MHD Compressor-Expander Conversion System Integrated With A GCR Inside A Deployable Reflector

DOE/PC/88651-T1
(DE90006270)
MHD COMPRESSOR-EXPANDER CONVERSION SYSTEM INTEGRATED WITH
A GCR INSIDE A DEPLOYABLE REFLECTOR
Project Final Report
R E P R O D O C E O F
A V
; O P Y
April 20,1989
Work Performed Under Contract No. AC22-88PC88651
For
U. S. Department of Energy
Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
By
ANSALDOS.p.A.
Genova, Italy
DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an
agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States
Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process
disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately
owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,
process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or
otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any
agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein
do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
Government or any agency thereof.
DISCLAIMER

Portions of this document may be illegible in
electronic image products. Images are produced
from the best available original document.

Progetto
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NUCLEAR MHO CONVERTER
Identificativo
flocuTient no
RD-12-01-FNPR
Rev Pagina
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1
DOE/PC/88651-T1
(DE90006270)
Distribution Category UC-112
6. Tuni net t i ^
E. Botta, C. Criscuolo. P. Riscossa^^
F. Giammanco* , M. Rosa- Cl ot "*
D0E/ PC/ 88651~T1
DE90 006270
Research Division, ANBALDO SDA
Nuclear Division, AN5Ai_D0 SpA
'Deoartment o-f Pnvsics, University o-f Pisa
""Department o-f Pnvsics. University o-f Florence
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NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER RD-12-01-FNPR l 3
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5
1 INTRODUCTION 6
1.1 Project UDjectives S
1.2 Reoort Organization . . . . . . . . . 9
TaDies ana Figures 10
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 11
3 REFLECTOR MODELING 13
3.1 Symoois. Terms ana Abbreviations 13
3.Z Re-ference Core Description 15
3.3 Analysis Coaes 19
3.4 Features o-f Fer-formed Calculations 21
3.5 Nuclear Cross Section Calculations 23
3.6 Reactor Calculations 26
3.7 Reactivity Reauirements 27
3.S Re-ferences 30
Tables ana Figures 3Z
4 1<(0RKING FLUID CHARACTERISTICS 50
4.1 Symbols, Terms ana Abbreviations . . . . . 50
4.2 Phase I 52
4.3 Phase II 54
4.4 Phase III 63
4.5 Re-ferences 69
5 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY EFFECTS 70
5.1 Symbols, Terms and Abbreviations 70
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NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER RD-12-G:-FNPR i 4
5.2 Channel Characteristics and Conauctivity 73
5.3 Fission and Gamma Density in the Channel 77
5.4 Conductivity Calculations 81
5.5 Re-ferences 91
Tables and Figures 93
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 106
7 REPORT DISTRIBUTION LIST HO
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NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER aocument no pD_i 2- 01- FNPR '*' 1 "^'
EXELL'~IVE SUMMARY
CONTRACT TITLE AND NUMBER:
M M D Comoressor - Exoanaer Conversion System Integratea with a GCR
Insiae a Deployaoie Re-flector,
DE-AC22-68PC8S651
CONTRACTOR NAME AND ADDRESS:
ANSALD O S.D .A.
Corso P.M. Perrone, 25
16161 Geneva - Italy
START DATE: 4-21-1988
COnnFLETION DATE: 4-20-1989
Tnis work originates -from the prooosal "M HD ComoressorE;<Dander
Conversion System Integrated with a GCR Inside a Deployable
Re-flector" submitted by ANSALDO under PRDA RA-22-87PC90271.
January 1987. The proposal concerned an innovative concept o-f
nuclear, closed-cycle MHD converter -for power generation on
space-based systems in the multi-megawatt range. The basic
element o-f this converter is the Power Conversion Unit (PCU)
consisting o-f a gas core reactor directly coupled to an MHD
expansion channel. Integratea with the PCU, a deployaoie
reflector provides reactivity control. The working -fluid could
5
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NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER RD- 12- 01- FNP R 1
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be either uranium heAa-f luoriae or a mixture o-f uranium
hexa-fluoride and helium, aaded to ennance the heat trans-fer
properties. The original Statement o-f Wor^ , which concernea the
wnole conversion system, was suDseauently reairected and
focused on the basic mecnanisms o-f neutronics, reactivity
control, ionization ana electrical conauctivity in the PCu.
Furthermore, tne study was reauirea to oe "inherently generic
sucn that the analysis and results can be aooliea to various
nuclear reactor ana/or MnD cnannei Designs".
Soeci-fic goals o-f the project were:
- To evaluate the oer-formance o-f tne e,;ternal re-flector.
- To determine the in-fluence o-f adaitional. -fission-inducea
mechanisms on the ionization levels o-f the working -fluid.
- To estimate the electrical conductivity levels that can be
attained in the MHD channel, ta^lng into account the e-f-fects o-f
F- or other negative ions.
Two major conclusions can be drawn -from the accomoiisnment o-f
this project:
- A reactor con-figuration has been ootamed whicn avoias to
decouple the neutronics o-f the cavity and its internal
re-flector from the external shell, thus enabling tne latter to
be used -for reactivity control.
In particular the results show that the movable re-flector is able
to make the reactor subcritical by 1000 pcm t least, and to
control the reactor -from CZP to HFP condition, accounting -for a
reactivity change up to 3300 pcm associated to depletion.
' ^ "" NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER "~="'^'"'" RD-12-01-FNPR ""' l ''^'
- Tne conditions expected in the MHD channel show that tne
ionization and conductivity levels can be ampli-fied throug"
' secondary' processes induced by the ' primary' hot electrons
which are directly generated by the -fission reactions.
The numerical calculations suggest that conauctivity levels in
the range 10-100 (ftm)"* are consistent with the characteristics
o-f short nozzle, high power density generators. In -fact, tne
nozzle lengtn turns out to be o-f critical importance because of
the sharp decrease of resiaual fission ana gamma aensities as a
function of tne aistance from tne reactor outlet.
Tnis conclusion remains true even if the effect of aissociation
ana attachment are mcluaea in the numerical moael.
Furtnermore, a preliminary evaluation of the influence of wall
material and thickness snows the potential for tne fission ana
gamma densities in the duct to be increased of one order of
magnitude, m comparison with the values used in tne
conductivity calculations, if a material with favourable
nuclear properties is adopted.
7
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' ^ " ^ ' NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER ' ' " " " " " ' " RD-12-01-FNPR "' 1 ' " ' " i
1 INTRODUCTION
l.i Project Objectives
This work concernea an innovative concept of nuclear,
closed-cycle MHD converter for power generation on space-based
systems in the multi-megawatt range. A schematic diagram of the
concept IS shown in Fig. 1.1. The basic element of this converter
is the Power Conversion Unit (PCU) consisting of a gas core
reactor Directly couoleo to an MHD expansion channel. The working
fluid could De eitner uranium hexafluoride or a mixture of
uranium hexafiuorioe ana helium, aaoea to enhance the heat
transfer orooerties.
Two major items, both concerning tne PCU, were adaressed in tne
project:
1. Because of the high levels of temoerature expected m the
reactor cavity, reactivity control is not achievea by neutron
absorbers (control rods) located in the cavity, but by
moving part of the reflector, located outside the pressure
vessel, in order to change the amount of neutrons escaping
from the core.
2. The mere levels of temoerature, however, cannot sustain
levels of ionization and, hence, of conductivity, capable of
providing efficient power generation in the MHD channel.
Fission products may represent a possible additional source
of ionization.
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Tnis reoort aocuments tne results of worh aone to investigate
tnese aspects of tne cooosea conceot. HIOHL-DJ aGcesseD ootn
Iter i. ana Z. : tne istter reauirea tne Bcienti-ric suDDQ'"t a-f tne
universities o-r "iorence ana Fisa. Deoartmenr n-f Fnvsics.
-I Reoort Organization
Section 3.. Re-riector iloaeiing, illustrates tne reactor
configuration, as aefined tnrougnout contract wor^ . cescrioes tne
cooes ana D''oceaure= aaootea in tne anaivsis. ana oresents tne
results concerning tnp oer-formance of tê e ternai (T'o^'aDle
ret i ector.
Eection -, . ôr^lnq ^^laio CnaracteristicE. i-vestigates tne
f 1 ssion-incucea ionization mecnanisms acting i" tne w c Mng gas.
and oroviaes a svstem of simoiifieo rate eauations for numerical
solution.
Section 5., Electrical Conauctivity Effects, adaresses tne stuav
of tne electrical conauctivity levels in tne Mt-iD channel, ana
presents the results of numerical estimates oerformea with
different gas ano ouct parameters.
References, Taoles ana Figures are located at tne ena of each
section.
n*
i
00123
RE6. HX
PCU
! * ' ! RAD
I I 1 I I 1 I
I I I I I I I
R = REACTOR
HHD = HMD CHANNEL
REG.HX = REGhNERATlVE HEAT EXCHANGED
HX = HEAT EXCHANGER
f<AD - RADIATOR
^' = f'llPiP
I- = I UflFHEbh.OK
PCU - HOWER CONVEHSION UNIT
Fig. 1.1 Closed-cycle, nuclear MHD conversion system.
^^' NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER " ' ' " ' " * " ' " RD-12-01-FNPR ' *" 1 """'
11
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
This section is based on the contents of paragraph 4.2 in the
Statement of Work.
The work is divided into four tasks.
Task 1. Reflector Moaelino
Tnis task shall provide the nuclear anaivsis of the conceot,
performed on a reference PCu geometry, using develooea ana ooen
comouter coaes availaole at ANSHLDO.
The reflector moaeling shall aadress the following items:
- Reflector reactivity worth.
- Power density distribution insioe the PCU, at constant core
power level.
Task 2. Working Fluid Characteristics
This task shall provide an analytical model enaoling the
prediction of the temoerature distribution and ionization levels
of the working fluid in tne PCU.
Since the equilibrium thermal ionization is not expected to
maintain sufficient electrical conductivity for efficient power
generation, this task shall investigate additional ionization
mechanisms that can be present in a fissioning plasma.
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NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER RD-12-01-FNPR 1
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Task 3. Electrical Conductivity Effects
This tas^ shall proviae aporooriate relations enabling tne
preaiction of the electrical conductivity of the working gas. For
this purpose, this task shall primarily address the evaluation
of the electron mobility in the gas. The possible contribution
(beneficial and/or detrimental) to electric conductivity of the
other chargeo particles m the gas, such as F- ions, snail be
taken into account.
Tasi< 4. Reporting
This task concerns tne execution of the reporting reauirements
incorporatec in tne contract.
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NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER RD-12-01-FNPR 1 .
7 REFLECTOR MODE L I N G
7.. Svmoois, Terms ana Hooreviations
a Absorotion
a/ o Atom per cent
B OL Feginning of life
BU Fuel burn-uD
CZF Cola zero power
f FlSElOn
riFF not -full power
HZF hot zei'o power
a Energy grouD
pcm Percent mille â reactivity change of 1 pcm
ecuais a reactivity change of lOe-5 A^)
Power aensity Tne thermal power proauced per unit volume of
the core (w/ cm~)
Reactivity
Change in reactivity, definea as
A ^ =ln(k2/ kl), where kl and k2 are the
9
Ay
eigenvalues obtained from two calculations
that differ only in the values assigned to
the indepenaent variables
Removal
NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER RD-12-01-FNPR 1 14
shutoown margin Tne amount of negative reactivity ( o ^ by
which a reactor is maintamea m
subcritical state at CZP conditions after a
control trip
Teff Resonance effective temoerature of the fuel
tr Transport
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NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER > . ^ RC-12-01-FNPR 1
Reference Core Description
General
15
The results presented m this section are referred to
tne reactor reference configuration shown in Figures 3.1-3.2.
This configuration is a simolifiea arrangement suoject to
tne limitations of the coaes aoootea in the analysis: in
particular, a coarse aiscretization of both composition ana
geometry has oeen maae at the core inlet ana outlet conical
segments.
A simoie axial-mlet flow pattern has oeen aaootea in tne
analysis; however, the cooling reauirements of tne wail maae it
necessary to add an internal diffuser that diviaes tne inlet
flow into two parts, the larger flowing m the annulus between
the internal diffuser and the external one.
In this reactor the same fluid acts as working medium and fuel;
it flows across the reactor cavity and consists of highly
enriched gaseous UF6 (region 1 of Fig. 3.1); 90'/. a/o enrichea
in U235 with the reactor at BOL.
The core supplies a thermal power of 277 Mw at full power.
The following parameters have been fixea for the power
density distribution calculations mside the core and for
the reactivity integral worth evaluation of the movable
reflector:
^ ' " ' ' NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER ' ' " " " ' " RD-12-01-FNPR " ' ' l ' ' ' '
16
- Reactor at full power (HFF;,
- BOL,
- no Aenon, no 5m,
- inlet pressure 15 MFa,
- UFto flow rate 1000 tg/ s.
- inlet temoerature 17Z0 t .
Tne rationale for tne selection OT rnese system parameters is
oroviaea m section 5.2.
