102

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
With the advent of the power semiconductor device from 1950s, power electronics area
is growing extensively in industrial, transportation, residential, commercial and aerospace
applications [1 !"# $ower electronics mainly deals with the efficient conversion, control and
conditioning of electrical power %y static means from its availa%le input form into a desired
electrical output form [& ' 5"#
(he electrical power conversion can %e reali)ed %y power converters %uilt on power
semiconductor switching devices and the converters are controlled %y control electronics# (his
*ind of power converter is usually *nown as switchingmode converter# (he power
semiconductor devices can %e considered as controlla%le ideal switches that can turn on and off
according to the corresponding gate signal# $opular power devices include +ateturnoff thyristor
,+(-., /nsulatedgate%ipolar transistor ,/+0(. and 1-2controlled thyristor ,13(.#
0ased on the power form on the input and output side, the power converters can %e
divided into the following categories4
1# 53 to 63 ,inverter.
2# 63 to 53 ,rectifier.
!# 53 to 53 ,chopper.
&# 63 to 63 ,matrix converter or cycloconverter [7".
1.2 Single-ph!e DC-AC Con"erter
/n such practical applications as 63 power supplies the o%8ect is to generate a sinusoidal 63
output with the desired magnitude and fre9uency# (he switchingmode 53 to 63 power
converter ,also *nown as inverter. is commonly used in this *ind of applications in which the
power flows from the 53 side to the 63 load side [:"# /f the input to the inverter is a 53 voltage
source, it is referred to as voltage source inverter ,;2/.# 2imilarly, if the input is a 53 current
source, the inverter is called current source inverter ,32/. [9 ' 12"#
(he ;2/ can %e further divided into singlephase inverter and threephase inverter# 2inglephase
inverter is re9uired to supply singlephase 63 load with a high power 9uality or less harmonic
distortion [9"#
<igure 1#1 shows the most popular fourswitch full %ridge singlephase inverter topology#
<igure 1#14 2inglephase full %ridge inverter
6s shown in <igure 1#1, the inverter consists of two legs ,6, 0. and supplies a single
phase 63 output voltage ;
out
to the load# 6 certain switching algorithm can %e applied to each of
the four switch modules (
1
, (
2
, (
!
, and (
&
in order to control the inverter to generate desired
sinusoidal output with desired fre9uency and magnitude# 6mong the practical switching
schemes, $ulse Width 1odulation ,$W1. is classical and most widely used [12"#
1.# Pul!e $idth %odultion &P$%'
$ulse width modulation ,$W1. techni9ue is effective means to control the output voltage
fre9uency and magnitude# ;arious $W1 control schemes have %een discussed in literature#
0asically, the $W1 can %e classified into two main categories, one is carrier %ased $W1 and
the other is spacevector $W1 [10 11"# (he spacevector $W1 is used for threephase
converter applications# =ere the mainly consider the carrier %ased $W1 approaches that are
often applied to the single phase applications [12 ' 15"#
<igure 1#24 5escription of $W1 modulation
<igure 1#2 is a general scheme of $W1 modulation# /n order to produce a sinusoidal
voltage at desired fre9uency, a sinusoidal control signal ;
control
at the desired fre9uency , . is
compared with a triangular waveform ;
carrier
as shown in <igure1#2 ,a., at each compare match
point, a transition in $W1 waveform is generated as shown in <igure 1#2# When ;
control
is greater
than ;
carrier
, the $W1 output is positive# When ;
control
is smaller than ;
carrier
, the $W1 waveform
is negative# (he fre9uency of triangle waveform ;
carrier
esta%lishes the inverters switching
fre9uency and defines the modulation index as4
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((,1#1.
Where ;
control
is the pea* amplitude of the control signal then ;
tri
is the pea* amplitude of the
triangle signal ,carrier.# 6lso the fre9uency modulation ratio is defined as4
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>,1#2.
is the ratio %etween the carrier and control fre9uency# (he fundamental component of the =
%ridge output voltage ;out has the property as depicted in e9uation %elow in a linear modulation region4
((((((((((((((((((((((((,1#!.
