de defectos naturales o inevitables en los
alimentos que no representan riesgo para la salud de los
seres humanos.
EN: defect action levels

nixtamalizacin
DF: La nixtamalizacin consiste en cocer y remojar maz en una
solucin de cal, luego el maz se lava y muele para formar
una masa con la que se hacen tortillas, hojarazcas para
tacos, chips de maz, etc.
EN: nixtamalization

nogalamicina
DF: Antrociclina proveniente de una variante de Streptomyces
nogalater. Es un antineoplsico citoltico que inhibe la
sntesis de ADN-ARN dependiente mediante la unin al ADN.
EN: nogalamycin

nombres comunes
DF: El nombre familiar o corto, dado a un objeto, popularizado
por costumbre local o por grupos especficos.
EN: common names

norlignanos
DF: Groups of plant secondary metabolites containing
diphenylpentane skeleton.
Grupos de metabolitos vegetales secundarios que contienen
un esqueleto de difenilpentano.
EN: norlignans

normoxia
DF: Estado en el que la presin del oxgeno en el ambiente es
igual a la presin parcial del oxgeno en el aire a nivel
del mar.
EN: normoxia

845

novillos
DF: Toros jvenes de menos de 24 meses de edad.
EN: bullocks

novobiocina
DF: Compuesto antibitico derivado de Streptomyces niveus.
Tiene una estructura qumica similar a la cumarina. La
novobiocina se une al ADN girasa, y bloquea la actividad de
la adenosina trifosfato (ATPasa).
EN: novobiocin

nucleidos
DF: Un trmino general usado para describir un rango complete
de elementos y sus istopos.
EN: nuclides

nucleocpside
DF: Unidad de estructura viral bsica conformada por el genoma
viral y la cpside circundante.
EN: nucleocapsid

Nucleopolyhedrovirus
DF: Un gnero de la familia Baculoviridae, subfamilia
Eubaculovirinae, caracterizada por la formacin de cuerpos
de oclusiones cristalinas y en forma de poliedro en el
ncleo de las clulas del husped.
EN: Nucleopolyhedrovirus

nucleoporinas
DF: Protenas que forman la estructura del poro nuclear. Estn
involucradas en el transporte activo, facilitado, y pasivo
de las molculas dentro y fuera de las clulas del ncleo.
EN: nucleoporins

nucleosomas
DF: Unidades estructurales de la cromatina que se repiten; cada
una consiste en aproximadamente 200 pares de base de ADN
enlazadas alrededor del ncleo protico. Este ncleo se
compone de histonas H2A, H2B, H3, y H4.
EN: nucleosomes

Nueva Guinea
DF: Isla del Pacfico Occidental dividida en Irian Jaya
(Indonesia) y Papa Nueva Guinea (independiente desde 1975,
antiguamente territorio a cargo de las Naciones Unidas).
EN: New Guinea

nulismicos
DF: La propiedad de tener un conjunto diploide de cromosomas en
donde falta un par homlogo, e.g. 2N-2.
EN: nullisomics

nutacin
DF: Movimiento de parte de las plantas causado por crecimiento
846

irregular detectado en el almcigo en crecimiento y en los
movimientos de bsqueda de los jvenes zarcillos en
crecimiento.
EN: nutation

nutricin parenteral total
DF: La entrega de nutrientes para la asimilacin y utilizacin
por un paciente cuya nica fuente de nutrientes es a travs
de soluciones administradas por va intravenosa,
subcutnea, o por alguna otra va no-alimentarios. Los
componentes bsicos de las soluciones de NPT son
hidrolizados de protenas o mezclas de aminocidos libres,
monosacridos, y electrolitos. Los componentes son
seleccionados por su capacidad de invertir el catabolismo,
promover el anabolismo, y construir las protenas
estructurales
EN: total parenteral nutrition

nutrientes
DF: Cualquier sustancia que contribuye al crecimiento y la
salud de un organismo vivo.
EN: nutrients

nutrigenmica
DF: Estudio de la relacin entre la fisiologa nutricional y la
configuracin gentica. Incluye el anlisis del efecto de
los diferentes componentes de los alimentos en la expresin
gentica y de cmo las variaciones en los genes responden a
esos componentes.
EN: nutrigenomics

Nutrition Evidence Library
DF: La Nutrition Evidence Library (NEL) del USDA se especializa
en llevar a cabo revisiones sistemticas que sirven de
insumo a polticas y programas federales de nutricin. El
personal de la NEL colabora con actores y cientficos
destacados en el uso de metodologas de punta para revisar,
evaluar y sintetizar objetivamente las investigaciones, a
fin de responder preguntas importantes relacionadas con la
dieta.
EN: Nutrition Evidence Library

847

O

oases
DF: reas frtiles o verdes en un desierto o yermo, generadas
por la presencia de agua debido a que la napa fretica
alcanza la superficie.
EN: oases

obesidad
DF: Incremento del peso corporal como resultado de una
acumulacin excesiva de grasa en el cuerpo. A menudo, se
define en trminos de un ndice de Masa Corporal mayor o
igual a 30.
EN: obesity

obesidad en los nios
DF: Condicin mdica en nios y jvenes en los que el exceso de
grasa se acumula en el cuerpo, causado por un desequilibrio
del consumo de energa y el gasto energtico. Se define
como un ndice de masa corporal igual o superior al
percentil 95 para los nios, nias y adolescentes de la
misma edad y sexo. La obesidad infantil puede llevar a la
muerte prematura y discapacidad en la edad adulta.
EN: childhood obesity

Objetivo de desempeo CAC
DF: La mxima frecuencia y / o concentracin de un peligro en
un alimento en un paso especfico de la cadena alimentaria
antes del momento de consumo que proporciona o contribuye a
un [objetivo de inocuidad de los alimentos] OIA o NAP
[nivel adecuado de proteccin], segn corresponda.
EN: CAC performance objective

objetivo de inocuidad alimentaria
DF: La mxima ocurrencia y/o concentracin de un agente
peligroso en un alimento cuando este se ingiere, el cual
proporciona el nivel apropiado de proteccin sanitaria.
EN: food safety objective

obtencin de la impronta de ADN
DF: Mtodo para determinar la secuencia de especificidad de
protenas de unin a ADN. Para la obtencin de la impronta
de ADN se utiliza un agente lesivo (un reactivo qumico o
una nucleasa) que divide el ADN en cada par de base.
EN: DNA footprinting

octreotide
DF: Potente octapptido anlogo de la somatostatina, de accin
sinttica prolongada que inhibe la secrecin de la hormona
del crecimiento y se utiliza para tratar tumores secretores
de hormonas; diabetes mellitus; hipotensin, ortosttica;
hiperinsulinismo; hipergastrinemia y fstula del intestino
delgado.
EN: octreotide
848

ocupaciones
DF: Categoras generales de empleo o especializaciones de
trabajo, caracterizadas por tareas, niveles de habilidad,
estatus, pago, niveles de responsabilidad u otros factores
de diferenciacin.
EN: occupations

ocurrencia
DF: Frecuencia de un evento o caracterstica sin distinguir
entre la prevalencia e incidencia.
EN: occurrence

ocurrencia de la enfermedad
DF: La frecuencia de enfermedad en una poblacin, sin
distinguir entre la prevalencia y la incidencia de la
enfermedad.
EN: disease occurrence

ocurrencia de patgenos
DF: Un paso en la caracterizacin de la exposicin que describe
la frecuencia de aparicin de un patgeno en el medio
ambiente.
EN: pathogen occurrence

oftalmologa
DF: Una especialidad quirrgica que se ocupa de la estructura y
funcin del ojo y el tratamiento mdico y quirrgico de sus
defectos y enfermedades.
EN: ophthalmology

Older Americans Act Nutrition Program
DF: El programa de nutricin para la tercera edad, autorizado
en virtud del Ttulo III de la Ley de Proteccin para
Estadounidenses de Edad Avanzada, brinda subsidios a
agencias estatales sobre la vejez, a fin de apoyar la
entrega de comidas en comedores o a domicilio a personas
mayores de 60 aos. Est diseado para abordar problemas de
insuficiencia alimentaria y aislamiento social entre las
personas mayores.
EN: Older Americans Act Nutrition Program

oleandomicina
DF: Antibitico macrolido producido por Streptomyces
antibioticus.
EN: oleandomycin

oligoelementos
DF: Elementos que existen en cantidades diminutas en la
naturaleza.
EN: trace elements

oligomicina
DF: Grupo estrechamente relacionado de sustancias txicas
849

elaborado a partir de diversas cepas de Streptomyces. Son
26 miembros macrlidos con restos de lactona y dobles
enlaces los cuales inhiben varias ATPasas, causando
desacoplamiento de la fosforilacin durante la respiracin
mitocondrial. Se utilizan como herramientas en la
citoqumica. Algunas oligomicinas especficas son:
rutamicina, peliomicina y botricidina (antes venturicidina
X).
EN: oligomycin

oligorribonucletidos
DF: Grupo de hasta 12 ribonucletidos en el que los residuos de
fosfato de cada uno de ellos actan como puentes que forman
enlaces dister entre las fracciones de ribosa.
EN: oligoribonucleotides

oncogenes
DF: Genes que potencialmente pueden inducir transformacin
neoplsica. Incluyen genes del factor de crecimiento,
receptores del factor de crecimiento, protenas quinasas,
transductores de seales, fosfoprotenas nucleares, y
factores de transcripcin. Cuando estos genes se expresan
constitutivamente despus de los cambios estructurales y/o
regulatorios, puede ocurrir una proliferacin incontrolada
de clulas. Los oncogenes virales tienen el prefijo "v-"
antes del smbolo del gen. Los oncogenes celulares
(proto-oncogenes) tienen el prfijo "c-" antes del smbolo
de gen.
EN: oncogenes

oncosferas
DF: Primera etapa larval motriz de cstodos del orden
Cyclophyllidea, caracterizada morfolgicamente por ganchos
que ayudan en la migracin a travs del intestino del
hussped.
EN: oncospheres

oocistos
DF: Zigotos encapsulados de protozoos esporozoos. Un mayor
desarrollo en un oocisto produce pequeos organismos
individuales infecciosos llamados esporozoitos.
EN: oocysts

operaciones de alimentacin concentrada de animales
DF: Instalacin en la que grandes cantidades de animales de
crianza son confinados, alimentados y criados, como por
ejemplo instalaciones para alimentar ganado, cerdos y aves
de corral.
EN: concentrated animal feeding operations

operaciones vaca-ternero
DF: Operaciones ganaderas en las que se mantiene un rebao de
crianza de base formado por vacas y toros. Los terneros
anuales se venden entre las edades de 6 y 12 meses, junto
850

con las vacas y toros seleccionados, excepto algunas
vaquillas que se retienen para reemplazo en el rebao de
crianza.
EN: cow-calf operations

opern
DF: Unidad gentica formada por un sistema de retroalimentacin
bajo el control de un operador, donde un gen estructural
transcribe su mensaje en forma de ARNm luego del bloqueo de
un represor producido por un gen regulatorio.
EN: operon

opinin de expertos
DF: Sentencia de una persona autirzada sobre un tema particular.
EN: expert opinion

opsina
DF: Protenas fotosensibles de las membranas de clulas
fotorreceptoras como los conos y los bastones. Las opsinas
tienen variadas propiedades de absorcin de luz y
pertenecen a la familia de los receptores acoplados a
protenas G. Sus ligandos son cromforos derivados de la
vitamina A.
EN: opsin

ptica de fibras
DF: Tcnica de transmisin de seales e imgenes luminosas
mediante fibras pticas (fibras de vidrio o plstico muy
finas y flexibles).
EN: fiber optics

optimizacin de los sistemas
DF: El procedimiento usado en el diseo de un sistema para
maximizar o minimizar algn ndice de desempeo. Puede
implicar la seleccin de un componente, un principio de
funcionamiento o una tcnica.
EN: system optimization

rdenes y acuerdos para la comercializacin
DF: rdenes y acuerdos que permiten a los productores promover
la mercadotecnia ordenada al influir colectivamente en la
oferta, la demanda o los precios de un producto en
particular para crear un acceso fluido al mercado. El
estudio de mercado y la promocin del producto se pueden
financiar con fondos combinados. Una vez que se aprueba el
acuerdo por un nmero mnimo exigido de los productores de
la mercadera (normalmente un tercio de ellos), la orden de
comercializacin es valedera y obliga a cumplir todos los
compromisos relacionados con el producto dentro del rea
geogrfica cubierta por ella. La orden puede limitar la
cantidad de productos comercializados o establecer el
grado, el tamao, la madurez o la calidad de los productos.
Existen rdenes de comercializacin para la leche, las
frutas, los vegetales, y otras mercaderas. Los acuerdos de
851

comercializacin pueden contener variadas provisiones, pero
son exigidas slo aquellas que estn reguladas por el
acuerdo. Una orden puede cancelarse cuando una mayora de
los productores promueve su terminacin o cuando el
Departamento de Agricultura de los EE.UU. determina que la
orden ya no cumple el propsito para el cual fue creada.
EN: marketing orders and agreements

organismos bentnicos
DF: Organismos submarinos que viven en el fondo de un cuerpo de
agua.
EN: benthic organisms

Oriente Medio
DF: Regin extensa que comprende pases del suroeste de Asia y
del noreste de frica.
EN: Middle East

Orientia
DF: Gnero de bacterias que causan tifoidea en seres humanos.
Los caros son el vector de esta enfermedad.
EN: Orientia

origen de rplica
DF: Secuencia nica de ADN de un replicn en la que se inicia
la replicacin del ADN y prosigue bidireccional o
unidireccionalmente. Contiene los sitios en que ocurre la
primera separacin de las cadenas complementarias, se
sintetiza un primer ARN, y tiene lugar el cambio del primer
ARN a la sntesis de ADN.
EN: replication origin

Orthobunyavirus
DF: Un gnero de la familia Bunyaviridae conteniendo ms de 150
virus, la mayora de los cuales son transmitidos por
mosquitos o por insectos acarradeadores de hongos. Ellos
estn ordenados en serogrupos que incluyen el grupo de
virus Bunyamwera (conteniendo los tipos de especies,
Bunyamwera virus), grupo de virus California, grupo de
virus Simbu y grupo de virus Guama.
EN: Orthobunyavirus

ortofotografa
DF: Procedimiento que elimina las distorsiones propias de la
posicin de una fotografa area (debido a la inclinacin
de la cmara, el relieve topogrfico, etc.) para producir
una imagen precisa de la superficie terrestre y ecualizar
las distancias representadas en la imagen.
EN: orthophotography

orujillo de aceituna
DF: Subproducto slido o residuo derivado de exprimir la
aceituna, que consiste en pulpa y hueso del fruto del olivo.
EN: olive cake
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orujo (pulpa)
DF: El residuo pulposo que queda despus que el jugo ha sido
exprimido de la fruta.
EN: pomace

smosis inversa
DF: Aplicacin de presin para detener o invertir el paso de un
solvente a travs de una membrana semipermeable que separa
dos soluciones con diferentes concentraciones.
EN: reverse osmosis

osteoartritis
DF: Enfermedad articular progresiva y degenerativa. Es la forma
ms comn de artritis, especialmente en los ancianos. Se
cree que la enfermedad es resultado, no del proceso de
envejecimiento, sino de los cambios bioqumicos y del
estrs biomecnico que afecta al cartlago articular. En la
literatura fornea se conoce a menudo como osteoartritis
deformante.
EN: osteoarthritis

osteocondritis
DF: Inflamacin de los huesos y los cartlagos.
EN: osteochondrosis

osteomalacia
DF: Condicin mdica marcada por el ablandamiento de los huesos
(debido a una mineralizacin insuficiente, con acumulacin
excesiva de osteiode), acompaada de dolor, sensibilidad al
tacto, debilidad muscular, anorexia, y prdida de peso,
como resultado de una deficiencia de vitamina D y calcio.
EN: osteomalacia

osteomielitis
DF: Inflamacin infecciosa de los huesos, generalmente causada
por una bacteria. Puede mantenerse localizada o extenderse
a travs de los huesos.
EN: osteomyelitis

otolitos
DF: Estructuras del odo interno que desempean funciones en
los sentidos de orientacin y equilibrio de los
vertebrados. Los otolitos contienen concreciones de calcio
que son tiles para identificar especies y determinar la
edad de los peces; adems, proporcionan informacin sobre
su historia y ecologa.
EN: otoliths

ovejas
DF: Oveja hembra de cualquier edad.
EN: ewes

ovicidas
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DF: Agentes qumicos que matan los huevos de una peste o
parsito.
EN: ovicides

ovparo
DF: Que produce huevos que se desarrollan y eclosionan fuera
del cuerpo de la madre.
EN: ovipary

ovolarvparo
DF: Con la capacidad de producir huevos que eclosionan dentro
de la madre, y las larvas se desarrollan o son protegidas
dentro del tero hasta el momento preciso para emerger, y
se encuentran en ciertos nematodos y otros invertebrados.
EN: ovolarvipary

ovovivparo
DF: Con la capacidad de llevar cras vivas de huevos
eclosionados retenidos dentro del cuerpo de la madre.
EN: ovovivipary

vulos
DF: Clula germinal femenina (gameto).
EN: ova

oxacilina
DF: Antibitico similar a la flucloxacilina utilizado en
infecciones resistentes a estafilococos.
EN: oxacillin

xido de deuterio
DF: Compuesto isotpico de hidrgeno de masa 2 (deuterio) con
oxigeno. Usado para estudiar mecanismos y tasas de
reacciones qumicas o nucleares, as como tambin procesos
biologicos.
EN: deuterium oxide

oxgeno disuelto
DF: Cantidad de oxgeno libre en el agua.
EN: dissolved oxygen

oxgeno singlete
DF: Un estado excitado del oxgeno molecular generado
fotoqumicamente o qumicamente. El oxgeno singlete
reacciona con una variedad de molculas biolgicas tales
como cidos nucleicos, protenas y lpidos, provocando
daos oxidativos.
EN: singlet oxygen

oxilipinas
DF: cidos grasos poliinsaturados ciclopentlicos de 18 tomos
de carbono, derivados del cido alfalinolnico mediante una
ruta oxidativa anloga a los eicosanoides en los animales.
Su biosntesis es inhibida por medio de salicilatos. El
854

cido jasmnico de las plantas, un miembro clave de esta
familia, desempea un papel similar al del cido
araquidnico en los animales.
EN: oxylipins

oxitetraciclina
DF: Anlogo de tetraciclina aislado del actinomicete
Streptomyces rimosus y utilizado en una amplia variedad de
condiciones clnicas.
EN: oxytetracycline

ozonlisis
DF: Tratamiento de ozono que divide un enlace doble en una
cadena de hidrocarburos, tal como la divisin de alquenos o
alquinos.
EN: ozonolysis

855

P

padres adolescentes
DF: Varones entre 12 y 18 aos de edad que tienen hijos.
EN: adolescent fathers

paisajes
DF: Las caractersticas que distinguen a una determinada rea
geogrfica incluyendo su medio ambiente fsico, composicin
biolgica y actividades antropognicas.
EN: landscapes

paisajismo
DF: Diseo e instalacin de materiales de plantas (incluyendo
csped) y elementos arquitectnicos.
EN: landscaping

Pases Blticos
DF: Los pases de Estonia, Letonia y Lituania al este de la
costa del Mar Bltico.
EN: Baltic States

Pases de la cuenca del Pacfico
DF: Regiones costeras que bordean el Ocano Pacfico.
EN: Pacific Rim

pases desarrollados
DF: Pases que han alcanzado un nivel de logro econmico
mediante un aumento de la produccin, ingreso per capita y
consumo, y la utilizacin de recursos naturales y humanos.
EN: developed countries

pases en vas de desarrollo
DF: Pases en proceso de cambio hacia el crecimiento econmico,
es decir, que experimentan un aumento en la produccin, el
consumo per capita y el ingreso.
EN: developing countries

pan rallado
DF: Trocitos de pan o de galletas utilizados como cubierta para
ciertos alimentos.
EN: breadings

panceta de cerdo
DF: Fuente del tocino. La panceta de cerdo es el lado inferior
de un cerdo que queda despus que el lomo y las costillas
han sido sacadas.
EN: pork bellies

pancreatina
DF: Extracto pancretico de mamfero compuesto por enzimas con
actividades de proteasa, amilasa y lipasa.
EN: pancreatin

856

pandemia
DF: Brote de una enfermedad extendido a travs de todo un pas
o poblacin.
EN: pandemic

paneer
DF: Un fresco blanco y suave, originario de la India, utilizado
en la cocina india, afgana e iran.
EN: paneer

paneles de madera conglomerada de densidad media
DF: Producto elaborado de madera formado por demolicin de
madera blanda en fibras de madera, comprimindolas con un
material aglomerante, como pegamento, cera y resina, y
formando paneles aplicando alta temperatura y presin.
Estos paneles tienen una densidad de alrededor 800 kg/m3.
EN: medium density fiberboards

panleucopenia felina
DF: Enfermedad viral, altamente contagiosa que afecta a los
gatos y al visn y es causada por el parvovirus felino. Se
caracteriza por fiebre, enteritis y cambios en la mdula
sea. Tambin se la denomina ataxia felina, agranulocitosis
felina, enteritis felina infecciosa, fiebre del gato.
EN: feline panleukopenia

Pantanal
DF: Un sistema inmenso de terreno hmedo de agua fresca en
Amrica del Sur situado a lo largo del ro Paraguay y de
sus afluentes.
EN: Pantanal

pantanos
DF: Humedales dominados por vegetacin leosa pero sin
depsitos de turba apreciables. Los humedales pueden ser de
agua dulce o salada y pueden o no presentar mareas.
EN: swamps

pantanos de sal
DF: Tpicamente, reas de transicin entre tierra y ocano,
donde la salinidad y el nivel del agua dependen de las
mareas. Sin embargo, tambin existen marismas salinas
ineriores en zonas ridas donde el agua tiene un alto nivel
salino debido a la evaporacin. En las marismas de agua
salina predomina la vegetacin tolerante a la sal
(haloftica). Estas son reas delicadas desde el punto de
vista ambiental, extremadamente vulnerables a la
contaminacin.
EN: salt marshes

papiloma
DF: Tumor epitelial benigno circunscrito que se proyecta desde
la superficie que lo rodea; ms precisamente, neoplasia
epitelial benigna que consta de bultos vellosos o
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arborescentes de estroma fibrovascular cubierto de clulas
neoplsicas.
EN: papilloma

parafilia
DF: Los organismos agrupados por relacin filogentica que
incluyen algunos, pero no todos los descendientes de su
antepasado comn ms reciente.
EN: paraphyly

parasimpaticomimticos
DF: Drogas que mimetizan los efectos de la actividad del
sistema nervioso parasimptico. Aqu se incluyen las drogas
que estimulan directamente a los receptores muscarnicos y
las drogas que potencian la actividad colinrgica,
usualmente al disminuir la eliminacin de acetilcolina.
EN: parasympathomimetics

parasimpatolticos
DF: Agentes que inhiben las acciones del sistema nervioso
parasimptico.
EN: parasympatholytics

parasitemia
DF: Presencia de parsitos (especialmente parsitos de la
malaria) en la sangre.
EN: parasitemia

parasitismo social
DF: Coexistencia en el mismo nido de dos especies de insectos,
de los cuales uno es parasitariamente dependiente del otro.
EN: social parasitism

parentesco
DF: La relacin de parentesco entre un vstago y sus padres.
EN: parentage

paridad (economa)
DF: Nivel de precios para productos agrcolas mantenido con
apoyo del gobierno, cuya intencin es proporcionar a los
campesinos el poder adquisitivo que tenan durante un
perodo referencial dado.
EN: parity (economics)

paridad (reproduccin)
DF: Cantidad de progenie que ha tenido una hembra.
EN: parity (reproduction)

parques nacionales
DF: Una rea terrestre y/o acutica usualmente administrada por
el gobierno de la nacin al cual pertenece y que es
protegida de explotacin y desarrollo humano. La intencin
de mantener esta rea es la de proveer oportunidades
cientficas, educativas, y recreacionales, que sean
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ambientalmente y culturalmente sensibles en este mbito.
EN: national parks

parr
DF: Peces salmnidos juveniles que se han dispersado desde el
sitio de agua dulce en el que fueran desovados y que son
caracterizados por marcas rayadas verticales (marcas de
parr) en su cuerpo.
EN: parr

partenognesis
DF: Reproduccin en la cual se producen cras a partir de de
hembras no fertilizadas.
EN: parthenogenesis

participacin de la audiencia
DF: Grado de inters de una audiencia en el proceso de
comunicacin.
EN: audience involvement

partculas seudovricas/similares a virus
DF: Partculas no infecciosas producidas cuando la expresin de
protenas virales estructurales da como resultado un
autoensamblaje viral; sin embargo, a diferencia de los
virus, estas partculas no contienen material gentico
viral.
EN: virus-like particles

partos porcinos
DF: Dar nacimiento a cerdos.
EN: farrowing

paseo genmico
DF: Tcnica de secuenciacin del ADN, basada en la reaccin en
cadena de la polimerasa, que se utiliza para identificar
secuencias de nucletidos no clonadas que flanquean
regiones de ADN ya caracterizadas.
EN: genome walking

pasta mecnica
DF: Pulpa que no ha sido cocinada o tratada por medios qumicos.
EN: mechanical pulp

pasteurelosis
DF: Infecciones producidas por bacterias del gnero Pasteurella.
EN: pasteurellosis

pasteurelosis neumnica
DF: Enfermedad respiratoria bovina que se presenta en animales
que han sido embarcados o expuestos a animales
recientemente transportados. Se cree que es causada por
contagio con virus de la parainfluenza 3 uno de los
distintos virus respiratorios, seguida de infeccin con
Pasteurella multocida o Pasteurella hemoltica.
859

EN: pneumonic pasteurellosis

pasteurizacin
DF: Proceso en el cual se calienta la leche u otros lquidos
para eliminar microorganismos que pueden causar
enfermedades o deterioro, al tiempo que se minimizan los
cambios qumicos que afectan el sabor o el aroma.
EN: pasteurization

pasteurizacin de tiempo breve a alta temperatura
DF: Combinacin de temperatura y tiempo necesarios para la
pasteurizacin de la leche y de los productos lcteos. Los
niveles mnimos para la leche son 161 grados F por al menos
15 segundos. Se utilizan temperaturas ms altas en la
pasteurizacin de productos con alto contenido de slidos
debido a la proteccin que les proporcionan los slidos a
las bacterias.
EN: high-temperature short-time pasteurization

pasteurizacin en fro
DF: Tratamiento no trmico de los alimentos, como por ejemplo
microfiltracin, irradiacin o alta presin para eliminar
organismos que puedan causar enfermedades, descomposicin o
fermentacin indeseada.
EN: cold pasteurization

pastoralismo
DF: Una forma de vida basada en la crianza y arreo de ganado,
tal como ovejas, cabras y caballos.
EN: pastoralism

pastoreando
DF: Alimentacin consistente de vegetacin en pie, por parte de
ganado o animales salvajes.
EN: grazing

paternidad
DF: La relacin de parentesco entre un vstago y su padre
masculino.
EN: paternity

patognesis
DF: Desarrollo de una enfermedad o proceso de una enfermedad.
EN: pathogenesis

patogenicidad
DF: Habilidad que tienen los agentes infecciosos (virus,
bacterias, hongos), nemtodos parasitarios, protozoos o
helmintios para cusar enfermedades.
EN: pathogenicity

patgenos
DF: Microorganismos, virus y parsitos que causan enfermedades.
EN: pathogens
860

patotipos
DF: Poblaciones de la misma especie que difieren por su
capacidad patognica.
EN: pathotypes

pavos jvenes
DF: Pavos jvenes de cualquier sexo, normalmente de no ms de
dos meses de edad.
EN: poults

pececillos
DF: Peces jvenes e inmaduros, menores a un ao de edad, entre
los 2 y 25 cm. de largo, y que frecuentemente son usados
para crianza, alimentacin animal, o como cebos.
EN: fingerlings

peces andromos
DF: Peces que migran de aguas saladas a aguas dulces para
reproducirse.
EN: anadromous fish

peces catdromos
DF: Peces que migran del agua dulce al agua salada para la
reproduccin.
EN: catadromous fish

peces didromos
DF: Peces que migran entre agua dulce y agua salada para
alimentarse o reproducirse.
EN: diadromous fish

peces grasos
DF: Peces que tienen tejido adiposo en toda la carne y la
cavidad abdominal. Normalmente se encuentran en la
superficie del agua o cerca de ella.
EN: fatty fish

peces magros
DF: Peces ocenicos de aguas profundas que contienen lpidos
slo en el hgado.
EN: lean fish

peces pelgicos
DF: Peces que habitan en el mar abierto cerca de la superficie
y no en las zonas costeras o en el suelo marino.
EN: pelagic fish

pedazos de semillas de cacao
DF: Los pedazos de semillas de cacao se preparan removiendo la
cscara de las semillas de cacao que han sido curadas,
limpiadas, secadas y trozadas.
EN: cocoa nibs

861

pelcula de polietileno
DF: Pelcula plstica hecha de polietileno.
EN: polyethylene film

penetrancia
DF: Frecuencia en porciento de un gen o combinacin de genes
dominante u homocigtico
recesivo se manifiesta en el fenotipo de los portadores.
EN: penetrance

penicilamina
DF: 3-mercapto-D-valina. Constituye la degradacin ms
caracterstica producto de los antibiticos de penicilina.
Se utiliza como un antirreumtico y como agente quelante en
la enfermedad de Wilson.
EN: penicillamine

penicilina V
DF: Penicilina de amplio espectro utilizada por va oral en el
tratamiento de infecciones leves a moderadas por
susceptibilidad a organismos gram-positivos
EN: penicillin V

penicilinas
DF: Grupo de antibiticos que contienen cido
6-aminopenicilnico con una cadena lateral unida al grupo
6-amino. El ncleo de la penicilina es el principal
requisito estructural para la actividad biolgica. La
estructura de la cadena lateral determina muchas de las
caractersticas antibacterianas y farmacolgicas.
EN: penicillins

Pennsula Balcnica
DF: Pases que ocupan la pennsula de los Balcanes.
EN: Balkans

pentagastrina
DF: Polipptido sinttico que tiene efectos similares a la
gastrina cuando se administra
parenteralmente. Estimula la secrecin gstrica de cido,
pepsina y factor intrnseco y se ha usado
como ayuda diagnstica.
EN: pentagastrin

pptido intestinal vasoactivo
DF: Polipptido altamente bsico, de cadena simple, aislado de
la mucosa intestinal. Tiene un
amplio espectro de acciones biolgicas que afectan los
sistemas cardiovascular, gastrointestinal y
respiratorio. Tambin se encuentra en varias partes de los
sistemas nerviosos central y perifrico
y es un neurotransmisor.
EN: vasoactive intestinal peptide