Besiaes, in oraer to estimate tne reactivity reauirements auring
reactor operations, two aocitionai core conoitions nave oeen
aefineo:
e> conoition I:
- Core at cola zero power ^LZFJ.
- BOL,
- uFc) inlet oressure 52 oar.
- UFc> inlet temoeratu-'e 573 r .
- UPto flow rate iOOu fg/ s,
p; conoition II:
- Core at not zero oower ( M Z F ) ,
- BOL,
- UF6 inlet oressure 15 MPa,
- UF6 inlet temperature 1720 K,
- UF6 flow rate 1000 Kg/s,
The above conditions are possible if the reactor control
system can assure that:
17
A) condition I is reached without using nuclear heating to
attain the gaseous phase of tne fuel;
B) the fuel density at the core inlet is kept constant (0.36
g/cm~) by controlling the inlet parameters during reactor
operations.
Components
The dimensions of the reactor components (shown in Figures
3.1-3.2) have been fixed after some preliminary considerations.
basea on the thermal and mecnanical feasioility of tne system
and on the basic neutronic reauirements enabling the core
reactivity to oe controlled by a movaoie reflector, slicing
ax 1 ally on the external side of tne pressure vessel.
As already pointed out in CI], the main proolem is the
selection of a pressure vessel material highly transoarent to
neutrons.
It can be shown that the adoption of the most common
metallic materials , such as nickel alloys or stainless-steel.
introduces a strong reactivity penalty and decouples the inner
shells from the external movable reflector to such a degree
that reflector worth becomes negligible.
For the above reasons a Zr/Nb alloy (UN5=R60901) has been finally
selected as pressure vessel material.
U
'^^' NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER '"^"'"'" RD-12-01-FNPR "' 1 "'^^
The cylinorical shell thickness (10 cm) has been evaluated
preliminarily in conformity with the ASME III Code C2] for a
permanent static load condition at 15 MPa. In order to
minimize creep Phenomena the pressure vessel maximum
temoerature has been supoosea to be lower than 620 K.
To keep tne pressure vessel temperature at such a low value
an active neat removal svstem has to be provided.
Since tne maximum temperature in the reactor cavity is expected
to reacn aoout 2800 K close to the wall, highly refractory
materials have been used: in particular, a graphite shell (10 cm
thick; ana a BeO shell (10 cm thick) have been interposed between
the fuel ana the pressure vessel.
These shells have to be cooled by helium gas flowing across a
number of coolant channels obtained m the shells themselves.
Tne purpose of tne coolant system is twofold;
1) to remove the gamma and neutron heating from the inner shells:
2) to create a strong temperature gradient between fuel and
pressure vessel. Tab. 3.1 shows the radial temperature profile
assumed for the core reference configuration.
Furthermore, m order to avoid the corrosion reactions between
UF6 and graphite, a thin Mo-alloy liner (0.6 mm thick) has been
placed to insulate the fuel from the graphite surface.
An adequate liner material is TZM (UNS=P/M,R03640) that has a
high melting point (3300 K) and a liquidus temperature at
2895 K.
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Typical fields of application of this material are heat engines,
extrusion dies and nuclear reactors, as it retains good
mechanical performances at high temperature.
It should be pointed out that only Mo-alloys can oe prohaaly
used for structural parts in the reactor cavity (e.g. tne
diffuser); however, since these alloys act as strong absorbers
in the proposed conceot of gas reactor, their use shouio be
limited.
In this preliminary feasibility analysis, however, tne internals
( diffuser and gas coolant tubes) have been ignored; tne
reactivity penalty due to the internal materials can be
balanced by increasing fuel enrichment.
Finally, beryllium has been selectea as the material of the
movable reflector.
Mass and volume of the reactor components are summarizea in Tao.
Analysis Codes
The principal computer codes adopted in the analysis are GGC-4
C3] (zero-dimensional), ANISN C43 (one-dimensional), SQUID-3faO
[5] (two-dimensional), WAPITI-GAS C6] (two-dimensional),
MERCURE-IV C7] (three-dimensional). A brief presentation of these
codes IS provided below: additional information can be found in
the references.
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GGC-4 Coae:
GGC-4 IS a point model neutron spectrum program.
The fast and thermal spectrum calculations are performed by
the methods of GAM C8] and GATHER C9], respectively.
Input microscopic cross section data are based on the
ENDF/B-IV LiPrary C103
The energy range is divided into a number of fast groups lup
to 99) and thermal groups (up to 101).
AN I Si- Coae :
ANISN solves the one-aimensional Boltzmann transport eauation
for slabs, ana for cylindrical or spherical geometries.
As seconaarv calculation, the detailea flux generated as
the solution of the Boltzmann equation may be used to perform a
group reduction of the cross sections.
SOUID-360 Code:
SOUID IS a multigrouo finite difference aiffusion code in two
dimensions (X-Y or R-Z).
WAFITI-GAS Code:
WAPITI-GAS is a finite difference code developed by ANSALDO for
two-dimensional (X-Y or R-Z) thermal-fluid analysis of
compressible systems. It is derived from the French code
WAPITI.
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MERCURE-IV Code:
The Monte Carlo code MERCURE-IV comoutes in a three-dimensional
heterogeneous geometry heating and gamma dose rates, and by
the point-wise kernel attenuation in a straight line, the fast
fluxes.
Tabulated accumulation factors give the contribution of
the scattered gamma rays. The program calculates the
accumulation factors for mixtures; for multi-layer media the
Kitazume formulation is used.
Additional suooort codes have been usea for soecial calculations
sucn as the correlation factors ana the cross section uodate
durina the iteration process between BOuID ana WAPITI.
3.'' Features of Performea Calculations
Fuel and structural material cross sections
In accordance with the scheme reported in Fig. 3.3 the cross
sections have been calculated by using:
a) GGC-4 for the fuel cross sections with:
- fast energy range from 14.9 MeV to 2.38 eV and Bl
approximation (GAM);
- thermal energy range from 2.38 eV to zero and BO
approx i mat i on (GATHER):
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- 50 grouD microscopic cross section generation iî fast
groups ana 9 thermal grouos) to be input to ANISN coae in
oraer to generate fuel ana structural cross sections.
The assumed energy cuts are shown in Tao. 3.3.
b) GbL-4 as in item a) but for the structural cross sections
witn:
- Bl aooroximation in GATHER.
c; H(-.I5iv coae using cviinaricai geometrv ano P0-5'+
aooro'imation in oraer to:
- investigate tne fuel 5 group cross section oeoenaence on tne
temoerature ana Density of tne fuel;
- generate tne structural material macroscooic cross sections
ana a 5 group cross section data set to calculate tne fuei
macroscopic cross sections to be input to SOUID coae as
a function of temperature and density at each iteration step.
The assumed energy cuts m the range 14.9 MeV - 0.0 eV are
14.9 MeV, 0.821 MeV, 150 KeV, 5.53 KeV, 0.625 eV, 0.0 eV.
Reactor Calculations
In accordance with the scheme reported m Fig. 3.4, total
reflector worth and the distributions of thermal power,
fuel temperature, ana fuel density have been calculatea av using:
a) SDUID-360 code with;
- simplified R-Z geometry and material comoositions,
- k-eff calculation,
- spatial fluxes calculations in order to evaluate the thermal
power aensity aistribution to be input to WAPITI code.
b) WAPITI-GH5 coae for the thermal-fluid analysis witn:
- R-Z geometry,
- turbulent flow,
- density ana temperature distributions of tne fuel to be input
to SQLID-360 Coae.
3.5 Nuclear Cross Section Calculations
The macroscooic cross sections reauired as input data for the
full core R-Z SOUID calculations have been generatea by
using the proceaure outlinea in Fig. 3.3. The cross sections
are referred to :
-fuel,
-structural material.
24
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NUCLEAR MHD CO^fVERTER RD- 12- 01- FNP R ^ ^ p ge
Fuel cross sections
It has been assumed that inside the re-ference core con-figuration
(see par. 3.1) -fuel temperature and density may change in the
range 1600-3000 K and 0.15-0.45 g/cm', respectively, as shown in
Fig. 3.5.
A sensitivity analysis has been per-formea by applying the
procedure of Fig. 3.3 to each o-f the points 1-9 o-f Fig. 3.5.
The results are summarizeo below:
a) tne fuel microscooic cross sections cnange only:
- with fuel density in the 4th energetic group (eoithermal
range),
- with fuel temperature in the 5tn energetic group (tnermal
group);
b) the 5 group structural material cross sections are not
significantly affected by the fuel conditions unoer the
assumption that the radial temperature profile in the
structural material doesn't change.
Consequently, in order to update the fuel macroscopic
cross sections during the iterative SDUID calculations of
reactor power distribution with thermal-fluid feedback, the
following correlations can be used:
g g n g=lf~ si^t^ j=tr,a,f
I (T,n) = I (To,no) or
J j no g=l?4 and j=r
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4 4 n 4
Z u. n; = I (To,no) +LZ (n) j=tr,a,f
J J no J
5 5 n 5
I 'T,n; = Z (To,no) +AI (T> j=tr,a,f
: J no J
4
AZ in) = nâjn' -^ ojn + cj; j=tr,a,f
J
5
AI (T; = n(AjT= + BjT + Cj;
J
where:
Cnj=g/cm- LTj=f , no=0.3 g/cm- To=2l00 t-
The correlation coefficients aj, bj, cj, Aj, Bj, Cj have oeen
estimated by using the previous ANISN calculations.
The results are reported m Tab. 3.4.
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' ^' ^ NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER '''*"'"*"'" RD-12-01-FNPR '' ^ 'P^S*
Structural material cross sections
The structural macroscopic cross sections for the full core
R-Z SOUID calculations have been evaluated by ANISN with the
procedure shown in Fig. 3-3 by fixing fuel density at 0.30 g/cm~
and fuel temperature at 2100 \-, which represent average values
in the core reference configuration.
3.t Reactor Calculations
The reactor calculations have been performea bv applying the
scheme reoortea in Fig. 3.4 to the core reference configuration
with:
a) external reflector out, 65/. of the fuel flowing in the
annular aiffuser ana 35'/. of the fuel flowing in the internal
diffuser:
b) as m Item a), but with the external reflector 100"/. in:
c) external reflector 100'/. in. 707. of tne fuel flowing in the
annular diffuser and 307. of the fuel flowing m the internal
diffuser.
The proposed scheme can be useful to study a generic
stationary core configuration in order to evaluate power
density distribution and ("-effective, along with fuel temperature
and density distributions.
In short, the calculation procedure is the following:
1) a guess power density distribution is fixed,
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2) WAPITI-GAS computes the fuel density and temperature
distributions generated by the input power oensitv
distribution.
3) the fuel density and temperature distrioutions &re usea to
update the nuclear macroscopic cross sections for eacn
fuel composition,
4) SOUID computes a new power aensitv oistrioution ana
eigenvalue,
5; a test on tne convergence of tne main variaoles is maae:
if it IS successful, than the iterative process is stoDoed:
if not. it returns to step 2).
Figures 3.6-3.8 report the axial profile of power densitv at
different raaii for the aoove configurations.
Tables 3.5-3.7 show the respective temperature distributions in
the reactor cavity. Tne values are computed at the center of eacn
mesh. The axial coordinate is given in the first column of tne
table, the value at the top corresponding to the reactor inlet:
radially, the mesnes are numbered from the reactor axis.
7 Reactivity Requirements
In this core concept, excess reactivity is controlled bv the
external movable reflector. This excess reactivity includes:
a) reactivity changes due to changes in gas working temperature
between the cold and hot, no load conditions;
(
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RD-12-01-FNPR
Rev Pagma
rev page
1 28
b) reactivity changes due to changes in reactor power over tne
power range of operations;
c) reactivity changes due to fuel depletion;
d) reactivity associated to the minimum shutdown margin.
The reactivity change associatea to each item is reported in Tab.
3.8.
The integral worth of the movable reflector has oeen evaluated
by means of the reactor calculations: an uncertainty of about 107.
has been associated to the results.
The reactivity change between CZF and hZF does not appear
to be significant oecause in this reactor the Doooier effect has
been consiaered only for UZTS, as in the GAM library there
isn' t any information about the Doooier effect in UZT5.
Finally, since it is not in the scope of this preliminary
analysis to maiê accurate assumptions about the system operating
modes. it has been supposed that the reactor is operated
at full power level contmuosly.
It has been estimated that, with a 3300 pern of reactivity change
available for depletion, reactor life is limited to a few
hours because of the strong Xenon poisoning that affects this
type of core. This time is a function of the UFo overall
plant/core mass ratio as shown m Fig. 3.9.
The full power level can be restored after an interval of time
whose length depends on the operational strategy; the process can
be repeated until fuel depletion allows it.

o
Progetto
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Identificativo
document no
RD-12-01-FNPR
Rev Pagina
rev page
1 29
Fig 3.10 snows tne evolution of reactivity after a snutoown
pertormea at the eno of the first lifetime at full power, wnose
length is about 5 nours. In tnis case, whicn is referrea to a
UFfc mass ratio of 5, tne time reauireo for reactivity to pecome
positive again is approximately 30 hours from snutaown: tnis
waiting time is reducea by increasing the mass ratio.