(his e9uation shows an interesting result that the amplitude of the fundamental component of the
output voltage varies linearly with the modulation index# (he value from 0 to 1 is defined as the
linear control range of sinusoidal carrier $W1#
1.) Pro*le+ Stte+ent
53 to 63 converter is designed for the household appliances in domestic sector# (he converter
will converts from 53 voltage 12 ; to 63 voltage 2&0 ;, 50=)# (he inverter is suita%le for
loads such as fan, lamp and etc# (he pro%lem in power inverter part in the system is to produce
an 63 voltage which is used in ma8or electrical appliances# (he power inverter will convert the
53 voltage to 63 voltage# 0ipolar switching techni9ue is considered for the converter due to
easy design and simple# 1ostly, a step up transformer is used to step up the 63 voltage to suit
with the electricity grid system voltage#
6nother thing that must %e considered is the pulse width modulation ,$W1. techni9ue
which is used to control the output voltage magnitude and fre9uency# 0y designing the inverter,
the current will %e decrease# /t will %e one of the alternative when utili)e the inverter#
1., Pro-ect O*-ecti"e!
(his pro8ect has the following o%8ectives4
1# 6pplication of an inverter is suita%le for loads such as fan and lamp#
2# (o develop single phase power inverter hardware with the output application of 2&0 ;,
50 =) using %ipolar switching scheme#
1.. Pro-ect Scope!
(his pro8ect has the following scopes4
1# (o design the single phase power inverter using %ipolar switching scheme#
2# (he input of the voltage must %e set to 12 ; ,53. and the output must %e 2&0 ; ,63. and
50 =)#
!# 5oing research on characteristics of the %ipolar switching scheme#
&# 2imulate the %ipolar switching scheme and single phase 53 to 63 converter using
-r365 software#
5# 3onstruct the hardware that had %een simulated using $roteus $rofessional#
(his report is organi)ed into five chapters# 3hapter / provides an overview of the pro8ect
which includes pro8ect %ac*ground, o%8ectives and scopes# 3hapter // gives an explanation a%out
a study case which related development the single phase inverter# 3hapter /// explains the
methodologies that are used in the pro8ect which consist of designing, simulating constructing#
(he simulation circuit is using -r365 version 10#! software for the design constructing circuit
is using $roteus 7 professional software# 3hapter /; presents the early results and analysis of the
simulation and results from the implementation circuit on the $30 %oard# (he conclusion for this
pro8ect and some future recommendation put on chapter ;#
CHAPTER II
/ITERATURE RE0IE$
2.1 Introduction
(his chapter is explained a%out a study case which related development the single phase
inverter circuit# (he example of theory and researches had %een carried out in order to complete
this pro8ect# (his provide with the %asic *nowledge in different types of power electronic system
and 53 to 63 converter that can %e used for the purpose of the pro8ect# <rom the previous
pro8ect, the advantages and disadvantages are considered to ma*e improvement in this pro8ect#
2.2 Pre"iou! Pro-ect!
6n inverter is an electrical or electromechanical device that converts direct current ,53.
to alternating current ,63.#
2.2.1 C!e Stud1 12 E"lution nd DSP 3!ed I+ple+enttion o4 P$% Approche! 4or
Single Ph!e DC to AC Con"erter!