862

pptido natriurtico auricular
DF: Un pptido natriurtico y vasodilatador potente o mezcla
de diferentes pptidos de bajo peso molecular, derivados de
un precursor comn y secretados principalmente por el atrio
del corazn. Todos estos pptidos comparten una secuencia
de 20 aminocidos.
EN: atrial natriuretic peptide

pptido seal
DF: Secuencias de aminocidos que se encuentran en las
protenas transportadas y que
selectivamente guan la distribucin de las protenas a
compartimentos celulares especficos.
EN: signal peptide

pptidos cclicos
DF: Pptidos cuyos extremos amino y carboxi estn unidos entre
s por medio de un enlace peptdico formando una cadena
circular. Algunos de ellos son agentes antiinfecciosos y
algunos no son biosintetizados ribosomalmente (biosntesis
de pptidos, no ribosmica).
EN: cyclic peptides

pptidos natriurticos
DF: Pptidos que regulan el equilibrio del agua y electrolitos
en el cuerpo, tambin conocidos como hormonas pptido
natriurticas.
EN: natriuretic peptides

pptidos semejantes a glucagn
DF: Pptidos producidos por las clulas endocrinas de los
intestinos delgado y grueso que tienen una variedad de
roles en la regulacin del metabolismo de energa y
absorcin de nutrientes.
EN: glucagon-like peptides

pequea interferencia de ARN
DF: Pequeas doble-cadenas, sin protena codificando ARNs
(21-31 nucletidos) envueltas en funciones de
silenciamiento del gene, especialmente la interferencia
del ARN (ARNi).
EN: small interfering RNA

percepcin del riesgo
DF: Juicio subjetivo respecto a la severidad y aspecto de un
riesgo.
EN: risk perception

prdida de alimentos
DF: Cantidad de alimentos comestibles poscosecha disponible
para el consumo humano que no se utiliza por alguna razn.
Incluye la prdida en la coccin y por encogimiento natural
(por ejemplo, la prdida de humedad), la prdida por
enmohecimiento, plagas o un inadecuado control de la
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temperatura, y el desperdicio de alimentos.
EN: food loss

prdida por goteo
DF: Prdida de peso de productos alimentarios debida a
extrusin y goteo del jugo de tejidos tales como el de la
carne, que se pierde durante el descongelamiento de la
carne refrigerada.
EN: drip loss

perfil de ADN
DF: Procedimiento mediante el cual patrones de bandas de
mltiples loci de una muestra de ADN se generan por
digestin del ADN con enzimas de restriccin seguido de
electroforesis y visualizacin por medio de hibridacin con
sondas especficas para secuencias repetitivas. Los
patrones de bandas de mltiples loci, conocidos como huella
dactilar gentica, se analizan en busca de similitudes del
ADN de una persona.
EN: DNA fingerprinting

perfil de exposicin
DF: Anlisis (cualitativo o cuantitativo) de la magnitud,
frecuencia, duracin y ruta de exposicin a un patgeno
durante la valoracin del riesgo microbial.
EN: exposure profile

perfil de riesgo
DF: Proceso que describe un problema y su contexto, con el fin
de identificar los elementos de peligro o riesgo importante
para varias decisiones de gestin de riesgos.
El perfil de riesgo incluye la identificacin de aspectos
de peligro relevantes para establecer prioridades y fijar
la poltica de evaluacin de riesgo y aspectos relevantes
para la eleccin de normas de seguridad y opciones de
manejo.
EN: risk profile

perdo latente
DF: Tiempo que va desde la exposicin a un agente daino y la
manifestacin de la respuesta.
EN: latent period

perifiton
DF: Plantas y animales submarinos que se adhieren firmemente a
superficies slidas como
rocas, troncos, apilamientos, hojas y tallos de plantas
acuticas, etc.
EN: periphyton

periodicidad
DF: Tendencia de un fenmeno a repetirse en intervalos
regulares. En los sistemas biolgicos, la recurrencia de
ciertas actividades (hormonales, celulares, neuronales)
864

puede ser anual, estacional, mensual, diaria o ms
frecuente (ultradiana).
EN: periodicity

perodo de crecimiento
DF: Perodo del ao en que los cultivos crecen de manera
ptima; lo determina el clima, la ubicacin geogrfica y la
seleccin de cultivos.
EN: growing season

perodo de incubacin
DF: Perodo entre el momento de la inoculacin (exposicin al
organimo infectador) y la aparicin de manifestaciones
clnicas de una enfermedad infecciosa especfica.
EN: incubation period

perodo de secado (lactancia)
DF: Perodo hacia el final de la preez cuando una vaca (u otro
animal que amamante) deja de dar leche. Habitualmente, las
vacas lecheras de los Estados Unidos dejan de dar leche 60
das antes de parir.
EN: dry period (lactation)

perodo prepatente
DF: Perodo entre la infeccin con un parsito y la produccin
de huevos por parte de la hembra. Equivalente al perodo de
incubacin de las infecciones microbianas pero
biolgicamente diferente porque el parsito va pasando por
etapas de desarrollo en el husped.
EN: prepatent period

peritonitis
DF: Inflamacin del peritoneo.
EN: peritonitis

peritonitis felina infecciosa
DF: Infeccin comn por coronavirus de los gatos causada por el
virus de peritonitis infecciosa felina (coronavirus
felino). La enfermedad se caracteriza por un periodo
prolongado de incubacin, fiebre, depresin, prdida del
apetito, adelgazamiento, y agrandamiento abdominal
progresivo. La infeccin de las clulas del linaje monocito
macrfago parece ser esencial en la patognesis de la PFI.
EN: feline infectious peritonitis

permeabilidad de la membrana
DF: Cualidad de las membranas celulares que permite el paso de
solventes desde y hacia el interior de la clula.
EN: membrane permeability

peroxidacin lipdica
DF: Peroxidasa de oxidacin catalizada de los lpidos que
utiliza perxido de hidrgeno como aceptor de electrones.
EN: lipid peroxidation
865

perxidos
DF: Compuestos qumicos que contienen un grupo peroxi en el que
dos tomos de oxgeno estn unidos entre s por un solo
enlace covalente y llevan dos electrones no apareados y dos
cargas negativas.
EN: peroxides

personas con necesidades especiales
DF: Personas que tienen necesidad de ayuda especial, un
ambiente fsico especial, capacitacin especial, tecnologa
especial o cualquier otra necesidad que est ms all de lo
que la mayora de la poblacin requiere en forma normal. El
trmino personas con necesidades especiales puede incluir a
los minusvlidos, a las personas de bajos ingresos, a las
personas en Estados Unidos que hablan poco ingls, a los
nios con problemas emocionales o a las personas sin hogar.
EN: people with special needs

persuasin
DF: Un modo de comunicacin interesado en inducir o instar a la
adopcin de ciertas creencias, teoras o lneas de accin
por los dems.
EN: persuasion

pervaporacin
DF: Pervaporacin es un proceso en el cual una corriente
lquida que contiene dos o ms componentes se pone en
contacto con un lado de una membrana polimrica no porosa,
mientras que un vaco o gas de purga se aplica al otro
lado. Los componentes de la corriente lquida dentro de la
membrana, son filtrados a travs de la membrana y se
evaporan en la fase de vapor. (De ah la palabra
pervaporado). El vapor, conocido como "el filtrado que se
condensa. Debido a que las distintas especies en la mezcla
tienen diferentes afinidades para la membrana, un
componentes de baja concentracin en el alimento, puede ser
altamente enriquecido en el filtrado.
EN: pervaporation

pesca artesanal
DF: Prcticas de pesca en las que se utiliza equipo y barcos de
pesca tradicionales (con escaso desarrollo tecnolgico)
para la subsistencia alimentaria local y de pequea escala.
EN: artisanal fishing

pesca incidental
DF: Especie capturada inadvertidamente por los pescadores
durante la pesca de otra especie.
EN: bycatch

peso corporal ideal
DF: Peso corporal necesario para mantener un estado de buena
salud general. A menudo se define como el ndice de Masa
866

Corporal con valores entre 18,5 y 24,9.
EN: ideal body weight

peso de la carcasa
DF: Peso de un animal despus de sacrificado y extrados los
rganos internos, la cabeza y la piel.
EN: carcass weight

peso de la discapacidad
DF: Un factor de escala que clasifica la severidad de la
enfermedad desde cero (perfecto estado de salud) a uno (que
equivale a la muerte).
EN: disability weights

peso de la evidencia
DF: Sistema para caracterizar el grado en que los datos
disponibles apoyan la hiptesis de que un agente provoca un
efecto nocivo para la salud.
EN: weight-of-evidence

peso del huevo
DF: El peso de un huevo individual.
EN: egg weight

peste bovina
DF: Enfermedad viral de los animales con cascos producida por
morbillivirus (virus de la peste bovina). Puede ser aguda,
subaguda o crnica. Sus principales lesiones son
inflamacin y ulceracin de todo el tracto digestivo.
EN: rinderpest

peste bubnica
DF: Enfermedad infecciosa aguda causada por la Yersinia pestis
que afecta a humanos, roedores salvajes, y a sus
ectoparsitos. Esta condicin persiste debido a su firme
atrincheramiento en ecosistemas de todo el mundo, que se
forman entre un roedor salvaje y una pulga. La peste
bubnica es la forma ms comn.
EN: plague

petrolato
DF: Sistema coloidal de hidrocarburos semislidos obtenidos del
petrleo. Se utiliza como base de ungentos, protector
tpico y lubricante.
EN: petrolatum

petroqumicos
DF: Qumicos derivados del petrleo (aceite crudo) o de gas
natural.
EN: petrochemicals

Phakopsora pachyrhizi
DF: Agente fngico causante de la enfermedad de roya en
semillas de soya en Glycine max.
867

EN: Phakopsora pachyrhizi

Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida
DF: Agente bacteriano causante de pasteurellosis en peces.
EN: Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida

piamonte
DF: Terrenos en la base o cerca de la base de una montaa o de
una cadena montaosa.
EN: piedmont

pica
DF: Ingestin persistente de sustancias no nutritivas por un
perodo de al menos un mes.
EN: pica (eating disorder)

picnidia
DF: Cuerpo fructfero asexual redondo o en forma de matraz que
contiene conidias o esporas en
ciertos hongos, e.g. hongos de xido o tizne.
EN: pycnidia

Picornaviridae
DF: Una familia de pequeos virus ARN que comprenden algunos
patgenos importantes en humanos y animales. La transmisin
usualmente ocurre mecanicamente.
EN: Picornaviridae

pilas de biocombustible
DF: dispositivos en los cuales la energa qumica es convertida
a energa elctrica por microorganismos.
EN: microbial fuel cells

pilas de combustible
DF: Dispositivo en el cual la energa qumica se convierte en
electricidad.
EN: fuel cells

piojos
DF: Ectoparsitos de animales y seres humanos que se alimentan
de la sangre, la piel o las plumas del husped.
EN: lice

pimetra
DF: Acumulacin de pus en el tero, normalmente causado por una
infeccin bacteriana severa.
EN: pyometra

piperacilina
DF: Ampicilina semisinttica de amplio espectro, derivada del
antibitico ureidopenicilina propuesto para las infecciones
causadas por Pseudomonas. Tambin se utiliza en combinacin
con otros antibiticos.
EN: piperacillin
868

pirimidina nuclesidos
DF: Pirimidinas con una ribosa adjunta las cuales pueden ser
fosforiladas a los nucletidos de pirimidina.
EN: pyrimidine nucleosides

pirlimicina
DF: Derivado de la clindamicina.
EN: pirlimycin

pirlisis
DF: Cambio qumico producido mediante calor slo en ausencia de
oxgeno. Puede generar substancias de menor peso molecular
o mayor peso molecular que el compuesto original.
EN: pyrolysis

pistas para ruedas
DF: Depresiones en el suelo que son causadas por el rodado de
ruedas de vehculo sobre la superficie del suelo.
EN: wheel tracks

pistilo
DF: rgano femenino de la flor compuesto por el ovario, el
estigma y el estilo.
EN: pistil

pituitaria anterior
DF: Lbulo glandular o anterior de la glndula pituitaria.
EN: anterior pituitary

placa de crecimiento
DF: rea ubicada entre la epfisis y el eje de los huesos
largos (difisis) dentro de la cual se produce el
crecimiento del hueso.
EN: growth plate

placebos
DF: Cualquier medicamento o tratamiento simulado.
EN: placebos

plagas
DF: Trmino general para referirse a organismos que pueden
causar enfermedades o dao a los seres humanos o a
cultivos, ganado, o materiales importantes para los seres
humanos.
EN: pests

plagas de vertebrados
DF: Vertebrados que constituyen plagas para otros organismos.
EN: vertebrate pests

plagas domiciliarias
DF: Plagas que se encuentran en las casas, tales como
cucarachas, pulgas, chinches, ratas, ratones, etc.
869

EN: household pests

plaguicidas
DF: Un pesticida es cualquier sustancia o mezcla de sustancias
destinadas a prevenir, destruir, repeler o mitigar
cualquier plaga.
EN: pesticides

plaguicidas microbianos
DF: Plaguicidas que constan de un microorganismo (por ejemplo,
una bacteria, hongo, virus o protozoarios) como ingrediente
activo. Los plaguicidas microbianos pueden controlar
diferentes tipos de plagas, aunque cada principio activo
por separado es relativamente especfico para la plaga (s).
EN: microbial pesticides

plancton
DF: Conjunto de organismos acuticos diminutos, tanto plantas
como animales, que flotan
libremente o estn suspendidos en el agua, con poco o
ningn poder de locomocin.
EN: plankton

planicies aluviales
DF: Una tierra plana o cuesta suave que se forma gradualmente
cuando se depositan sedimentos por la inundacin peridica
de corrientes o ros.
EN: alluvial plains

planicies costeras
DF: rea de tierras bajas entre la costa y las colinas ms
cercanas, a menudo en suave pendiente hacia el mar, y que
indican que una franja del fondo marino emergi en una era
geolgica reciente.
EN: coastal plains

planificacin de la respuesta a crisis
DF: Cursos de accin para hacer frente a una situacin de
emergencia.
EN: crisis response plan

planificacin familiar
DF: Programas o servicios diseados para ayudar a la familia a
controlar la reproduccin, ya sea mejorando o disminuyendo
la fertilidad.
EN: family planning

plantacin en cuadro
DF: Arreglo de plantacin lineal, en donde la forma del rea
cultivada est alineada con rboles perennes sobre los
bordes y los cultivos.
EN: box planting

plantaciones coetneas
870

DF: Una clase de bosque o poblacin compuesta por rboles de la
misma edad. La diferencia de edad mxima admisible es
generalmente de 10 a 20 aos. Comparar poblaciones de
diferentes edades.
EN: even-aged stands

plantaciones lineales
DF: Plantas leosas perennes en arreglo lineal adyacente a las
tierras cultivadas o pastizales.
EN: line planting (agroforestry)

plantas acuticas
DF: Plantas que crecen flotando en la superficie del agua,
desde debajo del agua o desde el fondo mismo.
EN: aquatic plants

plantas acuticas sumergidas
DF: Plantas acuticas cuyas hojas quedan en la superficie o
bajo la superficie del agua.
EN: submerged aquatic plants

plantas C3
DF: Plantas en las que el CO2 se fija inicialmente mediante el
ciclo de Calvin en la fotosntesis.
EN: C3 plants

plantas C4
DF: Plantas en las que la fijacin de carbono ocurre en las
clulas externas del mesfilo y el ciclo de Calvin se
produce en las clulas internas de la vaina.
EN: C4 plants

plantas de cobertura
DF: Plantas que son de bajo crecimiento, tienen una densa capa
de follaje, y se propagan fcilmente por estolones, rizomas
o corredores.
EN: ground cover plants

plantas de marismas
DF: Plantas que crecen en terrenos hmedos salinos y son
tolerantes a la sal as como tolerante a las condiciones
hmedas.
EN: salt marsh plants

plantas de tierras hmedas
DF: Plantas adaptadas para sobrevivir en suelos frecuentemente
saturados de agua superficial o subterrnea.
EN: wetland plants

plantas emergentes
DF: Plantas acuticas que tienen su estructura superior (por
ejemplo, hojas, tallos o inflorescencias) extendida fuera
del agua.
EN: emergent plants
871

plantas espontneas
DF: Plantas que crecen sin haber sido plantadas, por ejemplo,
mediante regeneracin natural, las cuales se consideran
malas hierbas si son indeseadas. En campos de rotacin de
cultivos, las plantas espontneas que crecieron en el
cultivo del ao anterior pueden germinary establecerse en
el cultivo actual. Estos cultivos como maleza pueden
requerir medidas de control.
EN: volunteer plants

plantas flotantes
DF: Plantas acuticas que flotan en la superficie del agua y no
echan races en el suelo.
EN: free-floating plants

plantas herbceas de hojas anchas
DF: Plantas herbceas de hojas anchas, especialmente aquellas
que crecen en un campo o praderas, en contraste con musgos,
helechos o pastos.
EN: forbs

plantas huspedes
DF: Plantas que sirven de albergue, hbitat, sitios de crianza
o fuente de alimentos como parte del ciclo vital de otros
organismos.
EN: host plants

plantas incubadoras
DF: Instalaciones para incubar huevos.
EN: hatcheries

plantas no vasculares
DF: Plantas como los musgos, las hepticas y los
antocerotfitos, que no contienen tejido vascular
especializado (xilema y floema) como el que se halla en los
helechos, las gimnospermas y las angiospermas.
EN: non-vascular plants

plantas nodrizas
DF: Plantas que proporcionan refugio para los ms pequeos o
ms valiosos rboles, cultivos u otras plantas,
protegindolos de los daos por heladas, viento, luz solar,
depredadores, plagas, etc.
EN: nurse plants

plantas vasculares
DF: Plantas que contienen tejido vascular especializado (xilema
y floema) y que son ms evolucionadas que briofitas como
los musgos y las hepticas. Entre ellas se incluyen los
helechos, las gimnospermas y las angiospermas.
EN: vascular plants

plntulas
872

DF: Plantas jvenes o plantas pequeas, normalmente producidas
vegetativamente de un padre.
EN: plantlets

plsmidos
DF: Cualquier molcula determinante de la herencia
extracromosmica. Los plsmidos son
molculas de ADN circular auto-replicantes que se
encuentran en distintas especies bacterianas,
arqueales, micticas, de algas y vegetales.
EN: plasmids

plasmodesmos
DF: Puentos citoplasmticos entre clulas vecinas en tejidos de
plantas.
EN: plasmodesmata

plasmolisis
DF: Estrechamiento o contraccin del citoplasma lejos de la
pared de una clula de una planta
viva o de una clula bacteriana, debido al flujo osmtico
de agua hacia afuera.
EN: plasmolysis

plasticidad fenotpica
DF: La capacidad de un organismo de un genotipo dado, a cambiar
su fenotipo en respuesta a cambios del medio ambiente.
EN: phenotypic plasticity

plasticultura
DF: El uso de plsticos en la produccin agrcola y la
proteccin de cultivos, incluyendo material orgnico de
cobertura, cubiertas de plstico, tneles e invernaderos.
EN: plasticulture

plastidios
DF: Organelos citoplsmicos de las membranas de clulas
vegetales y de algas y de ciertos
protistas que contienen pigmentos, almidn, aceite o
protenas.
EN: plastids

Platanus acerifolia
DF: Hbrido interespecfico probable entre Platanus orientalis
Platanus occidentalis.
EN: Platanus acerifolia

pleckstrin
DF: Protena que se encuentra en las plaquetas de la sangre,
que tiene un peso molecular de 47 kD y acta como sustrato
para la protena quinasa C.
EN: pleckstrin

plegamiento de protenas
873

DF: Proceso bioqumico por medio del cual una protena toma su
conformacin tridimensional. Comienza incluso antes de que
una protena se haya sintetizado completamente y contina a
travs de estructuras intermedias discretas (primaria,
secundaria y terciaria) antes de que se forme la estructura
final (cuaternaria).
EN: protein folding

pleiotropa
DF: Fenmeno mediante el cual un gen determinado afecta
mltiples rasgos.
EN: pleiotropy

ploida
DF: Grado de replicacin del cromosoma establecido en el
cariotipo.
EN: ploidy

poblacin
DF: Grupo definido de individuos por un conjunto de
caractersticas particulares, por ejemplo: organismos de
una especie particular viviendo en un rea o regin
determinada.
EN: population

poblacin en riesgo
DF: Grupo el cual es ms susceptible que la poblacin general,
a eventos adversos, debido a sus condiciones de salud o
medio ambiente econmico, fsico emocional o factores
sociales.
EN: at-risk population

poblacin inmunocomprometida
DF: Poblacin de individuos con un sistema inmune debilitado
que los hace susceptibles a enfermedad o infeccin.
EN: immunocompromised population

poda mecanizada
DF: Forma especializada de la poda mecnica realizada en los
huertos y que consiste en recortar los lados de las copas
de los rboles para reducir el hacinamiento entre hileras
de rboles, mejorar el acceso de los equipos, mejorar la
circulacin de aire, la penetracin de la luz, y retrasar
la necesidad de raleo de rboles.
EN: hedging (pruning)

poda natural
DF: La muerte y ruptura natural de ramas bajas debido al
sombreamiento de la parte superior del dosel.
EN: natural pruning

poda qumica
DF: Aplicacin de productos qumicos agrcolas para remover
partes vegetativas o reproductivas en una planta
874

individual, para alterar la forma, patrn de crecimiento,
floracin o fructificacin de una planta.
EN: chemical pruning

podredumbre del tallo (planta)
DF: Enfermedad de las plantas en la que el tallo o tronco se
pudre cerca del suelo.
EN: foot rot (plant)

polietismo
DF: Divisin del trabajo entre los miembros de una colonia de
insectos.
EN: polyethism

polifilia
DF: Los organismos agrupados por relacin filogentica con una
historia evolutiva descendente de ms de un antepasado
comn.
EN: polyphyly

polimiositis
DF: Enfermedades caracterizadas por inflamacin que afectan a
mltiples msculos. Puede ocurrir como una enfermedad aguda
o crnica asociada con la toxicidad de los medicamentos,
infecciones, neoplasias malignas y otros trastornos. El
trmino polimiositis, con frecuencia se utiliza para
referirse a una entidad clnica especfica, caracterizada
por una debilidad simtrica subaguda o lentamente
progresiva que afecta principalmente a la extremidad
proximal y a los msculos del tronco. Esta enfermedad puede
ocurrir a cualquier edad, pero es ms frecuente entre la
cuarta y sexta dcada de vida. Adems puede presentarse,
debilidad de los msculos farngeos y larngeos, enfermedad
pulmonar intersticial e inflamacin del miocardio . La
biopsia muscular revela una destruccin generalizada de los
segmentos de las fibras musculares y una respuesta
inflamatoria celular.
EN: polymyositis

polimixina B
DF: Mezcla de polimixinas B1 y B2, obtenida a partir de cepas
de Bacillus polimixa. Ellas son polipptidos bsicos de
alrededor de ocho aminocidos y tienen una accin
detergente - catinica en las membranas celulares. La
Polimixina B se utiliza para las infecciones por organismos
gram-negativos, pero pueden ser neurotxicos y nefrotxicos.
EN: polymyxin B

polimixinas
DF: Grupo de antibiticos lipopptidos bsicos, obtenidos a
partir de Bacillus polymyxa. Ellos afectan la membrana
celular por accin detergente y pueden causar dao
neuromuscular y al rin. Al menos once miembros diferentes
del grupo polimixina han sido identificados, cada uno
875

designado por una letra.
EN: polymyxins

polimorfismo
DF: Ocurrencia de diferentes formas de individuos en una misma
especie.
EN: polymorphism

polimorfismo bioqumico
DF: Variaciones bioqumicas de individuos diferentes en una
especie, que se manifiestan como protenas que difieren en
composicin y secuencia de aminocidos, aunque mantienen la
misma funcin.
EN: biochemical polymorphism

polimorfismo de nucletido simple
DF: Variacin de un nico nucletido en una secuencia gentica
que aparece con apreciable frecuencia en la poblacin.
EN: single nucleotide polymorphism

polimorfismo enzimtico
DF: Un fenmeno que, en el curso de la evolucin, caracteriza
enzimas que son capaces de mantener su capacidad cataltica
en la misma reaccin qumica, a pesar de que sus secuencias
y/o composicin de aminocidos se modifican a travs de
mutagnesis y/o seleccin natural. Las propiedades de estas
enzimas (como la cintica y la movilidad electrofortica)
se pueden diferenciar por caractersticas fsicas, qumicas
y tcnicas inmunolgicas.
EN: enzyme polymorphism

polimorfismo gentico
DF: Ocurrencia regular y simultnea de dos o ms genotipos
discontinuos en una poblacin de un solo cruce. El concepto
incluye diferencias de genotipos que varan en tamao desde
un solo sitio de nucletidos hasta secuencias grandes
visibles a nivel cromosmico.
EN: genetic polymorphism

polimorfismos para la amplificacin de regiones blanco
DF: Tcnica para determinar el genotipo del germoplasma, basada
en la reaccin en cadena de polimerasa (PCR), en la cual se
utilizan secuencias determinadas de genes candidatos para
generar marcadores genticos polimrficos.
EN: target region amplification polymorphism

Polinesia
Pacfico en el Ocano Pacfico Sur y Central. Los grupos
de islas principales incluyen las islas hawaianas, Samoa y
las islas de la Polinesia Francesa.
EN: Polynesia

polipptido inhibitorio gstrico
876

DF: Hormona gastrointestinal neurotransmisora que consta de un
polipptido de 43 aminocidos (peso molecular 5105). Inhibe
la secrecin y motilidad gstricas y estimula la liberacin
de insulina.
EN: gastric inhibitory polypeptide

polipptido pancretico
DF: Polipptido de 36 aminocidos con funciones fisiolgicas
reguladoras. Es segregado por el
tejido pancretico. El polipptido pancretico plasmtico
aumenta tras la ingestin de alimentos,
con la edad y en estados de enfermedad. La ausencia del
polipptido pancretico en los islotes de
Langerhans ha sido asociada al sndrome de la obesidad en
ratas y ratones.
EN: pancreatic polypeptide

poliploidia
DF: Constitucin cromosmica de una clula que contiene
mltiplos del nmero normal de
cromosomea. Incluye triplodia (smbolo: 3N), tetraplodea
(smbolo: 4N), etc.
EN: polyploidy

plipos
DF: Trmino descriptivo general usado para referirse a
cualquier masa de tejido que sobresale o se proyecta hacia
afuera, ms all del nivel normal de la superficie y, por
lo tanto, es visible a travs del microscopio como
estructuras esferoidales, hemiesferoidales o en forma de
montculos que crecen de una base relativamente amplia o a
partir de un tallo fino. Tpicamente, el trmino se aplica
a una formacin en la membrana de la nariz, pero
actualmente se aplica a una proyeccin similar de cualquier
membrana.
EN: polyps

polirribosomas
DF: Estructura multirribosmica que representa una secuencia
lineal de ribosomas los cuales se mantienen unidos por el
ARN ensajero. Estos polirribosomas constituyen los
complejos activos en la sntesis proteica celular y son
capaces de incorporar los aminocidos a los polipptidos
tanto in vivo como in vitro.
EN: polyribosomes

Poltica Agrcola Comn
DF: Regulaciones de la Unin Europea que agrupa los programas
agrcolas de los pases que la componen mediante
estabilizacin y alza de precios de bienes bsicos
agrcolas.
EN: Common Agricultural Policy

poltica ambiental
877

DF: Declaracin oficial de principios, intenciones, valores y
objetivos que se basan en la legislacin y la autoridad de
gobierno de un estado y que sirven de directrices para las
operaciones de actividades gubernamentales y privadas en
asuntos ambientales.
EN: environmental policy

pollitas
DF: Pollos hembra jvenes.
EN: pullets

pollos de engorde
DF: Pollos jvenes producidos para carne.
EN: broiler chickens

polvo
DF: Partculas capaces de suspenderse temporalmente en el aire
o en otros gases (tambin en partculas ms pequeas de un
tamao seleccionado al azar).
EN: dust

Polydnaviridae
DF: Una familia de virus de insectos aislados de insectos
endoparasiticos hymenopteran pertenecientes a las familias
Ichneumonidae y Braconidae.
EN: Polydnaviridae

porfiria
DF: Grupo de trastornos caracterizados por la produccin
excesiva de porfirinas o sus precursores, que se produce
por anormalidades en la va porfirina-heme.
EN: porphyria

positive sense, single-stranded RNA viruses
DF: Un grupo de virus ARN cuya nica cadena positiva de ARN
viral (5' a 3') contiene la secuencia de tripletes, como el
ARNm, que puede ser directamente traducido a protena viral.
EN: positive sense, single-stranded RNA viruses

poslarvas
DF: Etapa de desarrollo posterior a la forma larval que an no
alcanza la forma juvenil, observada con mayor frecuencia en
peces, bivalvos y crustceos.
EN: postlarvae

postmaduracin
DF: Perodo de latencia posterior a la formacin de la semilla,
necesario para que los cambios del embrin garanticen la
germinacin.
EN: after-ripening

Potato spindle tuber viroid
DF: Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) puede causar una
enfermedad destructora de las patatas o papas y recibe
878

particular atencin en la produccin certificada de
semillas. Es frecuentemente transmitido mecnicamente a
travs de las progenies del fitomejoramiento, adems a
travs del polen y de semillas sexuales.
EN: Potato spindle tuber viroid

potencial de la membrana
DF: Tasa de concentracin interior contra la exterior de
potasio, sodio, cloruro y otros iones en tejidos difusibles
o clulas. Tambin se les llama potenciales de reposo y
transmembrnico, se miden registrando las respuestas
electrofisiolgicas en canales inicos dependientes de
voltaje de (por ej.) clulas nerviosas, msculares,
sanguneas, as como de membranas artificiales.
EN: membrane potential

potencial de unin lquida
DF: Movimiento de composiciones qumicas a travs de la unin
entre dos disoluciones electrolticas que produce una
diferencia de potencial entre ambas disoluciones.
EN: liquid junction potential

potencial del agua
DF: Propiedad fsica que predice la direccin en la cual fluir
el agua. Es dependiente de la concentracin de solutos y de
la presin aplicada.
EN: water potential

potenciales de accin
DF: Respuesta elctrica de un nervio o un msculo ante la
estimulacin.
EN: action potentials

potenciales evocados
DF: Respuestas elctricas evocadas en el sistema nervioso
central mediante estimulacin de receptores sensoriales o
de algn punto en las vas sensoriales que van desde los
receptores a la corteza.
EN: evoked potentials

potrancas
DF: Yeguas menores de tres aos.
EN: fillies

potrillos
DF: Caballos machos de menos de tres aos.
EN: colts

potros
DF: Miembros jvenes de la familia del caballo, generalmente
menores de un ao.
EN: foals

prcticas de conservacin
879

DF: Mtodos que reducen la erosin del suelo y retienen su
humedad. Las principales prcticas de conservacin incluyen
labranza de conservacin, rotacin de cultivos, agricultura
de contorno, cultivos en franjas, terrazas, desvos, cauces
con hierba.
EN: conservation practices

praderas
DF: Caracterizadas por un suelo frtil, clima msico, y
cubiertas originalmente por pastos gruesos, una pradera es
un pastizal extenso, , plano u ondulado, predominantemente
sin rboles.
EN: prairies

praderas alpinas
DF: Praderas naturales ubicadas en zonas altas, cerca o sobre
el lmite de la vegetacin arbrea.
EN: alpine meadows

praderas de regado
DF: Prados naturales localizados en reas donde las aguas
fluviales o de deshielo provocan inundaciones estacionales.
EN: flood meadows

prados
DF: Pastizales naturales o artificiales cultivados
principalmente para la produccin de heno, no para el
pastoreo.
EN: meadows

prebiticos
DF: Componentes no digeribles de los alimentos que
selectivamente estimulan el crecimiento o
actividades, o ambos, de microorganismos digestivos
benificiosos y que, por lo tanto, mejoran la
salud.
EN: prebiotics

precios de cuenta
DF: Es el valor empleado en el anlisis econmico con respecto
a un costo o beneficio de un proyecto cuando se considera
que el precio de mercado es una estimacin deficiente del
valor econmico. El precio de cuenta implica tcnicamente
un precio que se ha obtenido de un modelo matemtico
complejo, en tanto que un precio contable simplemente
indica que el precio no es de mercado. Los precios de
cuenta son estimaciones de precios de eficiencia. En lo que
se refiere a los bienes y servicios finales, el precio de
cuenta es el valor en uso. Para los bienes y servicios
intermedios, el precio de cuenta es el costo de
oportunidad, el beneficio a que se renuncia mediante la
utilizacin de un recurso escaso para un propsito en lugar
de su mejor opcin siguiente en el orden de rentabilidad.
EN: shadow prices
880

precios de mercado
DF: Es un precio al que se cambia de hecho un bien o servicio
por otro bien o servicio (como un pago en especie), o por
dinero (en cuyo caso es un precio financiero). Un precio
de mercado puede referirse a una transaccin que se lleva a
efecto en cualquier lugar, no necesariamente en un mercado
de poblado o de operaciones al por mayor. Se diferencia
del "precios de cuenta".
EN: market prices

precisin
DF: Concordancia entre los valores numricos de dos o ms
mediciones realizadas de una misma forma.
EN: precision

prediccin
DF: Prediccin o proyeccin acerca de la naturaleza de futuros
problemas o condiciones existentes basndose en la
extrapolacin o interpretacin de informacin cientfica o
mediante la aplicacin de metodologa cientfica.
EN: prediction

preenfriamiento
DF: Reducir la temperatura de un producto antes de empaquetar,
transportar u otro proceso.
EN: precooling

preferencias del hospedero
DF: La seleccin de un hospedero particular por una peste,
patgeno o parsito, basada en la capacidad del hospedero
de proveer nutricin, refugio o en otra forma, fomentar el
desarrollo.
EN: host preferences

prejuvenil
DF: Etapa de desarrollo que se asemeja a la forma juvenil, pero
que carece de algunas de sus caractersticas.
EN: prejuveniles

prelabradora de cuchillas
DF: Una pieza de maquinaria usada en serreras que tritura la
porcin de afuera del tronco para producir astillas de
madera y simultaneamente aserra la parte interior
convirtindola en madera elaborada.
EN: chipping headrig

premenopausia
DF: Periodo anterior a la menopausia. En las mujeres
premenopusicas, la transicin climatrica de la madurez
sexual plena al cese del ciclo ovrico inicia casi a los
cuarenta aos y termina despus de los cincuenta.
EN: premenopause