The minimum value of reactivity that occurs 9 nours after
Shutdown in Fig. 3.10, corresponding to a maximum of the Xe
concentration, is explained by tne presence of a source of Xel35,
tne raoioactive oecay of 1135, in competition witn its
aisaopearance aue to aecay to Csl35.
S
o
proiect Ml,/^T IT An n u n r<n%t^fT'r,m1^n document no rev page
NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER uuûmen. nu R D - 1 2 - 0 1 - F N P R l
30
-.t References
Ll] ANSALDu SPA, "Nuclear MHD Converter", Semi-Annuai Technical
Progress Report, RD-06-04-5APR, Novemoer i9b6.
C2J "AShE Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code", Nuclear Power Plant
Components Division l.
C3] Adir J. ana Latnroo K.D., "Theory of Metnoas usea in tne
GGC-4 MultigrouD Cross Sections Code", 6A-9021 Octooer 196S.
[4] ANISN-ORNL CCC/ 254, "Muitigroup One-Dimensionai Discrete
Orainates Transport Coae with Anisotropic Scattering".
[5J Daneri A., Gaoutti B. , Salma E. "50iJID-34:0 - A Muitigroup
Diffusion Program witn Criticality Searches for tne
IBM-360", Euh 38S:e 1968.
C6] CEA - DTCE/5TT, "Programme WAPITI, Notice ae presentation",
D^scriptif informatiaue n.ro 90167 - Rev. 0, 18-3-1981.
[7] Devillers C. and Dupont C., "Mercure-IV, un programme de
Monte Carlo a trois dimensions pour 1 'integration de noyaux
punctuel d'attenuation en ligne droite", Report SERliA - T -
496 1980.
proiect document no rev oaoe
NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER RD-12-01-FNPR i ^ 31
C8] Joanou G.D.D. and Dude> J.5., "GAM-II-A B3 Code for the
Calculation of Fast Neutron Spectrum and Associated
Muitigroup Constants", GA - 4265 Seotemoer 1963.
C93 G.D. Joanou et al., "GATriER-II, An IBM 7090 Fortran-II
Program for the ComDutation of Thermal-Neutron Spectra and
Associated Multigrouo Cross Sections", GA-4i32 1963.
[IOJ Orer 0. ana Garber D., "ENDF/B Summary Documentation,
ENDF-20r'. BNL 17451, Brool<'haven National Laboratory, Upton
New York, 1973.

o
Progetto
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Identificativo
document no
RD-12-01-FNPR
Rev Pagma
rev page
1 32
Tab. 3.1 Radial temperature profile in the core
reference configuration.
Radial Range (*)
(cm )
Material Average Temperature
(K)
50.0-53.5
53.5-56.5
56.5-60.0
60.0-63.5
63.5-66.0
66.0-70.0
70.0-80.0
80.0-110.0
Graphite
BeO
Zr-Nb
Be
2200
1500
1200<T<1500
900<T<1200
900
600<T<900
<600
<600
()see Fig. 3.1
Progetto
prO)Cl
Identificativo
dOCuTieil nc
RD-12-01-FNPR
Tab. 3.2 Mass and volume summary for the
core reference configuration.
Rv Fac:"'a
rev pao*
1 ' 33
Reactor Material Average
Density
(kr3/dm3)
Volume
(dm3)
Masr,
(kg)'
% of
Total M ass
UF6 0.20 1723 500
1.9
T2M
Cr.-pl->ito
UcO
10.IG
1.71
3.02
:.G3
1320
1317
20
2257
3977
0.1
8.5
1^.9
,r-Nb alloy
Dc
6.5
1.B5
1634
5012
10G21
9272
39.8
3-1. e
Total Reactor M ass 2G65G 100.0
P
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t
t
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Progetto
proiect
Identificativo
document no
RD-12-01-FNPR
Rev Pagma
rev page
1 35
Tao. 3.4 Ccrrelation ccef f :c ler.t 3
cr355 section update.
-.r.e macrcsccoic
f o r
1
k
t r
k
r
33
. 5 7 0 5 5 - 3 3
. 1 1 1 5 5 - 3 7
. 5 5 7 4 5 - 3 3
^ '
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- . 1 3 3 8 5 - 0 4
C3
. 1 3 9 7 6 - 0 1
. 2 7 7 1 7 - 0 1
. 1 3 3 9 1 - 0 1
f o r
F
t r
k'f
O-a
A J
. 7 5 1 5 3 - 0 1
. 8 9 4 3 3 - 3 1
. 5 8 1 3 9 - 0 1
3J
- . 7 9 9 3 0 - 0 1
- . 9 3 4 1 4 - 0 1
- . 6 0 5 2 3 - 0 1
CJ
. 1 7 5 3 9 - 0 1
. 2 0 4 0 1 - 0 1
. 1 3 1 9 9 - 0 1
s
o
5
t h M P E R A n i H H S
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11> ( . ' (
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1 no
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> o u
Tab. 3.5 Temperature distribution in the reactor cavity.
External reflector 100% in anti 65% of the fuel
through the annular diffuser.
I LMPFHA 1 UHti>
Z-
IB
1 7
IC
1 ')
1 0
1 i
1 Z
1 1
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9
n
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O O O O l
0 0
O O
0 0
no
oo
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 4
> 0 0
0 4
0 4
0 4
1)4
0 0
0 0
. O O
0 0
13
OOOOE
OOOOE
( mo o t
OnoOk
oooot
1 / 9 H E
1 8 5 IE
I 9 5 7 E
2 O' l 4 E
2 1 3 4 F
2 2 0 21
2 2 b H t
2 3 3 4 1
2 4 JbF
o o o o t
01)001
0 000 I
oooot
15
+ 00
00
00
00
+ 00
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
00
00
. no
00
OOOOE
oooot
O O O O l
ooont
O O O O F
2 0 B 0 F
2 O 0 9 L
2 0 6 H t
,f 1 ill
2 19 11
2 2 4 H F
2 3 0 6 1
2 3 b b l
2 0 b H 1
oooot
O O O O l
O O O O l
O O O O l
too
no
oo
0 0
no
0 4
0 4
0 4
110
0 0
oo
0 4
0 4
0 4
I 0 0
0 0
on
I III)
. 0000
. 0000
. 001)0
. 0000
. OOOO
.0000
.2 186
.2222
.2242
J7 17
. 2.1 1(1
. 2 3 5 b
. 2 4 0 8
. 2 5 0 3
. 0 0 0 0
. 0 0 0 0
, O O O O
0 0 0 0
E + 0 0
I O O
I ' O O
t O O
t + 0 0
F + 0 0
E + 0 4
0 4
t 0 0
1 0 0
h ' 0 0
0 4
+ 0 4
F + 0 4
I O O
I O O
F Oil
F on
Tab. 3.6 Temperature distribution in the reactor cavity.
External reflector out and 6 5 % of the fuel through
the annular diffuser.
V10 00i?3
I I Mf'LKA I OKI S
1 8
1 7
I b
If.
1 0
1:3
12
I 1
lO
)
fl
7
b
0
i
3-
I
J l
I 8
I 7
l b
1 '
1 O
1 3
1 ?
I 1
1 O
'1
7
u
0
- 2 - '
2 7 3 8 '
2 . b 1 3 '
.' OHB ' '
. . l b. ) ' '
.' . 2 .' 5 '
2 0 / ' i '
1 >) 1 1 '
1 / 2 5
1 . ' . 2 5 '
1 . 3 2 ' . '
1 1 . " . '
9 2 5
. / 18
. 5 / ' . '
. -ijlf ' '
1 1 3 '
1 8 H '
01. 3 ' '
Z - '
2 7 3 8 '
2 . b 1 3 '
. 0 8 8 ' '
. . 3 b 1 ' '
2 2 2 5
/ 0 / ' .
1 . 9 1 3 '
1 / 2 ' . ' '
1 ' , 2 5 '
1 12* . *
1 1 2 5 '
. ' ) 2' > ' '
. / iH
' , / ' . '
.1 I H '
( 1 1 '
' HH '
. Ob, (
1
1 4 5 2 E 0 4
l 4 b 7 + 0 4
I 4 6 3 t * ( 1 0 '
14 7 0 ^ 0 0 '
1 0 / H L 0 0 '
1 0 H 7 F ^ O 0
1 o ' l OF n o "
15 1 ' ( t * 0 4 "
1 ' . 2 8 1 OO '
1 ' i O' . . l 0 4
1 ' . ( . 11. 0 0
1 ' . 8 01 no '
1 bOt i F 0 4
I b : i 2 * 0 4 '
1 b / 1 t 0 0 '
1 / 0 0 1 0 0
18 2 0 1 0 0
1 H "131 . 0 0
9
o o o o t + 0 0
O O O O L + 0 0
OOOOL + OO
t 5 2 / L 0 0
1 5 0 1 t 0 0
1 5 2 9 + 0 0
I 5 5 9 0 0
1b 1 0 + 0 0
I b b b t ^ O O
1 / 2 ' . i 0 0 '
1 / 9 I E + 0 4 '
1 8 / O F 0 4 '
U ) 6 9 1 + 0 4
2 1 l b + 0 4
2 2 ' , 2 1 0 0
2 2H' F OO
O O O O F * 0 0 '
OOOOF ' OO
2 3 4 ' 5
1 4 5 2 E + 0 4 1 4 5 2 E + no ' . l O ' i l l ^ O O . I 4 5 l t i 0 0
I 4 5 / E + 0 4 ' . 1 4 5 / + 0 4 , l 4 5 4 t t ( ) 4 ' . 1 0 5 0 t + 0 0
1 4 b 3 L 0 0 ' . I 4 O 0 L + 0 O ' . 1 5 1 0 1 ' OO ' . 1 0 ' , ' I I . 0 0
10 701 < 0 0 . I 0 7 ' L > 0 0 ' . l ' , / 3 t . 0 0 ' 10 1,51 ' OO
l ^ / H t ' . l O ' I OH' , 1 I MI ' . I ' . / b l . 0 0 ' 11, / 1, 1 . 110
1 4 HHI m o 100( 11 n o ' I ' . i . / i . n o i b i ' , i . n o
I ' . O O F t O O ' 1511, 1 .11.1 ' 1 5 / 7 1 n o l b , ' 7 l t n o
1 . 1 7h 0 0 ' . 1 ' . 0 11 . 0 0 ' . 1 bO I I 0 4 ' . 1 1,0. 11 . 0 0
1 5 3 / 1 ' 0 0 ' 1 ' . / 11 . 1) 0 . i b 3 . ' i ' OO ' Mj i . ' j t . n o
I ' . b Ol . n o ' 11,110 1 .11.1 . 1 b b 1 1 0 0 ' 1 1 , 1 / 1 . n o
1 5 H b l > 0 0 ' . 1 1, l l . l . l l -l ' . 1 0 9 1 1 OO . 1 / . / 1 . no
1 b 1 o t n o 11. bi l l . no 1 7 2 3 F 0 0 ' . 1 7b 1 1 . 0 0
I b 4 2 t + O0 ' . l / O l l . l l O ' I 7 b 0 1 0 0 ' . I H O O I ' O O
1 b 7 9 + 114 ' 1 74 / I no ' . 1 H 1 01 0 4 ' . 1 Hb ' . l < 0 4
1 7 . 131 no 1 u 1 / 1 no ' . 1 90111 > n o . i I O M I . no
I H . i . l . 110 ' l ' ) . " ) i . 110 ' . ' 11. ". i . 1) 0 . i m o i . n o
I ' l i i i i "OO . .'11 . ' ni . ( i . i ' . ' D ' j M . n o ' . ' 1 111 . n o
1 9 3 11 0 0 ' . 2 n i i n . n o ' . 2 i n .' i . n 0 ' n n 11 n i < n n
10 11 ' 12 ' 13
Oo o o t + 0 0 ' . n o o o t ^ o o . o o o o t . n o . o o ( i o t o o
OOOOl + 0 O ' . 0 0 ( 1 1 0 ' OO ' . o o o o L ' i H ) ' . o n o n t . o O
OOOO) >Oo . i i OMi i i . 0 0 ' o n o n i . o n ' . n n o n i . o n
11. 251 . 0 0 . n n o n i . o n o o n n i > i i n . i i n n i K . n n
t b l 5 F t ( ) 0 1 / 0 / ( M I O ' . i H d . i . n o ' ( n i n n l ' n i i
1 ' i i 3 n o . u . 1 'Jl . no ' . 1 1 , 5 , -i n o i / ^ i i n o
1 ' . 9 71 0 4 . 1 b ' i b L o o . 1 7 1 . '1 . 0 0 . 1 / ' , ) l 0 0
1 1,1.4 1- 0 4 . 1 / . I ' l l < 0 0 ' . 1 I I OHI 0 0 . 1 11.) 1 t . 0 0
1 / 3 b 1 IJO ' . 1 H / , L m o . 1 H' l bl 0 0 > 1 ') 1 0 t 0 0
I B O' H OO I O O O ' ^ J O O ' l ' ) / ' , l OO ' l O' Kl t . 110