(he <lorida 2tate ?niversity %y @ining Ahou had %een doing a power electronics pro8ect
named /mplementation of a singlephase 0ipolar and ?nipolar inverter ?sing 52$ (12!20<2&1
in year of 2005# (he pro8ect is a%out design and implementation of a singlephase inverter that
produces a symmetric 63 output voltage of desired magnitude and fre9uency# 0ipolar and
unipolar $W1 techni9ue is employed to control the output voltage magnitude and fre9uency#
(he digital signal processor ,52$. of (exas /nstruments (12!20<2&1 is used for the
implementation of the inverter [! ' 7"#
(he inverter unit consists of four discrete /+0(s connected as a %ridge and drive with a
low cost driver# 6 snu%%er capacitor of 0#1 B< is connected across the inverter to protect it from
high surge voltages# 6 soft start resistor is used to reduce the pea* inrush currents, there%y
reducing the stress on rectifier diodes# (he experimental result matched with simulation results#
6lthough any parameters are ad8usted for giving fundamental fre9uency rms output voltage of
220 ; at 50 =) [C ' 9"#
6s conclusion, this pro8ect is a%out the comparison %etween %ipolar and unipolar
simulation and analysis in 16(@60 software and $2pice software# 6s result, unipolar $W1
schemes have advantages over the %ipolar $W1 scheme in lower total harmonic distortion
,(=5. and reduction of highfre9uency Dlectromagnetic /nterference ,D1/. noise#
2.2.2 C!e Stud1 22 Circuit Topologie! 4or Single Ph!e 0oltge Dou*ler 3oo!t Recti4ier!
?niversity of 6l%erta %y Eohn 3#2almon had %een doing a voltagedou%ler %oost rectifier
circuit topologies# (hese rectifiers are used to generate high perunit output voltages whilst
controlling the rectifier input current wave shape to achieve unity power factor up 0 current at a
low distortion# Dach circuit within the family of voltagedou%ler rectifiers has a specific
performance feature, such as4 high efficiencyF low cost and low current distortion levels#
6nalysis of circuit functionality shows that voltagedou%ler rectifiers can generate an output
voltage twice as large as an e9uivalent GstandardH %oost rectifier with the same acline current
distortion [11 ' 15"#
<rom this analysis, an e9uivalent family of voltagedou%ler rectifiers is derived# When
high output voltages are re9uired, voltagedou%ler rectifiers are shown to %e a%le to generate ac
line currents with the lowest current distortion# 6ll circuits presented in this paper are examined
using circuit simulators and experimental results#
6s conclusion, this pro8ect is a%out the family of rectifiers# 6s result, this pro8ect is only focus on
the analysis and performance rectifiers and the voltage dou%ler rectifiers with reference to the
circuit operation and the acsupply current distortion#
2.2.# C!e Stud1 #2 A D5 Rotting 6r+e Controller 4or Single Ph!e 6ull 3ridge
In"erter! u!ed in !+ll di!tri*uted genertion !1!te+!
;irginia $olytechnic /nstitute %y 6rman Ioshan had %een doing a 2mall 5+ systems are
usually %uilt close to the enduser and they ta*e advantage of using different energy sources such
as wind and solar# 6 few examples are hy%rid cars, solar houses, data centers, or hospitals in
remote areas where providing clean, efficient and relia%le electric power is critical to the loads#
/n such systems, the power is distri%uted from the source side to the load side via power
electronic converters in the system# 6t low and medium power applications, the tas* is often left
to single phase inverters where they are the only interface %etween sources connected to 53 %us
and loads connected to an 63 %us [1& ' 1C"#
<igure 2#14 6 distri%uted hy%rid system
6s the result, 5J controller not only provides superior transient response, it also provides )ero
steadystate error as well as low output voltage (=5 under nonlinear load operation# (he entire
controller can %e implemented in a digital control %oard which is %ecoming more common in
power electronics converters within the past decade# 6nalysis and design of a 5J controller for a
2#5*W single phase full%ridge inverter is presented in this study with the final results
implemented in a <$+6K52$ %ased digital controller %oard[1 ' 5"#
6s conclusion, this pro8ect is a%out the 5J transformation and control method for single
phase full%ridge inverters used in standalone hy%rid systems# (he methods of control are either
difficult to achieve good response under large distur%ances in the system#
2.2.) C!e Stud1 )2 Co+pri!on *et7een Unipolr nd 3ipolr Single Ph!e 8rid
Connected In"erter 4or P0 Appliction!