881

preparacin de alimentos en grandes cantidades
DF: Mtodos de cocina, planificacin y elaboracin requeridas
cuando se preparan alimentos para un gran nmero de
personas.
EN: quantity food preparation

preselecin de sexo
DF: Mtodos para controlar el sexo gentico de la descendencia.
EN: sex preselection

presentacin de antgenos
DF: Proceso mediante el cual el antgeno se presenta a los
linfocitos en una forma que pueden reconocer. Esto lo
realizan las clulas presentadoras de antgenos (APCs en
ingls). Algunos antgenos requieren procesamiento antes de
poder ser reconocidos. La presentacin de antgenos
consiste en la ingestin y digestin parcial del antgeno
por las APC, seguida de la presentacin de fragmentos en la
superficie de la clula.
EN: antigen presentation

preservacin de alimentos
DF: Diversos mtodos utilizados para mantener los alimentos en
estado comestible.
EN: food preservation

preservacin histrica
DF: Identificacin, rehabilitacin, mantencin, y proteccin de
arquitectura de importancia histrica, edificios, sitios,
lugares de referencia, paisajes u otros objetos culturales.
EN: historic preservation

presin osmtica
DF: Presin requerida para impedir la osmosis a travs de una
membrana semipermeable que separa dos soluciones con
diferentes concentraciones de soluto.
EN: osmotic pressure

prevalencia
DF: Proporcin de una poblacin con una caracterstica.
EN: prevalence

prevalencia de enfermedades
DF: Nmero total de casos de una determinada enfermedad en una
poblacin especfica en un tiempo designado. Se diferencia
de la incidencia de la enfermedad, en que se refiere al
nmero de nuevos casos en la poblacin en un momento dado.
EN: disease prevalence

primocanes
DF: Tallo bienal tpico del Rubus. En el primer ao de
crecimiento, el tallo es llamado un primocane, ya que no
tiene capacidad de floracin y precede al floricane. En el
segundo ao de crecimiento, el tallo es llamado un
882

floricane, que florece, da fruto y muere en este segundo
ao.
EN: primocanes

principio precautorio
DF: Una forma de toma de decisiones en gestin de riesgo que
justifica medidas o polticas preventivas a pesar de la
incertidumbre cientfica sobre efectos perjudiciales.
EN: precautionary principle

priones
DF: Pequeas partculas infecciosas proteinceas que resisten a
la inactivacin por los
procedimientos que modifican a los cidos nucleicos y que
contienen una isoforma
anormal de una protena celular que es un componente
importante y necesario. La isoforma
anormal (precursora) es PrPSc y la isoforma celular PrPC.
La secuencia primaria de aminocidos
de las dos isoformas es idntica. Entre las enfermedades
humanas producidas por los priones se
encuentran la scrapie, la encefalopata espongiforme
bovina, y el sndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob.
EN: prions

priorizacin
DF: La clasificacin de las actividades en orden de importancia
sobre la base de la capacidad para llevarlos a cabo de
manera oportuna, el establecimiento de priodidades.
EN: prioritization

pristinamicina
DF: Mezcla de antibitico originalmente aislado de Streptomyces
pristinaspiralis. Es una mezcla de compuestos a partir de
las estreptograminas del grupo A: pristinamicina IIA y IIB
y de estreptograminas del grupo B: pristinamicina IA,
pristinamicina IB, pristinamicina IC.
EN: pristinamycin

privacin de energa
DF: Supresin de energa por parte de animales, insectos y
seres humanos en condiciones involuntarias, controladas o
no controladas.
EN: energy deprivation

privatizacin
DF: Transferencia de instalaciones o de funciones del sector
pblico al sector privado.
EN: privatization

probabilidad
DF: El estudio de los procesos de la casualidad o la frecuencia
relativa que caracterizan a un proceso de oportunidad.
EN: probability
883

probiticos
DF: Organismos microbianos vivos no patgenos ni txicos que,
al ser administrados en
cantidades adecuadas, afectan beneficiosamente al animal
husped.
EN: probiotics

problema de colapso de colonias
DF: Un sndrome en las colonias de abejas de miel en el cual
las abejas obreras no retornan a su colmena y resulta en la
muerte de las cras y de la abeja reina.
EN: colony collapse disorder

problemas conductuales
DF: Problemas transitorios o de poca gravedad de la conducta.
EN: behavior problems

procedencia
DF: Origen geogrfico, por ejemplo de organismos, semillas,
plantas de viveros o inculos.
EN: provenance

procedimiento de dosis fija
DF: Prueba que utiliza una dosis seleccionada para producir
signos de toxicidad pero no la muerte. El objetivo es fijar
un nivel mximo de dosis ms all del cual no es necesario
seguir efectuando pruebas porque la dosis letal puede
predecirse.
EN: fixed dose procedure

proceso de comunicacin de riesgo
DF: Descripcin del marco, el plan y el curso de accin para
realizar una actividad de comunicacin del riesgo.
EN: risk communication process

proceso de gestin de riesgos
realizar una actividad de gestin del riesgo.
EN: risk management process

proceso de valoracin del riesgo
realizar una actividad de valoracin del riesgo.
EN: risk assessment process

proctoscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se practica en el recto con
EN: proctoscopy

produccin biolgica
DF: Produccin de un qumico o bioqumico por organismos o
enzimas para el uso como productos comerciales.
884

EN: biological production

produccin de etanol
DF: Produccin de etanol a partir de fuentes biolgicas; el
etanol puede usarse para biocombustibles o para bebidas
alcohlicas.
EN: ethanol production

produccin de plantas trasplantadas
DF: Produccin de plantas por semilla, esquejes u otros mtodos
de propagacin con el fin de venderlas y/o usarlas como
trasplantes.
EN: transplant production

produccin de plntulas
DF: Produccin de plantas propagadas por semilla para ser
vendidas y/o utilizadas como trasplantes.
EN: seedling production

produccin forestal
DF: Volumen de madera en un bosque en un punto de tiempo
especfico.
EN: forest yields

produccin neta del ecosistema
DF: Diferencia entre la cantidad de carbono orgnico fijado en
un ecosistema mediante la fotosntesis (productividad
primaria bruta) y la respiracin total del ecosistema. La
PNE representa la cantidad total de carbono orgnico que se
podra almacenar o perder en el ecosistema. Ya sea mayor o
inferior a cero, la PNE determina si un ecosistema es
autrfico o heterotrfico.
EN: net ecosystem production

productividad en el trabajo
DF: Produccin por unidad de insumo de trabajo.
EN: labor productivity

productividad primaria
DF: Cantidad total de carbono fijo (materia orgnica) por
unidad de rea en el tiempo, producida por fotosntesis en
un ecosistema.
EN: primary productivity

productividad secundaria
DF: Cantidad de carbono incorporado por heterotrofos (animales,
saprofitas, hervboros, etc.) a partir de la materia
orgnica (alimento) por unidad de rea en el tiempo.
EN: secondary productivity

producto interno bruto
DF: Valor del producto final total de productos y servicios
producidos en un pas durante un ao determinado. Equivale
al producto nacional bruto (PNB) menos las rentas primarias
885

generadas fuera del territorio nacional.
EN: gross domestic product

producto nacional bruto
DF: Valor del producto final total de productos y servicios
producidos durante un ao por los factores de un pas. Es
la suma de los gastos de los consumidores y del gobierno,
el gasto bruto en inversiones, y el total de las
exportaciones de mercancas menos las importaciones.
EN: gross national product

productos adulterados
DF: Productos que han sido producidos utilizando
intencionalmente ingredientes o procesos que son
inconsistentes con sus etiquetas.
EN: adulterated products

productos biticos
DF: Los productos biticos son combustibles, productos
qumicos, materiales o energa elctrica o calrica
producidos de la biomasa. Incluyen cualquier tipo de
energa, productos comerciales o industriales (distintos de
alimentos) que utilizan productos biolgicos o materiales
agrcolas (plantas, animales u organismos marinos)
domsticos renovables o materiales forestales.
EN: biobased products

productos de valor agregado
DF: Productos que generalmente han aumentado su valor debido al
procesamiento.
EN: value-added products

productos frescos de origen vegetal
DF: Frutas y verduras crudas.
EN: fresh produce

productos protenicos
DF: Porcin de protena que se produce naturalmente en
vegetales o animales, que puede haber pasado por
procesamiento, como el aislado de protenas.
EN: protein products

productos reprocesados
DF: Alimentos que se reprocesan como productos alimenticios
alternativos debido a defectos.
EN: reworks

proestro
DF: Fase del ciclo estral que precede al estro, durante la cual
madura el folculo de Graaf.
EN: proestrus

profase
DF: La primera fase de la divisin nuclear de la clula, en la
886

que los cromosomas se hacen visibles, el ncleo de la
clula empieza a perder su identidad, el aparato del eje
mittico aparece, y los centriolos migran hacia los polos
opuestos.
EN: prophase

Programa de Desarrollo Juvenil 4-H
DF: El Programa de Desarrollo Juvenil 4-H es una organizacin a
nivel internacional de alcance juvenile fundada en 1902 que
acoge aptitudes agrcolas, de quehaceres del hogar y de
liderazgo entre otras, en gente jven. El nombre 4-H
representa los ideales del programa con su enfoque en
Cabeza, Corazn, Manos y Salud (estas cuatro palabras
empiezan con la letra H en el idioma ingls). Este programa
es administrado por el Servicio de Extensin Cooperativa
del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos.
EN: 4-H Youth Development Program

Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente
DF: Programa ambiental internacional administrado por las
Naciones Unidas, cuya misin ed liderar los esfuerzos de
los pases por el cuidado del ambiente.
EN: United Nations Environment Programme

Programa de Reserva para la Conservacin
DF: Disposicin importante de la Ley de Seguridad de los
Alimentos de 1985 diseada para reducir la erosin y
proteger la calidad del agua en hasta 45 millones de acres
de tierra cultivable. En el programa, los propietarios de
tierras participantes convienen adoptar usos de
conservacin en tierra sensible al ambiente durante 10-15
aos. A cambio, el terrateniente recibe un pago de
arrendamiento anual de hasta el 50 por ciento del costo de
establecer una cubierta vegetativa permanente.
EN: Conservation Reserve Program

programacin dinmica
DF: Tcnica de algoritmo utilizada para resolver un problema de
optimizacin por medio solucin de subproblemas mediante
almacenamiento en cach en lugar de recalcular.
EN: dynamic programming

programacin lineal
DF: Caracterizacin del problema de optimizacin, en el cual un
conjunto de valores de los parmetros se han de determinar
con sujecin, debido a las limitaciones lineales.
EN: linear programming

programas comunitarios
DF: Programas administrados a nivel de comunidad, destinados a
satisfacer una necesidad pblica, resolver un problema
social o mejorar la calidad de vida en la comunidad.
EN: community programs

887

programas de comprobacin
DF: Programas genricos de promocin de productos bsicos e
investigacin para productos agrcolas financiados por
evaluaciones a la venta de tales productos realizadas por
agricultores, importadores u otras personas del rubro a la
venta de tales productos.
EN: check-off programs

programas de extensin
DF: Programas estructurados (como el Master Gardener Program,
el Programa de Certificacin en Pesticidas) para una
audiencia especfica y con currculo definido que se
realizan dentro de un perodo de tiempo determinado.
EN: extension programs

proliferacin celular
DF: Aumento del nmero de clulas.
EN: cell proliferation

proliferacin de los linfocitos
DF: Alteracin morfolgica de linfocitos pequeos en cultivo en
grandes clulas tipo blasto capaces de sintetizar ADN y ARN
y de dividirse mitticamente. Es inducida mediante
interleucinas, mitgenos como las fitohemaglutininas, y por
antgenos especficos. Tambin puede ocurrir in vivo, como
en el rechazo de injerto y en la leucemia mielgena crnica.
EN: lymphocyte proliferation

promocin de la precaucion
DF: Un tipo de comunicacin del riesgo que tiene por objeto
aumentar la preocupacin por un peligro real para motivar
la accin preventiva.
EN: precaution advocacy

pronstico
DF: Prediccin del resultado probable de una enfermedad con
base en la condicin de un individuo y el curso normal de
la enfermedad como se ha observado en situaciones similares.
EN: prognosis

propiedades funcionales
DF: Comportamiento qumico o fsico tpico de un compuesto o
sustancia que influye en su funcionalidad.
EN: functional properties

propleos
DF: Sustancia resinosa obtenida de las colmenas, que es usada
tradicionalmente como antimicrobiano. Es una mezcla
heterognea de varias sustancias.
EN: propolis

propriocepcin
DF: El mecanismo implicado en la autorregulacin de la postura
y el movimiento a travs de estmulos que se originan en
888

los receptores.
EN: proprioception

prostaglandinas
DF: Grupo de compuestos derivados de cidos grasos insaturados
de 20 carbonos,
principalmente cido araquidnico, a travs de la va de la
cicloxigenasa. Son mediadores
extremadamente potentes de un diverso grupo de proceso
fisiolgicos.
EN: prostaglandins

protandria
DF: Maduracin de las gnadas masculinas antes que las gnadas
femeninas en organismos
hermafroditas.
EN: protandry

proteccin alimentaria
DF: Proceso general orientado a proteger el suministro de
alimentos de la contaminacin intencional, e incluye
medidas preventivas, vigilancia, informe, y control de
incidentes.
EN: food defense

proteccin ambiental
DF: La proteccin ambiental incluye estrategias de prevencin
(evitacin) para proteger el ambiente de degradacin o
daos futuros, y medidas de control para restaurar y
mantener la calidad ambiental.
EN: environmental protection

proteccin herbcea
DF: Mezcla de pasto, legumbres y otras especies de crecimiento
tupido que forman un rodal denso que cubre el suelo.
EN: sward

protectores contra herbicidas
DF: Compuestos qumicos que protegen selectivamente a los
cultivos contra daos causados por herbicidas.
EN: herbicide safeners

protectores incorporadas en las plantas
DF: Sustancias pesticidas producidas por las plantas
transgnicas.
EN: plant-incorporated protectants

protena C-reactiva
DF: Protena plasmtica que circula en cantidades aumentadas
durante una inflamacin y despus de dao a los tejidos.
EN: C-reactive protein

proteina de fuente vegetal
DF: Protena para dieta proveniente de material vegetal.
889

EN: plant source protein

protena de procedencia animal
DF: Protenas de la dieta que provienen de animales.
EN: animal source protein

protena de transferencia de lpidos
DF: Protenas que se nen para la transferencia lpidos entre
lipoprotenas como: lipoprotenas de baja densidad y
lipoprotenas de alta densidad.
EN: cholesteryl ester transfer protein

protena giardina
DF: Grupo de protenas citoesquelticas que se hallan en el
orgnulo de fijacin del trofozoito Giardia lamblia, es
decir, en el disco adhesivo ventral.
EN: giardin protein

protenas citoesquelticas
DF: Componente principal del citoesqueleto, que se halla en el
citoplasma de las clulas eucariontes. Estas protenas
forman un marco flexible para la clula, proporcionan
puntos de fijacin para los orgnulos y cuerpos formados y
posibilitan la comunicacin entre las partes de la clula.
EN: cytoskeletal proteins

protenas de fase aguda
DF: Protenas secretadas al torrente sanguneo en cantidades
aumentadas o disminuidas por hepatocitos en respuesta a un
trauma, una inflamacin o una enfermedad. Estas protenas
pueden servir de inhibidores o mediadores de los procesos
inflamatorios. Ciertas protenas de fase aguda se han
utilizado para diagnosticar y seguir el curso de
enfermedades o como marcadores tumorales.
EN: acute phase proteins

protenas de fusin viral
DF: Protenas, usualmente glicoprotenas, que se encuentran en
los envoltorios virales de una
variedad de virus. Promueven la fusin de las membranas
celulares y por ello pueden funcionar
en la captacin de los virus por las clulas. No confundir
con la "protenas recombinantes de
fusin".
EN: viral fusion proteins

protenas de los filamentos intermediarios
DF: Filamentos de siete a once nm de dimetro ubicados en el
citoplasma de las clulas. Muchas protenas especficas
pertenecen a este grupo, entre ellas, la desmina, la
vimentina, la prequeratina, la decamina, la esqueletina, la
neurofilina, la protena del neurofilamento y la protena
cida fibrilar glial.
EN: intermediate filament proteins
890

protenas de microfilamentos
DF: Subunidades monomricas principalmente de actina globular
que se encuentran en la matriz citoplasmtica de la mayora
de las clulas. Suelen estar asociadas a microtbulos y
pueden desempear un papel en la funcin citoesqueltica
y/o mediar el movimiento de la clula o de los orgnulos
dentro de ella.
EN: microfilament proteins

protenas de transporte vesicular
DF: Categora amplia de protenas involucradas en la formacin,
transporte y disolucin de las
vesculas transportadoras. Cumplen un rol en el transporte
intracelular de las molculas
contenidas dentro de las vesculas de la membrana. Las
protenas de transporte vesicular se
distinguen de las protenas de transporte de membrana, que
transportan molculas a travs de las
membranas, por la forma en que transportan las molculas.
EN: vesicular transport proteins

protenas del homeodominio
DF: Protenas codificadas por genes homeobox que presentan
similitud estructural con ciertas protenas captadoras de
ADN procaritico y eucaritico. Las protenas del
homeodominio estn involucradas en el control de la
expresin gentica durante la morfognesis y el desarrollo.
EN: homeodomain proteins

protenas morfogenticas seas
DF: Factores reguladores del crecimiento seo, que son miembros
del factor beta, transformador del crecimiento que es
superfamilia de las protenas. Se sintetizan como molculas
precursoras de gran tamao que se escinden por las enzimas
proteolticas.
EN: bone morphogenetic proteins

protenas motoras moleculares
DF: Protenas que participan en el movimiento de las clulas o
que lo provocan, entre las cuales se encuentran las
estructuras rotativas (motor flagelar) o las estructuras
que se mueven a lo largo de los filamentos citoesquelticos.
EN: molecular motor proteins

protenas PrPSc
DF: Isoforma anormal (PrPSc) de protenas de priones que se
producen por la modificacin
posttranslacional de la protena celular de los priones
(PrPC protenas). Las PrPSc son protenas
especficas de las enfermedades que se encuentran en
ciertas enfermedades neurodegenerativas
de humanos y animales (enfermedades por priones).
EN: PrPSc proteins
891

protenas recombinantes de fusin
DF: Protenas que se producen como consecuencia de la
ingeniera gentica. Una parte
reguladora o promotora de uno o ms genes se combina con un
gen estructural. La protena de
fusin se forma luego de la transcripcin y traduccin del
gen fusionado. Este tipo de protena de
fusin se utiliza en el estudio de la regulacin del gen o
de las relaciones estructura-actividad. No
confundior con las protenas de fusin viral.
EN: recombinant fusion proteins

protenas sanguneas
DF: Protenas presentes en el suero sanguneo, incluyendo la
albmina srica, los factores de coagulacin y muchos otros
tipos de protenas.
EN: blood proteins

protenas transmembrana
DF: Protenas de la membrane que recorre toda la membrana
celular desde la superficie interna
hasta la externa.
EN: transmembrane proteins

protenas verdaderas
DF: Con las protenas verdaderas se miden slo las protenas,
en cambio con las protenas crudas se mide toda fuente de
nitrgeno, incluyendo el nitrgeno no proteico, como la
urea.
EN: true protein

proteoma
DF: El conjunto total de protenas producidas a partir del
cdigo gentico dentro de la clula.
EN: proteome

protemica
de de sus proteomas, es decir,
el conjunto total de prtoenas producidas a partir del
cdigo gentico dentro de la clula.
EN: proteomics

prtesis
DF: Sustitutos artificiales de partes del cuerpo, y materiales
insertados en los tejidos para propsitos funcionales,
cosmticos, o teraputicos. Las prtesis pueden ser
funcionales, como en el caso de brazos y piernas
artificiales, o cosmticas, como en el caso de un ojo
artificial. Los implantes, que son quirrjicamente
insertados o transplantados en el cuerpo, tienden a ser
usados para propsitos teraputicos.
EN: prostheses
892

proto-oncogenes
DF: Genes celulares normales homlogos a los oncogenes virales.
Los productos de los
protooncogenes son importantes reguladores de procesos
biolgicos y parecen intervenir en los
eventos que sirven para mantener la procesin ordenada a lo
largo del ciclo celular. Los
protooncogenes tienen nombres con la forma c-onc.
EN: proto-oncogenes

protoginia
DF: Maduracin de la gnada femenina antes que de la gnada
masculina en organismos hermafroditas.
EN: protogyny

protonemas
DF: Estructura filamentosa que crece luego de la germinacin de
las esporas en musgos, helechos y algunas hepticas y que,
eventualmente, se convierte en una planta adulta.
EN: protonemata

protoplastos
DF: Plantas, clulas bacteriales o fngicas cuya pared celular
ha sido removida, dejando la membrana citoplasmtica,
ncleo y plasma intactos.
EN: protoplasts

proventriculitis
DF: Inflamacin de los proventrculos
EN: proventriculitis

provirus
DF: Secuencias duplex de ADN en cromosomas eucariotes, que
corresponden al genoma de un
virus, que se transmiten de una generacin celular a la
siguiente sin producir lisis del husped.
EN: proviruses

proyecciones geogrficas
DF: Mtodo utilizado para representar la forma tridimensional
de la tierra en una superficie bidimensional, como por
ejemplo, la proyeccin de Mercator y la proyeccin de
Robinson.
EN: map projections

prueba de esfuerzo
DF: Actividad fsica controlada, ms extenuante que en reposo,
que se realiza para poder evaluar las funciones
fisiolgicas, particularmente la cardiovascular y pulmonar,
pero tambin la capacidad aerbica. Usualmente se requiere
ejercicio mximo (ms intenso) pero el ejercicio submximo
tambin es utilizado. La intensidad del ejercicio a menudo
es gradual y se usan criterios como el ritmo del trabajo
893

realizado, consumo de oxgeno, y ritmo cardaco.
EN: exercise test

prueba de progenie
DF: Evaluacin del genotipo de los individuos mediante el
estudio de su descendencia que ha sido producida por cruza
controlada.
EN: progeny testing

prueba del ltex
DF: Pruebas de aglutinacin en las que el antgeno es absorbido
por partculas de ltex antes de mezclarse con el
anticuerpo especfico para el antgeno absorbido.
EN: latex agglutination test

pruebas de aliento
DF: Cualquier prueba realizada en el aire exhalado.
EN: breath tests

psicologa
DF: Ciencia que estudia los procesos mentales y el
comportamiento de personas y animales.
EN: psychology

psitacosis
DF: Infeccin con chlamydophila psittaci (previamente chlamydia
psittaci), transmitida al hombre por la inhalacin de polvo
contaminado por secreciones nasales o por excretas de aves
infectadas. Esta infeccin produce una enfermedad febril
caracterizada por neumonitis y manifestaciones sistmicas.
EN: psittacosis

ptaquilosida
DF: Nor-sesquiterpeno del helecho comn (Pteridium aquilinum);
no es una pteridina. Puede ser activada para realizar la
alquilacin del ADN.
EN: ptaquiloside

publicidad genrica
DF: Promocin de un producto o materia prima, en particular sin
referencia a un productor, marca, o manufactura
especficos. Los productores se unen para expandir la
demanda total del producto bsico, beneficiando as sus
propias ventas. Estas actividades a menudo son
autofinanciadas a travs de la evaluacin de estrategias de
mercadotecnia llamadas programas de investigacin y
promocin.
EN: generic advertising

pueblos indgenas
DF: Pueblo nativo de un rea especfica.
EN: indigenous peoples

pulvinus
894

DF: Masa de grandes clulas de paredes delgadas que forman un
abultamiento como cojn en la base del pecolo o el
pecilulo y que funciona en los movimientos de turgencia de
hojas o foliolos.
EN: pulvinus

punto de fluidez
DF: Temperatura ms baja a la que un fluido se vierte o fluye,
la cual suele indicar el grado de fluidez de los aceites.
EN: pour point

punto isoelctrico
DF: El pH de soluciones proteicas y compuestos relacionados en
las cuales, los iones dipolares estn al mximo.
EN: isoelectric point

puntos cunticos
DF: Fragmentos de nanmetros de tamao (30 nm a 1 micra) de
material semiconductor cristalino que disponen de un nmero
discreto de electrones y emiten fotones. La longitud de
onda se basa en el tamao del confinamiento cuntico del
punto y del nmero de electrones que puede ser alterado
mediante la modificacin del medio ambiente electrostrtico
del punto.
EN: quantum dots

puntos finales humanitarios
DF: Punto final precoz que, aunque logra los objetivos de la
investigacin, se elige para minimizar o terminar con el
dolor o la angustia de los animales usados en el
experimento en lugar de esperar que el punto final sea la
muerte.
EN: humane endpoints

pupacin
DF: El acto de volverse una pupa.
EN: pupation

pupariacin
DF: Formacin del puparium.
EN: pupariation

puparium
DF: El tegumento endurecido dentro del que se forma la pupa a
partir de la piel del ltimo estado larval, como en las
moscas dpteras.
EN: puparium

pura sangre
DF: Animales de ancestros desconocidos dentro de una raza
reconocida que cumplen con los requisitos para ser
registrados en los libros genealgicos de una raza dada.
EN: purebreds

895

purificacin del agua
DF: Proceso de remocin de impurezas no deseadas en el agua,
incluyendo filtracin, cloracin, destilacin e intercambio
inico. Este puede incluir el tratamiento de aguas
residuales para el suministro de agua potable.
EN: water purification

purificacin del suelo
DF: Tecnologa de tratamiento que pone en contacto a un suelo
con una solucin de purificacin que luego se agita
vigorosamente, con el fin de transferir los contaminantes
mediante su disolucin o suspensin en la solucin
purificadora. El proceso de purificacin del suelo separa
el suelo de acuerdo al tamao de las partculas que lo
componen, permitiendo as que los contaminantes se adhieran
fcilmente a las partculas ms finas del suelo para
reducir la cantidad de slidos que requieren tratamiento.
Las fracciones ms gruesas ya purificadas son devueltas
entonces al sitio.
EN: soil washing

896

Q

quarg
DF: Queso fresco suave, no madurado, que tiene consistencia de
yogur.
EN: quarg

quema recomendada
DF: Uso controlado del fuego con fines de manejo, tales como el
manejo de la vida silvestre, reduccion de riesgos de
incendio, etc.
EN: prescribed burning

quemaduras (heridas)
DF: Heridas a los tejidos causadas por contacto con calor,
vapor, productos qumicos, electricidad, etc.
EN: burns (injuries)

queratinosomas
DF: Orgnulos secretorios que se encuentran en el citoplasma de
los queratinocitos y de algunos neumocitos.
EN: keratinosomes

queratoconjuntivitis
DF: Inflamacin simultnea de la crnea y la conjuntiva.
EN: keratoconjunctivitis

quesos fundidos
DF: Combinaciones de varios tipos de queso mezclados y
derretidos junto con emulsionantes y preservantes aadidos,
a veces vendidos en rebanadas delgadas envueltas
individualmente.
EN: processed cheeses

quilomicrones
DF: Clase de lipoprotenas que llevan colesterol diettico y
triglicridos desde el intestino delgado a los tejidos.
EN: chylomicrons

qumica de la atmsfera
DF: Estudio de la produccin, el transporte, la modificacin y
la eliminacin de componentes atmosfricos en la troposfera
y la estratosfera.
EN: atmospheric chemistry

qumica verde
DF: Prevencin de la contaminacin a travs del diseo de
productos qumicos eficaces que tienen poca o ninguna
toxicidad y el uso de procesos qumicos que reducen o
eliminan el uso y generacin de sustancias peligrosas.
EN: green chemistry

quimioatrayentes
DF: Substancia qumica que atrae o repele clulas. El concepto
897

denota especialmente aquellos factores liberados como
resultado de dao en los tejidos, invasin microbiana, o
actividad inmunolgica, que atrae leucocitos, macrofagos, u
otras clulas al sitio de infeccin o agravio.
EN: chemoattractants

quimiocinas
DF: Una clase de citoquinas que atraen y activan leucocitos;
quimiocinas proviene de las palabras QUIMIOtctico y
citoCINAS.
EN: chemokines

quimiometra
DF: Rama de la qumica analtica que utiliza la matemtica y la
estadstica para disear experimentos y analizar datos
qumicos.
EN: chemometrics

quimiorreceptores
DF: Clulas especializadas para detectar substancias qumicas y
retransmitir esa informacin de manera centralizada en el
sistema nervioso central. Los quimiorreceptores pueden
monitorear estmulos externos, tales como el gusto y el
olfato, o estmulos internos, como las concentraciones de
oxgeno y dixido de carbono en la sangre.
EN: chemoreceptors

quimotaxonoma
DF: Clasificacin de organismos sobre la base de diferencias de
la composicin qumica.
EN: chemotaxonomy

quistes (patologa)
DF: Cualquier cavidad cerrada llena de lquido, o saco que est
rodeado por un epitelio. Los quistes pueden ser de tejidos
normales, anormales, no neoplsicos o neoplsicos.
EN: cysts (pathology)

quito-oligosacridos
DF: Oligosacridos generados de quitina o quitosana mediante un
tratamiento qumico o enzimtico.
EN: chitooligosaccharides

898

R

Raciones Dietticas Recomendadas
DF: Nivel dietario de consumo que es suficiente para satisfacer
las necesidades de nutrientes de casi todos los individuos
de un grupo.
EN: Recommended Dietary Allowances

radar de penetracin de terreno
DF: Dispositivo de teledeteccin usado en la deteccin de
subsuperficie, que transmite un pulso de radar hacia el
terreno y registra la reflexin diferencial de los pulsos.
EN: ground-penetrating radar

radiacin adaptativa
DF: Evolucin divergente rpida de una especie ancestral ms
generalizada a una variedad de especie o subespecie ms
especializada que llena nichos ecolgicos vacos.
EN: adaptive radiation

radiacin fotosintticamente activa
DF: Porcin del especto electromagntico que es la fuente de
energa utilizada en la fotosntesis y generalmente
coincide con el espectro de luz visible (aproximadamente
400-700 nm). La RFA se caracteriza por una mayor absorcin
por parte de los pigmentos de la longitud de onda de la luz
azul y de la luz roja.
EN: photosynthetically active radiation

radiacin trmica
DF: Radiacin electromagntica emitida por cualquier sustancia,
como resultado de la excitacin trmica de sus molculas.
En cuanto a la longitud de onda, la radiacin trmica
oscila entre la radiacin infrarroja ms larga y la
radiacin ultravioleta ms corta.
EN: thermal radiation

radicales hidroxilo
DF: Radical OH univalente. El radical hidroxilo es un potente
agente oxidante.
EN: hydroxyl radicals

radicales libres
DF: Molculas que tienen uno o ms electrones no apareados que
son altamente reactivos con las molculas de otras
sustancias qumicas.
EN: free radicals

radiografa
DF: Produccin de una imagen en una superficie radiosensitiva
utilizando una radiacin distinta a la luz visible.
EN: radiography

radiologa
899

DF: Estudio cientfico del uso mdico de la radiacin.
EN: radiology

radiometra
DF: Ciencia sobre la medicin de la radiacin.
EN: radiometry

radimetros
DF: Dispositivo que mide la energa radiante y la radiacin
electromagntica.
EN: radiometers

radiotransmisores
DF: Aparatos empleados para producir energa de
radiofrecuencia, con fines de radiotransmisin.
EN: radio transmitters

raleo (plantas)
DF: La prctica de reducir el nmero de plantas en un rea o la
cantidad de estructuras vegetativas o reproductivas en
plantas individuales.
EN: thinning (plants)

raleo forestal
DF: La prctica de silvicultura que se encarga de remover los
rboles en exceso, enfermos, o de mala calidad y matorrales
para mejorar el crecimiento, salud y valor de los cultivos
madereros permanentes.
EN: forest thinning

ramoneo
DF: Alimentar de brotes, ramas, tallos, vides y hojas de
arbustos o rboles al ganado y vida silvestre.
EN: browsing

rancheros
DF: Personas que cran ganado en potreros.
EN: ranchers

rango del husped
DF: La variedad de diferentes especies huspedes que brindan
nutricin, albergue o estn de otra forma asociadas con un
parsito especfico o simbitico.
EN: host range

raquitismo
DF: Condicin causada por deficiencia de vitamina D,
especialmente durante la infancia y la niez que produce
alteracin de la formacin sea.
EN: rickets

ratites
DF: Grandes aves no voladoras con alas pequeas y rudimentarias
las cuales carecen de un esternn con quilla. Algunas
900

especies son domesticadas y criadas para la alimentacin o
plumaje.
EN: ratites

rayn
DF: Una fibra semi-sinttica manufacturada, compuesta de
celulosa regenerada que es producida a partir de polmeros
de origen natural. Es utilizada en la fabricas por su alto
brillo y calidad como la seda.
EN: rayon

razas nativas
DF: Cultivos de variedades tradicionales o razas de animales
con suficiente integridad gentica para ser identificados
morfolgicamente, que han evolucionado o han sido mejorados
gracias a la agricultura tradicional.
EN: landraces

reabsorcin
DF: Absorcin o, menos comnmente, adsorcin de material por un
cuerpo o sistema desde el cual el material fue previamente
liberado.
EN: resorption

reabsorcin de nutrientes (fisiologa)
DF: Asimilacin de los nutrientes que ya haban sido liberados
por parte de un organismo.
EN: nutrient resorption (physiology)

reabsorcin del feto
DF: Desintegracin y asimilacin de un feto muerto en el tero.
EN: fetal resorption

reaccin de Maillard
DF: Una de las reacciones no enzimticas en la cual los
aldehdos, las cetonas o las azcares reductoras reaccionan
con los aminocidos, pptidos o protenas.
EN: Maillard reaction

reaccin en cadena de la polimerasa
DF: Mtodo in vitro para producir grandes cantidades de
fragmentos especficos de ADN o ARN de longitud y secuencia
definidas a partir de pequeas cantidades de secuencia
flanqueantes del oligonucletido (primers).
EN: polymerase chain reaction

reaccin en cadena de la polimerasa cuantitativa
DF: Mtodos utilizados para detectar los productos de ADN
amplificados de la reaccin en cadena de la polimerasa a
medida que estos se acumulan, en lugar de ubicarlos al
final de la reaccin.
EN: quantitative polymerase chain reaction

reacciones del injerto contra el husped
901

DF: Ataque inmunitario de un injerto contra un husped debido a
incompatibilidad tisular cuando se transplantan clulas
inmunolgicamente competentes a un husped
inmunolgicamente incompetente; el resultado clnico es la
enfermedad del injerto contra el husped.
EN: graft versus host reactions

recada
DF: Regreso de un signo, sntoma o enfermedad luego de una
remisin.
EN: relapse

receptor 1 de factores de crecimiento endotelial vascular
DF: Receptor de FCEV de 180 kDa que se encuentra principalmente
en las clulas endoteliales y que resulta esencial para la
vasculognesis y el mantenimiento vascular. Se le conoce
tambin como tirosina cinasa 1 tipo fms (Flt-1). Una
isoforma soluble del receptor empalmada de manera
alternativa puede servir como una protena fijadora que
regula la disponibilidad de varios ligandos de unin y
transduccin de seales de los receptores de FCEV.
EN: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1

DF: Receptor de tirosina cinasa de 200 a 230 kDa de factores de
crecimiento endotelial vascular que se halla principalmente
en las clulas endoteliales y hematopoyticas y sus
precursores. El FCEVR-2 es importante para el desarrollo
vascular y hematopoytico y media en casi todas las
respuestas de las clulas endoteliales al FCEV.