I H 8 4 F 0 0 ' . 1 ' I H l F t O O ' . 2 0 0 ' I F . I I O ' 2 0 ( , I . F < n O
1 9 t , 5 0 4 ' . 2 0' . ' JI 0 0 ' . 2 1 2. 11 0 0 ' . 2 1 l o t 0 0
2 n b O t < 0 0 . 2 1 0 1 1 OO . 2 1 9 3 1 OO 2 2 O . ' t < l l 0
2 1 9 5 t ^ 0 4 ' . 2 2 5 3 L + 0 0 ' . 2 2 H 3 1 ' OO . 2 2 H' , . l ' 0 0
. ' 31101 DO ' . 2 . l 5 0 t ^ ( 1 0 . 2 3 9 , 1 1 . 0 0 ' . 0 I 1 0 0 L ( I 0
OOo n l 111) ' . 0 0 1 1 0 1 . 0 0 . o o o o t . 110 ' . 1101) 01 <i)l)
n o n o i n o . o n n n F < o o . o o o o t . o o > . o n n n
o o o o t l OO ' n o o n i o o ' . O o O O i ' < o O o n o o i . 0 0
b
OOOOF^
1 4 5 H t
1 0 b <1
1 0 11 / 1
1 0 / Ml
1 O' l Ol
1 b<) ) l l
l b ' . 2 l -
1 b l l l U
1 7 10 1
1 / ' . 111
1 / Hi l l
1 H .1 i t
1 '1 1 1 1
. ' ! ) i n i
.' 1 O' . l
.- 1 ' . ( , 1
o o o n i
1 4
o n o o t
OOOOl
n o i i i i i
n 0 n 111
o o n n i
1 ' 1 . I l l
1 Hi . n i
1 9 111
1') / . '1
2 0 3 ' i l
2I ) ' 1HI
2 1 b 1 1
2 2 .' .' 1
2 3 l ) ' ) l
o n o n i
n n n n t
o o n n i
1 nl
o n
. 1) 4 '
no '
no 1
n o >
no '
0 0
0 0 '
n o 1
no
0 0 >
no '
no <
0 0 <
no '
no *
no '
o n '
0 0 '
0 0 '
n n
n n '
n n '
0 0 '
no 1
0 0 '
no
no '
no 1
oo '
no
0 0 '
0 0
no
oo <
0 0 '
/
. OOOOE
. o o n n i -
. 1 ' i l l OI
. 1 OM' , 1
. 10 101
1 O' l ' M
1 , ( I I
. 1 ' . 9 11
. 1 b O O L
. 1 b' ) l l l
. 1 / 0 / 1
. 1 / 9 H 1
1 H' . ' I F
I MI . bF
. 2 1 1)81
2 I ' J' . I
O n n n i
o o o n i
1 5
. OOOOF
. OOOOl
. ( l o o n i
. n n o i i i
o n n n i
o n o o i
. 1 91. 01
. 202111
201, 51
. 2 l o o t
2 1 5 2 F
. 2 2 0 11
. 2 2 5 5 1
. .'J J3L
. 001)111
1 ) 0 0 0 1
. OOOOl
OOOOl
n o '
1 I K) '
0 0 '
0 0
no '
o o
no '
1 0 0 '
O 4 '
oo '
. ( I . I '
. 1. 4
l l O >
0 0 >
. 0 0 '
. n o
. n n '
D o
0 0 '
o o '
0 0 '
. n o '
1110 '
o n '
. 110 1
0 0
. 110 '
0 0
0 0
0 0 '
0 0 '
(10 '
0(1
. oo '
o n '
n n '
H
0 0 0 0 1
. OOOOl
. 1 6 3 0 1
. 1 0 O' . l
. 1 ' . 1 01
1 ' . 1 I I I
1 5 . I HI
. 1 5 8 0 1
. 1 b 1',.1
. 1 b H' l l
. 1 / 0 / 1
18 10 1
1 H ' 18 1
. 211 1 ' 11
. 2 1 8 0 1
2 .' 0 .' 1
o o n o i
o n o o i
0 0
m o
oo
oo
no
no
oo
no
oo
n- i
no
0 0
0 0
0 0
o o
n o
n o
(111
Tab. 3.7 Temperature distribution in the reactor cavity,
External reflector 100% in and 70% of the fuel
through the annular diffuser.
proiect aocument no rev pace
NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER RD-12-01-FNPR i 39
Tab. 3.8 Reactivity balance for the core
reference configuration.
Movable reflector integral worth 9.6%
Assumed uncertainty (10%) -0.96%
From HZP to HFP -4.3%
From CZP to HZP 0%
Shutdown margin plus depletion 4.34%
c
5
Progetto
proiec!
Identificativo
aocument no
RD-12-01-FNPR
Rev Pagina
rev page
1 40
n" 68 holes 0 30
n^ 5? holes <f> 30
Arrow
N
1
2
3
4
5
Nominal radius (mm)
1000
1200
1400
1(500
2200
Material
1 20
Ua.jPi^ UFo
H H Tzn
^^--< Graphite
Em 3e0
^ ^ S Zr-Nb alloy
^ Be
Fig. 3.1 Core cross section
VIO00t ?3
' _Zt ^
L _-_[/-_-_--Lv.
800 1500
500
n ^ _
_L^
500
[ \ Zr-Nb ALLOY
L 1 GRAPHITE
r
t
J BERYLLIUM OXIDE [
J BERYLLIUM 1
J (JF6
MM TZM
Fi g. 3. 2 Reactor model for nucl ear a na l ysi s
MD 00l ?1
1 u I f o i
0 2 f u b I
1 I t M u r y
yy y I o u p
I it int i 1 l b . J r y
U2 I I.L 10 1 J ' " J' O' i
I 1
0 AM 4 I <j b 1
S t l)vn (JOrfM 11
L . A1 I I I H ' ) , j n o
I 1 1.1 ,. I y
U2 I d ^ t O'J J l , , u p
(.Afwi 0 1.) H I
T ( i ( I . I . I (J 1 1 t j I c. I y
0 2 I l . t j i 111 1 0 1 i j i w u ( i i
s o n 1 I ti
( OMI I I NI- 1 0
s I (J w. . d o w n
M ) . . . ( ._
H
i-- I.
(. A I I I I 1( ' ) . j OU
01 b
U ,-1. b 1 I y
I . 1. 1 I I I . ' . I k . | . ) I I t I ) ' . S b . ' 1 1 I I m b
^n 0
I
o r b < I iJ b b ;. i - . I 1 o . . b I I <i 1
( M t f e r e i i t ( f e t . s i t y unt l . ' i h i . t . - r a t n i t ' *
- #1 ( OMI) I Nl no I * -
I I VII t I . 1 u I ..1.1 I t . I 14 1
III ) t . D M I () I I 1 1 1 . ' , ' , ' . . 1 . , I I I",
M l ! | i I I . i | ,
AN I ^H i-n . . |
i j i . 1. . 0S
'. 1 I II I 1 11 I . . I III.J I | . I I tJ I 1 I I lb b bu-l 1 I i . i . b ..* I
,11 ,1 I ' b I t i l . 1 -1 s n e o t >. 'iii|)ei J t o r i- > a i l i . ] i |i o i i I .
[ , r r e l d t i u n t o e M ) i _ i * j i i t ; >
h 1 tj J i Mdv f t>*. I d p 1 I I ti' > b f t t I o n <j*m* I (1 t 1
WD 00123
C o r r el a t i o n
Coef f i c i ent s
First 9 u es s power Density distri but 1 on I
density Oistritiotion
teiT.peratore oistriimtio'
Fuei c r o s s section
opdat e
power density d i s t r i pi. t i o.
1- - ef f c t 1 ve
convet yenct-
c npc I-
I y<="'
STOP
F i g . 3 . 4 Flow chart for power density c a l c o l a t i o n
Progetto
protect
Identificativo
document no
RD-12-01-FNPR
Rev Pagina
rev page
] 44
T (K
3000 . - -
2000
1800
7- -
8
1 .
1
c
< 3 ;
1 1
-I-
0.18 0.30
-I-
0.45
n (g/cm3)
T: temperature
n: density
Fig. 3.5 Fuel characterization as a function of temperature
and density.
Progetto
proiect
Identificativo
document no
RD-12-01-FNPR
Rev Pagma
rev page
1 45
^ RADlUS-^7. 96 CM
O RADIUS-43. 60 CM
X RADIUS-38. 73
+ RADIUS=33. 17 CM
A. RADIUS=26. 45 CM
O RADIUS=22. 36 CM
CD RADIUS = 8 CM
I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
e ee 4t.Be te.ea i?.ee lee.ee 2*e.ee zÔ'et ?i.ae 32e.e
Z AXI S ( CM)
Fip 3.6 Power density vs. axial coord, (from core inlet) at different radial
coordinates.
External reflector 100% in and 65% of the fuel through the annular
diffuser.
Progetto
protect
Identificativo
document no
RD-12-01-FNPR
Rev
rev
Pagma
page
46
X
--
o

RADlUS-47.96 CM
RADIUS43.60 CM
RADlUS-38.73
RADIUS=33.I7 CM
RADIUS=26.45 CM
RADIUS=22.36 CM
RADlUS=e CM
Z AXIS (CM)
Fig. 3.7 Power density vs. axial coord, (from core inlet) at different radial
coordinates .
External reflector out and 65% of the fuel through the annular diffuser.
Progetto
protect
Identificativo
document no
RD-12-01-FNPR
Rev Pagma
rev page
I 47
t RA( > I USM7 . 9 6 CM
RADI US 4 3 , 6 e CM
X RADI US - 3 8 , 7 3
+ RA[>IUS = 3 3 , 17 CM
A RADI US= 2 6 . 4 5 CM
O RADI US= 2 2 . 3 6 CM
a RADI US=e CM
Z AXIS (CM)
Fig. 3,8 Power density vs. axial coord, (fron core inlet) at different radial
coordinates
tixternal reflector 100% in and 70% of the fuel through the annular
diffuser.
MO 00123
10
8 -
t (H)
5 -
T
2
T -
8
T -
10
t : time
m: UF6 Overall Plant/Core Mass ratio
Fig. 3.9 Reactor life vs. UF6 Overall Plant/Core Mass ratio.
Reactor operated at full power level continuously.
Progetto
pcoieci
Identificativo
oocument no
RD-12-0:-FNPP
Rev Pagina
rev page
1 49
"If";"^ -
~ - n ^ -
1 t '
- - 1 -
_
-
, - - ^
- -
- - -n r-
- - - V -
t
\
K
\
\
1
1
1
k 1
1
1
|
'
1
1
V
~-^
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 ,
1
1
! !
1 !
'
1
!
' i
1 1
1 ^
'
1 >
I
,
1
1
1
1
. _,--
< '
1
1
! 1
, 1
'
J-
j
^-
'
1
1
i
1
Mr
45
Fig. 3.10 Reactivity vs. time (UF6 mass ratio = 5).
project document no rev .paoe
WORK'INB FLUID CHARACTERISTICS
4.1 Symbols, Terms and Abbreviations
n
ni
rei
NumDer o-f particles per unit volume
0 Collision cors section
V Particle velocity
(\jn Nurioer ot neutral molecules per unit volume
0 heiombination coe++icient
T Temperature
ne Number o+ electrons per unit volume
Number of ions oer unit volume
NumDer o-f primarv electrons Dsr unit volume
Tnermalization time between electrons ana
ion =
^ Quantity in tne e.pression fo'' thermal ization
time
t Eoltzmann s constant
m Electron mass
A Ion mass in amu
M Ion mass
e EiBctron charge
r Quantity in the e'ioression -for coulomb
collisions
eo Energy ot primary electrons
Tp TemDerature oi primary electrons
S
o
Progetto
project
Identificativo
Oocument no
RD-12-01-FNPR
Rev Pagina
rev page
1 51
Ts
Ti
ree
rpei
Tsei
I
K
Ng
a,b
fi
Vg
Teipnerature o-f secondary electrons
TemDe"atu'"e ot ions
Tne^'mai ization time oetween onmary an^
= econoa>"v elactrons
T-iei'mal ization time between orimarv electrons
5na ions
Tnermal ization time oetween seconca'"y
electrons and ions
Ionization potential
Ionization aegree
Numoei" ot gas molecules per unit volume
Coetticients in tne rate equations
Ratio ot no to Ng
5?s v e l o c i t /
h l a i cooi ' Qi nst e
^ v er aae
S
o
Progetto Identificativo Rev. Pagma
project . , _ , _ . _ . _ . _ . _ document no rev page
4.2 Phase I
This phase provided a qualitative assessment of the types of
primary reactions considered as the most important, and the
evaluation of the relevant cross-sections, using current
literature data and theoretical models.
