WORKING

Electric Welding
Electric Welding is done by creating an arc between the base metal (the metal
being welded) and the filler metal. The arc melts the base metal and filler metal,
combining them into one material to join the bas Electric welding is the joining of
metal using an electrical arc and a filler metal (stick electrode or wiree metals. The
filler metal is consumed in the process.
Use of Electrical Welding
We use electrical welding for welding of L angles and plates witch are use at the
base and head side. This structure will support the column and the whole
machine.The upper head contain motor and pulley arengment at the top. The motor
pullley is conneted to the shaft pulley through a belt .
: Flux cored welding (FCAW) works like MIG welding, except flux cored welding
does not require an external cylinder full of shielding gas .
Types of Electric Welding Processes
There a number of different electric welding processes. While most of the
processes work with steel, no one process works with every type of metal. The
following table indicates which process is recommended for which type of metal.
The different types of welding processes will be discussed in detail in the next
section of this module.
Metal Type Electric Welding Process
Stick MIG
Flux
Wire
AC-TIG DC-TIG Resistance Spot
Steel X X X X X
Stainless Steel X X X X X
Aluminum X X X
Cast Iron X
Copper/Brass X
Magnesium Alloys X
Titanium X
Skill Level Moderate Low Low High High Low


TIG Welding (Tungsten Inert Gas, also known as GTAW or
Gas Tungsten Arc welding)
TIG Welding (also called GTAW or Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) joins metals by
heating them with an arc formed between the tungsten electrode and the base
metal. (The tungsten electrode, unlike a stick electrode, does not become part of
the completed weld). Filler metal is sometimes used and Argon inert gas or inert
gas mixtures are used for shielding.
The advantages of TIG welding include:
AC TIG welds aluminum and magnesium alloys
DC TIG welds brass, copper, steel, stainless steel, and titanium
Provides the highest quality and most precise welds
Ability to weld thin materials
The disadvantages of TIG welding include:
Requires more skill and experience than any other method

USE TIG OF PROCESS
The TIG process is used for welding of the ss shaft . Fins are welded with the ss
shaft by TIG welding .


Milling machine
Milling machines are tools designeer to machine metal, wood, and other
solid materials. Often automated, milling machines can be positioned in
either vertical or horizontal orientation to carve out materials based on a
pre-existing design. These designs are often CAD directed, and many
milling machines are CNC-operated, although manually and traditionally-
automated milling devices are also common. Milling machines are capable
of dynamic movement, both of the tool and the workpiece, and many
milling machines can perform multi-axis machining.
Because of variations in orientation, operation and application, milling
machines have varying functions and different operating principles.


Designing of pulley
For making of pulley we use firstly use boring operation .In boring operation
we take inner dia of 14mm for main shaft and 10mm for motor shaft .Outer
diameter is taken as 40mm for both the pulley. Both the pulley are made of
cast iron.
We make the pulley as per the belt use so we use pulley with normal
grooves.
The grooves are made with the 45 degree angle.



Metal Polishing & Buffing
Virtually any metal can be buffed to a mirror-like shine. Aluminum, brass,
copper, pot metal, steel and stainless steel can all be buffed to a high shine
using the high-quality buffing compounds, wheels, and other supplies
available from Eastwood's automotive accessories shop.

PRINCIPLES OF BUFFING
The Difference Between "Polishing" and "Buffing"
"Polishing" a piece of metal removes a moderate amount of metal from the
piece, using coarse to medium abrasives in stages. The piece will have a
"brushed" look and you will not be able to see any reflections in it. Polishing
removes scratches and minor surface imperfections which are too deep for
buffing compounds to remove efficiently. If you run your fingernail over a
scratch and it gets caught, then the piece should be polished before
buffing. The key to uccess in polishing is to remove just enough
material to make the surface even and no more.


SHAPER MACHINE
A shaper is a type of machine tool that uses linear relative motion between the
workpiece and a single-point cutting tool to machine a linear toolpath. Its cut is
analogous to that of a lathe, except that it is (archetypally) linear instead of helical.
(Adding axes of motion can yield helical toolpaths, as also done in helical planing.)
A shaper is analogous to a planer, but smaller, and with the cutter riding a ram that
moves above a stationary workpiece, rather than the entire workpiece moving
beneath the cutter. The ram is moved back and forth typically by a crank inside the
column; hydraulically actuated shapers also exist.




Stainless Steel - Grade 304
Chemical Formula
Fe, <0.08% C, 17.5-20% Cr, 8-11% Ni, <2% Mn, <1% Si, <0.045% P, <0.03% S
Grade 304 is the standard "18/8" stainless; it is the most versatile and most widely
used stainless steel, available in a wider range of products, forms and finishes than
any other. It has excellent forming and welding characteristics. The balanced
austenitic structure of Grade 304 enables it to be severely deep drawn without
intermediate annealing, which has made this grade dominant in the manufacture of
drawn stainless parts such as sinks, hollow-ware and saucepans.
Composition
Typical compositional ranges for grade 304 stainless steels are given in table

Table 1. Composition ranges for 304 grade stainless steel
Grade C Mn Si P S Cr Mo Ni N
304
min.
max.
-
0.08
-
2.0
-
0.75
-
0.045
-
0.030
18.0
20.0
-
8.0
10.5
-
0.10
304L
min.
max.
-
0.030
-
2.0
-
0.75
-
0.045
-
0.030
18.0
20.0
-
8.0
12.0
-
0.10
304H
min.
max.
0.04
0.10
-
2.0
-
0.75
-
0.045
-
0.030
18.0
20.0
-
8.0
10.5
-


Possible Alternative Grades
Possible alternative grades to grade 304 stainless steels are given in table 5.
Table Possible alternative grades to 304 grade stainless steel
Grade Why it might be chosen instead of 304
301L
A higher work hardening rate grade is required for certain roll formed
or stretch formed components.
302HQ
Lower work hardening rate is needed for cold forging of screws, bolts
and rivets.
303
Higher machinability needed, and the lower corrosion resistance,
formability and weldability are acceptable.
316
Higher resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion is required, in
chloride environments
321
Better resistance to temperatures of around 600-900C is
needed321 has higher hot strength.
3CR12
A lower cost is required, and the reduced corrosion resistance and
resulting discolouration are acceptable.
430
A lower cost is required, and the reduced corrosion resistance and
fabrication characteristics are acceptable.
OTHER PROPERTIES
Corrosion Resistance
Excellent in a wide range of atmospheric environments and many corrosive
media. Subject to pitting and crevice corrosion in warm chloride
environments, and to stress corrosion cracking above about 60C.
Considered resistant to potable water with up to about 200mg/L chlorides at
ambient temperatures, reducing to about 150mg/L at 60C.
Heat Resistance
Good oxidation resistance in intermittent service to 870C and in continuous
service to 925C. Continuous use of 304 in the 425-860C range is not
recommended if subsequent aqueous corrosion resistance is important. Grade 304L
is more resistant to carbide precipitation and can be heated into the above
temperature range.
Grade 304H has higher strength at elevated temperatures so is often used for
structural and pressure-containing applications at temperatures above about 500C
and up to about 800C. 304H will become sensitised in the temperature range of
425-860C; this is not a problem for high temperature applications, but will result
in reduced aqueous corrosion resistance.
Heat Treatment
Solution Treatment (Annealing) - Heat to 1010-1120C and cool rapidly. These
grades cannot be hardened by thermal treatment.