DF: Receptor de factores de crecimiento celular endotelial
vascular cuya expresin est restringida principalmente al
endotelio linftico adulto. El FCEVR-3 une preferentemente
a los factores C y D de crecimiento endotelial vascular y
puede intervenir en el control de la linfangiognesis.

receptores del factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular
DF: Familia de receptores con actividad tirosina cinasa
estrechamente relacionados que unen los factores de
crecimiento endotelial vascular. Comparten un agrupamiento
de siete dominios extracelulares tipo lg que son
importantes para la unin de ligandos. Estn altamente
expresados en clulas endoteliales vasculares y son
fundamentales en el crecimiento, desarrollo y mantenimiento
fisiolgico y patolgico de los vasos sanguneos y
linfticos.
EN: vascular endothelial growth factor receptors

recesin econmica
DF: La fase de contraccin del ciclo econmico que dura unos
902

pocos meses hasta varios aos. Una recesin es generalmente
vista como un declive, el cual es menos grave que una
depresin econmica.
EN: economic recession

rechazo del injerto
DF: Respuesta inmunitaria de componentes celulares y humorales
dirigida contra un transplante alognico cuyos antgenos de
los tejidos no son compatibles con los del receptor.
EN: graft rejection

recombinacin especfica de sitio
DF: Recombinaciones de ADN que tienen lugar entre segmentos
especficos de ADN que pueden presentar poca homologa de
secuencia. Las enzimas de recombinasa se unen a secuencias
cortas de ADN, rompiendo y reuniendo las cadenas de ADN.
Las secuencias pueden moverse entre sitios no homlogos
dentro de un solo cromosoma o entre dos.
EN: site-specific recombination

reconocimiento de compaeros de nido
DF: Comportamiento discriminatorio exhibido por insectos
sociales que pertenecen a diferentes colonias y es mediado
por las diferencias entre los miembros individuales de una
colonia en cuanto a olores, seales qumicas o feromonas.
EN: nestmate recognition

reconocimiento de los parientes
DF: El comportamiento discriminatorio que exhiben los animales
hacia otros animales con los que tienen relacin gentica,
a menudo depende de seales qumicas.
EN: kin recognition

recorrido de los alimentos
DF: El recorrido de los alimentos es la distancia que stos
recorren, desde donde se cultiva a donde est en ltima
instancia, comprados o consumidos por el usuario final.
EN: food miles

recuento de clulas sanguneas
DF: Recuento del nmero de leucocitos y eritrocitos por
volumen en una muestra de sangre venosa. Un recuento
sanguneo completo tambin incluye la medicin de los
ndices de hemoglobina, hematocritos y eritrocitos.
EN: blood cell counts

recuento de eritrocitos
DF: Recuento del nmero de clulas sanguneas rojas por volumen
de unidad en una muestra de sangre venosa.
EN: erythrocyte count

recuento de leucocitos
DF: Conteo del nmero de clulas blancas de la sangre por
unidad de volumen en la sangre venosa. El conteo
903

diferencial de leucocitos mide el nmero relativo de los
diferentes tipos de clulas blancas.
EN: leukocyte count

recuento de linfocitos
DF: Conteo del nmero de linfocitos en la sangre.
EN: lymphocyte count

recuperacin de la energa
DF: Ahorro o recuperacin de energa que podra perderse de un
proceso o como desecho.
EN: energy recovery

red social
DF: Relaciones sociales e interconectividad entre la gente y
entidades en una sociedad.
EN: social networks

redes de reserva
DF: Coleccin de reas protegidas, lugares o reservas naturales
las cuales conservan especies o tipos de hbitat para
proteger la diversidad biolgica en el mayor nmero de
especies.
EN: reserve networks

redes trficas
DF: Red compleja de cadenas de alimentos enlazadas, niveles
trficos y relaciones alimenticias entre organismos en un
ecosistema.
EN: food webs

reduccin de riesgos
DF: Las medidas adoptadas para reducir los efectos adversos.
EN: risk reduction

reflejo de inmovilidad
DF: Respuesta de un animal hembra que est dispuesta a que la
copule un macho.
EN: standing reflex

reflujo gastroesofgico
DF: Reflujo de jugo gstrico y/o contenidos duodenales (bilis,
jugo pancretico) hacia el esfago distal, habitualmente
debido a incapacidad del esfnter esofgico inferior. La
regurgitacin gstrica es una extensin de este proceso con
ingreso de fluido a la faringe o la boca.
EN: gastroesophageal reflux

refugio de rboles
DF: Tubos usualmente hechos de plstico, que proporcionan un
mejor microclima y proteccin contra plagas de animales y
herbicidas para plntulas de rboles y rboles jvenes
durante el establecimiento inicial y el crecimiento.
EN: tree shelters
904

regeneracin (biolgica)
DF: Renovacin o nuevo crecimiento de una parte anatmica que
ha sido daada o perdida completamente.
EN: regeneration (biological)

rgimen de incendios
DF: Historia y patrn de frecuencia, intensidad, severidad,
estacionalidad y tamao del incendio en un ecosistema en
particular.
EN: fire regime

regmenes cuicos
DF: El rgimen de humedad cuica se produce cuando el suelo se
satura con agua durante perodos prolongados y queda
virtualmente sin oxgeno disuelto.
EN: aquic regimes

regmenes ardicos
DF: El rgimen de humedad ardica tiene agua disponible para
plantas limitada porque el suelo est seco durante al menos
la mitad de la estacin de crecimiento y est hmedo
durante menos de 90 das consecutivos. Este rgimen es
caracterstico de las zonas ridas.
EN: aridic regimes

regmenes hdricos del suelo
DF: Presencia o ausencia de agua subterrnea o bien de agua
disponible para la vegetacin (es decir, agua retenida a
una tensin inferior a 1500 kPa) en el suelo o en
horizontes especficos durante los perodos del ao.
Clasificacin generalmente aceptada de regmenes de humedad
del suelo que van de hmedo a seco, incluye cuico, dico,
stico, ardico y xrico.
EN: soil water regimes

regmenes dicos
DF: Regimen hdrico del suelo en que la humedad se mantiene en
un nivel alto de modo que satisface las necesidades de la
vegetacin durante todo el ao. Este rgimen es comn en
suelos de zonas hmedas y es tpico en alrededor de un
tercio del rea terrestre mundial.
EN: udic regimes

regmenes sticos
DF: El rgimen hdrico stico es intermedio entre el rgimen
ardico y el rgimen dico. Generalmente, hay agua
disponible para la vegetacin durante la estacin de
crecimiento, aunque puede haber perodos significativos de
sequa durante el ao.
EN: ustic regimes

regmenes xricos
DF: En el regimen hdrico xrico hay una cantidad de agua muy
905

limitada disponible para la vegetacin debido a largos
perodos de sequa. El suelo generalmente se encuentra
hmedo por menos de 45 das consecutivos en la estacin de
crecimiento. Este regimen es tpico en reas de clima
mediterrneo, cuyos inviernos son hmedos y fros y los
veranos son clidos y secos.
EN: xeric regimes

Regin Andina
DF: El rea del gran sistema montaoso de Amrica del Sur, que
se extiende 4500 millas a lo largo de las costa occidental
de Amrica del Sur desde la Tierra del Fuego en el sur,
hasta Panam en el norte, cruzando los pases de Venezuela,
Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Per, Chile y Argentina. La
regin andina est formada de varias cadenas paralelas
llamadas cordilleras.
EN: Andes region

Regin de Black Hills
DF: Una zona montaosa al oeste del estado de Dakota del Sur y
al noreste del estado de Wyoming.
EN: Black Hills region

Regin de Blue Mountain (Oregon)
DF: Una cadenas de montaas ubicadas al noreste del estado de
Oregon y al sureste del estado de Washington.
EN: Blue Mountain region (Oregon)

Regin de las Grandes LLanuras
DF: Regin en Norteamrica que se extiende desde las Mesetas
Laurencianas en Canad hasta Texas.
EN: Great Plains region

Regin de las montaas Allegheny
DF: rea montaosa que es parte de la regin de las montaas
Apalaches, la cual est al oeste y corre paralela a la
regin de las montaas Blue Ridge.
EN: Allegheny Mountain region

Regin de las montaas Blue Ridge
DF: El rea este y sudeste de la regin de las montaas
Apalaches que rodean a las montaas Great Smoky y que se
extiende desde el estado de Pensylvania hasta el norte del
estado de Georgia.
EN: Blue Ridge Mountain region

Regin de las montaas Cumberland
DF: Un rea en la seccin sudeste de la regin de las montaas
Apalaches ubicada en los estados de Virginia, Kentucky, y
Tennessee.
EN: Cumberland Mountain region

Regin de las montaas del oeste de Estados Unidos
DF: rea interior, desde las Montaas Rocosas hasta Sierra
906

Nevada y las Montaas Cascade, y desde el sur de Canad
hasta el norte de Nuevo Mxico y Arizona.
EN: Intermountain West region

Regin de las montaas Great Smoky
DF: rea de la regin de las montaas Apalaches que se extiende
junto al lmite entre los estados de Carolina del Norte y
Tennessee.
EN: Great Smoky Mountain region

Regin de las Pampas
DF: Extensas y frtiles llanuras templadas de Amrica del Sur
al este de los Andes, principalmente en Argentina y que se
extienden hacia el Uruguay. Las vastas planicies
constituyen unas de las reas de pastoreo ms ricas del
mundo. El clima templado y los suelos frtiles la hacen
apta para el cultivo.
EN: Pampas region

Regin de las Rocallosas
DF: Regin de Amrica del Norte que se extiende desde la regin
del rtico en Canad hacia la frontera mexicana en el sur.
(En los Estados Unidos abarca reas de Arizona, Nuevo
Mxico, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Wyoming, Idaho y Montana).
EN: Rocky Mountain region

Regin de los Alpes
DF: Amplio sistema montaoso del sureste de Europa Central, el
cual se extiende a travs de Italia, Francia, Suiza,
Alemania, Austriay el noroeste de la Pennsula de los
Balcanes.
EN: Alps region

Regin de los Apalaches
DF: Regin de Norteamrica que se extiende desde Terranova
hasta el centro de Alabama. (En los Estados Unidos, incluye
reas de Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Nueva York,
Carolina del Norte, Ohio, Pensilvania, Carolina del Sur,
Tennessee, Virginia y Virginia Occidental).
EN: Appalachian region

Regin de los Grandes Lagos
DF: Regin de Norteamrica que rodea los cinco Grandes Lagos
((Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario).
EN: Great Lakes region

Regin de los Prairie Potholes
DF: Regin de tierras hmedas que comprende la regin de las
Grandes Planicies del norte, que va desde el centro oeste
superior y se extiende hasta Canad. Esta regin tiene
grandes depresiones bajas creadas por el retroceso de los
glaciares y adems tiene pantanos que pueden ser
temporales, estacionales o permanentes.
EN: Prairie Pothole region
907

Regin de Nueva Inglaterra
DF: Regin del Noreste de los Estados Unidos de Norteamrica
que incluye Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Nueva
Hampshire, Rhode Island, y Vermont.
EN: New England region

Regin de Sierra Nevada (California)
DF: Una cadena de montaas de 400 millas de longitud ubicadas
al este de California.
EN: Sierra Nevada region (California)

Regin del Atlntico Medio
DF: Regin de la Costa Este de los Estados Unidos que incluye
Delaware, el Distrito de Columbia, Maryland, Nueva Jersey,
Nueva York y Pennsylvania.
EN: Mid-Atlantic region

Regin del Delta del Mississippi
DF: Regin del sureste de los Estados Unidos de Norteamrica en
el borde inferior del Ro Mississippi que incluye reas de
Arkansas, Mississippi y Louisiana.
EN: Mississippi Delta region

Regin del Golfo de Mxico
DF: Regin en el sur de los Estados Unidos que rodea al Golfo
de Mxico (incluye los estados de Alabama, Florida,
Luisiana, Misisip y Texas).
EN: Gulf of Mexico region

Regin Finger Lakes
DF: El rea ubicada al oeste en el Estado de Nueva York que
contiene un grupo de lagos angostos y largos, los cuales
incluyen los lagos Seneca, Cayuga, Keuka, Canandaigua,
Owasco y Skaneateles
EN: Finger Lakes region

Regin Montaosa Cascada
DF: Regin de Amrica del norte, que se extiende desde el
noreste de California (continuando al norte de las montaas
de Sierra Nevada) a travs de Oregn y Washington. Su
continuacin en Canad es conocida como la Cordilleras de
la Costa: El Mount Rainier es el pico ms alto de la regin.
EN: Cascade Mountain region

regin organizadora del nuclolo
DF: Regin del cromosoma que se activa en la formacin del
nuclolo y que funciona en la sntesis del ARN ribosomal.
EN: nucleolus organizer region

regin sacra
DF: Vrtebras de la regin plvica, debajo de la columna
lumbar. Estas vrtebras generalmente estn fusionadas y
forman una unidad slida.
908

EN: sacral spine

regiones del operador
DF: Elementos regulatorios del opern a los cuales se unen los
acativadores o los represores para realizar la
transcripcin de de genes en el opern.
EN: operator regions

regiones no traducidas 5'
DF: Secuencia que se extiende desde el extremo 5 del ARN
mensajero que no se codifica como producto. Esta secuencia
contiene el sitio de unin del ribosoma y otras secuencias
de regulacin de transcripcin y traduccin.
EN: 5' untranslated regions

regiones promotoras (gentica)
DF: Secuencias de ADN que son reconocidas (directa o
indirectamente) y enlazadas por una
ARN polimerasa dependiente de ADN durante la iniciacin de
la transcripcin. Entre las
secuencias altamente conservadas dentro del promotor estn
la caja de Pribnow en las bacterias y
la TATA BOX en los eucariotes.
EN: promoter regions

regiones terminadoras
DF: Secuencias de AND que sealan la terminacin de la
transcrpcin.
EN: terminator regions

regla de categora de producto
DF: Una regla de categora de producto es un conjunto de
reglas, directrices y requisitos detallados para elaborar
declaraciones ambientales sobre una clase de productos.
Estas reglas establecen los mtodos y las condiciones
lmite del anlisis de ciclo de vida que respaldan una
declaracin ambiental de producto.
EN: product category rule

regla de tres (comunicacin de crisis)
DF: Principio en el que en una situacin de alto estrs, los
mensajes deben contener no ms de tres elementos clave,
repetidos tres veces cada uno.
EN: rule of three (crisis communication)

regulacin de la expresin gentica
DF: Cualquiera de los procesos mediante los cuales factores
nucleares, citoplasmticos o intracelulares influyen en el
control diferencial de la accin gentica en el nivel de
transcripcin o traduccin. Estos procesos incluyen la
activacin y la induccin genticas.
EN: gene expression regulation

regulaciones sanitarias y fitosanitarias
909

DF: Medidas para proteger a las personas, a los animales y las
plantas de enfermedades, plagas o contaminantes.
EN: sanitary and phytosanitary regulations

reguln
DF: En los eucariontes, unidad gentica formada por un grupo de
genes no contiguo controlado por un solo gen regulador. En
las bacterias, los regulones constituyen sistemas
reguladores globales que participan en la interaccin de
los dominios reguladores pleiotrpicos y estn constituidos
por varios operones.
EN: regulon

relacin de eficiencia proteica
DF: Evaluacin de la calidad de la protena de la dieta, la
cual se lleva a cabo obteniendo el resultado de dividir la
ganancia de peso entre la ingesta de una protena
especfica durante un periodo determinado.
EN: protein efficiency ratio

relaciones estructura-actividad
DF: Relacin entre la estructura qumica de un compuesto y su
actividad biolgica o farmacolgica.
EN: structure-activity relationships

relajacin de tensiones
DF: Disminucin de la tensin dependiente del tiempo, en un
material sometido a una tensin constante prolongada,
debido a la deformacin viscoelstica. El comportamiento de
relajacin de la tensin se determina en una prueba de
fluencia.
EN: stress relaxation

relojes biolgicos
DF: Mecanismos fisiolgicos que determinan la incidencia
rtmica de ciertos fenmenos bioqumicos, fisiolgicos y
del comportamiento.
EN: biological clocks

remisin
DF: Disminucin espontnea o desaparicin de los sntomas de
una enfermedad.
EN: remission

remocin de garras de los animales
DF: Extirpacin quirrgica permanente de las garras, usualmente
de felinos y caninos.
EN: declawing

renacuajos
DF: Estado larval acutico de las ranas y los sapos, que nacen
de huevos puestos en el agua. Los renacuajos jvenes son
como peces con agallas y luego desarrollan pulmones y
patas, y pierden su cola cuando llegan a adultos.
910

EN: tadpoles

rendimiento acadmico
DF: Logros relacionados con materia de educacin, aprendizaje y
estudio, especialmente en las escuelas y centros de
enseanza superior.
EN: academic achievement

rendimiento cardaco
DF: Volumen de sangre que pasa por el corazn por unidad de
tiempo. Generalmente se expresa en litros (volumen) para no
confundirlo con el volumen por latido.
EN: cardiac output

rendimiento de fibra
DF: Cantidad de fibra de algodn producida por unidad de tierra.
EN: lint yield

reparacin
DF: Retorno al estado original sin contaminacin.
EN: remediation

reparacin de ADN
DF: Reconstruccin de una molcula de ADN continua de dos
hebras sin desapareamiento de una molcula que contena
zonas daadas.
EN: DNA repair

reparacin de suelos
DF: Remocin de contaminantes del suelo.
EN: soil remediation

repetibilidad
DF: Habilidad de un aparato o procedimiento para realizar la
misma accin en forma consistente o proporcionar la misma
informacin bajo las mismas condiciones en un laboratorio
dado.
EN: repeatability

repeticiones de microsatlite
DF: Variedad de repeticiones simples en tndem de di, tri,
tetra y pentanucletidos (generalmente de menos de 100
bases de longitud). Se encuentran diseminados en los brazos
eucromticos de la mayora de los cromosomas.
EN: microsatellite repeats

repeticiones de minisatlite
DF: Conjunto de secuencias de ADN cortas (10-60 bases) y
moderadamente repetidas (5-50 repeticiones) que se
encuentran diseminadas por todo el genoma y agrupadas cerca
del telmero. Su grado de repeticin es de dos a varios
cientos en cada locus. Aunque los loci son miles, cada
locus muestra una unidad de repeticin distinta. Las
repeticiones de microsatlites frecuentemente se denominan
911

nmero variable de repeticiones en tndem.
EN: minisatellite repeats

replecin
DF: Restitucin de la adecuacin nutricional luego de un
perodo de deficiencia de alimento, energa o nutrientes
especficos en animales y seres humanos.
EN: repletion

replicacin de ADN
DF: Proceso mediante el cual se duplica una molcula de ADN.
EN: DNA replication

replicacin viral
DF: Proceso de multiplicacin viral intracelular, que consiste
en la sntesis de protenas, cidos
nucleicos, y a veces lpidos y su ensamblaje para formar
una nueva partcula infecciosa.c
EN: virus replication

replicn
DF: Cualquier secuencia de ADN capaz de replicacin
independiente o una molcula que posea
un ORIGEN DE REPLICACION y que por lo tanto sea
potencialmente capaz de ser replicada en
una clula adecuada.
EN: replicon

reproducibilidad
DF: Capacidad de un mtodo de prueba o procedimiento, dadas las
mismas entradas, para proporcionar los mismos datos de
forma consistente en las pruebas en diferentes laboratorios.
EN: reproducibility

reproductores
DF: Miembros de castas de colonias sociales de insectos que
contribuyen a la produccin de la descendencia, incluyendo
reinas, obreras ponedoras, y machos.
EN: reproductives

Requerimiento Promedio Estimado
DF: Valor de ingesta que se estima cumple con los requisitos
definidos por un indicador especificado de adecuacin de 50
por ciento de un grupo de edad y gnero especficos. En
este nivel de ingesta, el 50 por ciento restante del grupo
especificado no vera satisfechas sus necesidades.
EN: Estimated Average Requirement

reservorios de enfermedades
DF: Fuentes animadas o inanimadas que albergan organismos
causantes de enfermedades y de esa forma sirven de fuentes
potenciales de brotes de enfermedades. Los reservorios se
deben distinguir de los vectores y portadores, que son
agentes de transmisin de enfermedades ms que fuentes
912

permanentes de potenciales brotes de enfermedades.
EN: disease reservoirs

resfriado comn
DF: Trastorno catarral del sistema respiratorio superior que
puede ser el resultado de una infeccin viral o mixta.
Entre sus sntomas se incluyen secrecin y congestin nasal
y estornudos.
EN: common cold

residuos de cultivos
DF: Toda materia orgnica que queda en el suelo despus de
cosechar un cultivo, como por ejemplo hojas, tallos,
races, cscaras, etc.
EN: crop residues

residuos de fibras en el algodn
DF: Fragmentos de la cscara de la semilla de algodn que se
muelen o desprenden durante el desmotado y aparecen en las
fibras como contaminantes de la produccin de hilo.
EN: cotton gin trash

residuos de oleaginosas
DF: El subproducto slido o residuo obtenido despus de la
extraccin de aceite de oleaginosas.
EN: oilseed cakes

residuos no comestibles
DF: Subproductos de animales provenientes principalmente de
plantas de procesamiento de animales y aves de corral, como
por ejemplo sangre, huesos, plumas y vsceras.
EN: inedible offal

residuos verdes
DF: Porcin vegetal del flujo de residuos proveniente de varias
fuentes que incluyen desechos domsticos, de locales
comerciales y de operaciones municipales.
EN: green waste

resistencia a herbicidas
DF: La habilidad de una planta para sobrevivir, crecer y
completar su ciclo de vida normal despus de ser expuesta a
una a tasa de aplicacin tpicamente usada en sistemas de
agricultura. La resistencia puede ser debida a procesos
naturales o por ingeniera gentica.
EN: herbicide resistance

resistencia a la enfermedad
DF: Descripcin de cualquier organismo que tiene una
susceptibilidad baja o posee la capacidad de resistir una
enfermedad causada por agentes de contagio (por ejemplo,
virus, bacterias, hongos) o por nematodos parsitos,
protozoos y helmintiasis.
EN: disease resistance
913

resistencia a la insulina
DF: Habilidad reducida de las clulas del cuerpo para responder
a la insulina. La incidencia aumentada con varias
condiciones, como diabetes mellitus, obesidad, uremia, etc.
EN: insulin resistance

resistencia a la radiacin
DF: Habilidad de un organismo, especialmente un organismo
patgeno, para soportar la
radiacin sin sufrir la muerte, heridas graves o efectos
adversos.
EN: radiation resistance

resistencia a la tensin
DF: Tensin mxima que puede soportar un material sometido a
una carga de estiramiento sin romperse.
EN: tensile strength

resistencia a la torsin
DF: Resistencia de un material a la deformacin cuando un
extremo del material es torcido en un sentido y el otro
extremo se mantiene sin movimiento o se tuerce en el
sentido opuesto.
EN: torsional strength

resistencia a las plagas
DF: Resistencia o tolerancia de un husped a una plaga.
EN: pest resistance

resistencia al cizallamiento
DF: Tensin mxima de cizallamiento que puede soportar un
material antes de su ruptura. Es la resistencia ltima de
un material sometido a carga de cizallamiento.
EN: shear strength

resistencia antibitica
DF: Respuesta disminuida o nula de un organismo, enfermedad o
tejido, a la eficacia esperada de un producto qumico o
medicamento.
EN: antibiotic resistance

resistencia biolgica
DF: Habilidad natural o gentica de un organismo para evitar o
repeler ataques de agentes biticos (patgenos, plagas,
parsitos, etc.) o de resistir los efectos de agentes
abiticos (productos qumicos, plaguicidas, sal, viento,
metales pesados, etc.).
EN: biological resistance

resistencia conductual
DF: Respuesta conductual de una plaga a los agentes de control
que le permite evitar ser daada por el agente de control.
EN: behavioral resistance
914

resistencia de la madera
DF: (1) La habilidad de un miembro para sostener una tensin
sin fallar. (2) En un modo especfico de prueba, la mxima
tensin sostenida por un miembro cargado hasta fallar.
EN: wood strength

resistencia gentica
DF: Cantidad relativa de cualidades hereditarias de un
organismo que reduce el grado de dao al organismo causado
por plagas, patgenos, heridas u otros agentes dainos.
EN: genetic resistance

resistencia horizontal
DF: Resistencia del husped que funciona igualmente para todas
las especies de una plaga, peste o patgeno.
EN: horizontal resistance

resistencia vertical
DF: Resistencia de un husped que es operacional contra una o
ms razas de un patgeno o plaga.
EN: vertical resistance

resistina
DF: 12-kDa cistena-rica hormona polipeptdica secretada por
las clulas grasas en el tejido adiposo. Es el miembro
fundador de la resistina-como molcula (RELM) de la familia
hormonal. La resistina suprime la capacidad de la insulina
para estimular la captacin de glucosa celular.
EN: resistin

resorcin sea
DF: Prdida de hueso debida a actividad osteolctica.
EN: bone resorption

responsabilidad del productor
DF: Poltica que exige a los fabricantes responsabilizarse de
los programas de diseo, gestin y financiamiento, a fin de
mejorar la administracin del ciclo de vida til/posconsumo
de su producto y su embalaje correspondiente.
EN: producer responsibility

responsabilidad social corporativa
DF: Principio donde los negocios tienen la responsabilidad de
tomar decisiones que afecten favorablemente el impacto del
desarrollo social, econmico y ambiental de la sociedad.
EN: corporate social responsibility

respuesta a la dosis
DF: Relacin entre la cantidad de exposicin (dosis) a una
sustancia y los consiguientes cambios en la funcin
fisiolgica o en la salud (respuesta).
EN: dose response

915

respuesta de protena mal plegada
DF: Respuesta celular a los daos del medio ambiente que causan
alteraciones en el plegamiento de protenas y/o acumulacin
de la protena defectuosa doblada en el retculo
endoplsmico. Se trata de un grupo de cascadas de
regulacin que se activan como respuesta a la alteracin de
los niveles de calcio y / o el estado redox del retculo
endoplsmico. Activacin persistente de la respuesta de la
protena mal plegada conduce a la induccin de la apoptosis.
EN: unfolded protein response

respuesta de seleccin
DF: La respuesta de seleccin es una medicin del progreso
hecho por la seleccin, que es,
especficamente, la diferencia entre los valores promedios
de la progenie de una generacin y el
la media de la siguiente generacin.
EN: selection response

respuesta hipersensible
DF: Reaccin especfica de una planta ante patgenos invasores,
parsitos o plagas, mediante la produccin de bioqumicos
(por ejemplo, compuestos fenlicos, fitoalexinas, etc.)
para evitar la propagacin del organismo invasor. Se
caracteriza por necrosis y muerte celular.
EN: hypersensitive response

respuesta SOS (gentica)
DF: Mecanismo sensible al error o conjunto de funciones para la
reparacin de ADN microbiano
daado. Las funciones SOS (concepto que se cree es derivado
de la seal internacional de
auxilio) intervienen en la reparacin del ADN y en la
mutagnesis, en la inhibicin de la divisin
celular, en la recuperacin de las condiciones fisiolgicas
normales tras la reparacin del ADN y,
posiblemente en la muerte celular cuando el dao del ADN es
grande.
EN: SOS response (genetics)

restauracin de bosques
DF: Proceso de retorno de los bosques degradados a su
estructura original, productividad, integridad ecolgica y
diversidad de especies.
EN: forest restoration

restos de corta
DF: Residuos que quedan luego del corte de rollizos, la poda,
el raleo o el desbroce. Incluye trozas, astillas, cortezas,
muones y rboles pequeos quebrados o desbroce.
EN: slash

restriccin diettica
DF: Restriccin voluntaria de la ingesta de nutrientes,
916

alimentos u opciones alimentarias por parte de seres
humanos en situaciones experimentales y no experimentales.
EN: dietary restriction

resultado de la gestacin
DF: Resultados de la concepcin y de la gestacin (embarazo,
preez) posterior, incluyendo nacidos vivos, nacidos
muertos, aborto espontneo y aborto inducido.
EN: pregnancy outcome

retculo endoplsmico spero
DF: Tipo de retculo endoplsmico (RE) donde hay poliribosomas
en superficie citoplsmica de
las membranas de los RE. Esta forma de RE es muy prominente
en clulas especializadas en
secrecin de protenas y su funcin principal es segregar
protenas destinadas a la exportacin o a
la utilizacin intracelular.
EN: rough endoplasmic reticulum

retculo endoplsmico liso
DF: Tipo de retculo endoplsmico carente de ribosomas
asociados en la superficie de la
membrana. Presenta una amplia gama de funciones metablicas
especializaas, que incluyen el
suministro de enzimas para la sntesis de esteroides, la
detoxificacin, y la degradacin del
glicgeno. En las clulas de los msculos, el retculo
endoplsmico liso recibe el nombre de
retculo sarcoplsmico.
EN: smooth endoplasmic reticulum

retculo sarcoplasmatico
DF: Red de tbulos y sacos en el citoplasma de los msculos del
esqueleto que ayudan en la contraccin y relajacin del
msculo soltando y guardando iones de calcio.
EN: sarcoplasmic reticulum

reticulocitos
DF: Eritrocitos inmaduros. En los seres humanos, estos son
clulas eritroides que apenas han sufrido la extrusin de
su ncleo celular. An contienen algunas organelas que
gradualmente disminuyen en nmero mientras las clulas
maduran.
EN: reticulocytes

reticuloendoteliosis
DF: Hiperplasia del tejido reticuloendotelial en cualquier
rgano o tejido.
EN: reticuloendotheliosis

retinopata diabtica
DF: Enfermedad de la retina producto de una complicacin de la
diabetes mellitus. Se caracteriza por las complicaciones
917

microvasculares progresiva, como aneurismas, edema
interretinal, y neovascularizacin patolgica intraocular.
EN: diabetic retinopathy

retiro de tierras
DF: Proceso en el que se dejan fuera de produccin tierras
agrcolas.
EN: land retirement

retroelementos
DF: Elementos que se transcriben en el ARN, tienen
transcripcin inversa en el ADN y luego se
insertan en un sitio nuevo del genoma. Las repeticiones
terminales largas (RTL) similares a la de
los retrovirus estn contenidas en los retrotransposones y
en elementos semejantes a los
retrovirus. Los retroposones, como son los elementos
nucleotdicos muy entremezclados y los
elementos nucleotdicos poco entremezclados no contienen
RTL.
EN: retrotransposons

retrogradacin
DF: Proceso de cambios fsicos y qumicos en soluciones acuosas
o geles producidos por el envejecimiento, lo cual da como
resultado formas moleculares ms simples.
EN: retrogradation

reversion sexual
DF: Cambio en la identidad de gnero de un organismo de un sexo
al otro debido a sus antecedentes biolgicos o a
acontecimientos ambientales, como la dependencia de la
temperatura, o a la intervencin quirrgica y farmacolgica.
EN: sex reversal

revisin sistemtica
DF: Forma de revisin bibliogrfica estructurada que se ocupa
de una pregunta que se formula para ser respondida por el
anlisis de pruebas, e involucra medios objetivos de
bsqueda en la literatura, la aplicacin de determinados
criterios de inclusin y exclusin, la revisin crtica de
la literatura relevante, y la extraccin y sntesis de los
datos con base a pruebas para formular conclusiones.
EN: systematic review

rheologa
DF: Rama de la fsica que se encarga de la deformacin y flujo
de la materia, y estudia especialmente las propiedades de
la materia que determinan su comportamiento cuando se
ejerce una fuerza mecnica sobre ella.
EN: rheology

Rickettsia
DF: Gnero de bacterias que causa tifoidea en seres humanos.
918

EN: Rickettsia

riego a manta
DF: Sistema de irrigacin para terrenos inclinados en el que se
construyen diques paralelos y el rea intermedia se inunda.
EN: border irrigation

riego por inundacin
DF: Sistema de irrigacin en el que un suelo se inunda a una
profundidad de algunos centmetros.
EN: flood irrigation

riego por sumersin
DF: Sistema de irrigacin en el que un huerto se divide en
fosas que se llenan con agua.
EN: basin irrigation

riego por surcos
DF: Mtodo de irrigacin de superficie en el que el agua se
hace correr por pequeas zanjas o surcos, generalmente a
corta distancia unos de otros entre filas de cultivos o
grupos de filas.
EN: furrow irrigation

riesgo
DF: La probabilidad de que un evento adverso se produzca,
incluyendo medidas de la probabilidad de un resultado
desfavorable.
EN: risk

riesgo aceptable
DF: El nivel de riesgo tolerado dependiendo de una variedad de
factores sociales, econmicos, cientficos y otros, as
como cualquier beneficio percibido.
EN: acceptable risk

riesgo acumulado
DF: El riesgo combinado de la esxposicin agregada a los
mltiples agentes o factores de estrs.
EN: cumulative risk

riesgo relativo
DF: Medida de la diferencia en riesgo entre dos grupos,
commente expresados como una relacin.
EN: relative risk

riesgos ambientales
DF: Propiedades fsicas, qumicas, biolgicas o agentes
mecnicos capaces de causar un dao al medio ambiente, o
una situacin o un evento con el potencial para un impacto
ambiental adverso.
EN: environmental hazards

riesgos biolgicos
919

DF: Un organismo, o sustancia derivada de un organismo, que
constituye una amenaza para la salud humana o animal. Esto
puede incluir los desechos mdicos, las muestras de un
microorganismo, un virus o una toxina (de una fuente
biolgica) que puede afectar la salud humana.
EN: biological hazards

riesgos para la salud
DF: Agente biolgico,qumico, fsico o condicin con el
potencial de producir efectos adversos para la salud.
EN: health hazards

riesgos qumicos
DF: Cualquier sustancia qumica manufacturada, usada,
transportada, o almacenada que pueden causar la muerte o
lesiones mediante las propiedades txicas de los materiales.
EN: chemical hazards

rifamicinas
DF: Grupo de agentes antibacterianos caracterizado por un grupo
cromforo de naftohidroquinona, atravesado por un puente
aliftico no encontrado previamente en otros agentes
antibacterianos conocidos. Ellos han sido aislados a partir
de caldos fermentados de Streptomyces mediterranei.
EN: rifamycins

rifampicina
DF: Antibitico semisinttico producido a partir de
Streptomyces mediterranei. Tiene un amplio espectro
antibacteriano, incluyendo la actividad contra diversas
formas de Mycobacterium. En organismos susceptibles, ste
inhibe la actividad del ADN dependiente de la ARN
polimerasa mediante la formacin de un complejo estable con
la enzima. Por lo tanto, suprime la iniciacin de la
sntesis de ARN. La rifampicina es bactericida y acta
sobre ambos organismos intracelulares y extracelulares.
EN: rifampicin