The Production of Primary Electrons
Wnenever 235U unaergoes a fission reaction a number of ionizing
agents sre generated. Fission fragments are the most imoortant as
they aosorb arouna 80/. of the energy releasee. Tne energy balance
of a fission reaction is illustrated in TABLE 1 (oata Are
essentially similar for thermal or fast fission reactions ana for
the two uranium isotooes)CI].
TABLE 1
1. Fission Fragments 165 MeV
2. Prompt gamma rays (bremmstrahlung) 7 MeV
3. Delayed gamma rays (discrete spectrum) 6 MeV
4. fi+ and (i- rays 7 MeV
5. Neutrons 5 MeV
6. Neutrinos 10 MeV
TOTAL 200 MeV
8
o
project document no rev page
Excepting neutrinos, that sre not stopped in the gas ana escape
from the core because of their extremely small cross-section.
all the other remaining products are stoopeo within a few mms of
gas tthe neutrons travel the furthest distance but sre, however-.
partly recovered by the reflector, and the gamma ravs occur as
electron-positron pairs xn a few cms) ana, therefore, they lose
their energy partly by ionizing the constituent elements of the
system and partly through the fission reactions.
In this phase we examinea the elastic and inelastic
cross-sections of the various fission prooucts on gaseous uF6
ana He L2J. Objective of the analysis was the evaluation of the
number of ionizations that taiê place for eac fission,
neglecting tne effects moucea bv tnis so callea primary
ionization.
The energy produced by the fission processes is largely converted
into electronstthe majority of tnese (equivalent to about 165
MeV) are due to ionization processes induced bv the fission
fragments, and have a diffused spectrum with an average energy of
500 eV.
A smaller part (20 MeV) results from gamma ray conversion and
beta decays and may have an energy of IMeV per electron. However,
in this case, the energy is rapidly distributed over other
electrons, and hence it can be assumed, to a good approximation,
that a single fission actually produces 4.lOeS primary electrons
characterized by an average energy of 500 eV.
!^'of," 'aentificativo R^^ Pagma
NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER document no R D - 1 2 - 0 1 - F N P R ' * ' l '^^^*
These primary i oni zat i ons sre mostly maae up oy " st r i ppi ng" an
el ectron wi thout moaifymg the molecular or atomic st r uct ur e of
the t ar get .
4.3 Phase I I
Tnis Phase aaaressea tne study of the rate eauations in tne
reactor core, provioing an aporoM mate analytical solution, and
Identifying tne critical parameters.
Tne Froouction of Seconaary Electrons
The orimary electrons give rise to processes sucn as elastic and
inelastic scattering (excitation of bonding electrons in the
molecule), secondary ionization, and recombination.
Elastic scattering is low at energies greater than 10
eV and can be almost neglected in most cases. The
inelastic scattering, on the other hand, is a very important
reaction channel since it absorbs around 2/3 of the primary
electron energy. This value is difficult to be computed or
measured. It depends on the energy and on the structure of the
molecules: data available in literature give a ratio between
ionization and inelastic collision cross sections of 0.2 - 0.5
C3]. These reactions are part of the gas thermalization and
heating process.
S
o
project . . . . _ . _ document nj rev paae
The atomic cross-section for ionization processes on UF6 arouna
500 eV IS of the order of lOe-15 cm^. The cross-sections are
known with errors of 25X. It should be noted that the ionization
cross-sections on He have a very hign threshold value, due to tne
high ionization potential (about 24 eV), and a very low value,
due to the closed shell structure of He which permits elastic
scattering to predominate, hence, the aodition of He is e, oecteo
to increase tne electrical conductivity to a very small extent.
The contribution to the ionization process is given by tne
product of the numoer of electrons, the cross-section, and the
velocity. This yields, therefore:
dn/ot = "t-nCi-v/Ng
where 0 is the cross section, numerically equal to
lOe-15, <-v/ is the velocity in cm/sec. equal to -v>=6.10e7JT
(where T is tne temperature given in eV^ and Ng is the numoer of
molecules per cm".
The probapility of ionization by collision should be actually
obtained by averaging the cross-section, which depends upon the
electronic energy, over the assumed Maxwell velocity distribution
C4]. However, the numerical value indicated for Q is
correct for the order-of-magnitude estimate of this phase.
S
o
proiecl document no rev page
Recombination
The neutralization prooability of the ionized system is
related to the product of the electronic density, the
ionic density, ana the density of a third element essential
for energy ana momentum conservation C4]. This third element may
be either a neutral atom or an ion, or even an electron. Tne
higher mobility of the electrons maKes tne following the
preferred recompination process in our case :
ne t ne + ni ne ni
Tnis parameter is extremely' sensitive to the density ana
temperature of the system.
The rate of recombination can be expressed by the following
relation:
dn/dt = - 'xn
where a = lOe-ZSn/T''-=^, n is the electron (or ion) density per
cm- and T is the temperature expressed in eV.
Note the dependence upon n- (the coefficient is linearly
related to n), which reminds that recombination is a three-body
process [5j.
s
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The dependence on T is very strong because the electron velocity
IS the other hey parameter to the problem, both when calculating
the cross-section and when successively calculating the
average on the velocity distribution, necessary to determine the
probability per second of the process.
Simplified Rate Equation
The effects of recomoination and ionization may be combined into
a rate eouation for the electronic part of the system:
dn/dt = nO v>Ng - an^
Supstituting tne numerical values into tne aoove eouation
yields:
dn/dt = n 3.10el3 TJT - lOe-25 n-/T*-=
Ng was assumed to be 5.10e20 molecules per cm-.
Let us now suppose to be under steady state conditions
(hence neglecting dn/ dt).
This assumption requires that a unique equilibrium temperature
exists, at least among the various ionized species, and that the
time to reach such conditions is much shorter than the time
during which the gas remains in the reactor core. In fact.
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P'OI'Ct unnivno ttun oonr i 7r . Tr . r . document no _ rev page
58
electrons arouna 500 eV, electrons of a few eVs (secondary), and
ions at almost the same temperature of the gas coexist curing a
first phase.
however, as we snail see better afterwards, tne conditions in tne
reactor core lead to extremely short thermalization times
compared with the transit time of the gas, and hence, in spite of
the simple approach, this first evaluation may be consiaered
quite realistic.
Let us now introduce the energy balance, that is determinea by
tne distribution of the ionization and thermalization energies:
ynoSOO = n(T+I) = ncT+10) = vZ.B-lOeZl
where v-'l is the part of energy involved in ionization processes
and I IS assumea to oe eaual to 10 eV, a value typical of most
atoms and molecules.
The rate eouation, once inserted into the balance eouation.
gives:
T=' ' =.(T+10J = 165v => T = 2.8y=-''=
Similarly, the implicit value of the electronic density
can be found:
n = 6-10e5(2.G-10e20y-n)=-'

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project document no rev oaoe
which yields approximately
n = 2.6-10e20y
It should be noted that the recombination process is
active, above all, at low temperatures. However, the
process temperature is oetermmeo critically througn
the parameter y. The conventional thermal region
(T 4000 C) IS indicated by values of y less than lOe-2.
Tnerefore, the critical parameter that must be
calculated is the actual distribution of energy between the
ionization and thermalization processes or, if one prefers, the
electron equilibrium temperature.
Thermalization Times
Whet remains to be seen is whether the secondary electrons, which
still have sufficiently high energy, of the order of 2-3 eV, can
thermalize tand hence recombine/ rapidly or not.
The electron-ion thermalization time decreases with the
temperature according to the following relationship C53:
Tei = (tT)-''=
where 6 is given by [5] as:
' ^ " " ' NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER ' " * " ' ^ " ' " RD-12-01-FNPR ' " 1 ""'" eO
3 m^ ' - 1632 A
8( 2TT) >'= e * l o g r
where m is the electron mass, e the electron charge, A the ion
mass in a.m.u., and logP a parameter which varies slightly with
density and temperature (it is related to the smallest collision
parameter in a Coulomb interaction;. In tne case of UFD . tne
value of <= IS 3.10e9, with hT expressed in eV. Assuming that tne
final energy has a value of a few eVs, with a density of aoout
10el9 el/cm", tne electron-ion tnei' malization time is of tne
oroer of lOe-9 s.
Another important parameter is the electron-electron
thermalization rate. In fact, in our case, high energy electrons
(around 500 eV; and secondary electrons (around 10 eV) will
coexist for a certain period of time. The electron-electron
thermalization time is reduced by the electron/ion mass ratio,
that IS Tee=(l/1832A)Tei. Both thermalization times are much
shorter than the gas replacement time (0.1 s, typically) ana,
hence, it is reasonable to assume steady state conditions to
calculate the concentrations of the chemical soecies in tne
reactor.
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Complete Rate Eauations
The "complete" rate eauations tafe actually into account only a
few of the numerous possible reactions in the system. On the
basis of the cross-section experimental data and of the analysis
reported in the previous paragraphs, we selected the reactions
which were consiaered as the most significant for the
purpose of this stuoy.
reactions such as the multiple ionization of atoms or molecules
have been neglected. In otner words, only UFi, UFit (with i=0,6;
ana F- type systems are considered and possible states such as
UFi-, UFi+t, etc. are neglected.
Under this assumption, there are 16 unknown parameters in tne
problem:
ni =UFi/cm' ( 7 variables ) ,
ni+=UFi-t-/cm~ ( 7 variaoles ',
nf = F/cm' ,
nf2 = FZ/cm' ,
nf- = F-/cm' (3 variables),
m addition to n that represents, as before, the number of free
electrons. Therefore IS equations are required to solve the
system as a function of three basic input parameters: Ng (gas
density in the reactor), no (number of primary electrons) and the
average primary radiation energy eo = 500 eV.
The rate equations provide 17 relations, one for each variable;
the energy balance yields the missing condition (system
neutrality is implicit in the rate equations).
project . , . , _ , _ . _ . _ , ^^^,-r,T^r^^^ document no rev page
Method of Solution
Before proceeding, it is necessary to discuss some assumptions
that should be introduced in a numerical approach to tne
evaluation of ionization levels and gas composition in the
cavity.
1) The system is homogeneous.
This IS a good appro;; imati on given the parameters of
the reactor and the properties of the system being examinee.
In fact, the mass transfer rates are very small m comparison
with two significant fluid parameters, tne tnermal
transfer rate and the speed of sound; in addition, the
thermalization processes tate place on small space
scales, of the oraer of a few cms. Hence, tnere is no use in
introaucing the convection terms into the rate eauations. and
considering the unknowns as a function of position.
2) The system is under steady state conditions.
This assumption is undoubtedly true when considering the
thermalization time scale (lOe-9 s), and allows the rate
equations to be simplified considerably by neglecting the time
dependence of the variables.
3) Cross-section values.
In our approach, there are 46 cross-sections (which are strongly
energy dependent) constituting a set of input parameters to the
problem. They are not variables but physical quantities that can
be experimentally measured. In any case, these parameters are not
8
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well known and it is therefore necessary to create a simple
theoretical model to predict the cross-section relative weights
and their dependence on energy.
The system can be solved by means of successive iterations. A
tentative value is assumed for the number of electrons tfor
example the value calculated with the simplified eouation shown
previously; and the system solved witn this value. Tne solution
in tnis case is very simple because the system is almost linear
since the majority of the Quadratic functions are related to tne
presence of the unknown n. Now the average energy is calculated,
the values of the cross-sections are redefined and the number of
electrons recalculated using the first rate eauation. The value
thus obtained is inserted back into the equations ana the
procedure repeated. After a few iterations the result begins to
converge towards the exact value.
-.- Phase III
This pnase aaaressea the study of the rate equations xn the MHD
channel, provxdxng a sxmplxfxed set of equations for numerical
solution.
The following assumptions have been introduced to describe the
evolution of ionization degree and temperature in the MHD
Channel:
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Rev Pagina
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1 64
1) gas density is uniform during tne transit time in tne
channel;
2) a uniform distribution of fission reactions provides a
uniform background of primary electrons (500 eV;;
3) as a first approach, the secondary soecies are supposed to
derive essentially from the ionization of UF6. Therefore, tne
maximum level of cnarge density cannot overcome gas aensitv.
Tne conseauences of tnis statement will oe oiscusseo later:
4; tne loss of electrons is ascripea to tnree-ooav
recomoination:
5; since tne local neutrality conoition is well verifieo
because of tne very short Deove length comoared with plasma
dimensions, it is assumed ne=ni for secondary charges.
Even a simplified approach reouires to solve the system giving
the thermal exchange rates among tne ionized soecies. Since
charge density is variable, the energy balance must be couoleo to
the rate eouation for electron production:
dTp
no
dt
noTp - neTs noTp - neTi
ree
Tpei
tl;
dTs
ne
dt
noTp - neTs neTs - neTi
Tee
Tsei
(2)
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Oil noip - neii nets - neii
ne = ^^^^ * _ ^
at Toei Tsei
one a e\ p(-I/ Tp; exp(-I/ Ts;
= Not no < ne; - one-Is -- <ii
dt I Tp- ' Ts''=
Eauations li;. tZ; ana (3; represent tne cooling of Dria.arv
electrons py tnermal e"cnange witn seconoarv electrons ana lo-s.
tne Hearing or seconaary electrons oy e/ cnange witn tne Z'-i-r^r^
ones ana tne transfer of energy from seconaary eiectrc r to
ions 'Ea. <Z;;, ana finally tne neating of ions. Tp, T= snj
Ti are the temperatures tin eV; of orimarv electrons, seconoarv
electrons, ana ions, respectively. no is tne uniforiti ana
constant oensity of 500 eV electrons, ne=ni is tne cnarcs
aensity producea bv additional ionization.