6n inverter is essential for the interfacing of photovoltaic panels with the 63 networ*#
(here are many possi%le inverter topologies and inverter switching schemes and each one will
have its own relative advantages and disadvantages# Dfficiency and output current distortion are
two important factors governing the choice of inverter system# /n this paper, it is argued that
current controlled inverters offer significant advantages from the point of view of minimi)ation
of current distortion [& ' :"#
<igure 2#24 Iepresentation of the overall system
(wo inverter switching strategies are explored in detail# (hese are the unipolar current
controlled inverter and the %ipolar current controlled inverter# -n the other hand it has also %een
argued that the unipolar switched inverter offers reduced switching losses and generates less
D1/# -n efficiency grounds, it appears that the unipolar switched inverter has an advantage#
=owever, experimental results presented in this paper show that the level of low fre9uency
current distortion in the unipolar switched inverter is such that it can only comply with
6ustralian 2tandard &777#2 a%ove a minimum output current#
6s conclusion, this pro8ect is a%out comparison %etween unipolar and %ipolar single
phase grid connected inverter for $; applications# -ne of measures of 9uality of power from a
grid connected photovoltaic system is the level of low fre9uency harmonic content in its output
current#
2.# Su++r1 o4 Pre"iou! C!e Stud1
<rom the four previous case studies, it is clear to design and develop this pro8ect# (a%le
2#1 shows the related pro8ect and ta%le 2#2 shows the summary of each case study# (he
specifications are as follows4
(a%le 2#14 Ielated pro8ect
Lear MameK6uthor <indingK$ro8ect
2005 (he <lorida 2tate
?niversity %y @ining
Ahou
Dvaluation and 52$ 0ased /mplementation of
$W1 6pproaches for 2ingle $hase 53 to 63
3onverters [2"
Eune 29
200:
?niversity of 6l%erta %y
Eohn 3#2almon
3ircuit (opologies for 2ingle $hase ;oltage
5ou%ler 0oost Iectifiers [&"
<e%ruary
2007
;irginia $olytechnic
/nstitute %y 6rman
Ioshan
6 5J Iotating <rame 3ontroller for 2ingle
$hase <ull 0ridge /nverters used in small
distri%uted generation systems [!"
Eanuary 1&
2009
@es 0owtell and (ony
6hfoc*
3omparison %etween ?nipolar and 0ipolar
2ingle $hase +rid 3onnected /nverter for $;
6pplications# [7"
(a%le 2#24 2ummary of all case studies
3ase 2ummary
3ase study 1
5eveloped more than 200 Watt of power
fre9uency 50 *=)
re9uirement of the 52$ %ased of new (12!20<2C12
52$#
3ase study 2
high efficiency
low cost
low current distortion levels
generate acline currents with the lowest current
3ase study !
results implemented in a <$+6K52$ %ased digital
controller
transfer 2#5 *W of power
3ase study &
inductor nonlinearity
switching delay
harmonic content in the voltage controller output
signal [5"
harmonic content in the signal voltage
<rom the com%ination of all information that have %een collected from the previous pro8ects, the
switching is important to use for this pro8ect# /t is %ecause switching offers several advantages
over other options that are as follows4
(he design is simple inverter from the theory of the previous pro8ects#
(he inverter circuit has used a component which is easy to find out in mar*et#
(his inverter circuit also eases to understand and ena%le for the consumer to %uild its own
self#
CHAPTER III
%ETHODO/O89
#.1 Introduction
1ethodology is very importance in doing the %ipolar inverter with /+0( for electrical
appliances# <igure !#1 show the %loc* diagram of inverter design# /n this chapter, the
methodology is divided into three processes and there are designing, simulating and constructing#
<igure !#14 0loc* diagram for inverter
#.1.1 6ull-3ridge Single Ph!e In"erter
6 singlephase full%ridge inverter is shown in <igure !#2# /t consists of four
/+0(# When transistor (1 and (2 are turned on simultaneously, the input voltage appears
across the load# /f transistors (! and (& are turned on at the same time, the voltage across the
load is reversed and is ' #
<igure !#24 (he singlephase full%ridge s9uarewave inverter circuit
(he rms output voltage of full%ridge s9uarewave inverter can %e found as follows
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>,!#1.
(he instantaneous output voltage can %e expressed in <ourier series as
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>,!#2.
(he rms value of fundamental component for full%ridge s9uarewave inverter can %e
found as follows
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>,!#!.