Rift Valley fever virus
DF: Una especie de virus transmitido por mosquitos, del gnero
Phlebovirus y miembro del grupo "sandfly fever" que puede
ser encontardo en Africa oriental, central y meridional,
produciendo masivas hepatitis, abortos y muerte en ovejas,
cabras, vacas y otros animales. Tambin ha causado
enfermedades en humanos.
EN: Rift Valley fever virus

rinoscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se realiza en la cavidad
nasal por medio de un endoscopio.
EN: rhinoscopy

rinotraqueitis infecciosa bovina
DF: Infeccin por herpesvirus del ganado bovino que se
920

caracteriza por inflamacin y necrosis de las membranas
mucosas del sistema respiratorio superior.
EN: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

ritmo circadiano
DF: Recurrencia regular, en ciclos de aproximadamente 24 horas,
de actividades o procesos biolgicos, tales como
sensibilidad a medicamentos y estmulos, secrecin
hormonal, sueo, alimentacin, etc. Este ritmo parece estar
determinado por un reloj biolgico que se activara con
la recurrencia del da y la noche.
EN: circadian rhythm

ritmo ultradiano
DF: Ritmo biolgico que ocurre ms de una vez al da.
EN: ultradian rhythm

rizoplano
DF: Microambiente en la superficie de una raz.
EN: rhizoplane

rizosfera
DF: Suelo alrededor de las races vegetales y en el cual stas
influyen directamente.
EN: rhizosphere

rodales
DF: Una comunidad de rboles de bosques, los cuales son
generalmente uniformes en composicin, tamao, edad o
condicin de especies y son manejados como una sola unidad.
EN: forest stands

rodales multietneos
DF: Una clase de bosque o poblacin compuesta por rboles
entremezclados o grupos de rboles que difieren
marcadamente en edad. Comparacin de poblaciones de la
misma edad.
EN: uneven-aged stands

rodenticidas
DF: Los plaguicidas que se utilizan para el control de ratones
y otros roedores.
EN: rodenticides

Ronda Uruguaya
DF: Ronda de negociaciones comerciales multilaterales realizada
bajo el Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y
Comercio (GATT) que comenz en 1986 y culmin en 1994 con
la creacin de la Organizacin Mundial del Comercio.
EN: Uruguay Round

rotacin de cultivos
DF: Sistema de cultivo en el que diferentes productos se
plantan en temporadas de cultivo consecutivas para mantener
921

la fertilidad del suelo.
EN: crop rotation

Rous sarcoma virus
DF: Grupo de alpharetroviruses (Alpharetrovirus) produciendo
sarcomas y otros tipos de tumores en pollos y otras aves de
corral, y adems en pichones, patos y en ratas.
EN: Rous sarcoma virus

roxitromicina
DF: Derivado semisinttico de la eritromicina. Se concentra por
fagocitos humanos y es bioactiva intracelularmente.
Mientras que el frmaco es activo contra un amplio espectro
de patgenos y particularmente eficaz en el tratamiento de
infecciones del tracto respiratorio y genitales.
EN: roxithromycin

rumiantes
DF: Mamferos que tienen cuatro estmagos y cascos con dedos
pares.
EN: ruminants

922

S

sabanas
DF: Bioma tropical o subtropical que consiste principalmente en
pastos gruesos con arbustos y rboles dispersos, generado
por estaciones hmeda y seca marcadas; con frecuencia es
una zona de transicin entre un pastizal y una formacin
boscosa.
EN: savannas

sag
DF: Almidn pulverizado derivado de palmas sag (y otras
especies de palma tropicales) y usado en alimentos y como
endurecedor textil. La fcula de sag es similar a la
tapioca.
EN: sago

Sahel
DF: Cordn de secano que se extiende a lo ancho de frica y
constituye la zona de transicin entre el Desierto del
Sahara en el norte y los bosques tropicales en el sur.
EN: Sahel

salas de ordeo con estructura de espina de pescado
DF: Salas de ordeo elevadas y en forma de zigzag que permiten
ordear varias vacas en grupo de una vez a travs de un
sistema de caeras de ordeo.
EN: herringbone milking parlors

salazn
DF: Tratamiento de un alimento o material empapndolo en una
solucin que contiene grandes cantidades de sal o est
saturada con alguna sal, especialmente cloruro de sodio.
EN: brining

salinidad del suelo
DF: Cantidad de sales solubles en un suelo determinado.
EN: soil salinity

salmonelosis
DF: Infecciones producidas por bacterias del gnero Salmonella.
EN: salmonellosis

salmones jvenes
DF: Peces salmnidos adolescentes que han perdido sus marcas
juveniles y que han desarrollado un color plateado en su
cuerpo. Los salmones jvenes estn fisiolgicamente
adaptados al ambiente marino y estn listos para emprender
la migracin a aguas saladas.
EN: smolts

salpingitis
DF: Inflamacin de los oviductos (trompas de falopio).
EN: salpingitis
923

salsa de pescado
DF: Alio o condimento salado y penetrante fabricado con
anchoas u otros pescados fermentados que se usa en la
cocina del Sudeste Asitico.
EN: fish sauce

saltamontes
DF: Insectos herbvoros de la especie Ortptera.
Especie de importancia econmica, ya que las plagas de las
plantas tradicionalmente pertenecen a la familia Acrididae.
EN: grasshoppers

salud de la mujer
DF: Concepto que abarca el estado fsico y mental de las
mujeres.
EN: women's health

salud pblica
DF: Rama de la medicina que se ocupa de la prevencin y el
control de la enfermedad y la discapacidad, y la promocin
de la salud fsica y mental de la poblacin a nivel
internacional, nacional, estatal o municipal.
EN: public health

salud y seguridad de la agricultura
DF: La promocin de un ambiente seguro y saludable para
mantener el bienestar fsico y metal de los humanos
involucrados en actividades de agricultura.
EN: agricultural health and safety

salud y seguridad ocupacionales
DF: La promocin de un medio ambiente seguro y saludable para
mantener el bienestar fsico y mental entre los humanos en
el lugar de trabajo.
EN: occupational health and safety

Samoa
DF: Grupo de islas del suroeste del Ocano Pacfico que se
divide en Samoa Americana (administrada por el Ministerio
del Interior de los Estados Unidos) y Samoa Occidental
(pas independiente).
EN: Samoa

saneamiento
DF: Desarrollo y aplicacin de medidas diseadas para promover
la salud y prevenir enfermedades.
EN: sanitation

sanitizado (proceso)
DF: Limpiar y dejar sin bacterias.
EN: sanitizing

saponinas
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DF: Glicsidos de sapogeninas. Un tipo de glicsido ampliamente
distribudo en las plantas.
Cada uno consta de una sapogenina como la parte de aglicona
y un azcar. La sapogenina puede
ser un esteroide o un triterpeno, y el azcar puede ser
glucosa, galactosa, una pentosa o una
metilpentosa. Las sapogeninas son venenos para las formas
de vidas ms simples y son potentes
hemolticos cuando se inyectan en la corriente sangunea
capaces de disolver los glbulos rojos
de la sangre incluso en diluciones muy altas.
EN: saponins

sarcopenia
DF: Reduccin progresiva de la masa muscular a causa del
envejecimiento, la cual da como resultado una disminucin
de la capacidad funcional de los msculos.
EN: sarcopenia

satlite de ARN
DF: Molculas de ARN que actan como parsitos moleculares de
ciertos virus ARN de
plantas.
EN: satellite RNA

saturacin de base
DF: Proporcin de la cantidad de bases intercambiable y la
capacidad de intercambio de cationes.
EN: base saturation

saturacin de fibra
DF: El punto de saturacin de fibra es la etapa en el secado o
mojado de madera en la que las paredes celulares estn
saturadas y las cavidades celulares estn libres de agua.
Se aplica a una clula individual o grupo de clulas, no a
tablas completas. Usualmente se toma como aproximadamente
30% del contenido de humedad, basado en el peso de la
madera secada al horno.
EN: fiber saturation

sazonar
DF: Tratar, preservar o sazonar con sal comn.
EN: salting

Scedosporium
DF: Gnero de hongo que es patognico en animales y humanos.
EN: Scedosporium

scrapie
DF: Enfermedad fatal del sistema nervioso de ovejas y cabras,
caracterizada por prurito, debilidad y falta de
coordinacin y de locomocin. Es originada por partculas
infecciosas proteinceas llamadas priones.
EN: scrapie
925

sebo
DF: Grasa obtenida del tejido adiposo de bovinos y ovinos usada
en la fabricacin de velas, jabn, etc. Las graduaciones
estn basadas en la dureza, humedad, insolubles, titer,
claridad, y contenido de cido graso libre.
EN: tallow

secado al sol
DF: Utilizacin de la radiacin o energa solar para eliminar
la humedad.
EN: solar drying

secado por congelacin
DF: Evaporacin del agua de un producto congelado con la ayuda
de alto vaco.
EN: freeze drying

secretina
DF: Hormona de la mucosa duodenal que activa la secrecin
pancretica y disminuye el nivel de
azcar en la sangre.
EN: secretin

sector privado
DF: Aquella parte distinta de la estructura institucional,
industrial, o econmica de un pas que es controlada o
poseda por intereses privados no gubernamentales.
EN: private sector

sector pblico
DF: El rea de una economa nacional que es sostenida por
impuestos y est bajo el control del gobierno.
EN: public sector

secuencia de consenso
DF: Secuencia terica representativa de un nucletido o de una
secuencia de aminocidos en que cada nucletido o
aminocido es el que ocurre con mayor frecuencia en un
lugar determinado adoptando las diferentes formas que se
presentan en la naturaleza.
EN: consensus sequence

secuencias conservadas
DF: Secuencia de aminocidos en un polipptido o en nucletidos
de material gentico que no ha cambiado o que ha cambiado
muy poco durante un perodo evolutivo.
EN: conserved sequences

secuencias de aminocidos
DF: Orden en que se presentan los aminocidos en una cadena de
polipptidos. Se denomina estructura primaria de
protenas. Es de importancia fundamental para determinar la
conformacin de las protenas.
926

EN: amino acid sequences

secuencias de nucletidos
DF: Secuencias de purinas y pirimidinas en cidos nuclicos y
polinucletidos.
EN: nucleotide sequences

secuencias repetidas en tandem
DF: Copias de secuencias de ADN que se encuentran situadas una
al lado de la otra con la
misma orientacin (repeticiones directas en tndem) o en
direccin opuesta (repeticiones
invertidas en tndem).
EN: tandem repeat sequences

secuencias repetidas terminales
DF: Secuencias nucleotdicas repetidas tanto en los extremos 5'
como 3' de una secuencia dada.
Por ejemplo, lo que distingue al transposn es que est
flanqueado por repeticiones invertidas en
cada extremo y que las repeticiones invertidas estn
flanqueadas por repeticiones directas. El
elemento delta de los retrotransposones Ty y las RTL
(repeticiones terminales largas) son
ejemplos de este concepto.
EN: terminal repeat sequences

secuencias repetitivas
DF: Copias mltiples de una secuencia de nucletidos en un
genoma.
EN: repetitive sequences

sedimento lacustre
DF: Materiales depositados en agua de lagos y posteriormente
expuestos mediante disminucin del nivel de agua o
alzamiento del terreno.
EN: lacustrine sediments

segadoras-trilladoras
DF: Mquinas segadoras autopropulsadas o tiradas por tractor
que cortan la cosecha en pie (granos pequeos, sorgo,
soyas, pastos de forraje, etc.), trillan la semilla del
tallo, separan las granzas, recolectan la semilla, y
devuelven la paja al suelo, mientras se mueven por el campo.
EN: combine harvesters

segregacin cromosmica
DF: Separacin de una copia de cada cromosoma durante la
mitosis.
EN: chromosome segregation

segregacin transgresiva
DF: Patrn hereditario en el cual la progenie posee una
caracterstica que se sale del rango de
927

ambos padres para tal caracterstica.
EN: transgressive segregation

seguridad alimentaria postcosecha
DF: Garantizar la conveniencia de los alimentos para el consumo
humano durante todos los pasos una vez que el alimento sale
de la granja.
EN: postharvest food safety

seguridad de apareamiento
DF: Condicin saludable de un animal para aparearse, con
genitales externos normales y bien formados, sin signos de
enfermedad ni otra condicin discapacitante que le impida
aparearse.
EN: breeding soundness

seguridad de los alimentos
DF: Acceso que tienen todas las personas y en todo momento a
alimentos suficientes para llevar una vida activa sana. La
seguridad de los alimentos incluye mnimamente la
disponibilidad inmediata de alimentos nutritivos y
saludables y la seguridad de adquirir alimentos aceptables
de maneras socialmente aceptables.
EN: food security

selenoprotenas
DF: La selenoprotenas son protenas que incorporan de manera
especfica selenocistena en su cadena de aminocidos. La
mayora de las selenoprotenas son enzimas con residuos de
selenocistena siendo responsables de sus funciones
catalticas.
EN: selenoproteins

sello de calidad
DF: Etiquetas en productos que reflejan participacin en la
inspeccin voluntaria y programas de etiquetado que
establecen el estndar de calidad para productos de una
industria y/o localidad especfica.
EN: seal of quality

sementales
DF: Progenitores machos.
EN: sires

semivida biolgica
DF: Tiempo necesario para que el organismo elimine,
generalmente mediante la excrecin, la mitad de la dosis
administrada de una sustancia, como por ejemplo, un
medicamento.
EN: biological half-life

seales de localizacin nuclear
DF: Secuencias cortas, en su mayora de aminocidos bsicos,
identificadas como seales de importacin nuclear de
928

algunas protenas. Se cree que estas secuencias interactan
con receptores especficos en el poro nuclear.
EN: nuclear localization signals

seno coronario
DF: Vena corta que transporta cerca de dos tercios del flujo
venoso del miocardio hasta la aurcula derecha. El seno
coronario, ubicado normalmente entre la aurcula izquierda
y el ventrculo izquierdo, en la superficie posterior del
corazn, sirve de referencia anatmica en procedimientos
cardacos.
EN: coronary sinus

sensibilidad disgnstica
DF: La proporcin conocida de animales de referencia infectados
o personas que dan positivo en una prueba de deteccin.
EN: diagnostic sensitivity

sensores
DF: Dispositivo que recibe un estmulo o una seal y responde a
l o ella.
EN: sensors (equipment)

sepsis (infeccin)
DF: Presencia de microorganismos patgenos o sus toxinas en la
sangre o los tejidos.
EN: sepsis (infection)

septicemia
DF: Enfermedad general acompaada de presencia y persistencia
de microorganismos patgenos o de sus toxinas en la sangre.
EN: septicemia

serotipos
DF: Subdivisin de una especie o subespecie que se distingue de
otra, como las cepas, basndose en la antigenicidad.
EN: serotypes

serotonina
DF: Mensajero y regulador bioqumico, sintetizado a partir del
aminocido esencial, l-triptofano. En los humanos se
encuentra principalmente en el sistema nervioso central,
tracto gastrointestinal y plaquetas. La serotonina media
varias funciones fisiolgicas importantes, incluyendo la
neurotransmisin, la movilidad gastrointestinal, la
hemostasis y la integridad cardiovascular.
EN: serotonin

servicio al cliente
DF: Ayuda proporcionada a los compradores de bienes o
servicios, tales como entrega de informacin tcnica,
solucin de reclamos, devolucin de productos, etc.
EN: customer service

929

servicio alimentario industrial
DF: Restaurantes, lugares de comida rpida, cafs, etc.
ubicados en centros de negocios para uso, principalmente,
de sus empleados.
EN: industrial food service

servicio de alimentacin
DF: Prctica o negocio de fabricar, transportar y servir o
repartir alimentos preparados, por ejemplo en restaurantes
o escuelas.
EN: food service

servicio de alimentacin de transporte
DF: Servicios de alimentacin (restaurantes, loncheras, coches
comedor, servicio individual, etc.) proporcionado en
aeroplanos, trenes, barcos, etc. para sus pasajeros.
EN: transport food service

servicio de alimentacin temporal
DF: Operacin que prepara alimentos en cantidades establecidas
con la intencin de funcionar por un perodo breve; por
ejemplo, provisin de alimentacin a trabajadores de
socorro, cenas o picnics de iglesias o de la comunidad,
ventas de comida casera, etc.
EN: temporary food service

servicio de control animal
DF: La prestacin de servicios en un municipio por el personal
autorizado para aplicar las leyes de control de animales
que apoyan la seguridad pblica y garantizan el bienestar
de los animales salvajes y domsticos, incluyendo
actividades como la investigacin de incidentes de crueldad
hacia los animales, las licencias de los animales, captura
de animales abandonados, y control de animales molestos.
EN: animal control services

Servicio de Extensin Cooperativa de los Estados Unidos
DF: Red nacional de educacin no formal, financiada por el
gobierno, que rene los recursos y actividades de educacin
y de investigacin del Departamento de Agricultura de EEUU
con universidades Land Grant en todos los estados,
territorios y el Distrito de Columbia. El socio federal es
el Servicio de Investigacin, Educacin y Extensin
Cooperativa Estatal . Esta es una agrupacin nica de
recursos Federales, Estatales y locales que focaliza las
soluciones prcticas a problemas crticos que afectan la
vida diaria de las personas.
EN: U.S. Cooperative Extension Service

servicios de salud
DF: Servicios para el diagnstico y tratamiento de enfermedades
y la preservacin de la salud.
EN: health services

930

servicios de salud en el hogar
DF: Organizaciones comunitarias de salud y enfermera que
prestan servicios mltiples coordinados al paciente en su
propia casa de habitacin. Estos servicios son
proporcionados por enfermeros, agencias de salud a
domicilio, hospitales o grupos comunitarios organizados que
cuentan con personal profesional de asistencia mdica.
EN: home health services

servicios ecosistmicos
DF: Beneficios que las personas y otros organismos obtienen de
los ecosistemas. Por ejemplo: agua pura y aire limpio,
paisajes escnicos, hbitat y diversidad de la vida
silvestre.
EN: ecosystem services

servicios pblicos rurales
DF: Llevar servicios pblicos tales como agua, electricidad,
gas, telfono y telecomunicaciones a las comunidades
rurales.
EN: rural utilities

sesgo
DF: Me parece que hay un error, pues esta definicin
corresponde al trmino anterior.
EN: bias

sesquiterpenos
DF: Terpenoidos con estructura C15.
EN: sesquiterpenoids

seudogenes
DF: Genes que presentan estrecha semejanza a genes conocidos en
diferentes loci, pero que se
tornan no funcionales por adiciones o deleciones en
estructura que evitan una transcripcin o
translacin normal. Cuando faltan intrones y contienen un
segmento poly-A cerca del extremo
inferior (como resultado de una copia inversa del ARN
nuclear procesado en el DNA de doble
cadena) se les denomina genes procesados.
EN: pseudogenes

seudohermafroditismo
DF: Condicin congnita en la cual una persona tiene gnadas
internas (testculos u ovarios) de un sexo y
caractersticas fsicas de otro sexo.
EN: pseudohermaphroditism

severidad del fuego
DF: El grado en el que un ecosistema es alterado o afectado por
fuegos. La severidad del fuego es dependiente del producto
de intensidad de fuego y la duracin, e incorpora ambos
comportamientos activos del fuego y los efectos post-fuego
931

inmediatos en el medio ambiente.
EN: fire severity

sialome
DF: Conjunto completo de protenas y transcritos de ARNm
expresados en las glndulas salivales, especialmente las de
artrpodos hematfagos como las garrapatas, las pulgas y
los mosquitos.
EN: sialome

siderforos
DF: Compuestos microbianos que secuestran y transportan el in
frrico.
EN: siderophores

sigmoidoscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se practica en la flexin
sigmoidea con la ayuda de un endoscopio.
EN: sigmoidoscopy

silenciamiento gentico
DF: Interrupcin o supresin de la expresin de un gen a nivel
de transcripcin o traduccin.
EN: gene silencing

silos bunker
DF: Trincheras con piso de hormign y paredes de hormign o de
tierra, llenas y repletas con tractores y cargadores y
normalmente cubiertas con una lona plstica.
EN: bunker silos

silvicultura
DF: La ciencia, arte y prctica mediante las cuales se
establecen y cultivan rodales forestales con el objeto de
producir rodales con la composicin, constitucin y tasa de
crecimiento deseadas.
EN: silviculture

silvicultura de uso mltiple
DF: Toda prctica de silvicultura que cumpla con dos o ms
objetivos de manejo, tales como la produccin de madera y
la recreacin forestal.
EN: multiple use forestry

silvicultura intensiva
DF: Utilizacin de una amplia variedad de tcnicas de manejo
forestal y silvcola con el fin de maximizar la
productividad de una unidad de superficie forestal.
EN: intensive forestry

silvicultura privada
DF: Operaciones forestales en tierras de propiedad privada de
individuos, grupos, o corporaciones que no es propiedad de
ningn ente gubernamental.
932

EN: private forestry

simbitico
DF: Un organismo que est asociado con otro de diferente
especie y que participan en una relacin simbitica.
EN: symbionts

simpatomimticos
DF: Drogas que mimetizan los efectos de la estimulacin de los
nervios simpticos adrenrgicos postganglionares. Se
incluyen las drogas que estimulan directamente los
receptores adrenrgicos y las drogas que actan
indirectamente al provocar la liberacin de los trasmisores
adrenrgicos.
EN: sympathomimetics

simpatra
DF: Especies o poblaciones que viven en la misma rea
geogrfica, o habitan en reas geogrficas traslapadas o
tienen una distribucin geogrfica comn, sin cruzarse.
EN: sympatry

simplasto
DF: El compartimento intracelular de una planta, conformado por
el citoplasma interconectado de clulas separadas, las
cuales estn enlazadas por plasmodesmos y en el cual el
agua y las molculas de bajo peso molecular, fluyen entre
clulas.
EN: symplast

simulacin por computadora
DF: Representacin calculada por computadora de un proceso,
dispositivo o concepto en forma matemtica.
EN: computer simulation

sinapsis
DF: Uniones especializadas en las cuales una neurona se
comunica con una clula diana. En las sinapsis tpicas, la
terminal presinptica de una neurona libera un transmisor
qumico que se almacena en vesculas sinpticas y ste se
difunde a travs de una estrecha hendidura para activar a
los receptores sobre la membrana postsinptica de la clula
diana. El objetivo puede ser una dendrita, el cuerpo de la
clula o el axn de otra neurona, o una regin
especializada de un msculo o clula secretoria.
EN: synapse

sinaptosomas
DF: Terminaciones nerviosas y las vesculas encerradas en su
citoplasma y el rea subsinptica
anexa de la membrana de la clula postsinptica. Estos
sinaptosomas son, en gran medida,
estructuras artificiales producidas por el fraccionamiento
despus de una centrifugacin selectiva
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de homogeneizados de tejido nervioso.
EN: synaptosomes

Sindbis virus
DF: Los tipos de especies del Alphavirus normalmente
transmitidas a aves por mosquitos Culex en Egipto,
Sudfrica, India, Malasia, las Filipinas y Australia. Puede
ser asociado con fiebre en humanos.
EN: Sindbis virus

sindicatos de trabajadores
DF: Asociacin de trabajadores formada para realizar las
negociaciones colectivas con los empleadores respecto de
los beneficios de los trabajadores, tales como rentas,
condiciones laborales, etc.
EN: labor unions

sndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob
DF: Encefalopata transmisible de ocurrencia rara, prevalente
entre las edades de 50 y 70 aos. Los individuos afectados
pueden presentar alteraciones del sueo, cambios de
personalidad, ataxia, afasia, prdida de visin, debilidad,
atrofia muscular, mioclonia, demencia progresiva, y muerte
dentro de un ao de iniciada la enfermedad. Entre las
caractersticas patolgicas se incluye una degeneracin
espongiforme cerebrocortical y cerebelar prominente y la
presencia de priones.
EN: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome

Sndrome de Guillain-Barr
DF: Neuritis autoinmune inflamatoria aguda causada por las
clulas T mediadaspor la respuesta inmune celular dirigida
a la mielina perifrica. Desmielinizacinen producida en
los nervios perifricos y las races nerviosas. El proceso
es a menudo precedido por una infeccin viral o bacteriana,
la ciruga, la inmunizacin, el linfoma, o la exposicin a
toxinas. Las manifestaciones clnicas comunes incluyen
debilidad progresiva, prdida de sensibilidad y prdida de
los reflejos tendinosos profundos. Debilidad de los
msculos respiratorios y disfuncin autonmica podra
ocurrir.
EN: Guillain-Barre Syndrome

sndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida
DF: Defecto adquirido de la inmunidad celular asociado con
infeccin del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), un
recuento de linfocitos T CD4 inferior a 200
clulas/microlitro o inferior a 14% de linfocitos totales,
y un aumento de la susceptibilidad a infecciones
oportunistas y neoplasmas malignos. Las manifestaciones
clnicas tambin incluyen emaciacin (adelgazamiento) y
demencia. Estos elementos reflejan los criterios de
definicin del SIDA segn los Centros para el Control y
Prevencin de Enfermedades en 1993.
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EN: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

sndrome de inmunodeficiencia felina adquirida
DF: Defecto adquirido de inmunidad celular que se presenta en
gatos infectados con el virus de inmunodeficiencia felina
(IDF) y en algunos gatos infectados con el virus de la
leucemia felina (VIDF).
EN: feline acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

sndrome de ovario poliqustico
DF: Una enfermedad compleja caracterizada por infertilidad,
hirsutismo; obesidad; y muchas alteraciones menstruales
como oligomenorrea; amenorrea; anovulacin. El sndrome de
ovario poliqustico es asociado usualmente a los ovarios
bilaterales agrandados repletos de folculos atrticos, no
con quistes. El trmino ovario poliqustico puede ser
engaoso.
EN: polycystic ovary syndrome

sndrome de prdida reproductiva de la yegua
DF: Trastorno reproductivo en caballos caracterizado por
epidemias de abortos y muerte fetal, el cual se asocia a la
exposicin a las larvas del gusano telaraero (Malacosoma
americanum).
EN: mare reproductive loss syndrome

sndrome debilitante
DF: Cualquier afeccin caracterizada especialmente por
adelgazamiento progresivo y debilidad.
EN: wasting syndrome

sndrome metablico
DF: Combinacin de problemas de salud que incluyen la diabetes,
hiperlipidemia y obesidad, que ponen a una persona en un
alto riesgo de un ataque cardaco.
EN: metabolic syndrome

sndrome nefrtico
DF: Asociacin clnica de proteinuria severa, hipoalbuminemia y
edema generalizado.
EN: nephrotic syndrome

sndrome respiratorio y de la reproduccin porcina
DF: Sndrome caracterizado por brotes de abortos tardos, alto
nmero de recin nacidos muertos y momificados o cerdos
recin nacidos dbiles, y por enfermedad respiratoria en
cerdos jvenes destetados y sin destetar.
EN: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

sndrome urmico hemoltico
DF: Sndrome de anemia hemoltica, trombocitopenia, y falla
renal aguda con hallazgo patolgico de microangiopata
trombtica y necrosis cortical renal.
EN: hemolytic uremic syndrome
935

sntesis biomimtica
DF: Sntesis o proceso sinttico que imita rutas bioqumicas,
pertinente para tratar problemas fisiolgicos mediante el
uso de reactivos similares a los que se encuentran en los
sistemas biolgicos.
EN: biomimetic synthesis

siringomielia
DF: Cavidades longitudinales en la mdula espinal, con mayor
frecuencia en la regin cervical, que puede extenderse por
varios niveles de la columna vertebral. Las cavidades se
encuentran recubiertas por tejido denso, gligeno y podra
estar asociado con tumores de la mdula espinal,
traumatismos y malformaciones vasculares.
EN: syringomyelia

sisomicina
DF: Antibitico producido por Micromonospora inyoensis. Est
estrechamente relacionado con la gentamicina C1A, uno de
los componentes del complejo de gentamicina (Gentamicinas).
EN: sisomicin

sistema de coordenadas geogrficas
DF: Cualquiera de los sistemas estandarizados utilizados para
indicar la ubicacin de los puntos de la superficie
terrestre, como las coordenadas de latitud y longitud.
EN: geographic coordinate systems

Sistema de Crdito Agrcola
DF: Red nacional de cooperativas de prstamo de propiedad de
los campesinos y sus beneficiarios de prstamos.
EN: Farm Credit System

sistema de endomembranas
DF: Membranas suspendidas ubicadas en el citoplasma eucariota.
EN: endomembrane system

sistema de secrecin del tipo III
DF: Sistema de secrecin de mltiples componentes y altamente
conservado que se encuentra en
muchas bacterias gram-negativas que son patgenos de
plantas y animales. Este sistema
transporta molculas efectoras directamente desde el
citoplasma de la superficie celular cuando el
patgeno entra en contacto estrecho con la clula husped.
En trminos evolutivos, se relaciona
con los cilios de las bacterias.
EN: Type III secretion system

sistema del renin-angiotensin
DF: Sistema compuesto de la renina, enzima convertidora de
angiotensina, y angiotensina II. La renina, una enzima
producida en el rin, acta sobre el angiotensingeno, una
936

alfa-2 globulina producida por el hgado, formando la
angiotensina I. La enzima convertidora de angiotensina,
contenida en el pulmn, acta sobre la angiotensina I en el
plasma convirtindola en angiotensina II, un potente
vasoconstrictor. La angiotensina II produce contraccin del
msculo liso vascular arteriolar y renal, y tiene otras
acciones indirectas mediadas a travs de la corteza
suprarrenal.
EN: renin-angiotensin system

sistema libre de clulas
DF: Extracto celular fraccionado que mantiene una funcin
biolgica. Una fraccin subcelular aislada mediante
ultracentrifugacin u otra tcnica de separacin primero se
debe aislar para que un proceso se pueda estudiar sin las
dems reacciones colaterales complejas que se producen en
una clula. En consecuencia, el sistema libre de clulas es
muy utilizado en biologa.
EN: cell free system

Sistema Nacional de Bosques de los Estados Unidos
DF: Un sistema significativo a nivel national de unidades de
bosques, pastizales y tierras afines de propiedad federal
que consisten en bosques nacionales, llanuras nacionales,
unidades compradas, reas de tierras para utilizacin en
proyectos, reas de bosques experimentales, pastizales
experimentales, reas designadas a experimentacin, otras
reas de terreno, reas acuticas, e intereses en terrenos
que son administrados por el Servicio Forestal del
Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos o
designadas para su administracin a travs del Servicio
Forestal. Tambin vea la seccin 11 del Acta de 1974 al
respecto de Planeamiento de Recursos Naturales Renovables
(P.L. 93-378, 88 Stat. 476, 16 U.S.C. 1609).
EN: US National Forest System

sistema taungya
DF: Tipo de sistema agroforestal en el que los cultivos a corto
plazo se producen en los primeros aos de la plantacin de
especies leosas perennes, a fin de utilizar la tierra,
controlar malezas, reducir los costos de establecimiento,
generar ingresos pronto y estimular el desarrollo de las
especies leosas perennes.
EN: taungya system

sistemas agroforestales multiestrato
DF: Un sistema agroforestal cuyos componentes (cultivos,
rboles, arbustos, ganado, fauna y flora, etc.) ocupan
distintas capas de la estructura vertical de la comunidad.
Un ejemplo es la produccin del caf intercalado con
banano ocupando el estrato ms baja, sombreados por
rboles frutales de tamao medio en el estrato medio
vertical, con una cubierta de rboles maderables altos en
elestrato superior del dosel .
937