Tpei, Tsei,and Tee represent the thermalization time constants
for tne involved interactions. Tne general form of T nas peen
given in the previous paragraph. Therefore, the time constants of
Equations (1;, (2) ano (3) are given oy;
Tee = ti<Tp;-"- and Toei = 1832Tee
ne
project document no rev page
66
e
Tsei = 1832A (kTs)' --'
ne
In Eq.(4;, the first term represents the rate of
ionization produced by primary and secondary electrons,
and the second one the three-boay recombination of
secondary charges, the fissions providing the gas with a
continuos source of primary electrons.
I IS the ionization potential, a and b are numerical
coefficients, and No is the density of neutral molecules, related
to ne by the mass conservation relation.
It IS useful to introduce the degree of ionization as a
variable, namely R=ne/Ng where Ng is the gas density. The density
of neutral molecules is replaced by No=Ng-ne, and the density
of primary electrons by no=(5Ng: no is given by the number of
fissions/cm-s times the ionization efficiency of eacn fission,
whose value has been estimated in a previous paragraph at about
4.10e5. Therefore, the system of Equations (l;-(4) is transformed
in
dTp RNg R m Tp R
= - CTp - - Ts - -( )'= (Ts-Ti) -] (5)
dt eTp-'-= 0 M Ts C^
dTs (3Ng R m Tp R
= CTp - - Ts - -( )^''= (Ts-Ti) -] (6;
dt eTp- 0 M Ts r.
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a
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dTi m t5Ng R m Tp R
= - [Tp - - Ts - -( ;--= (Ts-Ti)-] u>
dt M yTo"-= ('j M Ts (1
oR aNg(l-R) expt-I/Tp; exD(-I/Ts) oNg^R-
= C (j f R] - (S;
at I TD ' ~ T51 ~ Ts" -
The assumption of a uniform aensitv oistrioution. reiatea
to the rather flat profile of gas density during tne transit
in tne channel, allows one to neglect tne contribution of tne
terms Vg.graatT) ana Vg.graatn; in comparison witn tne time
oerivatives. Tnerefore, an elementary volume of fluia is
modified in its properties oefore aopreciaple deplacement
takes place. As a consequence, tne integration in time is
equivalent to follow the space evolution, with the variaoie
Change x=Vg.t. It turns out that a non-uniform source of
primary electrons can be included m the model, unoer tne
condition that the induced gradients still verify the inequality
Vg.grad(T)>NaT/at ana Vg.graa(n;^^dn/dt. For instance, in the
presence of a step distribution of the fission source in
a length xo, it is sufficient to introduce, in the solution
of the system, the condition no=0 for t^xo/Vg. Alternatively,
the system can oe solved in the space variable by
introducing dx=Vg.dt. In general, it is not strictly
pfOtoct _ document no rev , oaoe
^ ^ NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER oocu e . o pD- 1 2 - Ol - FNP R 1 68
required that gas velocity and density are uniform ano
constant; it is sufficient that significant variations of Vg
and density occur in a time longer than the time required to
reach a stationary state for Tp, Ts, Ti, and R.
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NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER RD-12-01-FNPR l
69
t.^ References
CI] Gladstone, "Nuclear Reactor Tneory", Fergamon Press, 1964.
C2] Ziegler J.P., "Stopping Power and Ranges in Elemental
Matter", Fergamon Press, 1977 - 1981.
C3] Golant V.E., Zilinskij A.P., Sacharov I.E., "Osnovy fiziki
olasmy" ("Fundamentals of Plasma Physics"), MIR, Moscow, It.
transl. 1963.
C4] Zeidovicn ano Raizer, "Fhysics of Shoc^ Wave and hign
Temperature hvoroovnamic Phenomena". Acaoemic Press, New
York , I'v&fi.
C5] Spitzer L., "Physics of Fully Ionized Gases", Interscience,
New York, 1956.
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5 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY EFFECTS
5.1 Symbols, Terms and Abbreviations
(T Electrical conductivity
Mc Mass of the superconducting coil
Pg Power generated by the ht-iD channel
oc Conouctor mean density
po Permeability of free space
J Current density
L Channel length
D Channel diameter
u Gas velocity
B Magnetic field strength
Ms Mass of the magnet structure
o Density of the structural material
st Working stress level of the structural
material
TI Gas temperature at the compressor inlet
0 Neutron flux along the duct
0o Neutron flux at the entrance of the duct
d Diameter of the entrance section of the duct
X Axial coordinate along the duct
Ue Electron velocity
Ui Ion velocity
E Total electric field
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Eo
Eint
e
m
M
Vet
Vit
k
Te
Ti
ne
ni
n
C
Ng
R
e
Di
De
pe
Pi
Ts
c
QN
Tp
External electric field
Internal electric field
Electron charge
Electron mass
Ion mass
Total collision frequency for electrons
Total collision freauencv for ions
Boltzmann' s constant
Electron temperature
Ion temperature
Number of electrons per unit volume
Number of ions per unit volume
Number of particles per unit volume
Collision cross section
Number of gas molecules per unit volume
Ionization degree
(2uantity m the expression for thermalization
time
Diffusion coefficient of electrons
Diffusion coefficient of ions
Electron mobility
Ion mobility
Temperature of secondary electrons
Coefficient m the conductivity relation
Collision cross section with neutrals
Temperature of primary electrons
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Rev Pagma
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Ti
a,b
no
i
nf
t
T
I-
a-
Temperature of ions
Coefficients in the rate equations
Number of primary electrons per unit volume
Ratio of no to Ng
Number of primary electrons per fission
Number of fissions per unit volume
Time
Time constant
Attacnment energy
Coefficient in the attachment equation
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'^'*' i r , c * = uun rr^n,TôT^T, document no , ^ ^, rev _ page
NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER RD-12-01-FNPR i
73
5.Z Channel Characteristics and Conductivity
To proceed further in the analysis, it is necessary to combine
conductivity calculations with actual cnannel (ano nozzle;
characteristics. In fact, the results of the former depeno
directly on the latter, as channel and nozzle lengths, along with
the density distribution of the gas flowing through them, are
required to solve the rate equations (l)-(4; or (5)-(8) given in
section 4.4. Furthermore, the same characteristics influence the
distributions of residual fission neutrons and gamma rays
available in the duct which, in turn, provide the source of
primary electrons to be introduced in the rate eauations. On the
other hand, the channel operating characteristics are largely
dependent on the conouctivity levels assumed m tne analysis. For
this reason, a parametric approach has been aoooted, and the
generator performance has been estimated for two levels of
conductivity, namely (r=10 and (r=100 (iim;~^. The nozzle ano
channel configurations arising from this process have been tested
to verify if they were consistent with the conductivity levels
resulting from the rate equations. Channel performance has been
evaluated under the following assumptions:
- Faraday configuration of the generator electrodes with a load
factor of 0.9;
- Straight channel with a constant aperture angle of 7*;
- Nozzle inlet temperature and pressure of 2300 K and 15 MPa,
respectively;
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- Cnannel t'iow rate o-f 1000 Kg/s:
A 1-D tnermal--fiuia moael ot tne cnannel ana nozzle aucts has
Deen aoootea in tne analysis. For eacn o-f the two reference
levels OT conoLCtiVItv, a numoer o-f cnannel con-figurations nave
been comoareo as a -first aooroach oy using the soeci-fic mass
relation given DV Rosa in Clj tor a cnannel o-f length L and
oiameter D:
Mc lo oc L 1 1
F'Q UO J D F-g TTtrU'B^-'*
where pc is tne conouctor mean Density and J is the current
densitv. Tnis relation gives tne mass o-f a suoerconaucting coii
oer unit o-f oeneratec oower. In tne conaitions o-f the analysis,
tne mass ot tne structure reauirea to noid the coil together
should be comoaraoie witn tne coil mass given by Ea. ^1>. A lower
limit -for tne -former can be estimated witn the -following
relation:
Ms = - jdv (2)
StJ ).'0
o
Pôiect Oocumeni no rev oaoe
NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER RD-12-01-FNPP i 75
wnere p is the density and st is the worHng stress level o-f the
structural material. Tnis relation too is derived -from [IJ; tne
structure unit mass -for a saadle coil is e;;Dectea to be witnin a
-factor 2 o-f tne value given by Ea. (2;.
In aaaition to tne two levels o-f conductivity mentionea above,
the con-f igurations that have oeen investigatea ars -featurea oy
Oi-f-ferent values o-f tne inlet Macn numoer ana inauction t'lela o-f
the generator duct. The parameters assumeo in tne analysis enaole
to e-;tract oower in the 110-150 MwJe range, limiting the inauction
-fiela strengtn at reasonaole values (6 T at mostK ooserving the
constraints on the length to diameter ratio imoosea oy heat ana
pressure losses, ana oDtaining a speci-fic mass urom Ea. <i>i in
the range o-f 10e-2-10e-3 Kg/klve. Tnis range is in the reacn o-f
both re-ference levels o-f conouctivitv: however, a aecrease o-f cr
must be o-f-fset oy a corresponaing variation o-f otner terms in Ea.
ii). In particular, tne values ot u ana B are assumea as
independent parameters, while L/D and Fg are aerived -from tne
calculations. It is evioent that a higher level o-f conouctivity
maês it possible to attain the desired range of power aensity
with lower values o-f B and, especially, o-f u (and, hence, o-f the
Mach numoer at the generator inlet). This latter condition
appears to be o-f special importance, as a lower gas velocity in
the channel means a shorter nozzle be-fore the channel. On the
other hand, the distance between the generator and the reactor
cavity has a strong in-fluence on the actual level o-f
conductivity. The results show that, i-f one pursues a high oower

o
proiect _ document no rev paae
density condition (that is, essentially, a high value o-f (ru2) ,
the system should work at a high conductivity, low velocity
condition, rather than the opposite.
It should be pointed out that sucn influence is not connected
with the effect of the field on the reactor core, which is
negligible, oue to the different order of magnitude of the
fission ion gyro radius in comoarison with their mean free patn.
In fact, tne nozzle length turns out to be of critical importance
because of the snaro decrease of residual fission and gamma
densities as a function of the distance from the reactor outlet.
Finally, a few consiaerations aoout the parameters adootea in the
analysis.
Tne value of nozzle inlet temperature (2300 K) has been partly
assumed on the basis of material requirements, by analogy with
conventional MHD converters, and partly to maintain an adeauate
level of cycle efficiency with a high heat rejection temperature
(Tl=600-900 K, Tl being the compressor inlet temperature), as a
space-based system is expected to reouire. Withm this range of
Tl and with the other cycle parameters indicated m this section,
efficiency may vary between 0.12 ano 0.36, It should be stressed
that cycle efficiency is heavily mfluencea by heat rejection
temperature and regenerator performance; both characteristics
should be ultimately selected on the basis of minimum system
mass, rather than maximum efficiency.
pfoiect flocument no rev caoe
The nozzle inlet pressure (15 MFa^ is eaual to the average
operating pressure of the reactor, which was derived on the
basis of an average reactor temperature and density of 2000 K and
0.3 g/cm-, respectively, Tne latter is the result of a
preliminary estimate of criticity. The same calculations gave the
cavity diameter (1 m) assumed in the neutron analysis.
The flow rate of 1000 kg/s results from the power output to be
generated by the converter, assumed in the range 120-150 MWe
gross and 20-30 MWe net. The latter is actually a lower limit
applicable to the highest rejection temperature assumea in the
calculations: the net output increases to 60-80 Mw when Tl is
lowered to 600 >-.
Tne temperature of the gas at the reactor inlet U770 \ ) has been
obtained through a preliminary analysis of the working cycle, and
it IS typical of regenerative Brayton cycles operating between
the temperature levels mentioned above. The same analysis gave
the reference value of 277 MW for the thermal power provided by
the reactor.
5.3 Fission and Gamma Density in the Channel
The fission and gamma power densities m the MHD expansion
channel must be estimated to solve the rate equations ana
evaluate the conductivity levels.
' " " " ' NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER document no R D - 1 2 - 0 1 - F N P R ' " 1 ' " ' ' 75
Fission rower Density
Tne fission power aensity calculations nave oeen carriea out DV
means of tne following approximations:
1. Preliminary evaluation witn a simpiifiea metnoa ^see he-f. LIJ.
pag. 290),
2, SOuID- 360 L3] Diffusion calculations witn a simonfieo
two-aimensionai t^-Z geometry ana walls faoricatea from AlZu3
or BeO,
In oraer to estimate tne power aensitv, tne auct nas oeen
oiviaeo into a finite numoer of regions witn aif-feênt u'b
aensitv (see Fig. 5.1 ana Fig. 5.1'.