(he instantaneous load current io for I load %ecomes
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>,!#&.
#.1.2 0oltge Control o4 Single-Ph!e In"erter
(here are various techni9ues to vary the inverter gain# (he most efficient method of
controlling the gain ,and output voltage. is to incorporate $W1 control within the inverters# (he
commonly used techni9ues is modified sinusoidal $W1#
(he amplitude modulation index ,mi., which controls the rms value of the output voltage,
is defined as
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>,!#5.
/f 1
a
N 1, the amplitude of the fundamental fre9uency of the output voltage, ;
1
is linearly
proportional to 1
a
#
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>,!#:.
#.1.# Hr+onic! o4 3ipolr P$%
6ssuming the $W1 output is symmetry, the harmonics of each kth $W1 pulse can %e expressed
>>>>>>,!#7.
<inally, the resultant of the integration is
>>>>>>>>>>>>,!#C.
#.1.) /o7-P!! 6ilter
6n @3 circuit consists of an inductor, represented %y the letter @, and a capacitor,
represented %y the letter 3# When connected together, an electrical current can alternate %etween
them at an angular fre9uency of
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>,!#9.
Where @ is the inductance in henries, and 3 is the capacitance in farads# (he angular fre9uency
has units of radians per second# (he fre9uency of the filter can %e defined as
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>,!#10.
#.2 De!igning Proce!!
(he designing process is the first process of developing the inverter# (he main activity in
this process is transforming or translating the analysis and re9uirement o%tained from research
process into the design specification and system implementation#
(a%le !#14 5esigning Ie9uirement
/nput -utput
53 ;oltage O 12 ; 63 ;oltage O 2&0 ;
<re9uency O 50 =)
(he designing process is divided into four main activities# (he first activity involved the
designing of the s9uare wave power inerter circuit, where as the second activity involved the
designing the pulse width modulation ,$W1. techni9ue# (he third activity involved the
designing of complete power inverter circuit %y merging the first and the second activities# (he
fourth activity is to designing a low pass filter#
#.2.1 Theor1 4or in"erter !7itching !che+e
/n singlephase applications, the interested in is the output voltage ;
out
that supplies to the
load# (he voltage output ;
out
difference %etween the midpoint of =%ridge inverter leg 6 and 0#
6s a result, %oth $W1 patterns at two =%ridge legs, 6 and 0 need to %e considered and
arranged to generate the desired output with lower total harmonic distortion ,(=5.# 0eside the
(=5, proper positioning of the output voltage harmonic spectrum is another tas* for the $W1
switching scheme design# /n this case, the low order harmonics are especially undesired %ecause
the low order harmonics result of @3 filter#
#.2.2 3ipolr P$% !7itching 4or in"erter
0ipolar $W1 switching is a classical switching scheme for singlephase inverter# (he
switch pairs ,(
1
, (
&
. and ,(
2
, (
!
. in <igure 1#2 on the different legs are switched on and off
simultaneously# (his results a %ipolar voltage output ;
out
%ecause there is no )ero output voltage
state exists# (he output waveform is the same as the point voltage ; in <igure 1#2 %ut the
amplitude dou%les# (he principle of %ipolar $W1 can %e summari)ed in e9uation 2#14
0out : 0d 7hen 0control ; 0crrier>>>>>>>>>> ,!#11.