EN: multistrata agroforestry systems

sistemas alimentarios locales
DF: Sistemas alimentarios locales en actividades de
colaboracin que integran la produccin, elaboracin,
comercializacin / distribucin y consumo dentro de una
determinada rea geogrfica, lugar o comunidad. Los
sistemas alimentarios locales, tambin puede ser
caracterizados por cierto mercado y no por los mercados de
los canales de distribucin: los canales de mercado directo
de finca incluidos los mercados de agricultores, Community
Supported Agriculture (CSA), de la finca a los programas de
la institucin; la comunidad, los huertos familiares, y los
programas de recoleccin.
EN: local food systems

sistemas de apareamiento
DF: Formas de transmisin de genes de una generacin a otra a
travs de la reproduccin sexual.
EN: mating systems

sistemas de circuito cerrado
DF: Sistema ecolgico o industrial en el que la energa y el
material se conservan.
EN: closed loop systems

sistemas de cogeneracin
DF: Un sistema de conversin de energa en el cual se genera
energa (electricidad) a partir de una nica fuente de
energa, y la energa trmica (vapor, calor residual), la
cual es producida simultneamente se captura y se utiliza
como una fuente de energa auxiliar.
EN: cogeneration systems

sistemas de cultivo
DF: Patrn de productos cultivados en un terreno determinado u
orden en que se cultivan los productos durante un perodo
determinado.
EN: cropping systems

sistemas de drenaje
DF: Sistemas de surcos, zanjas, caeras, lozas artificiales,
etc. que juntan y extraen el agua desde un lugar
determinado.
EN: drainage systems

sistemas de informacin geogrfica
DF: Un sistema de informacin para capturar, guardar, integrar,
analizar y mostrar datos geoespaciales.
EN: geographic information systems

sistemas de posicionamiento global
DF: La tecnologa que usa la posicin de los satlites para
suministrar la ubicacin precisa de las cordenadas en la
938

superficie terrestre.
EN: global positioning systems

sistemas de regeneracin bajo cubierta
DF: Sistema silvicultural regular en el que se establece un
nuevo rodal forestal bajo la proteccin de un dosal parcial
de rboles.
EN: shelterwood systems

sistemas de sombra
DF: Sistema agroforestal donde los rboles en el estrato ms
alto proveen sombra a los cultivos del estrato ms bajo
quienes prefieren, ejemplo como la vainilla que crece
entre especies maderables nativas.
EN: shade agroforestry systems

sistemas de suspensin
DF: Sistema de un vehculo compuesto por resortes,
amortiguadores, barras de torsin, estabilizadores, etc.,
que sirve para amortiguar los impactos causados por los
neumticos que se desplazan sobre la superficie de la
carretera.
EN: suspension systems

sistemas de trfico controlado
DF: Prctica en la que las ruedas de los tractores, las
cosechadoras y otros vehculos de labranza utilizan
reiteradamente los mismos surcos en cada operacin de
labranza, plantacin, fumigacin y cosecha que en la
produccin de cultivos.
EN: controlled traffic systems

sistemas econmicos de transicin
DF: Sistema econmico que va cambiando de un sistema donde el
gobierno dirige y administra la produccin de bienes y
servicios, a un sistema donde bienes y servicios pueden ser
intercambiados en un mercado libre de intervencin
gubernamental.
EN: transitional economic systems

sistemas lnticos
DF: Ecosistema acutico en el que el agua est quieta y no se
mueve rpidamente, como se encuentra en lagunas y pantanos.
Comparar los sistemas lticos.
EN: lentic systems

sistemas lticos
DF: Ecosistema acutico en el que el agua est en activo
movimiento, como se encuentra en los arroyos y ros.
Comparar los sistemas lnticos.
EN: lotic systems

sistemas silvcolas
DF: Cosecha y esquemas de manejo a largo plazo diseados
939

para optimizar el crecimiento, la regeneracin, y la
administracin de ciertos tipos de bosques.
EN: silvicultural systems

sistemas silvopastoriles
DF: El uso combinado de terreno forestal o boscoso para la
produccin de madera y ganadera al permitir a los animales
pastar el forraje nativo coexistente o la vegetacin
manejada como forraje nativo.
EN: silvopastoral systems

sitios activos
DF: Protena o enzima que por motivos estucturales que une a
otras sustancias y activa la funcin de las protenas o
enzimas.
EN: active sites

sitios de enlace
DF: Regin en una protena, el ADN, ARN o macromolcula por
medio de la cual otras molculas forman compuestos qumicos.
EN: binding sites

sitios histricos
DF: rea, sitio, estructura o lugar de referencia de especial
significado para la historia, pre-historia, arquitectura o
cultura de una regin, localidad, comunidad o nacin.
EN: historic sites

sobras de comida
DF: Alimentos que no se consumen, que quedan en el plato
despus de una comida y que suelen ser desechados.
EN: plate waste

sobreexplotacin pesquera
DF: Actividades extensas de pesqueras que van ms all de la
capacidad de la poblacin de peces para recuperar la
cantidad de peces en su poblacin original. La
sobreexplotacin pesquera trastorna el ecosistema acutico
y conduce al agotamiento de los recursos biolgicos.
EN: overfishing

sobrepeso
DF: Exceso del peso corporal requerido para mantener la salud
general. A menudo se define como Indice de Masa Corporal
saludable a aquella que es mayor o igual a 25 pero menor a
30.
EN: overweight

sobrevivencia de agentes patgenos
DF: Parmetro utilizado en el contexto epidemiolgico y que se
refiere al nmero de microorganismos patgenos que
sobreviven.
EN: pathogen survival

940

socialismo
DF: Sistema econmico regulado, dirigido y administrado por el
gobierno en lugar de empresas privadas y el cual apoya el
principio de distribucin equitativa de riqueza entre
individuos.
EN: socialism

sociedad comanditaria
DF: Organizacin comercial donde una sociedad es formada por
dos o ms personas y tiene uno o varios socios colectivos y
uno o varios comanditarios.
EN: limited partnership

sociedad de responsabilidad limitada
DF: Sociedad formada por dos o ms personas en la que a los
socios se les proporciona legalmente proteccin total ante
responsabilidades, deudas y obligaciones de la sociedad.
EN: limited liability partnership

sociedad general
DF: Sociedad comercial en la que dos o ms personas son
co-propietarias de un negocio con fines de lucro.
EN: general partnership

sociedades sin fines de lucro
DF: Organizacin comercial donde los ingresos o ganancias de la
sociedad no son distribuidos entre los miembros, directores
o ejecutivos de la sociedad.
EN: nonprofit corporations

sociobiologa de los insectos
DF: Incluye todos los aspectos de comunicacin y organizacin
social de los insectos.
EN: insect sociobiology

socioeconoma
DF: La rama de la economa que examina la relacin entre los
factores econmicos y la sociedad.
EN: socioeconomics

soforolpidos
DF: Glicolpidos microbianos con propiedades surfactantes y
bioactivas, que son producidos por la fermentacin.
EN: sophorolipids

slidos de cacao
DF: El componente sin grasa de las semillas del cacao.
EN: cocoa solids

slidos totales
DF: Materia slida que est suspendida, disuelta, o asentada en
un lquido, tal como el agua, las aguas residuales, la
leche, y que permanecen luego de la evaporacin y secado de
una muestra.
941

EN: total solids

slidos totales disueltos
DF: Porcin de slidos totales que pasa a travs de un filtro y
corresponde a una medida de la cantidad de material
disuelto en un lquido.
EN: total dissolved solids

slidos totales suspendidos
DF: Porcin de slidos totales que queda retenida en un filtro.
EN: total suspended solids

solubilizado de aceite
DF: Material graso del cual se hace el jabn; subproducto del
refinado de oleaginosas.
EN: soapstock

solvencia
DF: Capacidad de cubrir el costo o de tener medios econmicos
para comprar bienes y servicios.
EN: affordability

somatotropina
DF: Protena hormonal producida por la glndula pituitaria
anterior que estimula el crecimiento
de los msculos, huesos y el desarrollo mamario en animales
jvenes y aumenta la produccin de
leche en animales lactantes al hacer disponibles los
nutrientes necesarios para la sntesis y
secrecin de la leche.
EN: somatotropin

sondas ARN
DF: ARN preparado usualmente por transcripcin a partir de ADN
clonado, el cual es
complementario de un mARN especfico o ADN y que se usa
generalmente para estudiar genes
de virus, distribucin de ARN especfico en tejidos y
clulas, integracin de ADN viral a los
genomas, transcripcin, etc. En tanto es preferible usar
las SONDAS ADN a nivel macroscpico
para detectar la presencia de ADN/ARN de especies o
subespecies especficas, las sondas ARN
se prefieren para estudios genticos.
EN: RNA probes

sondas de ADN
DF: ADN especfico de especies o subespecies, genes
conservados, cromosomas enteros o genomas completos usados
en estudios de hibridacin para identificar organismos,
medir homologas ADN-ADN, agrupar subespecies, etc. La
sonda de ADN se hibridiza con un ARNm especfico, si se
encuentra presente.
EN: DNA probes
942

sondas de oligonucletidos
DF: Oligonucletidos sintticos o naturales utilizados en
estudios de hibridizacin con el propsito de identificar y
estudiar fragmentos especficos de cidos nucleicos,
ejemplo, segmentos de ADN cercanos o que estn dentro de
locus especficos del gen o de genes. La sonda hibridiza
con un ARNm especfico, si est presente.
EN: oligonucleotide probes

sorcin
DF: Proceso mediante el cual un material es absorbido por otro.
EN: sorption

sostenibilidad ambiental
DF: Mantenimiento de largo plazo de los componentes y las
funciones de los ecosistemas para las futuras generaciones.
EN: environmental sustainability

sotobosque
DF: Una cubierta de vegetacin (como por ejemplo rboles
jvenes en un bosque) que est debajo del nivel superior
del bosque pero que ha despejado el nivel de vegetacin del
suelo.
EN: understory

sous vide
DF: Coccin en bolsa de plstico.
EN: sous vide

subastas
DF: Venta pblica de bienes en los que las pujas son hechas por
parte de varias personas, por lo general la propiedad se va
al mejor postor.
EN: auctions

subproductos
DF: Productos, incluidas substancias qumicas, producidos
durante la fabricacin, procesado o sntesis de algn otro
producto.
EN: byproducts

subproductos animales
DF: Partes de esqueletos de ganado o aves de corral procesadas
para mtodos culinarios, de curado, secado u otros mtodos.
EN: animal byproducts

subsidios
DF: Pago o beneficio dado para equilibrar parcialmente el costo
de actividades especficas, como la fabricacin, produccin
o exportacin de un artculo.
EN: subsidies

subsidios de exportacin
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DF: Compensacin directa o indirecta proporcionada por los
gobiernos a firmas comerciales privadas para promover las
exportaciones de productos nacionales.
EN: export subsidies

subunidades de las protenas
DF: Cadenas simples de aminocidos que constituyen las unidades
de protenas multimricas. Las protenas multimricas puede
estar compuestas por subunidades idnticas o no idnticas.
EN: protein subunits

sucesos de la vida
DF: Acontecimientos especficos en la vida de una persona que
son significativos y pueden requerir algn cambio
sociolgico, psicolgico o fsico en el patrn de vida del
individuo, como el casamiento, el divorcio, el nacimiento
de un hijo, una enfermedad, el desempleo, un luto, etc.
EN: life events

suelos cidos
DF: Suelos con un pH inferior a 7,0.
EN: acid soils

suelos alcalinos
DF: Suelos con un pH superior a 7,0.
EN: alkaline soils

suelos aluviales
DF: Suelos que se han desarrollado con el paso del tiempo como
resultado de los sedimentos depositados por las
inundaciones peridicas de arroyos o ros.
EN: alluvial soils

suelos de taiga
DF: Suelos cidos de una bioma de taiga generado por vegetacin
confera que tpicamente crece all. Cuando caen las
acculas de las conferas, stas liberan cidos a medida
que se descomponen.
EN: taiga soils

suelos de tundra
DF: Suelo humfero negro con subsuelo congelado, caracterstico
de las regiones rtica y subrtica.
EN: tundra soils

suelos fluviales
DF: Suelo que ha sido transportado por la accin del agua en
riachuelos y arroyos y rios y ha sido depositada en el
canal del arroyo.
EN: fluvial soils

suelos hdricos
DF: Suelo que en la poca de cultivo permanece en condiciones
de saturacin, inundacin o encharcamiento el tiempo
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suficiente como para desarrollar condiciones anaerbicas en
la parte superior.
EN: hydric soils

suelos lacustre
DF: Suelos formados en o de depsitos lacustres, por ejemplo,
material depositado en agua de lagos y posteriormente
expuesto.
EN: lacustrine soils

suelos salinos
DF: Suelo no sdico que contiene suficiente sal soluble como
para perjudicar el crecimiento de la mayora de los
cultivos, con un lmite inferior de conductividad elctrica
del extracto de saturacin (ECe) de 4 deciSiemens por metro
(dS/m), equivalente a un valor de 4 mmhos/cm.
EN: saline soils

suelos sdicos
DF: Suelo no salino que contiene suficiente sodio
intercambiable (Na) como para afectar la produccin de
cultivos y la estructura del suelo en la mayora de
condiciones de distintos suelos y plantas. La relacin de
absorcin de sodio del extracto de saturacin (RASe) es de
al menos 13.
EN: sodic soils

suelos turbosos
DF: Tipo de suelo derivado de materia orgnica muerta en un
rea hmeda. La menor cantidad de oxgeno disponible causa
como resultado una descomposicin ms lenta de la materia
orgnica, de modo que se pueden reconocer los residuos
vegetales.
EN: peat soils

suero
DF: Parte de la leche que permanece despus que han sido
sacadas la grasa y la casena (cuajada). Contiene
aproximadamente el 93,5 % de agua y el 6,5 % de lactosa,
protena, minerales, enzimas, vitaminas solubles en agua y
restos de grasa.
EN: whey

suero de leche
DF: El suero de leche es un subproducto que resulta de batir
crema para transformarla en mantequilla. El suero de leche
cultivado generalmente se fabrica con leche descremada
agregando un cultivo de fermento e incubando hasta que el
cido lctico alcanza aproximadamente un 0.8%.
EN: buttermilk

sulbactam
DF: Un inhibidor de la beta-lactamasa con accin antibacteriana
muy dbil. El compuesto previene la destruccin de los
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antibiticos betalactmicos mediante la inhibicin de las
beta-lactamasas, ampliando su espectro de actividad. Las
combinaciones de sulbactam con antibiticos beta-lactmicos
se han utilizado con xito en el tratamiento de infecciones
causadas por organismos resistentes a antibiticos
individuales.
EN: sulbactam

superantgenos
DF: Antgenos microbianos que tienen en comn un efecto
activador extremadamente potente
sobre las clulas T que poseen una regin variable
especfica.
EN: superantigens

superficie de los alimentos
DF: La superficie de cualquier alimento o producto.
EN: food surfaces

superficies de contacto de los alimentos
DF: Superficie de un equipo o utensilio con la que normalmente
tienen contacto los alimentos. Tambin se usa para
referirse a superficies de equipos o utensilios desde los
cuales puedan gotear, drenar o salpicar alimentos o a una
superficie que normalmente est en contacto con alimentos.
EN: food contact surfaces

supermercados
DF: Grandes tiendas que rutinariamente mantienen existencias de
artculos no relacionados con la alimentacin, como
juguetes, ropa, amplias selecciones de artculos de cuidado
de la salud/farmacia, libros y revistas, productos de
jardn, mercadera, etc., adems de una amplia variedad de
alimentos.
EN: supermarkets

superparasitismo
DF: Parasitismo de un husped por ms parsitos de la misma
especie de los que pueden sobrevivir hasta la madurez.
Puede ser causado por un evento oviposicional, o bien por
oviposiciones consecutivas de la misma hembra o de hembas
conespecficas.
EN: superparasitism

supervisin de la nutricin
DF: Esta actividad dependiente de varias agencias del gobierno
estadounidense es un mandato del Congreso etadounidense
cuyo propsito es supervisar el estado nutricional y de
salud de la poblacin estadounidense.
EN: nutrition monitoring

suplementos de piensos
DF: Nutrientes u otros compuestos diseados para mejorar el
contenido y valor nutritivo de los alimentos, y / o el
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estado nutricional de los animales.
EN: feed supplements

suplementos dietticos
DF: Alimentos, nutrientes u otros compuestos diseados para
mejorar: 1) el contenido de nutrientes de los alimentos, 2)
el valor nutritivo de alimentos y/o 3) el estado
nutricional de los organismos.
EN: dietary supplements

suplementos ergognicos
DF: Combinaciones de diversos medicamentos, vitaminas,
minerales, aminocidos y otros suplementos dietticos que
se suponen forman msculos y/o mejoran el desempeo
atltico.
EN: ergogenic aids

surimi
DF: Producto procesado de carne de pescado, tpicamente abadejo
de Alaska, y es condimentado, precocinado, y cortado de
manera que se asemeja a la carne de mariscos o crustceos.
La imitacin de carne de cangrejo (imitation crabmeat) es
un ejemplo de surimi.
EN: surimi

sustancia P
DF: Neurotransmisor de once aminocidos que est presente tanto
en el sistema nervioso central
como en el perifrico. Interviene en la transmisin del
dolor, provoca contracciones rpidas de la
musculatura lisa gastrointestinal, y modula las respuestas
inflamatorias e inmunolgicas.
EN: substance P

sustitucin de aminocidos
DF: Reemplazo de uno o ms aminocidos en una protena. Si se
sustituye un aminocido funcionalmente equivalente, la
protena puede retener su actividad natural. La sustitucin
tambin puede disminuir o eliminar la funcin de la
protena.
EN: amino acid substitution

sustitutos de la sal
DF: Sustancias con sabor salado que contienen una cantidad
menor de cloruro de sodio que la sal de mesa o que no
contienen sodio.
EN: salt substitutes

sustitutos de leche
DF: Alimentos que son usados para reemplazar la leche de vaca
en la dieta humana, hecha con ingredientes no lcteos.
EN: milk substitutes

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T

tablas de rodales
DF: Tabla que indica el nmero de rboles por especie y clases
de dimetro, por unidad de rea de un rodal.
EN: stand tables

tablero duro
DF: Un trmino genrico para un panel manufacturado
primordialmente de fibras lignocelulsicas conglomeradas(?)
(usualmente madera), consolidadas bajo calor y presin en
una prensa caliente a una densidad igual o mayor que 496
kg/metro cbico (31 lbs/pie cbico) a la cual se le puede
aadir otros materiales durante la manufactura para mejorar
ciertas propiedades.
EN: hardboard

tableros de fibras
DF: Un trmino gnerico amplio que incluye material en planchas
de densidades variadas manufacturados de fibras de madera
(u otra fibra vegetal) refinadas o parcialmente refinadas.
Agentes adherentes y otros materiales pueden ser aadidos
para aumentar la fuerza, resistencia a la humedad, fuego, o
deterioro, o para mejorar alguna otra propiedad.
EN: fiberboards

tableros de hojuelas
DF: Producto de tablero particulado hecho de hojuelas en forma
de disco. Usualmente es manufacturado para poseer
propiedades iguales en todas las direcciones paralelas al
plano del tablero.
EN: waferboards

tableros de partculas
DF: Productos de panel estructural hechos de fragmentos de
madera, como chips o virutas, que son mecnicamente
presionados hasta forma de lminas y unidos con resina bajo
presin y calor.
EN: particleboards

tableros de virutas
DF: Tablero particulado hecho de hojuelas de madera.
EN: flakeboards

tacrolimo
DF: Macrlido de actividad inmunosupresora aislado del cultivo
de una cepa de Streptomyces tsukubaensis que tiene una
fuerte actividad inmunosupresora in vivo y previene la
activacin de los linfocitos T en respuesta a la
estimulacin antignica o mitognica in vitro.
EN: tacrolimus

taiga
DF: Taiga es una regin biogeogrfica subrtica hmeda del
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norte de Asia, Europa y Norteamrica. Se caracteriza por
conferas perennes que crecen con plantas de cobertura como
lquenes y musgos, aunque tambin hay algunos rboles de
hoja ancha (lamo tembln, abedul, sauce) adaptados al
clima fro. La taiga se encuentra exactamente al sur de la
tundra.
EN: taiga

tlamo
DF: Cuerpos pares que contienen principalmente sustancia gris y
que forman parte de la pared lateral del tercer ventrculo
del cerebro. El tlamo representa la porcin mayor del
diencfalo y normalmente est dividido en agregados
celulares conocidos como grupos nucleares.
EN: thalamus

talo
DF: Tejido vegetativo indiferenciado que se encuentra en
algunas algas, hongos, hepticas y lquenes, caracterstico
de los organismos anteriormente clasificados como
thallophytes; usualmente un talo nombra el cuerpo entero de
la planta.
EN: thallus

tamao de nidada
DF: El nmero de huevos (vulos) puestos por una hembra en un
slo evento de poner huevos.
EN: clutch size

tampones ribereos
DF: Plantaciones ribereas de rboles, arbustos y pastos que
pueden interceptar contaminantes tanto del agua superficial
como del agua subterrnea antes de que lleguen a un arroyo
y con ello se contribuye a recuperar arroyos daados.
EN: riparian buffers

tangelos
DF: Fruto del hbrido de la toronja o pomelo (Citrus paradisi)
y el tangerino o mandarina (Citrus reticulata).
EN: tangelos

tangors
DF: Frutos del hbrido de la naranja dulce (Citrus sinensis) y
la mandarina (Citrus reticulata).
EN: tangors

tarifas obligatorias
DF: La tarifa nacional ms favorecida resultante de las
negociaciones del Acuerdo general sobre Tarifas y Comercio
(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - GATT) incorporada
como componente integral del programa de concesiones;
compromiso de no elevar las tarifas por sobre un nivel
especificado.
EN: bound tariffs
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tarso (hueso)
DF: Hueso(s) que compone(n) la articulacin del tobillo.
EN: tarsus (bone)

tarso (regin del tobillo)
DF: Regin distal de la pata (en los artrpodos), y la regin
proximal del pie que involucra la
regin del tobillo (en vertebrados). Compare con tarso
(hueso).
EN: tarsus (ankle region)

tasa de ataque secundario
DF: Medida de la frecuencia de nuevos casos de enfermedad entre
contactos de casos conocidos.
EN: secondary attack rate

tasa de cambio
DF: Valor al que una moneda se convierte a otra. Las tasas de
cambio nominales corresponden al valor vigente de la moneda
extranjera expresado en trminos de dlares estadounidenses.
EN: currency exchange rate

tasa de concepcin
DF: Porcentaje de apareamientos que dan lugar a la exitosa
fusin del vulo y el espermatozoide para producir un
cigoto. Trmino que puede ser utilizado para describir
personas, grupos o poblaciones que comparten una
caracterstica.
EN: conception rate

tasa de crecimiento especfico
DF: Medida cuantitativa del aumento en la masa celular por
unidad de tiempo.
EN: specific growth rate

tasa de evaporacin
DF: En trminos hidrolgicos, la cantidad de agua, expresada en
trminos de profundidad de agua lquida, que se evapora de
una superficie dada por unidad de tiempo. Se suele expresar
en pulgadas de profundidad, por da, mes o ao.
EN: evaporation rate

tasa de filtacin glomerular
DF: Volumen de agua que se filtra del plasma a travs de las
paredes capilares glomerulares hacia las cpsulas de Bowman
por unidad de tiempo. Se considera equivalente a la
depuracin de la inulina.
EN: glomerular filtration rate

tasa de partos en ganado bovino
DF: Nmero de vacas que paren dividido por el nmero de vacas
acopladas, por lo general relacionados con el hato y no el
nmero de apareamientos de un individuo.
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EN: calving rate

tasa de partos en ganado caprino
DF: Nmero cabritos, dividido por el nmero estimado, en cuanto
a la manada y no al nmero de apareamientos de un individuo.
EN: kidding rate

tasa de partos en ganado ovino
DF: Nmero de ovejas que el cordero pare, dividido por el
nmero de ovejas acopladas, por lo general relacionados con
el rebao y no el nmero de apareamientos de un individuo.
EN: lambing rate

tasa de partos en ganado porcino
DF: Nmero de cerdas que paren dividido por el nmero de cerdas
acoplado, por lo general relacionados con la piara y no el
nmero de apareamientos de un individuo.
EN: farrowing rate

tasa de reemplazo
DF: El nmero de animales requerido para reemplazar los
animales que han dejado la manada durante un periodo
definido (normalmente 12 meses), expresado como un
porcentaje del tamao promedio de la manada durante el
mismo perodo.
EN: herd replacement rate

tasa metablica basal
DF: Energa requerida para mantener el metabolismo basal.
EN: basal metabolic rate

taxis (fisiologa)
DF: El moviemiento inducible de los animales y otros organismos
con motilidad, en la direccin relacionada con el estmulo,
como el moviemiento del protozoario flagelado, Euglena, a
la luz, en fototaxis positiva.
EN: taxis (physiology)

taxonoma de suelos
DF: Clasificacin de tipos de suelos segn sus propiedades,
organizado en niveles jerrquicos.
EN: soil taxonomy

Taxus media
DF: Un hbrido interespecfico entre Taxus baccata x Taxus
cuspidata.
EN: Taxus media

t blanco
DF: T hecho de las hojas y las yemas secas de la planta
Camellia sinensis.
EN: white tea

tcnica de doble hbrido
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DF: Tcnicas de seleccin usada para identificar los genes que
codifican las protenas interactivas. Se usan variantes
para evaluar la interaccin compleja entre las protenas y
otras molculas.
EN: two hybrid system techniques

tcnica de Northern blot
DF: Deteccin del ARN que ha sido separado electroforticamente
e inmovilizado mediante secado en papel de nitrocelulosa u
otro tipo de papel o membrana de nylon.
EN: Northern blotting

tcnica de patch-clamp
DF: Tcnica electrofisiolgica empleada para estudiar clulas,
membranas celulares y, ocasionalmente, orgnulos aislados.
Todos los mtodos de patch-clamp dependen de un sello muy
resistente colocado entre una micropipeta y una membrana,
el cual suele ser obtenido mediante una ligera succin.
Entre las cuatro variantes ms comunes se incluyen los
pinzamientos plano, de clula adherida, al revs (de
adentro hacia afuera) y de toda la clula. Los mtodos de
patch-clamp se emplean comnmente para el pinzamiento de
voltaje, es decir, para controlar el voltaje a travs de la
membrana y medir el flujo de corriente; sin embargo,
tambin se usan mtodos de pinzamiento de corriente, en los
que se controla la corriente y se mide el voltaje.
EN: patch-clamp technique

tcnica de Southern blot
DF: Mtodo (inicialmente desarrollado por E.M. Southern) para
detectar ADN que ha sido separado electroforticamente e
inmovilizado mediante secado en papel de nitrocelulosa u
otro tipo de papel o membrana de nylon.
EN: Southern blotting

tcnica del insecto estril
DF: Mtodo de control de insectos, utilizando dosis
esterilizadoras de radiacin, a travs del cual se liberan
enormes cantidades de insectos estriles (generalmente
machos) al medio para competir con poblaciones en estado
salvaje por parejas de apareamiento.
EN: sterile insect technique

tecnologa
DF: La aplicacin del conocimiento cientfico para propsitos
prcticos en cualquier campo. Incluye mtodos, tcnicas e
instrumentacin.
EN: technology

tecnologa alimentaria
DF: Aplicacin de la ciencia alimentaria para la preservacin,
el procesamiento y la preparacin de alimentos y para su
empaque, almacenamiento y transporte.
EN: food technology
952

tecnologa de biofloc
DF: Uso de agregados de bacterias, algas o protozoos que se
mantienen unidos en una matriz, junto con material
particulado orgnico, a fin de mejorar la calidad del agua,
el tratamiento de desechos y la prevencin de enfermedades
en los sistemas de acuicultura intensiva. El consumo de
bioflocs tambin proporciona valor nutricional a las
especies cultivadas.
EN: biofloc technology

tecnologa de informacin
DF: Cualquier equipo o sistema interconectado que es usado en
la adquisicin automtica, almacenamiento, manipulacin,
movimiento, control, despliegue, intercambio, transmisin,
enrutamiento o recepcin de datos o informacin, incluyendo
computadoras, equipo auxiliar, software de sistema,
servicios de apoyo, y recursos relacionados.
EN: information technology

tecnologa de la madera
DF: Concocimiento de la estructura, propiedades y
caractersticas del procesamiento de la madera y de la
aplicacin de este este conocimiento en los procesos
industriales, incluyendo la utilizacin de la madera y el
diseo, la produccin y la elaboracin de los productos de
la madera.
EN: wood technology

tecnologa de micromatriz
DF: Una nueva forma de estudiar cmo interactan entre s un
gran nmero de genes y cmo las redes regulatorias de la
clula controlan enormes bateras de genes simultneamente.
Esta tcnica crea las micromatrices utilizando un robot
para aplicar, con alta precisin, gotas minsculas que
contienen ADN de genes sobre un portaobjetos. Luego los
investigadores ponen etiquetas fluorescentes al ADN de la
clula que estn estudiando y dejan que se hibridice con
ADN complementario en el portaobjetos. Despus ponen las
placas en un microscopio computarizado que mide la
intensidad de cada punto fluorescente; la intensidad revela
la cantidad de fragmentos especficos de ADN presentes, que
es un indicador de la actividad de un gen especifico.
EN: microarray technology

tecnologa geoespacial
DF: Herramientas tecnolgicas aplicadas a la adquisicin,
manejo, interpretacin, integracin, despliegue y anlisis
de datos geoespaciales.
EN: geospatial technology

tecnologa medioambiental
DF: La aplicacin de dispositivos, materiales o tcnicas para
manejar las condiciones ambientales.
953

EN: environmental technology

tecnologa mvil
DF: Tecnologa que permite la comunicacin entre dos aparatos
que no estn conectados por cables y que se basa en la
transmisin y recepcin de mensajes o seales por medio de
ondas electromagnticas.
EN: wireless technology

tecnologa sostenible
DF: Tecnologas enfocadas en los principios de sostenibilidad:
la conservacin de recursos, la reutilizacin, el reciclaje
y la eficiencia energtica, minimizando el impacto
ambiental y reduccin de la contaminacin.
EN: sustainable technology

tecnologa tradicional
DF: Tcnicas que utilizan mtodos tradicionales indgenas que
son usualmente de origen tnico/cultural. Incluye mtodos
practicados como comercio o artesana, frecuentemente
producidos en cantidades limitadas.
EN: traditional technology

tecnologas de asistencia
DF: Sistemas y dispositivos diseados para discapacitados que
los ayudan durante sus actividades diarias.
EN: assistive technologies

tecnologas de reproduccin asistidas
DF: Tcnicas utilizadas para aumentar la fertilidad y lograr el
embarazo.
EN: assisted reproductive technologies

teileriasis
DF: Infeccin de bovinos, carneros o chivos con protozoos del
gnero Theileria. Esta infeccin produce una condicin
febril aguda o crnica.
EN: theileriosis

tejados verdes
DF: Estructura especial de tejado para un edificio que est
partial o completamente cubierta en vegetacin. Los
tejados verdes pueden reducir la escorrenta, mejorar la
calidad del aire y del agua, proveer conservacin de
energa y mejorar la esttica.
EN: green roofs

tejido fibroso
DF: Un tejido conectivo vascular formado en la superficie de
cicatrizacin de una herida, lcera, o tejido inflamado.
Consiste de nuevos capilares y un infiltrado que contiene
clulas linfoides, macrfagos y clulas plasmticas.
EN: granulation tissue

954

teledeteccin
DF: La prctica de obtener informacin de la superficie de la
tierra y de los detalles de las aguas desde imgenes
obtenidas en puntos estratgicos a distancia. Incluye
fotografa area, imgenes satelitales y mtodos sensores
de radar.
EN: remote sensing

telemetra
DF: La transmisin y recepcin de datos a travs de cadenas de
comunicacin de larga distancia.
EN: telemetry

teleomorfos
DF: La forma sexual de un hongo.
EN: teleomorphs

telitoquia
DF: Produccin partenogentica de hembras a partir de huevos no
fertilizados.
EN: thelytoky

temperatura ambiente
DF: Temperatura del medio circundante.
EN: ambient temperature

templado (proceso)
DF: Una tcnica de calentamiento y rpido enfriamiento que se
usa para cambiar la calidad de un material. Estos cambios
pueden incluir sabor, textura, y/o propiedades mecnicas
tal como la fuerza.
EN: tempering

templar
DF: Calentar seguido de un enfriado lento.
EN: annealing

tendones
DF: Bandas o cordones fibrosos de tejido conjuntivo en los
extremos de las fibras musculares que sirven para ligar los
msculos a los huesos y otras estructuras.
EN: tendons

tensin de la superficie
DF: La fuerza de estiramiento requerida para formar una
pelcula en un lquido; la fuerza tiende a minimizar el
rea de la superficie.
EN: surface tension

terapia de sustitucin de estrgenos
DF: Uso de agentes hormonales con actividad similar a la del
estrgeno en mujeres posmenopusicas o en otras que
presentan deficiencia de estrgeno, el cual est dirigido a
aliviar los efectos de la deficiencia hormonal, tales como
955

sntomas vasomotores, la dispareunia y el desarrollo
progresivo de la osteoporosis. Puede incluir tambin el uso
de agentes progestacionales en una terapia combinada.
EN: estrogen replacement therapy

terapia diettica
DF: Una modificacin prescrita de la ingesta de nutrientes,
para tratar una condicin mdica.
EN: diet therapy

terapia ocupacional
DF: Tratamiento especializado que ayuda a los individuos a
lograr la independencia en todos los aspectos de su vida.
Contribuye a desarrollar las capacidades requeridas para
una vida independiente.
EN: occupational therapy

teratocitos
DF: Clulas que se ha originado a partir de parasitoides y son
liberadas dentro de la cavidad del
cuerpo del husped cuando el parasitoide eclosiona.
EN: teratocytes

terminacin
DF: Hacer subir de peso un animal para llevarlo al mercado o al
matadero.
EN: finishing

terminaciones nerviosas
DF: Terminaciones especializadas de las neuronas perifricas.
EN: nerve endings

termoplsticos
DF: Polmero que se suaviza o se derrite al calentarse y se
endurece nuevamente cuando se enfra. Las cadenas de
polmeros termoplsticos no estn entrecruzados.
EN: thermoplastics

terneros
DF: Los mamferos jvenes que no han alcanzado la madurez
sexual, por lo general se refiere al ganado domstico, los
bfalos y los bovinos, pero tambin a los elefantes,
camellos, alces, jirafas, ballenas, focas y otras especies.
EN: calves

terneros de cebadero
DF: Terneros alimentados (normalmente slo con leche) para
faena temprana, normalmente cuando tienen menos de 4 meses
y pesan menos de 350 libras [159 Kg.].
EN: veal calves

terpenoidos
DF: Productos naturales y compuestos asociados, derivados
formalmente a partir de unidades de isopreno. Contienen
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oxgeno en diversos grupos funcionales.
EN: terpenoids

terrazas
DF: Geoformas naturales o hechas por el hombre que se extienden
en sentido perpendicular a la pendiente y van bordeadas en
un lado por una pendiente ascendente pronunciada y en el
otro lado por una pendiente descendiente pronunciada.
EN: terraces