For eacn region, tne fission macroscopic cross sections naê
oeen oerivea from tne core cross sections calcuiateo aur-ing
Tasi- 1. reauceo oy tne appropriate density factors.
Tne neutron fiu;- level insiae tne fiMD cnannel nas oeen
calcuiateo as transmission tnrougn a cvlinaricai ouct.
Freiiminarv evaluation. Tne neutron flu;;es at tne inlet of tne
nozzle have oeen derivea from the nuclear analysis of Tas^ 1.
The effect of wall material reflections ana wor^lng fluia
absorptions have been neglected.
The uncoil I ded flui-'es along the duct have been calcuiateo
with the formula:
d2
PfOiect document no rev oaoe
where 0o is the flux at the entrance of tne nozzle, d is tne
diameter of the entrance section of the nozzle, and L is the
distance between the entrance of the nozzle ana tne point wnere
the flux IS calculated.
The results iheV/cm^s; are reportea in Tap. 5.1.
Diffusion Calculations. In oraer to estimate tne influence of
wail material ana tnlc^ness on fission power aensity. a secona
analysis of tne MriD channel has been carriea out bv tne
50LIID-360 diffusion code, using the R-Z geometry to model tne
Power Conversion Unit (gas reactor + nozzle and MriD channel), and
the cross sections derived from Task 1,.
The configuration extends radially to mcluae tne mcvaDle
reflector and axially from the core midplane to 1200 cm in the
cnannel (see Fig. 5,2),
As to the spatial discretization, 114 axial ana 37 radial
meshes have oeen used.
The ouct nas been divided into 9 regions witn different UF6
oensities c a m e o out from Fig, 5.3.
The nozzle ana channel walls have been assumed to be faoricatea
from A1203 or BeO, For each material, two values of wall
thickness have been examined: 3 cm and 6 cm. The adoption of a
two-dimensional model doesn' t account for the presence of the
electrodes. However, it shouldn' t be unreasonable to assume an
electrode wall consisting of "thin" electrodes mounted on "thick"
insulating blocks: furthermore, the electrodes themselves might
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be fabricated from zirconia based materials, ana zirconium
possesses favourable properties being a low capture cross-section
material, which would allow to exploit the potential of a
moderating layer.
As previously mentioned, the calculations have been carried
out by using the cross section data from Task 1. collapsed
to a 5 group structure.
Tne fission power for each region is snown m Fig. 5.4. Tne
results of the cases e;>aminea are reoortea in Tab. 5.2.
Gamma Power Density
Tne gamma fluxes in tne MHD channel have been calcuiateo by
the MERCURE IV point kernel code C4].
The gamma source, consisting of fission gamma, is located in the
core.
Build-up factors have been used in the MERCURE calculation.
The geometry of the analyzed configuration is shown in
Fig. 5,1,
The core has been divided into 3 regions and the duct into 6
regions with different UF6 density.
Region-wise UF6 Densities in the duct have been carried out
from Fig, 5,3,
The nozzle ana channel walls are assumed to be fabricated from
A1203 material, but they have not been taken into account for
streaming calculations.
8
o
'''"' NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER documem no pD-12-Ol-FNPR "^ i "''' gi
Tne calculations have been performeo by using the BIF GZ
library cross section data from Ref. [5],
The results are reported in Table 5,3.
5.-i Conductivity Calculations
A Felation for Conductivity
Owing to the range of gas transit time in the channel (^ 10
ms) and to the very small Debye length compared with the
dimensions of plasma, tne motion of both charged species can oe
described by neglecting the convective Derivatives of the
velocities and assuming the neutrality conaition ne=ni.
Therefore, the velocities Ue and Ui are given by C6]
eE kTe graa(n)
Ue = - (1)
mVet mVet n
eE kTi grad(n)
Ui = (2)
MVit MVit n
8
o
P''<=' MMr Tf f i D uur , onKnr,rnT. E. o document no _ . rev _ page
82
where E represents the total electric field, given by
the superposition of an e<ternal field Eo and the internal field
Eint generated by tne relative motion of charges. Vjt is tne
total collision frequency including momentum-exchange
collisions with neutrals and between electrons and ions, namely
RNg
Vjt = ^(PUj' Ng(l-R> + (li
OTB- =
where the symbols have been previously defined. The internal
field IS obtained by eauating the flu,;e5 of ions ana
electrons, m accoraance with the neutrality condition. It turns
out that in the absence of an external field, the current is
zero. The internal field is given by
Di-De graa(n)
pe+pi n
where Dj=kTj/mjVjt is the diffusion coefficient and pj=e/mjVjt
is the mobility. Therefore, current density becomes
e=n
J = en(Ui-Ue)= e=n(t.ie-t-pi >Eo = Eo (4)
mVet
P"*'**' Ktt.PirAD uun ÂKnrcDT^cn document no , ^ ^, rev _ page
83
wnere the mobility of ions nas been neglected, because of the
very small mass ratio. By using the same notations, the
conductivity is given by
e-RTs-"'
(T = (5;
mCcTs^(l-R)-^R/t<]
where Ts is m eV ana c is proportional to the cross section with
neutrals. In M KS units
10e-2RTs-"=
(T 2 1 ^ ^ . ^ (j'i'm)-i (6i
3, 10e7QNTs=(1-R; +10e-4F
ON is the geometrical cross section with neutrals m cm=. If the
contribution of collisions with neutrals is negligible, the
conductivity is independent on the degree of ionization R ana
increases as Ts increases. With a typical value of 0N2l0e-15,
the conductivity is only function of Ts if the condition
3.10e-4Ts=
R >>
l+3.10e-4Ts=
S
a
protect . . . , _ , _ . _ . _. _ . . _ document no rev page
IS verified. In case of total ionization (R=l), the
conductivity is simply equal to 10e2Ts^''=^, If Ts~10 eV, a degree
of ionization of 107. is sufficient to give (r=3.10e3 (ftm)"^.
Numerical Results and Discussion
The system of Equations (5)-(B) derived in section 4.4 has been
solved bv the Runge-Kutta fourth order method. The initial
conaitions are Tp=500 eV. Ts=l eV, Ti=0.5 eV and R=0. Tnev
correspond to typical mean values: however, the stationary
values don t deoend on the initial conditions. The a and b
parameters m Ea.(8) are chosen on the basis of data available
m literature, namely a=10e-6 and b=10e-22 (cgs units). Tne
value of b is probably more realistic than tnat given previously:
in any case, an overestimation of the recombination rate gives
the lowest limit of achievable ionization. The ionization
potenzial of UF6 is =-15 eV. The thermalization coefficient
IS 10e4 (cgs units). The initial rate of primary electrons /3
IS relateo to the number of fissions i.e fl=5nf/Ng,
where represents the number of 500 eV electrons per fission,
whose value has been estimated at 4.10e5. Figures 5.5-5,7
show the time evolution of temperatures and degree of
ionization at different initial gas densities. It has been
assumed fi=10e-2, that corresponds to nf=2.5elO-8Ng,
8
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85
Unoer the conditions of Fig.5.5 (Ng=5.I0el7 molecules/cm";,
the system reaches a stationary configuration in less than 1
VS, with Tp=24 eV, Ts=Ti=3.7 eV and R=0.067. The resulting
conductivity is (r=7.10e2 (I'im)"^.
Figures 5.6 and 5.7 show the system evolution with Ng=3.lOelS
molecules/cm- and Ng=10e20 molecules/cm-.
The stationary aata referring to Fig. 5.6. are Tp=140 eV, Ts=Ti=9
eV and R=,15, witn nf=7.5.10el0 fissions, wnicn leaas to
(r=3. 10e3 viim) - , wneêas i n t ne case of Fi g . 5. 7. Tp=50 ev.
Ts=Ti=7 eV ana R=0.02, but at t=50 ns ' nf=2.5.lOeiZ).
The results suggest that the increase of neutral densitv
cannot be always consioefed as a factor that inhibits tne
growth of ionization rate. Fig. 5.8 shows tne stationary values
of the relevant parameters as a function of the initial gas
density.
Fig. 5.8 shows that the highest values of conductivity are
obtained in a region around 10el8 molecules/cm--. Of course, tnis
value depends on the choice of the input parameters.
Nevertheless, a variation of one order of magnitude of the
ionization and recombination coefficients (a and b) slightly
affects the results.
The production rate of primary electrons, oue to the
protect _ _ document no rev naoe
86
fission reactions, plavs a relevant role. If an initial rate h
of lOe-3 and an initial density of 3.10el8 molecules/cm" are
assumed, the stationary values become Tp=21 eV, Ts=Ti=2.4 eV ana
R=0.01, I.e. (T =2.10e2 (sim)"^ insteaa of 3.10e3, if the initial
value of (5 IS lOe-2,
The distribution of fission rate in the cnannel is very
important in order to maintain suitable conditions for MriD
conversion. In fact, if the ionization source stops at a time
to (eauivalent to a sharp cut in the spatial distribution at
xo=Vg.to), tne furtner evolution of the ionization rate R is
given by
dR bNa'-R-
dt Ts'' =
the secondary electrons being too cold to sustain the ionization
level. This equation can be integrated by assuming as initial
values those determined, in the stationary state, by the fission
source. Thus, the time evolution is represented by
R=Ro/(l+t/T) ^''=, where T=Ts''''=/2b (RoNg) ^.
By introducing the data of Fig. 5.6, R is reduced by a factor 10
in 0.05 ps. It results that m the absence of a ionization
source, the conductivity drops quickly to unsuitable values.
Tne time benavior of temperatures ana ionization .rate
greatly simplifies the analysis of the fuel chemical composition,
8
o
protect document no rev oaoe
with special regard to the formation of negative ions and to the
contribution to ionization of the species arising from UF6
dissociation. Dissociation is important from the point of view
of the effective neutral densitv. Reminding the results snown
in Fig, 5.8, an increase of neutral density due to dissociation
does not aiiect dramatically the relevant parameters. On the
contrary, if the initial densitv is 5,10el7 molecules/cm~, as
it could be expected curing the gas expansion in the MriD channel,
a growth of a factor 7, due to dissociation and subsequent
ionization, could lead to an improvement of the final degree
of ionization and temperatures, whose values should
approximate those of Ng=3,5,10el8 molecules/cm^ (see Fig, 5.6/.
However, according to the measurements of Compton C7], the
thresholds for the formation of UFn+ type ions by electron
impact ionization are respectively 14 eV for UFS-f, 18 eV for
UF4+, 22 eV for UF3+, 26 eV for UF2+, 32 eV for UF+ and 40 eV for
U+. Since the stationary temperature of secondary electrons and
ions IS in the range of 5 eV, relevant contributions can be
only expected from UF6 and UF5.
The influence of the formation of negative ions on the
conductivity can be estimated by simple arguments. The affinity
potential is around 5 eV with a cross section of 3 A= C7D
(the behavior is similar for UF6- and F-). By averaging over a
Maxwell distribution, the contribution of attachment in
Eq.(8) can be expressed as
8
o
' ^' ' ' ' NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER ' ' " ' " ' " ' " RD-12-01-FNPR ' ' ' 1 " ' ' '
88
a-
<vGiV>ne(NF+NuF;=neiNF-t-NUF) exp t-I-/kTs) (cm-s)-i
wnere a- iMOe-7 (cgs units' and 1-^-5 eV, Bv introaucing tnis
term in Ea,vB/, it turns out that tne previous results
are sligntlv moaifiea, even m case of total aissociation.
i,e, NF+NUF=t>Ng. In particular, tne degree of ionization
decreases of less tnan 10'/, m comparison witn tne vaiue
ootainea without attacnment.
From the above discussion, it seems that tne moaei of
Eauations (5/-^S; gives a reliaole description of tne
ionization in conditions of relatively low gas density. The
model aoes not consiaer inelastic collisions between electrons
ana neutral atoms, witn excitation of internal levels, ana
transfer of energy between ionized ana neutral gas. The
influence of tnese effects can oe estimatea bv comoa'-ing tne
collision freauency with neutrals ana between electrons ana
ions. With tne previous notation, the loss of energy DV
collisions witn neutrals can be neglected if (see Eq,^6n
R
>/ 3,10ellQNTs=
(1-R)
protect document no rev oaoe
With QN=10e-l5 cm=, Ts=9 eV, R 2.5.10e-2. The value of R=0.15
(Fig. 5,6) ensures that only about 10 '/, of energy is tranferred
to the neutral gas. As a conseauence, the chemical
composition of tne neutral gas will be simply determined by tne
thermal equiliprium relations, calculated at the temperature of
the neutral gas, being negligible the heating oue to ionization.
Fig. 5.9 represents tne cnemicai composition of UF6 calcuiateo
in conoitions of tnermai equilibrium at a pressure of 10 atm
^from Ref.CS]i.
The percentage of neutrals of ai-fferents species can oe
Directly ootainea from Fig. 5.9 at tne temperature of tne gas
flowing in tne channel, wnose value is not moaifiea ov
tne ionization processes. Referring for instance to the
conditions of Fig. 5.6, the stationary state in the cnannel can
be approximately estimatea as:
90"/. neutral gas, of composition: 95 7. UF6. 5 7, UF5 (at Tg=2000
107. ionized yields, of composition: 507. UFe-^, 50/. UF5+, F--10 7.