Territorio de la Isla de Navidad
DF: Una isla en el Ocano Indico, ubicada en la latitud 10 30 S
y longitud 105 40 E, la cual es territorio de Australia.
EN: Territory of Christmas Island

test de complementacin gentica
DF: Test utilizado para determinar si se producir
complementacin (compensacin en forma de dominancia) en
una clula con un fenotipo mutante determinado cuando otro
genoma mutante, con igual codificacin que el fenotipo
mutante, se introduce en una clula.
EN: genetic complementation test

tests de hemaglutinacin
DF: Pruebas que miden ciertos antgenos, anticuerpos o virus,
usando su habilidad para aglutinarse en la superficie de
ciertos eritrocitos.
EN: hemagglutination tests

ttanos
DF: Enfermedad causada por la tetanospasmina, potente toxina
proteica producida por el Clostridium tetani. El ttanos
usualmente ocurre luego de una herida aguda, como una
herida punzante o laceracin. El ttanos generalizado, la
forma ms comn, se caracteriza por contracciones
musculares tetnicas e hiperreflexia. El ttanos localizado
se presenta como una condicin ligera con manifestaciones
restringidas a msculos cercanos a la herida. Puede
progresar hacia la forma generalizada.
EN: tetanus

tetraciclina
DF: Antibitico naftaceno que inhibe la unin del amino acil
ARN transferasa durante la sntesis de protenas.
EN: tetracycline

tetraciclinas
DF: Derivados estrechamente congneres del naftacenocarboxamida
policclica.
EN: tetracyclines

tetrasmicos
DF: Calidad de poseer un conjunto diploide de cromosomas con
dos cromosomas homlogos
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adicionales, e.g. 2N+2.
EN: tetrasomics

The Nature Conservancy
DF: Organizacin internacional de conservacin de la naturaleza
que compra terrenos para preservar plantas, animales y
comunidades naturales.
EN: The Nature Conservancy

Thlaspi arvense
DF: Una especie de maleza nociva en muchos Estados de los EE.UU.
EN: Thlaspi arvense

tianfenicol
DF: Metilsulfonil anlogo del cloranfenicol. Es un agente
antibitico e inmunosupresor.
EN: thiamphenicol

ticarcilina
DF: Antibitico derivado de la penicilina, similar a la
carbenicilina en accin.
EN: ticarcillin

tiempo de cada
DF: Mtodo para determinar el efecto de la actividad de alfa
amilasa durante el proceso de horneado.
EN: falling number

tiempo de vida
DF: Tiempo durante el cual un producto o material puede ser
almacenado manteniendo la calidad conveniente para su uso o
consumo.
EN: shelf life

tierra negra
DF: Un suelo frtil muy oscura de alto contenido de carbn,
como se encuentra en la cuenca del Amazonas.
EN: terra preta

tierras ridas
DF: Tierra estril, desrtica o semidesrtica que habitualmente
es seca y tiene menos de 25 centmetros de precipitacin
anual.
EN: arid lands

tierras bajas
DF: En geografa fsica, una extensin amplia de tierra que es
baja en relacin al rea circundante.
EN: lowlands

tierras de pasto
DF: Tierra en la que la comunidad de plantas climax est
compuesta predominantemente por gramneas, csped,
herbceas, o arbustos. Incluye las tierras reforestadas
958

natural o artificialmente, cuando el manejo de rutina de
que la vegetacin es hecho principalmente a travs de la
manipulacin del pastoreo. Las tierras de pastoreo incluyen
pastizales naturales, sabanas, matorrales, la mayora de
los desiertos, tundras, comunidades alpinas, pantanos
costeros y praderas hmedas.
EN: rangelands

tierras de pastoreo
DF: Trmino colectivo utilizado por NRCS para pastizales,
praderas, pastos forestales de la tierra, los pastos
nativos y naturalizados, tierras altas, tierras de cultivo
y pastoreo. Aunque el pastoreo es en general de uso
predominante, el trmino es usado independiente del uso.
(2) Tierras utilizadas principalmente para la produccin de
plantas forrajeras
mantenidas o manipuladas principalmente a travs del manejo
de pastoreo. Incluye todas las tierras que tienen pastos
cosechables sin referencia a tenencia de la tierra, otros
usos de la tierra, gestin, o prcticas de tratamiento.
EN: grazing lands

tierras hmedas estacionales
DF: Humedales efmeros formados durante la poca ms hmeda del
ao, que luego se secan y desaparecen con la variacin
estacional. Estos humedales estacionales son importantes
para los ciclos de vida anfibia y como fuente de alimento y
agua para la vida silvestre.
EN: seasonal wetlands

tierras ribereas
DF: Tierras aledaas a rios y arroyos y que estn sujetas a
erosin por accin del agua.
EN: riparian soils

tierras tribales
DF: Tierras posedas o que tradicionalmente han pertenecido a
un grupo de familias, clanes o generaciones.
EN: tribal lands

tifus
DF: Enfermedad aguda infecciosa caracterizada por fiebre alta,
erupciones en la piel, y dolor de cabeza severo. La forma
clsica del tifus, causada por Rickettsia prowazekii, es
transmitida de persona a persona por los piojos Pediculus
humanus corporis. Una forma clnica similar es causada por
Rickettsia typhi y es transmitida de las ratas a los seres
humanos o por la pulga de la rata, Xenopsylla cheopis. Un
tercer tipo es causado por Orientia tsutsugamushi y es
transmitido por la mordedura de un caro infectado. Se
encuentra exclusivamente en el sureste de Asia, en la
India, el norte de Australia, y las islas adyacentes.
EN: typhus

959

tifus de las malezas
DF: Enfermedad infecciosa aguda causada por Orientia
tsutsugamushi.
EN: scrub typhus

tifus murino
DF: Enfermedad infecciosa clnicamente similar a la epidemia de
tifus transmitida por piojos. Es causada por Rickettsia
typhi, la cual se transmite al hombre por la pulga de la
rata, Xenopsylla cheopis.
EN: murine typhus

tigmotaxis
DF: Movimiento inducido en organismos mviles en respuesta a un
toque o al contacto fsico.
EN: thigmotaxis

tilacoides
DF: Cisternas membranosas de los cloroplastos que contienen los
pigmentos de la fotosntesis, los centros de reaccin y la
cadena de transporte electrnico.
EN: thylakoids

tiloses
DF: Masas de clulas parenquimatosas que asemejan algo as como
espuma en los poros de algunas maderas duras, notablemente
los robles blancos (Quercus alba) y Robinia pseudoacacia.
Las tiloses se forman por la extensin de la pared celular
de clulas vivientes rodeando los vasos de las maderas
duras.
EN: tyloses

tilosina
DF: Antibitico macrlido obtenido a partir de cultivos de
Streptomyces fradiae. El frmaco es eficaz contra muchos
microorganismos en animales pero no en los seres humanos.
EN: tylosin

timoma
DF: Neoplasia que se origina en el tejido tmico, por lo comn
benigno y con frecuencia capsulado; ocasionalmente invasor,
pero las metstasis son extremadamente poco comunes. Es
cualquier tipo de clulas epiteliales tmicas y linfocitos,
que en general son abundantes y probablemente no
neoplsicos.
EN: thymoma

Timor
DF: Isla del Pacfico Occidental dividida entre Indonesia y
Timor Oriental (independiente desde 2002, antiguamente
parte de Indonesia).
EN: Timor

Tinamiformes
960

DF: Orden de aves que habitan en el suelo y que estn
relacionadas con las aves corredoras (rtidas) distribuidas
en Amrica Central y Amrica del Sur.
EN: Tinamiformes

tioacidlisis
DF: Degradacin qumica catalizada por cidos, tal como la que
se realiza en la despolimerizacin de la lignina.
EN: thioacidolysis

tiostreptona
DF: Uno de los pptidos cclicos de Streptomyces que es activo
frente a bacterias gram-positivas. En medicina veterinaria,
se ha utilizado en la mastitis causada por organismos
gram-negativos y en trastornos dermatolgicos.
EN: thiostrepton

tipos de bosques
DF: Bosques naturales que se caracterizan por sus especies
dominantes.
EN: forest types

tirocidina
DF: Una mezcla de antibitico producido por Bacillus brevis el
cual se puede separar en tres componentes, tyrocidines A, B
y C. Tirotricina es el constituyente principal (40-60 por
ciento) y gramicidina en 10-20 por ciento de material
activo. Es un agente antimicrobiano tpico, muy txico
parenteralmente.
EN: tyrocidine

tobramicina
DF: Antibitico aminoglucsido de amplio espectro, producido
por Streptomyces tenebrarius. Es eficaz contra bacterias
gram-negativas, especialmente especies de Pseudomonas. Este
es un componente 10% del complejo antibitico, nebramicina,
producido por la misma especie.
EN: tobramycin

tolerancia a la sal
DF: Habilidad de un organismo para resistir los efectos
adversos del exceso de sales solubles en
un ambiente.
EN: salt tolerance

toma de decisiones multicriterio
DF: Proceso por el cual la informacin de mltiples
alternativas en conflicto se analiza con el fin de hacer
una mejor eleccin de la accin.
EN: multi-criteria decision making

tomas de fuerza
DF: Mecanismo en un tractor que permite utilizar la fuerza del
motor para operar herramientas conectadas a l, tales como
961

una bomba o una sierra.
EN: power take-offs

tombocitopenia
DF: Disminucin en el nmero de plaquetas sanguneas.
EN: thrombocytopenia

tomografa por emisin de positrones
DF: Una tcnica de imagen que utiliza compuestos marcados con
corta duracin emisores de positrones radionucleidos (como
el carbono-11, el nitrgeno-13, oxgeno-15 y el flor-18)
con el objetivo de medir el metabolismo celular. Es til en
el estudio de tejidos blandos, como el cncer, sistema
cardiovascular y cerebral.
EN: positron-emission tomography

tonoplasto
DF: Membrana citoplsmica semipermeable que rodea la vacuola en
una clula vegetal.
EN: tonoplast

topiary
DF: Plantas que han sido podadas o cortadas en formas
decorativas.
EN: topiary

topologa
DF: Estudio de las matemticas del espacio tridimensional.
EN: topology

toracoscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se lleva a cabo en la cavidad
pleural mediante un endoscopio.
EN: thoracoscopy

toros
DF: Ganado macho adulto.
EN: bulls

torque
DF: Fuerza de torsin o giro.
EN: torque

torrefaccin
DF: Tratamiento trmico para eliminar la humedad y volatilidad,
especialmente bajo condiciones anaerbicas. Esta tecnologa
se utiliza para mejorar las propiedades de la biomasa para
su utilizacin como combustible.
EN: torrefaction

torta de biscocho
DF: Un biscocho liviano y suave que generalmente se hace sin
materia grasa ni manteca agregada y se hace subir slo con
huevos.
962

EN: sponge cakes

tos ferina
DF: Es una infeccin respiratoria causada por Bordetella
pertussis y se caracteriza por tos paroxstica que termina
con una dificultad en la inhalacin.
EN: whooping cough

toxemia
DF: Intoxicacin generalizada producida por toxinas y otras
sustancias elaboradas por un agente infeccioso.
EN: toxemia

toxicidad aguda
DF: Reaccin adversa inmediata o de corto plazo de un organismo
a una sola exposicin a una sustancia qumica.
EN: acute toxicity

toxicidad crnica
DF: Reaccin adversa de un organismo a una exposicin continua
o repetida en un largo perodo de tiempo a una sustancia
qumica.
EN: chronic toxicity

toxicidad del desarrollo
DF: Efectos adversos de sustancias txicas, incluyendo
crecimiento, morfologa o funcin fisiolgica anormales en
un organismo en desarrollo.
EN: developmental toxicity

toxicogenmica
DF: Estudio de los conocimientos genticos actuales, y
generacin de nuevos datos genticos, dirigidos a
comprender y, por consiguiente, a evitar el problema de la
toxicidad en los frmacos y los efectos adversos de las
sustancias txicas en el medioambiente.
EN: toxicogenomics

toxicoinfecciones
DF: Una enfermedad transmitida por alimentos causada por la
ingestin de las bacterias que producen toxinas en el
tracto digestivo.
EN: toxicoinfections

toxicologa reproductiva
DF: Estudio de los efectos adversos de las sustancias en los
sistemas neuroendocrinos y reproductivos del embrin, el
feto, el neonato, los mamferos prepberes y los adultos.
EN: reproductive toxicology

toxina pertussis
DF: Uno de los factores de virulencia producidos por Bordetella
pertussis. Es una protena multimrica compuesta por cinco
subunidades S1-S5. S1 contiene mono actividad transferasa
963

ADPribosa.
EN: pertussis toxin

toxinas
DF: Venenos producidos por ciertos microorganismos, plantas o
animales y que a menudo son protenas.
EN: toxins

toxinas bacterianas
DF: Toxinas o sustancias venenosas producidas por bacterias.
EN: bacterial toxins

toxinas cianobacterianas
DF: Toxinas o sustancias venenosas producidas por
cianobacterias, especialmente por cianobacterias de
crecimiento masivo.
EN: cyanobacterial toxins

toxides
DF: Preparaciones de organismos patognicos o de sus derivados
hechos no txicos y que se usan para la profilaxis
inmunolgica activa. Incluyen toxinas desactivadas.
EN: toxoids

trabajador agrcola
DF: Un individuo o grupo que controlan el manejo diario y toma
de decisiones en operaciones agrcolas.
EN: farm operators

trabajadores de salud de la comunidad
DF: Personas capacitadas para brindar asistencia al personal
profesional de los servicios de salud en cuanto a la
comunicacin con los residentes sobre sus necesidades y la
disponibilidad de dichos servicios en la comunidad.
EN: community health workers

trabajadores migrantes
DF: Gente que migra de una a otra seccin del mismo pas o
migra del otro pas para encontrar trabajo remunerado.
EN: migrant workers

trabajo a distancia
DF: Uso del computador (ordenador) y las tecnologas de
telecomunicacin para permitir a los empleados realizar
parte del trabajo o todo el trabajo en el hogar.
EN: telecommuting

trabajo agrcola
DF: Gente asalariada, empleada por un trabajador agrcola para
asistir en el trabajo agropecuario, incluyendo el trabajo
regular, estacional, local, migratorio, a tiempo completo o
parcial.
EN: farm labor

964

trabajo de parto
DF: Contraccin del tero repetitiva que tiene lugar durante el
parto y est asociada a la dilatacin progresiva del cuello
uterino (cervix uteri). Un parto exitoso da como resultado
la expulsin del feto y la placenta. El trabajo de parto
puede ser espontneo o inducido.
EN: obstetric labor

trabajo en madera
DF: Actividad que consiste en hacer objetos de madera; por
ejemplo, muebles.
EN: woodworking

transactivacin
DF: Ritmo incrementado de expresin del gen dirigido por
protenas virales o celulares. Estos
factores reguladores (productos gnicos difundibles) actan
en trans -- es decir, actan sobre
molculas homlogas o heterlogas de ADN. (Los factores de
accin cis actan slo sobre
molculas homlgas).
EN: transcriptional activation

transcripcin (gentica)
DF: Biosntesis del ARN dirigida por un patrn de ADN.
EN: transcription (genetics)

transcripcin reversa
DF: Biosntesis del ADN a partir del modelo de ARN.
EN: reverse transcription

transcriptoma
DF: Conjunto total de mlculas de ARNm de un organismo. El
transcriptoma puede variar dependiendo de la condicin y
del ambiente del organismo.
EN: transcriptome

transcriptmica
de su transcriptoma, es decir, de su conjunto total de
mlculas de ARNm.
EN: transcriptomics

transduccin gentica
DF: Transferencia de ADN bacteriano por fagos de la bacteria
infectada en la que se origina el ADN hacia otra bacteria.
EN: genetic transduction

transfeccin
DF: Incorporacin de ADN externo en clulas cultivadas,
generalmente clulas eucariticas, mediante la exposicin a
ADN desnudo. Es anloga a la transformacin bacteriana.
Tambin es posible la transfeccin de bacterias a travs
del ADN del bacteriofago.
965

EN: transfection

transferencia de embriones
DF: Transferencia de embriones de mamferos desde un ambiente
in vivo o in vitro a un husped adecuado para mejorar el
embarazo o la preez, o el trmino de la gestacin en seres
humanos o animales.
EN: embryo transfer

transferencia de genes
DF: Introduccin de genes funcionales (generalmente clonados)
en clulas y organismos mediante diversas tcnicas para
producir clulas e individuos genticamente transformados.
EN: gene transfer

transferrina
DF: Beta-globulina srica que se une con el hierro y lo
transporta.
EN: transferrin

transformacin gentica
DF: Cambio producido a la composicin gentica de un organismo
por transferencia unidireccional (transfeccin,
transduccin; conjugacin gentica, etc.) e incorporacin
de ADN donante a clulas procariticas o eucariticas por
recombinacin de parte o de todo ese ADN al genoma de la
clula.
EN: genetic transformation

trnsito gastrointestinal
DF: Paso del alimento (a veces en forma de comida de prueba)
por el tracto gastrointestinal medido en minutos u horas.
EN: gastrointestinal transit

translocacin cromosmica
DF: Ruptura y extraccin de un gran segmento de ADN de un
cromosoma, seguida de la fijacin del segmento a un
cromosoma diferente.
EN: chromosome translocation

transmisin por aire
DF: Difusin de una agente biolgico, qumico fsico a travs
del aire, por lo generala distancias superiores a un metro
del origen.
EN: airborne transmission

transmisin primaria
DF: Transferencia inicial de un patgeno a un organismo
susceptible.
EN: primary transmission

transmisin secundaria
DF: Transferencia de un patgeno desde el organismo infectado a
organismos adicionales.
966

EN: secondary transmission

transmisin sinptica
DF: La comunicacin de una neurona con un blanco (neurona,
msculo o clula secretora) mediante una sinapsis.
EN: synaptic transmission

transparencia de la informacin
DF: La presentacin de la informacin para que est disponible
abiertamente, accesible, completa y claramente
comprensible.
EN: information transparency

transpiracin
DF: El agua descargada a la atmsfera desde la superficie de
las plantas.
EN: transpiration

transplante de hgado
DF: Transferencia de una parte o de todo el hgado de un ser
humano o animal a otro.
EN: liver transplant

transplante de rganos
DF: Transferencia de un rgano entre individuos de una misma
especie o entre individuos de especies diferentes.
EN: organ transplantation

transplante de piel
DF: Transferencia de piel en un individuo, entre individuos de
la misma especie, o entre individuos de diferentes especies.
EN: tissue transplantation

transplante de rin
DF: Transferencia de un rin de un ser humano o animal a otro.
EN: kidney transplant

transplante nuclear
DF: Trasladar el ncleo de una clula a otra clula enucleada,
generalmente un oocito, que despus se desarrolla como
embrin y se transfiere a una hembra receptora.
EN: nuclear transplantation

transplantes quirrgicos
DF: Transferencia de un tejido u rgano, vivo o muerto, en un
mismo individuo, entre individuos de la misma especie, o
entre individuos de diferentes especies.
EN: surgical transplantation

transpondedores
DF: Dispositivo electrnico que recibe su nombre por su
capacidad de transmitir seales y a la vez responder a
ella. Su funcin es recibir una seal dada y transmitir una
determinada respuesta.
967

EN: transponders

transportadores de frmacos
DF: Formas en las que ciertas sustancias son incorporadas para
mejorar la administracin y la eficacia de los frmacos.
Los transportadores de frmacos son utilizados en sistemas
de administracin de medicamentos, como por ejemplo, la
tecnologa de liberacin controlada, a fin de prolongar la
accin in vivo de los frmacos, disminuir su metabolismo y
reducir su toxicidad.
EN: drug carriers

transportadores de lquidos
DF: Barco, avin, o camin cisterna construido para transportar
grandes cantidades de lquidos, como leche, aceite, o aguas
servidas.
EN: tankers

transportadores de sodio-glucosa
DF: Protenas de transporte de monosacridos que funcionan como
simportadores activos. Utilizan iones de sodio o hidrgeno
para transportar glucosa a travs de las membranas
celulares.
EN: sodium glucose transporter

transporte acutico
DF: Transporte de personas o mercaderas en algn tipo de
embarcacin menor.
EN: water transportation

transporte areo
DF: Transporte de personas y bienes por avin.
EN: air transportation

transporte en contenedores
DF: Transporte de bienes en una caja de metal muy grande
(tpicamente de 20 40 pies [6 12 mt] de largo), de
tamao estndar, hermtico, diseado para ser puesto en
remolques especiales para el transporte hacia/desde un
puerto de embarque por camiones o por tren.
EN: container transport

transporte fisiolgico
DF: Movimiento de materiales (incluyendo sustancias
bioqumicas y drogas ) a travs de la
membranas celulares y el epitelio.
EN: physiological transport

transporte nucleocitoplsmico
DF: Mecanismos de transporte activo por medio de los cuales el
ARN o las protenas se mueven a travs de la membrana
nuclear hacia el citoplasma.
EN: nucleocytoplasmic transport

968

transporte terrestre
DF: Transporte de personas o productos en algn tipo de
vehculo terrestre.
EN: land transportation

traqueidos
DF: Los traquedos son clulas alargadas en el xilema que
conducen agua y sales minerales en las plantas. A veces
llamados fibras, los traquedos son ms abundantes y de
mayor longitud en las maderas blandas que en las maderas
duras. La mayor longitud de los traquedos en las maderas
blandas es significativo en la manufactura de papel.
EN: tracheids

traqueoscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se realiza en la trquea con
EN: tracheoscopy

trasfondo gentico
DF: Base genotpica de una lnea reproductiva o poblacin. Las
poblaciones con una base gentica amplia responden a la
seleccin ms fcilmente que aquellas con una base menos
amplia. Las expresiones de un gen de inters en particular
sern afectados por el genotipo residual.
EN: genetic background

trashumancia
DF: Migracin estacional del ganado en busca de pastos, tal
como el traslado de ovejas de los pastos de la montaa a
los pastos de la llanura.
EN: transhumance

traslocacin (fisiologa vegetal)
DF: Transporte de materias disueltas desde un lugar a otro
dentro de una planta.
EN: translocation (plant physiology)

trasplante cardaco
DF: Transferencia de un corazn de un ser humano o animal a
otro.
EN: heart transplant

trasplante celular
DF: Transferencia de clulas en un individuo, entre individuos
de la misma especie o entre individuos de especies
diferentes.
EN: cell transplantation

trasplante de piel
DF: El injerto de piel en seres humanos o animales de un sitio
a otro para sustituir una porcin perdida de la piel de la
superficie corporal.
EN: skin grafting
969

trasposicin (gentica)
DF: Movimiento de un segmento de ADN de un lugar a otro en el
mismo cromosoma o en otro.
EN: transposition (genetics)

trastorno de atracones compulsivos
DF: Trastorno caracterizado por episodios durante los cuales
las personas comen grandes cantidades de comida sin tener
control sobre la cantidad que ingieren. A diferencia de la
bulimia, las personas con trastorno de atracn no vomitan.
EN: binge eating disorder

trastorno obsesivo compulsivo
DF: Trastorno de ansiedad caracterizado por obsesiones o
compulsiones recurrentes y persistentes. Las obsesiones
constituyen ideas, imgenes o pensamientos intrusivos que
la persona experimenta y a los cuales considera absurdos o
repulsivos. Las compulsiones son comportamientos
repetitivos y aparentemente intencionados que el individuo
considera generalmente como absurdos y a travs de los
cuales no obtiene placer, pero s puede liberar tensiones.
EN: obsessive-compulsive disorder

trastornos conductuales
DF: Enfermedad siquitrica caracterizada por crisis en el
proceso adaptativo, expresada principalmente por
anormalidades del pensamiento, los sentimientos y la
conducta, que producen angustia o deterioro funcional.
EN: behavior disorders

trastornos de coagulacin de la sangre
DF: Trastornos hemorrgicos y trombticos que se producen como
consecuencia de anormalidades en la coagulacin sangunea.
Estos trastornos pueden deberse a disfunciones de las
plaquetas o las protenas de coagulacin u a otros
factores, tales como las condiciones alimentarias.
EN: blood coagulation disorders

trastornos de la sensacin
DF: Trastornos de los sentidos especiales (es decir, vision,
audicin, gusto y olfato) o del sistema somatosensorial (es
decir, componentes aferentes del sistema nervioso
perifrico).
EN: sensory disorders

trastornos del control de impulsos
DF: Trastornos cuya caracterstica fundamental es no poder
resistirse al impulso, al estmulo o a la tentacin de
cometer un acto perjudicial para el individuo o para los
dems.
EN: impulse control disorders

trastornos leucocticos
970

DF: Formacin desordenada de varios tipos de leucocitos o
acumulacin anormal o deficiencia de estas clulas.
EN: leukocyte disorders

trastornos neuromusculares
DF: Trmino general que incluye la enfermedad de la motoneurona
inferior, dolencias del sistema nervioso perifrico y
ciertas afecciones musculares. Entre sus manifestaciones se
incluyen debilidad de los msculos, fasciculaciones,
atrofia muscular, espasmos, miocimia, hipertona, miodinia
e hipotona.
EN: neuromuscular disorders

trastornos por fotosensibilidad
DF: Respuesta anormal a la luz solar o artificial producida por
reactividad extrema de las molculas que absorben la luz en
los tejidos. Se refiere, casi exclusivamente, a la
fotosensibilidad cutnea, incluyendo quemaduras solares,
reacciones producidas por exposicin repetida y prolongada
en ausencia de factores fotosensibilizantes y de ciertas
enfermedades. Est restringida a los tejidos cutneos, no
incluye la fotosensibilidad del ojo a la luz, como ocurre
en la fotofobia o en la epilepsia fotosensible.
EN: photosensitivity disorders

trastornos somatosensoriales
DF: Trastornos de la informacin sensorial recibida desde las
regiones superficiales y profundas del cuerpo. El sistema
somatosensorial trasmite los impulsos neurales que
pertenecen a la propriocepcin, sensacin tctil, sensacin
trmica, sensacin de presin, y dolor.
EN: somatosensory disorders

trastornos y enfermedades puerperales
DF: Enfermedades, desrdenes y complicaciones que ocurren poco
antes, durante o despus del nacimiento.
EN: periparturient diseases and disorders

tratamiento postcosecha
DF: Preparacin de los productos recolectados durante la
cosecha , tales como los productos usados para consumo
humano, consumo animal, o madereros, para la venta como
productos frescos o procesados. Puede incluir control
postcosecha de pestes o enfermedades, varias tcnicas de
preservacin, envasado, clasificacin, curado, (de
productos de cultivo) o estimulacin de la maduracin.
EN: postharvest treatment

trayectorias
DF: Trayectoria curva que sigue un proyectil u otro objeto en
movimiento.
EN: trajectories

trazabilidad
971

DF: Proceso de supervisar el movimiento de productos desde la
produccin al consumo y viceversa.
EN: traceability

tricomoniasis
DF: Infecciones en aves y mamferos producidos por varias
especies de Trichomonas.
EN: trichomoniasis

tricotilomana
DF: Compulsin por arrancarse el cabello.
EN: trichotillomania

trigo blando blanco
DF: Tipo de trigo usado de manera muy similar al trigo blando
rojo de invierno (para productos de panadera que no sean
pan). Se cultiva principalmente en el Noroeste Pacfico, y
en menor grado en California, Michigan, Wisconsin, y Nueva
York. Tiene bajos niveles de protena, pero alto
rendimiento. Produce harina para pasteles, galletas saladas
y dulces, repostera, panes rpidos, molletes, refrigerios.
EN: soft white wheat

trigo blando rojo de invierno
DF: Tipo de trigo sembrado en otoo que tiene contenido de
protena bajo a medio, con endosperma suave, y es usado en
la fabricacin de pasteles, repostera, panes llanos, y
galletas saladas; se cultiva en un tercio del Este de los
Estados Unidos, al este del Ro Mississippi. Tiene un alto
rendimiento, pero protena relativamente baja.
EN: soft red winter wheat

trigo de invierno
DF: Trmino general para referirse al trigo sembrado en el
otoo, persistente en el invierno como planta de semillero,
y cosechado en la primavera o el verano siguiente despus
de alcanzar la madurez completa.
EN: winter wheat

trigo de primavera
DF: Trmino general para el trigo sembrado a principios de la
primavera y cosechado a finales del verano o a principios
de otoo del mismo ao.
EN: spring wheat

trigo duro
DF: El ms duro de todos los tipos de trigo de los Estados
Unidos, sembrado en primavera, alto en contenido proteico,
muy adecuado para la fabricacin de pastas (macarrones,
spaghetti y otras), cultivado en la misma regin nortina
que el Trigo Rojo de Primavera, principalmente en Dakota
del Norte.
EN: durum wheat

972

trigo duro blanco
DF: El tipo de trigo blanco de ms reciente cultivo en los
Estados Unidos. Estrechamente relacionado con los trigos
rojos (excepto por los genes del color), este trigo tiene
un sabor ms suave y dulce, una fibra similar y
caractersticas molineras y de horneado parecidas; se
utiliza en panes con levadura, panecillos, bulgur,
tortillas y fideos orientales en mercados internos y
tambin se exporta en cantidades limitadas.
EN: hard white wheat

trigo rojo de invierno
DF: Tipo de trigo usado principalmente para fabricar pan y
harina para propsitos mltiples; se siembra en otoo y
tiene un contenido proteico de mediano a alto y un
endospermo duro o blando, constituye ms del 40% de los
cultivos de trigo y ms de la mitad de las exportaciones de
trigo de los Estados Unidos; se produce en las Grandes
Planicies, tiene amplias propiedades proteicas y buenas
caractersticas molineras y de horneado. Se usa para
fabricar pan y en menor medida, dulces y harinas mltiples.
EN: hard red winter wheat

trigo rojo de primavera
DF: Trigo que contiene el porcentaje ms alto de protenas, lo
que lo convierte en un excelente trigo para fabricar pan,
con caractersticas molineras y de horneado superiores; se
cultiva principalmente en Montana, las Dakotas y Minnesota;
se planta en primavera y puede tener un endospermo duro o
blando.
EN: hard red spring wheat

trimedlure
DF: Cairomona sinttica que produce la atraccin de los machos
de la mosca de la fruta del Mediterrneo, Ceratitis
capitata.
EN: trimedlure

trimetilaminuria
DF: Error congnito del metabolismo caracterizado por un olor
corporal a pescado causado por la liberacin excesiva de
trimetilamina a travs del aliento, la transpiracin y la
orina.
EN: trimethylaminuria

tripanosomiasis bovina
DF: Infeccin en el ganado causada por varias especies de
tripanosomas.
EN: bovine trypanosomiasis

triquinosis
DF: Enfermedad parasitaria de los mamferos, producida por el
nemtodo triquinela, cuyas larvas migran desde el tracto
digestivo, formando quistes en varios msculos del cuerpo.
973

La triquinosis en los seres humanos se produce por comer
carne mal cocida, usualmente de cerdo.
EN: trichinosis

trismicos
DF: Calidad de poseer un conjunto diploide de cromosomas con un
cromosoma homlogo
adicional, e.g. 2N+1.
EN: trisomics

triterpenidos
DF: Terpenoidos con una estructura C30.
EN: triterpenoids

triticale (gramineae)
DF: Grano de un hbrido intergenrico de Triticum x Secale
(trigo y centeno).
EN: triticale

Triticosecale
DF: Hbrido intergenrico de Triticum x Secale (trigo y
centeno).
EN: Triticosecale

tritio
DF: Tritio es el istopo radiactivo de hidrgeno que tiene un
nmero de masa 3, tiene un protn y dos neutrones.
EN: tritium

triyodotironina
DF: Hormona tiroidea T3 sintetizada y secretada por la glndula
tiroide normalmente en mucho
menor cantidad que la tiroxina (T4). La mayor parte de la
T3 proviene de monodeiodinacin
perifrica de T4 en la 5' posicin del anillo externo del
ncleo de la iodotironina. La hormona
que finalmente se libera y es utilizada por los tejidos es
la T3.
EN: triiodothyronine

trofalaxis
DF: Intercambio mutuo de alimentos entre insectos,
especialmente entre adultos y larvas de insectos sociales.
EN: trophallaxis

troleandomicina
DF: Antibitico macrlido similar a la eritromicina.
EN: troleandomycin

trombocitemia
DF: Aumento exagerado de las plaquetas en la sangre perifrica.
EN: thrombocythemia

trombocitos
974

DF: Los trombocitos son clulas sanguneas nucleadas
multifuncionales. Se estima que son funcionalmente anlogas
a las plaquetas en la sangre de los mamferos. Los
trombocitos aviares tambin se conocen por ser fagocticos.
EN: thrombocytes

tromboflebitis
DF: Inflamacin de una vena asociada con un cogulo sanguneo
(trombo).
EN: thrombophlebitis

troncos
DF: Trozos individuales de madera en rollo.
EN: wood logs

tropismo drmico
DF: Localizacin de una peste, parsito o patgeno en un tejido
especfico mientras un husped padece de una infeccin.
EN: tissue tropism

tropismos
DF: Movimiento que es inducido y que ocurre en la direccin
relacionada a la del estmulo, como el movimiento de las
hojas hacia la luz en un fototropismo positivo o fuera de
la luz en un fototropismo negativo.
EN: tropisms

trozas de aserradero
DF: Troza lo bastante grande para ser aserrada econmicamente
en tablas en una serrera. Las trozas de aserradero son por
lo general de al menos 8 pulgadas de dimetro en el extremo
pequeo.
EN: sawlogs

tuberculosis
DF: Cualquiera de las enfermedades infecciosas de los seres
humanos y los animales causada por una de las especies de
Mycobacteriaum.
EN: tuberculosis

tumores venreos transmisibles
DF: Tumores ms vistos con mayor frecuencia en o cerca de los
genitales. Son venreos, posiblemente transmitidos a travs
del transplante de clulas por contacto. Se han reportado
metstasis. Puede ocurrir la regresin espontnea.
EN: transmissible venereal tumors

tundra
DF: Regiones rticas o subrticas donde el crecimiento de los
rboles es limitado debido a las bajas temperaturas, la
breve estacin de crecimiento y al subsuelo permanentemente
congelado. La vegetacin dominante consiste en pastos,
juncias, musgos, lquenes, y arbustos y rboles enanos.
EN: tundra
975

tundra alpina
DF: Tundra que no tiene rboles debido a la gran altitud y que
se puede presentar en cualquier latitud.
EN: alpine tundra

tunicamicina
DF: N-acetilglicosamina que contiene antibitico antiviral
obtenido del Streptomyces lysosuperificus. Tambin es
activo contra algunas bacterias y hongos, ya que inhibe la
glucosilacin de las protenas. La tunicamicina se utiliza
como herramienta en el estudio de los mecanismos
biosintticos microbianos.
EN: tunicamycin

turba
DF: Materia orgnica parcialmente descompuesta de naturaleza
vegetativa formada en condiciones de humedad.
EN: peat

turberas
DF: Tuerbera es un trmino genrico para diversos humedales
donde se ha formado turba. Se desarrollan ms ampliamente
en reas del norte, en las que el drenaje se ha bloqueado,
las precipitaciones se retienen y la descomposicin de la
materia orgnica se torna ms lenta.
EN: peatlands

turismo
DF: La industria que provee entretenimiento local, hospedaje,
transporte, alimentacin y otros servicios a visitantes y
viajeros.
EN: tourism