(from the evperimental results of Ref.C7])
With an initial density of 3.10el8 molecules/cm-, we ootain:
2,565.10el8 molecules/cm- of UFo, 0,135.10el6 molecules/cm" of
UF5, 2.7.10el7 moiecules/cm~, 1.5.10el7 molecules/cm- of UF6+ and
UF5t-, less than 3.10el6 molecules/cm- of F-.
Finally, Figures 5.10-5.12 report the results obtained with the
gas density distribution of Fig. 5.3, and the fission Density
distribution of Tab. 5.1. The latter is conservative: the
protect . . . . . . . - . . ^ ^ . , , , , - ^ document no rev page
preliminary evaluation of the influence of wall material ana
thickness reported m Tab, 5.2 shows the potential for the
fission and gamma densities in the duct to be increased of one
order of magnitude at least, m comparison with the values useo
for the conductivity calculations, if a material with favourable
nuclear properties is adopted.
8
a
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1 91
-. r rreterences
LlJ Rosa R.J.. 'hagnetonvaroaynamic Energy Conversion", Revisea
Frinting, hemisphere Puolisning Corporation, 1987,
[2J Rockwell III T,, "Reactor Snielaing Design Manual", First
Edition, D. Van Nostrana. Frinceton.
L3] Daneri A.. Gaoutti B. . baiina . '5C'UlD-3oO - A Multigroup
Dif-fusion Frogram with Critical itv Searches for tne
IBM-3oO'. EuR 356Ze 1965.
[4] Deviiiers C. ana Duoont C., 'Hercure-lV, un orogramme ae
Monte Cario a trois aimensions oour i integration ae novaux
Dunctuel a attenuation en iigne aroite", Report SERMH - T -
49o 1960,
C5J Devillers C. and Dupont C,, "Creation ae la BiDiiotneaue
Multigroupe Gamma BIP/ G2", 1973,
C&] for an extenaea oescriotion of the phenomena under study,
see:
L. Soitzer, "Fnysics of Fully lonizea Gases", Interscience,
New York 1956:
8
o
' ' "' ' NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER '"'"'"*"'" RD-12-01-FNPR ' " 1 """92
Zeldovich and Raizer, "Physics of Shock Waves and
High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena", Academic Press,
New York 1966;
V.L. Gilzburg, "The Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
in Plasmas", Pergamon Press, 1964.
[7] Comoton R.N., "On the Formation of Positive and
Negative Ions in Gaseous UF6", J. of Cnem. Phys., Vol 66 No
10, 1977.
C8] Kazans^ll K,A, and Novikov V.M., "Thermophysical and
Eiectrophysical Properties of Uranium Hexafluoride at
Temperatures of (1-11)-103 } '. and Pressures of 0.1-100 atm".
Translated from Teolofizika Vysokikh Temperatur. Vol, 14 No
3, Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York 1976.
8
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"ab. b.l Fission power density in the MHD
channel, sitiplified calculations.
Distance from
Entrance of
Nozzle ( cm )
Fission Power Density
( MeV / cm3 sec )
50
200
400
600
1.72 Etl2
2.90 EtlO
2.80 Et09
9.20 Et08
o
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Tab. 5.2 Fission power density in the MHD
channel, diffusion calculations
(MeV/cm3 s).
1 R
1 E
1 G
1 I
1 0
1 N
1 s
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
1 e
1 9
1 A1203
1 ___
Thickness
1
a 1 3 cm
1
Aver.Power
Density
1.10Etl4
6.54E-t-12
9.45Etll
1.93E-H1
4.42Etl0
7.99Et09
4.25Et08
l.e3Et08
1.37Et08
Rat io
a/a
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
b 1 6 cm
Aver.Power
Density
1.36E-^14
9.61E1-12
1.85E-^12
4.62Etll
1.23E->-U
2.56E^10
1.70E-^Q9
8.22E-^08
6.55E-f08
Ratio
b/a
1.22
1.47
1.96
2.4
2.78
3.2
4.0
4.5
4.8
1 BeO 1
Thickness j
c 1 3 cm
Aver.Power
Density
2.10Etl4
2.10Etl3
3.00Etl2
7.51etll
2.08Etll
4.95EtlO
3.91Et09
1.96Et09
1.58E+09
Ratio
c/a
1.9
3.2
3.2
3.9
4.7
6.2
9.2
10.7
11.6
1
u 1 6 cm 1
Aver.Power
Density
3.20E+14
4.70Etl3
1.20Etl3
4.08Etl2
1.40Etl2
4.08Etll
4.19EtlO
2.36E+10
1.96EtlO
Ratiol
d/a 1
2.9 t
7.2 1
12.761
21.2 1
31.7 1
51.1 1
98.6 1
129.2|
143.3
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Tab. 5.3 Gamma power density in the
MHD channel.
Distance from
Entrance of
Nozzle ( cm )
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Gamma Power Density
( MeV /
2.72
4.81
4.39
1.72
8.45
4.98
1.03
7.33
5.39
4.00
3.14
2.50
2.07
cm3 sec )
Etll
Et09
Et08
Et08
E+07
Et07
E+07
E-^06
Et06
Et06
Et06
Et06
Et06
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1 96
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
UF6
10
11
12
13
14
A1203
Graphite
BeO
Zr/Nb Alloy
Be
Fig. 5.1 Three dimensional model for
fission density simplified
calculations and Mercure
calculations.
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
UF6 Nozzle and MHD Channel
11
12
13
14
15
16
TZM
Graphite
BeO
Zr/Nb Alloy
Be
A1203 or BeO
10 UF6 Core
Fig. 5.2 Two dimensional model for
SQUID calculations.
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1 98
L - I
' - . _ - I - J _ _ '
, r 1 1 , . .
! , ! I I '
r" ' j - î ' ' i I ,
. I L _ i I ' l l ' i :
~ i i T j ' j i I ; I i ; I i ~ j [
' ' i I - ; ^ ; : "^^ '
^ " ^ ' i l l . - ' ' - ^
, ! ' ' ^ ^ i I i Z I Z i l j _
c
1 '
1
\
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
,
'
1
1
1
'
i
'
1
; ; 1 ' ' ' ' 1 1
', ' ' ' . ' i
! : i I ' 1 ! .
! ' . 1 ' . ' ' 1
i ' 1 . "s 1 , 1 1 1
1 , , : 1 ! ! 1 ' 1 '
; 1
1 1
i '
1
!
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
' -
t
-

-i
<
1
__^^-'
i 1 1 i ; i ' 1 , 1 1
I I I I <
c r - c c c- z
L . '
Fi g . 5. 3 UF6 de nsi t y v s . a x i J 1 c oor d, i n no z z l e and c ha nne l ,
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1 99
S Q U J D - 36 0 DI FFUSI ON CALCULATIONS
10
10
18 .
P .
10
16
13
15 .
3 Cy AL303
6 CU AL203
3 Cy BED
6 c y BEO
300 3C0 400 500 6 00 700 800
NOZZLE AND UHD CHANNEL REGIONS ( CM )
900
Fig. 5.4 Integrated power for each region.
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1 100
1.0
. . ui. i TpxiOOO
- - - - TtxIPO
- TlxlO
R
time ^s
Fig. 5.5 Gas density 5.10el7 molecules/cmS.
Temperatures in eV. nf=l.25.10el0
fissions/s.
^
? -
T"s1000
TiKlOO
- TixlO
R
^WWrMTV**^NTCT(W*V*^MVTIIIIIIIIIII
0.5
time ^8
1.0
Fig. 5.6 Gas density 3.10el8 molecules/cmS,
Other conditions as in Fig. 5.5.
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* 101
0.8
0.6-
1
0.4-
0.2
0.0
/
TpxiOOO
TtxIOO
TixlO
R
' ! m i l l .
10
time
20
ns
Fig. 5.7 Gas density 10e20 molecules/cmS.
Note the ns scale.
eonductxIOO ..<> Tp vV i-x-w TfteV
1000
100
10 100
18 3
neutral density (10 /cm }
Fig. 5.8 Stationary values of Tp, Ts=Ti, R, and
vs. gas density.
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; / / r - f . " K
Fig. 5.9 equilibrium chemical composition of
UF6 at 10 atm. (from Ref.5).
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>
CL
E
o
b
3
2
u
J '
| M
TpV
T=T1 eV
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 i;i
position (m)
Fig. 5.10 Stationary temperatures vs. position.
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CO
O
^^
CO
^.
c
o
CO
c
o
r ei pr1in1e-4
r 1e1-4
position (m)
Fig. 5.11 Stationary ionization rates vs. position.
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E
O
o
c
o
2G()
153
position (m)
Fig. 5.12 Stationary conductivity vs. position.
project . . . , _ . . . . . . _ document no rev page
t SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
This report presents the results o-f wort performed under DOE
contract number DE-AC22-88FC88651. The overall objective o-f this
project was to investigate the use o-f a gas-core nuclear reactor
directly coupled to an MHD expansion cnannel in an SDIO mission
application. In the proposed concent, wording gas could be either
uranium hexa-fiuoride or a mixture o-f uranium hexafluorioe ana
helium, wniie reactor control is per-formea oy cnanging tne
con-figuration o-f a re-flector locateo outsiae the oressure vessel.
Wort was -focused on the basic pnysical mechanisms o-f neutronics,
reactivity control, ionization, and electrical conauctivitv o-f
the concept. Soeci-fic goals o-f the project were:
- To evaluate the per-formance o-f the external reflector.
- To determine the influence of additional, fission-induced
mechanisms on the ionization levels of the working fluid.
- To estimate the electrical conductivity levels that can be
attained in tne MriD channel, taking into account the effects of
F- or other negative ions.
Tasi<- 1., Reflector Modeling, provided a reactor configuration
that was used as a reference for subsequent, detailed simulation.
This configuration is featured by a cylindrical reactor cavity,
surrounded by a couple of reflecting (and refractory) shells
located inside the pressure vessel and by a movable sliding
reflector, located outside the pressure vessel. Two conical
i
proiect document no rev pace
segments, at eacn end of the cylinarical core, complete tne
reactor. A simole axial-inlet flow pattern has been adoctea m
the analysis.
A number of important features of the proposed gaseous reactor
were investigated. The nuclear analysis adoressed the following
items:
a) materials selection for the fixed reflectors inside the
reactor pressure vessel, and for the movable reflector:
b) reactivity control performance of the movaoie reflector:
c) power densitv distributions insioe the core accounting for the
interaction with local fuel oensitv and temoerature, as
resulting from thermal-fluia analysis.
d) reactivity requirements.
Jasy 2., Working Fluid Characteristics, addressed the study of
the ionization levels in the worting gas, laentifying a mecnanism
to convert the energy releasee by the fission reactions into
charged particles, ana providing a system of rate equations for
the numerical estimates performed m Tast^ 3..
Task 3., Electrical Conductivity Effects, provided the evaluation
of the conductivity levels attainable in the generator.
To enable this evaluation, the nuclear analysis was extenaed to
include the estimate of fission and gamma power densities
inside the nozzle and the MHD channel, taking into account the
effects of the wall material and thickness. The rate equations
were solved for a number of typical gas conditions ano ouct
S
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' " "' ' NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER '"""*"'" RD-12-01-FNPR " % ' "' ^08
lengths. The influence of dissociation and ion attachment, not
included m the simplified numerical approach, was also
discussed.
Two major conclusions can be drawn from the accompiisnment of
this project:
- A reactor configuration nas oeen obtained wnicn avoias to
aecouple the neutronics of the cavitv and its internal
reflector from the external sneil, thus enaoiing the latter to
be used for reactivity control.
In particular, the results show that the movable reflector is
able to mate the reactor subcritical by 1000 ocm at least, to
control the reactor from CZF to hFP condition, accounting far a
reactivity change up to 3300 pcm associated to depletion.
- The conditions expected in the MHD channel show tnat tne
ionization and conductivity levels can be amplified through
secondary processes induced by the ' primary hot electrons
which are directly generated in the fission reactions.
The numerical calculations suggest tnat conductivity levels in
the range 10-100 (ftm)- are consistent with the characteristics
of short nozzle, high power density generators. In fact, the
nozzle length turns out to be of critical importance because of
the sharp decrease of residual fission and gamma densities as
a function of the distance from the reactor outlet.
This conclusion remains true even if the effects of dissociation
and attachment are included in the numerical model.
""'^' NUCLEAR MHD CONVERTER ''""'"'"'" RD-12-01-FNPR ' " 1 ' "' ^09
Furthermore, a preliminary evaluation of the influence of wail
material and thicl-ness shows the potential for the fission and
gamma densities in the duct to be increased of one order of
magnitude at least, in comparison with the values usea for the
conductivity calculations, if a material with favourable nuclear
properties is adooted.
S
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Progetto
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Identificativo
document no
RD-12-01-FNPR
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rev page
1 110
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