976

U

lcera pptica
DF: lcera que se produce en aquellos sectores del tracto
gastrointestinal que se encuentran en contacto con el jugo
gstrico que contiene pepsina y acido gastrico. sta ocurre
cuando hay defectos en la barrera de la mucosa.
EN: peptic ulcers

lceras de presin
DF: Ulceracin causada por una presin continua ejercida sobre
la piel y los tejidos cuando se permanece en la misma
posicin por largo tiempo, por ejemplo, cuando se est
acostado en la cama. Las zonas seas del cuerpo suelen ser
las ms afectadas, ya que se vuelven isqumicas bajo una
presin sostenida y constante.
EN: pressure ulcers

ultraestructura
DF: La estructura de un organismo, sustancia u objeto que es
slo observable a travs de un microscopio electrnico.
EN: ultrastructure

umami
DF: Elemento primario del gusto que, aunque complementa lo
dulce, cido, salado, y amargo, es independiente de ellos.
Umami es la palabra japonesa para 'delicioso' o 'sabroso'
pero es considerada como parecida a un sabor de caldo o
carnoso en culturas occidentales. Este gusto descubre la
presencia de glutamato.
EN: umami

unidad equivalente de leche
DF: La cantidad de leche lquida usada en un producto lcteo
procesado, por lo general expresado en base a grasa de
leche, p.ej. una libra de queso es el equivalente a 9,88
libras de leche.
EN: milk equivalent

unigenes
DF: Secuencias nicas de ADN que pueden ser obtenidas mediante
un anlisis de etiquetas de secuencia expresada (EST) de
una biblioteca de ADNc.
EN: unigenes

unin de protenas
DF: Proceso en el cual las substancias, ya sean endgenas o
exgenas, se unen a las protenas, pptidos, enzimas,
precursores proteicos, o compuestos aliados.
EN: protein binding

Unin Europea
DF: Asociacin econmica de pases europeos fundada por el
Tratado de Roma en 1957 como mercado comn para seis
977

naciones. Se conoci como Comunidad Europea hasta 1993. Sus
objetivos son lograr un mercado comn nico para bienes y
servicios sin barreras econmicas y una moneda nica con
una sola autoridad monetaria.
EN: European Union

uniones comunicantes
DF: Conexiones entre clulas que permiten el paso de molculas
pequeas y corriente elctrica. Las uniones comunicantes en
un principio fueron descritas anatmicamente como regiones
de estrecha aposicin entre las clulas con un espacio
pequeo (1-2 mm) entre las membranas celulares. La variedad
de las uniones comunicantes se refleja en el nmero de
conexinas, la familia de protenas que forma las uniones.
EN: gap junctions

uniones estrechas
DF: Uniones clula-clula que mantienen juntas a las clulas
epiteliales adyacentes, impidiendo
el paso de la mayora de las molculas disueltas desde un
lado al otro de la capa epitelial.
EN: tight junctions

universidades agrcolas
DF: Instituciones educativas que ofrecen un currculo en
ciencias agrcolas.
EN: agricultural colleges

universidades Land Grant
DF: Trmino utilizado para identificar una universidad pblica
en cada estado que fue establecida originalmente como una
universidad con concesin de tierras de la agricultura, de
conformidad con la Ley Morrill de 1862. Con el tiempo, en
la mayora de los estados las escuelas de agricultura se
convierten en universidades pblicas de pleno derecho
mediante la adicin de otras universidades (por ejemplo,
las artes y las ciencias, medicina, etc), en los estados
donde una universidad pblica existi antes de 1862, la
primera Ley Morrill defini que la universidad de
agricultura que se sumara a la universidad.
EN: Land Grant universities

universidades tribales
DF: Instituciones de educacin post-secundaria en tierras
tribales en los Estados Unidos, universidades nativas
americanas, en las que la tierra ha sido dada en consesin
por una ley del Congreso en 1994 conocida como las
Instituciones de 1994.
EN: tribal colleges

urbanizacin
DF: El proceso por el cual la poblacin y el rea de una ciudad
se expanden, lo que es usualmente acompaado por la prdida
de zona rural, hbitats no desarrollados o naturales se
978

convierten en zonas residenciales, comerciales u otras
aplicaciones de infraestructura.
EN: urbanization

ureteroscopia
DF: Examen, terapia o ciruga que se practica en el urter por
medio de un endoscopio.
EN: ureteroscopy

uso de incendios espontneos
DF: Uso de incendios no planificados, iniciados en forma
natural, para que ardan y se extingan en forma natural por
la lluvia o la nieve, con el fin de obtener los beneficios
naturales del fuego para un ecosistema, como la diversidad
de la vegetacin, la mezcla de los hbitats silvestres, y
la reduccin de la acumulacin excesiva de lea.
EN: wildland fire use

utensilios de cocina
DF: Variedad de instrumentos manuales usados para la
preparacin de alimentos.
EN: cooking utensils

utilizacin de renuevas de la raz
DF: Produccin de un cultivo posterior resultante del rebrote
de las races de cultivos previamente cosechados, como es
el caso de la caa de azcar, las pias y las bananas.
EN: ratooning

979

V

vacas
DF: Hembras adultas en la familia Bovidae.
EN: cows

vacunacin
DF: Administracin de vacunas para estimulacin de respuesta
inmune del husped. Esto incluye cualquier preparacin que
objetive la profilaxis inmunolgica activa.
EN: vaccination

vacunas anticonceptivas
DF: Vacunas, en etapa experimental o no, utilizadas para evitar
la concepcin.
EN: contraceptive vaccines

vacunas comestibles
DF: Vacunas o futuras vacunas derivadas de plantas comestibles.
Las plantas transgnicas se utilizan como sistemas de
produccin de protena recombinantes y el tejido de la
planta comestible funciona como vacuna oral.
EN: edible vaccines

vacunas de partculas similares a virus/seudovricas
DF: Vacunas en las que se utilizan estructuras supramoleculares
compuestas de mltiples copias de protenas virales
estructurales expresadas en forma recombinante, las cuales
suelen ser antignicamente indistinguibles del virus del
que se derivaron.
EN: virus-like particle vaccines

vacunas de productos inactivados
DF: Vacunas en las que los componentes infecciosos de los
cidos nuclicos microbianos han sido destruidos por un
tratamiento qumico o fsico (ejemplo, formalina,
beta-propiolactona, radiacin gamma) sin que se afecte la
antigenicidad o inmunogenicidad de las protenas de la
membrana que forman la cubierta exterior de los virus o
bacterias.
EN: inactivated vaccines

vacunas sintticas
DF: Pequeos pptidos sintticos inmunognicos que imitan los
antgenos de superficie de grmenes patgenos, o vacunas
fabricadas mediante tcnicas de ADN recombinante, las
cuales pueden estar constituidas tambin por virus
completos, cuyos cidos nucleicos han sido modificados.
EN: synthetic vaccines

vacunas vivas
DF: Vacunas vivas preparadas a partir de microorganismos que
han sufrido adaptacin fsica (e.g., por medio de
condicionamiento a la radiacin o a temperatura) o pase
980

seriado en huspedes animales de laboratorio o cultivos
infectados de tejidos o clulas, para producir cadenas
mutantes avirulentas capaces de inducir inmunidad
protectiva.
EN: live vaccines

vaina de mielina
DF: Cubierta rica en lpidos que rodea los axones tanto en el
sistema nervioso central como perifrico. La vaina de
mielina es un aislante elctrico y permite una mayor
velocidad y eficiencia energtica en la conduccin de los
impulsos. La vaina est formada por las membranas celulares
de las clulas gliales (Clulas de Schwann en el sistema
perifrico y oligodendroglia en el sistema nervioso
central).
EN: myelin sheath

validamicinas
DF: Producto de la fermentacin de Streptomyces hygroscopicus
var. limoneus. Se utiliza para el control de Rhizoctonia
solani en arroz, papas, verduras. Las validamicinas son los
inhibidores de la trehalosa.
EN: validamycins

validez
DF: Grado en que una variable mide lo que se supone debe medir.
EN: validity

valinomicina
DF: Antibitico ionforo ciclododecadepsipptido producido por
Streptomyces fulvissimus y relacionado con las enniatinas.
Se compone de 3 moles, cada uno con L-valina, cido
D-alfa-hidroxi isovalrico, D-valina y cido L-lctico
ligado alternativamente para formar un anillo de
36-miembros.
EN: valinomycin

Valle Central de California
DF: Amplia regin frtil al interior de California que se ubica
entre las montaas costeras y la cordillera Sierra Nevada.
EN: Central Valley of California

valor aadido
DF: Realce dado a un producto o servicio representado por el
valor final del producto menos el valor de todos los
insumos intermedios.
EN: value added

valor de extensin del lcali
DF: Prueba para calcular la temperatura de gelatinizacin del
almidn, en la cual se utiliza una escala de siete puntos,
a fin de determinar el grado de extensin de los granos de
arroz blanqueado en una solucin de hidrxido de potasio.
EN: alkali spreading value
981

valor de mercado
DF: Precio mximo estimado para un artculo que se vende en un
mercado abierto y competitivo que un comprador pagara y
que un vendedor aceptara.
EN: market value

valor ecolgico
DF: El valor atribuido a un organismo, ecosistema, producto,
recurso o actividad, en trminos de beneficios para el
medio ambiente.
EN: ecological value

valor en pie (madera)
DF: Valor de la madera cuando est en pie sin cortar; es decir,
madera comercial sin cortar.
EN: stumpage

valor gentico
DF: Valor calculado que expresa la habilidad de un padre para
transmitir rasgos superiores a su descendencia y que es
usado para calificar el desempeo reproductivo del padre
relacionado a la poblacin promedio.
EN: breeding value

valor nutritivo
DF: Indicacin de la contribucin de un alimento al contenido
nutritivo de la dieta. Este valor depende de la cantidad de
alimento que es digerido y absorbido y las cantidades del
nutrientes esenciales (protena, grasa, hidratos de
carbono, minerales, vitaminas) que ste contiene.
EN: nutritive value

valor p-anisidina
DF: Medida del aldehdo contenido en una grasa o un aceite.
Debido a que los aldehdos son productos secundarios de la
oxidacin generados durante la oxidacin de lpidos, el
valor p-ansidina mide el estado oxidativo de la grasa o del
aceite, en relacin con la calidad de su sabor.
EN: p-anisidine value

valoracin de la seguridad
DF: Valoracin del efecto adverso de un agente biolgico,
qumico o fsico basado en toxicidad y datos de exposicin;
en contraste con la valoracin del riesgo, anlisis de
probabilidad los cuales no incluyen una valoracin de la
seguridad.
EN: safety assessment

valoracin de las consecuencias
DF: Evaluacin del impacto econmico, biolgico o de salud
producto de la introduccin de un agente.
EN: consequence assessment

982

valoracin del riesgo nutricional
DF: Evaluacin cualitativa o cuantitativa de la probabilidad de
efectos adversos relacionados con el estado nutricional, la
ingesta de nutrientes, o condiciones mdicas relacionadas
con la nutricin.
EN: nutrition risk assessment

valoracin probabilstica del riesgo
DF: Valoracin del riesgo que implica el clculo y la expresin
de los riesgos utilizando mltiples descriptores de riesgo
para proporcionar la probabilidad de varios niveles
de riesgo.
Los resultados probabilsticos de riesgo se aproximan a una
amplia gama de resultados posibles y la probabilidad de
cada uno, que a menudo se presenta como un grfico de
distribucin de frecuencias, permitiendo as que la
incertidumbre o la variabilidad se exprese
cuantitativamente.
EN: probabilistic risk assessment

valores
DF: Parte de la propiedad de una compaa que la gente compra
como inversin. La propiedad de cada inversionista
representa una parte de los activos y ganancias de la
corporacin.
EN: stocks and shares

Valores Diarios de Referencia
DF: Valores de referencia de la ingesta de grasa, grasa
saturada, colesterol, carbohidratos, protenas, fibras,
sodio y potasio en la dieta. Para algunos de estos
nutrientes, los Valores Diarios de Referencia dependen de
la ingesta total de caloras.
EN: Daily Reference Values

valuacin contingente
DF: Mtodo para calcular el valor que el pblico concede
generalmente a productos o costos no comerciales que mide
la disposicin de la gente a pagar por obtenerlos o
evitarlos.
EN: contingent valuation

valuacin econmica
DF: Estimar o apreciar el valor de las cosas que tienen valor
econmico o monetario, incluidos los bienes, activos,
bienes y servicios, etc.
EN: economic valuation

vapor
DF: agua en forma de vapor cuando es sometida a una temperatura
de 202 F(100 C).
EN: steam

vaquilla
983

DF: Hembras bovinas que no han parido.
EN: heifers

variabilidad
DF: Las diferencias observadas atribuibles a la heterogeneidad
o diversidad en una poblacin.
EN: variability

variacin fenotpica
DF: Cambios en la apariencia externa de un individuo.
EN: phenotypic variation

variacin somaclonal
DF: Variacin gentica que se produce por la descomposin y
recomposicin del ADN al dividir
las clulas de las plantas vegetales desarroladas en
cultivo.
EN: somaclonal variation

varianza gentica
DF: Varianza fenotpica de un rasgo en una poblacin debida a
heterogeneidad gentica.
EN: genetic variance

variedades antiguas
DF: Variedades cuyo germoplasma ha sido conservado a travs de
la prctica de retener y pasar de generacin en generacin
1) semillas 2) propagadores vegetativos. El germoplasma
podra hacer referencia a una regin especfica, comunidad,
cultura o periodo de tiempo histrico.
EN: heirloom varieties

vasculitis
DF: Inflamacin de un vaso sanguneo.
EN: vasculitis

vasodilatacin
DF: Dilatacin fisiolgica de los vasos sanguneos por
relajacin del msculo liso vascular.
EN: vasodilation

vasopresina
DF: Hormonas octapptidas antidiurticas liberadas por la
neuro-hipfisis de todos los
vertebrados (la composicin qumica vara con la especie).
Controlan el metabolismo y el
equilibrio hdrico, regulando el pulmn, branquias, rin,
etc. y la prdida de agua, y tambin
contraen la musculatura lisa. Tambin pueden ser
neurotransmisores.Tambin incluyen a los
derivados sintticos de la vasopresina. Las vasopresinas se
emplean farmacolgicamente como
agentes renales, agentes vasoconstrictores y hemostticos.
EN: vasopressin
984

vasopresina arginina
DF: Forma predominante de la hormona antidiurtica en
mamferos. Se trata de un nonapptido que contiene un
residuo de arginina en residuos de 8 y dos cistenas
vinculadas al disulfuro en residuos de 1 y 6.
Arg-vasopresina se usa para tratar la diabetes inspida o
para mejorar el tono vasomotor y la presin arterial.
EN: arginine vasopressin

vasos del xilema
DF: Clulas de madera en rboles de frondosas de dimetro
comparativamente grande que tienen extremos abiertos y
estn dispuestas una encima de otra para formar tubos
continuos llamados vasos. A las aperturas de los vasos en
la superficie de un pedazo de madera usualmente se les
llama poros.
EN: xylem vessels

vectores de enfermedades
DF: Invertebrados o vertebrados no humanos que transmiten
organismos infecciosos de un husped a otro.
EN: disease vectors

vectores genticos
DF: Cualquier molcula de ADN capaz de replicacin autnoma en
una clula husped dentro de la cual se pueden insertar y
amplificar otras secuencias de ADN. Muchas son derivadas de
plasmidos, bacterifagos o virus. Se usan para transportar
genes extraos hacia clulas receptoras. Los vectores
genticos poseen un sitio replicador funcional y contienen
marcadores genticos para facilitar su reconocimiento
selectivo.
EN: genetic vectors

vehculos de recreacin
DF: Vehculo utilizado para viajar, acampar temporalmente o por
placer, tal como una casa rodante, un buggy, una caravana,
etc.
EN: recreational vehicles

velln
DF: Lana de cualquier parte de una oveja o de un animal similar.
EN: fleece

velocidad de sedimentacin globular
DF: Determinacin de la velocidad de sedimentacin de los
eritrocitos en sangre con anticoagulantes.
EN: erythrocyte sedimentation rate

vena cava inferior
DF: Tronco venoso que recibe sangre desde las extremidades
inferiores y los rganos plvicos y abdominales.
EN: inferior vena cava
985

vena cava superior
DF: Tronco venoso que recibe sangre de la cabeza, el cuello,
las extremidades superiores y el trax.
EN: superior vena cava

vena safena
DF: La vena que drena el pie y la pierna.
EN: saphenous vein

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
DF: Una especie de Alfavirus que es el agente etiolgico de la
encefalomielitis equina en humanos y equinos. Es vista ms
comunmente en partes de Amrica Central y del Sur. Culex,
Psorophora y Aedes son los vectores primarios de los
mosquitos para la transmisin de la enfermedad.
EN: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus

ventas
DF: Productos y servicios totales vendidos.
EN: sales

verduras
DF: Cualquier parte de una planta que es ingerida comnmente
por los humamos como alimento, pero que no es considerada
culinariamente como fruta, nuez, hierba, especia o grano.
EN: vegetables

verduras de mostaza
DF: Hojas jvenes color verde oscuro de plantas de mostaza que
son usadas como una verdura cocinada o como una ensalada.
Las hojas tienen un sabor pimientoso fuerte.
EN: mustard greens

vernalizacin
DF: Tratamiento de semillas, plntulas, bulbos u otras partes
de una planta bajo condiciones de fro para acortar el
periodo vegetativo y estimular la floracin.
EN: vernalization

verracos
DF: Cerdo adulto sin castrar que pesa habitualmente cerca de
200 kilos.
EN: boars

verrugas
DF: Tumores o proliferaciones epidrmicas benignas.
EN: warts

vesculas de membrana de borde ciliado
DF: Preparaciones celulares intestinales artificiales obtenidas
mediante homogeneizacin y centrifugacin. Las
preparaciones celulares no tienen membrana basolateral ni
componentes celulares y se caracterizan por poseer una
986

actividad de sucrasa alta.
EN: brush border membrane vesicles

vesculas encapsuladas
DF: Vesculas formadas cuando los agujeros recubiertos por
membranas celulares se invaginan y desaparecen. La
superficie exterior de estas vesculas est cubierta por
una red en forma de protenas de la envoltura, tales como
clatrina. Sin embargo, poco despus de la formacin la
cubierta de clatrina es extrada y entonces las vesculas
se denominan endosomas.
EN: coated vesicles

vetas y dibujo
DF: El dibujo de una madera se refiere al modelo causado por
las diferencias de color en la madera, y tambin al patrn
creado por los diferentes tipos de vetas. La veta se
refiere a la direccin en que van las fibras de la madera.
Los tipos de veta incluyen: recto, ondulado, irregular,
espiral, rizado, entrecruzado y ojo de pjaro. Estas
propiedades de la madera se interrelacionan y los trminos
frecuentemente se usan juntos.
EN: grain and figure

viabilidad
DF: Habilidad de una clula, organismo, espora, semilla, u otro
ser vivo de sobrevivir y
continuar sus procesos de vida.
EN: viability

viabilidad celular
DF: Periodo de viabilidad de una clula caracterizado por la
aptitud para desempear ciertas funciones como metabolismo,
crecimiento, reproduccin, algunas formas de capacidad de
respuesta y adaptabilidad.
EN: cell viability

vas de exposicin
DF: Ruta en la que una poblacin est expuesta a un agente
biolgico, qumico o fsico desde su nacimiento.
EN: exposure pathways

vas fluviales
DF: Usar para referirse a un cuerpo de agua navegable.
EN: waterways

vibriosis
DF: Infeccin bacteriana causada por organismos del gnero
Vibrio, comnmente Vibrio vulnificus o Vibrio
parahemolyticus.
EN: vibriosis

Viburnum burkwoodii
DF: Hbrido interespecfico entre Viburnum carlesii x Viburnum
987

utile.
EN: Viburnum burkwoodii

vides
DF: Plantas leosas o herbceas las cuales producen tallos
flexibles que escalar, pista, o fluencia. Las vias pueden
estar postradas en el suelo o zarcillos, tallos volubles, u
otros mecanismos para aferrarse a las estructuras naturales
y artificiales.
EN: vines

vientos alisios
DF: Vientos tropicales que soplan constantemente desde los
centros de alta presin subtropicales hacia la zona de baja
presin ecuatorial.
EN: trade winds

vigas de madera
DF: Una madera estructural (i.e. madera que es relativamente
amplia en tamao, fuerza y rigidez) sosteniendo una carga
aplicada transversalmente a ella.
EN: wood beams

vigilancia de una enfermedad
DF: Una coleccin, anlisis, y comunicacin de informacin con
el propsito de prevenir y controlar una enfermedad,
especialmente aplicable a enfermedades infecciosas.
EN: disease surveillance

vigor
DF: Salud y fuerza de un organismo que se demuestra en el
crecimiento, gran fertilidad, gran
tamao y longevidad.
EN: vigor

vinos
DF: Todas las bebidas alcohlicas hechas a manera de vino,
incluyendo vinos espumantes y carbonatados, vino hecho del
mosto condensado de uva, vino elaborado de otros productos
agrcolas diferentes al jugo de uvas, vino de imitacin y
productos vendidos como vino, incluyendo la sidra y el
sake. En cada caso slo si contienen no menos de 7 por
ciento y no ms de 24 por ciento de alcohol por volumen.
EN: wines

vinos de arroz
DF: Bebida alcohlica hecha de arroz fermentado.
EN: rice wines

vinos de frutas
DF: El vino de fruta es producido por la fermentacin
alcohlica del zumo de frutas o bayas maduras, excepto
uvas. Durante la produccin, se le puede agregar mosto de
fruta condensado, aguardiente de fruta, alcohol, y azcar.
988

EN: fruit wines

vinos de mesa
DF: Cualquier vino que contenga menos del 14 por ciento de
alcohol por volumen, por lo general destinado a servirse
con las comidas. No confundir con vinos dulces, vinos de
postre, vinos encabezados (fortificados), etc.
EN: table wines

vinos de postre
DF: Un vino que tiene un contenido alcohlico de ms de 14 por
ciento pero que no excede el 24 por ciento por volumen.
EN: dessert wines

vinos enriquecidos
DF: Un vino al cual se le ha aadido una cantidad adicional de
alcohol, a menudo en forma de brandy.
EN: fortified wines

vinos espumosos
DF: Vino elaborado con dixido de carbono efervescente,
resultado solamente de la fermentacin del vino dentro de
un envase, tanque o botella.
EN: sparkling wines

violencia familiar
DF: Abuso fsico deliberado, a menudo reiterado, de parte de un
miembro de la familia hacia otro: cnyuges, padres, hijos,
hermanos o cualquier otro miembro de la familia.
EN: family violence

viremia
DF: Presencia de virus en la sangre.
EN: viremia

virginiamicina
DF: Complejo antibitico polipptido cclico de Streptomyces
virginiae, loidensis S., mitakaensis, S. Pristina spiralis,
ostreogriseus S., y otros. Consta de 2 componentes
principales, factor de virginiamicina M1 y S1. Se utiliza
para tratar las infecciones con organismos gram-positivos,
y como promotor del crecimiento en el ganado vacuno, cerdos
y aves de corral.
EN: virginiamycin

virion
DF: Partcula viral extracelular completa compuesta por ARN o
ADN y su cubierta proteica
asociada que es capaz de causar una infeccin.
EN: virion

viroides
DF: Grupo de patgenos que comprende los ms pequeos agentes
conocidos que causan
989

enfermedad infecciosa. No son capsulados y son capaces de
replicarse autnomamente en clulas
susceptibles. Los viroides positivamente identificados
estn compuestos de ARN de una sola
hebra y han sido aislados de plantas superiores, pero se
sospecha la existencia de viroides ADN
patgenos de animales.
EN: viroids

virulencia
DF: Grado de patogenicidad dentro de un grupo o especie de
microorganismos o virus, indicado por la tasa de casos
fatales y/o la habilidad del organismo para invadir los
tejidos del husped.
EN: virulence

virus callistephus
DF: Enfermedad que afecta a varia plantas y que es causada por
fitoplasmas transmitidos por saltahojas; produce
enanizacin y tincin de color amarillo de la plantas.
EN: aster yellows

virus de las plantas
DF: Virus que infectan hospedantes vegetales.
EN: plant viruses

virus de los insectos
DF: Virus que infectan a los insectos huspedes.
EN: insect viruses

virus de los invertebrados
DF: Virus que afectan a los huspedes invertebrados.
EN: invertebrate viruses

virus de polihedrosis citoplasmtica
DF: Grupo de virus entomopatognicos que infectan artrpodos.
De acuerdo con el Comit Internacional de Taxonoma de
Virus (ICTV, la sigla en ingls), los virus de polihedrosis
citoplasmtica se clasifican dentro de la familia Reovirade
y el gnero Cypovirus. Los virus de polihedrosis
citoplasmtica tienen un rango de huspedes muy amplio, que
afecta principalmente a insectos lepidpteros. La
polihedrosis citoplasmtica ha sido reconocida como una de
las enfermedades ms importantes del gusano de la seda, lo
cual inflinge prdidas econmicas considerables a la
industria de la sericultura en Japn.
EN: cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses

virus de vertebrados
DF: Virus que afectan a huspedes vertebrados.
EN: vertebrate viruses

viscometra
DF: Medicin de la viscosidad de un fluido.
990

EN: viscometry

viscmetros
DF: Instrumentos que miden la viscosidad de un lquido.
EN: viscometers

viscosidad (descomposicin de alimentos)
DF: Condicin de los productos alimenticios en la cual la
proliferacin de ciertas bacterias causa una mucosidad
viscosa y fibrosa.
EN: ropiness

visin artificial
DF: Capacidad de las computadoras para analizar estmulos
visuales y actuar de acuerdo con ellos.
EN: computer vision

visin cromtica
DF: Capacidad para ver diferentes longitudes de onda en el
espectro de colores de la luz visible debida a la
fotorrecepcin en los conos de la retina.
EN: color vision

visin nocturna
DF: Capacidad para ver en la oscuridad de la noche o con bajos
niveles de iluminacin, a causa de la fotorrecepcin de los
bastoncillos de la retina.
EN: night vision

vitrificacin
DF: Transformacin de un lquido en un slido cristalino sin
que se formen cristales durante el proceso de enfriamiento.
EN: vitrification

vivienda pblica
DF: Vivienda que es tpicamente proporcionada a personas o
familias de bajos ingresos, y es poseda y administrada por
un gobierno.
EN: public housing

vivpara (plantas)
DF: Plantas que tienen semillas o bulbilos que germinan
mientras an se encuentran unidos a la planta madre, por
ejemplo, mangle, Allium.
EN: vivipary (plants)

vivparos (animales)
DF: Que producen cras vivas desde el cuerpo.
EN: vivipary (animals)

volumen de ventilacin pulmonar
DF: Volumen de aire inspirado o expirado durante cada ciclo
respiratorio normal, en reposo. Se abrevia TV o V subscrito
T.
991

EN: tidal volume

volumen sanguneo
DF: Volumen de sangre circulante. Es la suma del volumen de
plasma y el volumen de eritrocitos.
EN: blood volume

vlvulo intestinal
DF: Torsin anormal o desplazamiento de los intestinos, que
causa obstruccin intenstinal.
EN: volvulus

992

W

Western blotting
DF: Identificacin de protenas o pptidos que se han separado
por electroforesis por blotting y
luego se han transferido a tiras de papel de nitrocelulosa
. Los blots se detectan entonces con el
uso de anticuerpos radiomarcados.
EN: Western blotting

Western equine encephalitis virus
DF: Una especie de Alfavirus que es el agente etiolgico de
encefalomielitis equina en humanos y equinos en los Estados
Unidos, Canad Meridional y parte de Amrica del Sur. Los
mosquitos Culex son los vectores primarios para ambas
transmisiones entre las epizootias de aves salvajes y la
transmisin en humanos.
EN: Western equine encephalitis virus

Wolbachia
DF: Gnero de bacterias asociada con antrpodos y nematoides
filariares.
EN: Wolbachia

world wide web
DF: Conjunto de sitios de Internet que ofrecen recursos de
textos, imgenes, sonido y animaciones a travs del
protocolo de transferencia de hipertexto.
EN: world wide web

993

X

xenobiticos
DF: Sustancias qumicas ajenas al sistema biolgico. Entre
ellas se incluyen compuestos que existen en forma natural,
medicamentos, agentes ambientales, carcingenos,
insecticidas, etc.
EN: xenobiotics

xenodiagnstico
DF: Mtodo para diagnosticar una enfermedad en un organismo, se
inocula el organismo causal putativo en un segundo animal
de especie diferente. Se ha utilizado para la deteccin de
parsitos (Trypanosoma cruzi y Trichinella spiralis) cuando
las extensiones de sangre perifrica son negativas.
EN: xenodiagnosis

xenoestrgenos
DF: Sustancias extraas con propiedades estrognicas que se
asemejan al efecto del estrgeno en el cuerpo.
EN: xenoestrogens

xenoinjerto
DF: Transplante entre animales de diferentes especies.
EN: xenotransplantation

xerofitas
DF: Plantas que se han adaptado a vivir con un suministro
limitado de agua.
EN: xerophytes

xilano
DF: Polisacrido compuesto por residuos de xilosa. Los xilanos
generalmente estn unidos en el
locus 1,4 y se presentan en la celulosa de la madera y,
particularmente, en la paja y el slavado de
cereal.
EN: xylan

xilema
DF: Un tejido de planta vascular que conduce agua y sales
minerales desde las races hasta las hojas.
EN: xylem

994

Y

yesos (medicina)
DF: Preparaciones hechas de fibra de vidrio, plstico, o venda
impregnada con yeso usadas para la inmovilizacin de varias
partes del cuerpo en caso de fracturas, dislocaciones, y
heridas infectadas.
EN: casts (medical)

yoduro peroxidasa
DF: Hemeproteina que cataliza la oxidacin del yoduro a yodo
radical con la yodacin posterior de muchos compuestos
orgnicos, en particular las protenas.
EN: iodide peroxidase

995

Z

zona bntica
DF: Hbitat del fondo de un cuerpo de agua, tal como el fondo
marino o el fondo lacustre.
EN: benthic zone

Zona de maz
DF: Regin de la zona central de los Estados Unidos, donde se
produce maz en gran escala; cubre los estados de Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska y Ohio.
EN: Corn Belt region

zona euftica
DF: Capa superficial de un cuerpo de agua donde penetra
suficiente luz para permitir que se produzca fotosntesis,
hasta una profundidad en que la intensidad de la luz
disminuye a 1% de luz incidente.
EN: euphotic zone

zona litoral
DF: rea llana a orillas de un lago, ro u otra masa de agua o
cerca de ella.
EN: littoral zone

zonas agroecolgicas
DF: reas de tierras clasificadas por sus atributos biofsicos
(tales como disponibilidad de humedad del suelo,
temperatura, duracin del perodo de crecimiento) para
agrupar tipos de uso de tierras en unidades homogneas para
consideraciones de produccin agrcola.
EN: agroecological zones

zonas ridas
DF: Tipo de clima seco con menos de 25 centmetros de
precipitacin por ao.
EN: arid zones

zonas ecolgicas
DF: Unidades biogeogrficas grandes de tierra/agua que se
caracterizan por sus especies y comunidades diversas. Las
principales ecozonas se subdividen en muchas ecorregiones
ms pequeas que comparten comunidades naturales, clima,
factores meteorolgicos, topografa, elevacin, tipos de
suelo, factores edficos y otras caractersticas fsicas
similares.
EN: ecological zones

zonas hmedas
DF: Regiones en que la humedad relativa promedio es alta y las
precipitaciones son suficientes para permitir la existencia
de bosques.
EN: humid zones

996

zonas industriales abandonadas
DF: reas de terreno previamente utilizado, cuya urbanizacin o
reutilizacin puede verse afectada por la contaminacin
ambiental actual o percibida.
EN: brownfields

zonas semiridas
DF: Regiones que se caracterizan por las precipitaciones
escasas e irregulares, en las cuales la vegetacin que
prevalece consiste en pasto corto y ralo, champas y
arbustos.
EN: semiarid zones

zonas subhmedas
DF: Regiones donde el clima es intermedio, entre semirido y
hmedo, y las precipitaciones contribuyen al crecimiento
denso de pastos largos o cortos, pero no de bosques.
EN: subhumid zones

zoonosis
DF: Enfermedades de animales no humanos que se transmiten a los
seres humanos o que pueden ser transmitidas de los seres
humanos a animales no humanos.
EN: zoonoses

zooplancton
DF: Organismos animales diminutos, a menudo microscpios, que
flotan libremente en los
sitemas acuticos. Incluyen a los protozoos, rotferos,
crustceos, y larvas de animales ms
grandes, como los anlidos y los peces, que se alimentan de
otro tipo de plancton.
EN: zooplankton

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Glossary of Agricultural Terms / Glosario de Trminos Agrcolas

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