0out : -0d 7hen 0control < 0crrier
<igure !#!4 0ipolar $W1 scheme and output
<igure !#! gives a demonstration of %ipolar modulation approach with parameters miO0#C
and mfO15# <rom the figure that the is exactly the reverse of at any time, so there is no
)ero state in the output voltage , which ma*es output signal %ipolar# /n this %ipolar
$W1 modulation scheme, if the fre9uency modulation ratio is selected to %e odd, the output
waveform ;
out
will %e odd and half wave symmetry with origin# (his results a disappearance of
all the even harmonics in ;
out
#
<igure !#&4 <low chart for single phase inverter
#.2.# De!igning o4 !=ure 7"e in"erter circuit
(here are two types of single phase inverter which are half%ridge and full%ridge
inverter# (he most importance component in this inverter circuit is switching device# (he
inverter circuit use controlled turnon and turnoff devices such as %ipolar 8unction transistor
,0E(s., metal oxide semiconductor fieldeffect transistors ,1-2<D(s., insulatedgate %ipolar
transistors ,/+0(s., metal oxide semiconductorcontrolled thyristors ,13(s., static induction
transistors ,2/(s., and gateturnoff thyristors ,+(-s.#[C10"
(his pro8ect used the single phase full %ridge inverter with %ipolar as a switching device
as shown in <igure !#!# (a%le !#2 shows some %asic components that had %een used in the
inverter circuit#
(a%le !#24 @ist of component in inverter circuit
No Co+ponent Co+ponent N+e No o4 Co+ponent
1 /+0( /I+03!02 K
/I+&03!0?5
&
2 5iode 1IC7: &
! 3apacitor MK6 1
& Iesistor MK6 5
5 /3 @1!5C 2
: /3 /3&001 2
<igure !#54 <low chart of /+0( switching
<igure !#:4 2chematic of single phase full %ridge inverter
(he switch pair ,(1,(&. and ,(2,(!. in <igure !#: on the different legs are switched on
and off simulation# (he result a %ipolar voltage output ;out %ecause there is no )ero output
voltage state exists#
(he single phase full %ridge inverter is a %asic circuit used to convert 53 voltage to 63
voltage# 63 output voltage is created %y switching the full %ridge in an appropriate se9uence#
(he output voltage of the %ridge, alternating current voltage can %e either P direct current
voltage, direct current voltage or )ero depending on how switches are controlled#
#.2.) De!igning o4 P$% Circuit
6 sinusoidal output voltage waveform of varia%le fre9uency and amplitude is produced %y
comparing a sinusoidal reference signal which has a fre9uency with the triangular
waveform at switching fre9uency# (he modulation index is defined as4
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>,!#12.
6lso for the modulation ratio is defined as4
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>,!#1!.
<igure !#74 2chematic of %ipolar $W1 switching
#.2., De!igning lo7-p!! 4ilter
(he lowpass filter is the pinnacle of simplicity, with only one component comprising the
filter# (he capacitive version of this filter is not that much more complex, with only a resistor
and capacitor needed for operation# (he theory calculation for the filter design can defined as4
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>,!#1&.
<igure !#C4 @ow pass filter
#.2.. Si+ulting circuit proce!!
<igure !#94 2ingle phase inverter circuit
(o confirm whether the designing of inverter and $W1 circuits are correct and can
successfully operated, software named -r3ad version 10#! has %een used# (he ma8or advantage
of using -r3ad in simulation is that, with the same software, a particular circuit can %e designed
and analy)ed at different system and su%system levels, i#e# at the level of power switch, the
converter circuit, and the converter system, including feed%ac* control#
(he 0ipolar $W1 switching techni9ue has %een used for this pro8ect# 6 50 =) sinusoidal
voltage 15 ; source is compared with 50 *=) fre9uency voltage wave source to produce $W1
signal to control /I+01, /I+02, /I+0! and /I+0&#
<igure !#104 <low chart for simulation process
#.# Con!truction o4 hrd7re proce!!
0ased on the successfully of designing and simulation processes, the next step is
constructing and developing the inverter# (he hardware development process consists of testing
on %read%oard, $30 design using $roteus 7 $rofessional software, fa%rication the $30 and
soldering components on the $30 %oard#
<ig
ure !#114 2chematic for switching inverter circuit
<igure !#124 <low chart of constructing process
<igure !#1!4 2chematic for /+0( switching
(o design the $30 layout, the $roteus 7 $rofessional software has %een used# (he $roteus 7
$rofessional is easy to use, yet powerful tool for designing printed circuit %oards ,$30s.#
(herefore there is no need for converting %etween schematics and layouts#
(he /3&001 has %een used in the circuit as the $W1 techni9ue# (he voltage regulator used to
sta%le 5 ; from 12 ;# (he transistor for <D( drive ,@1!5C. used to drive the /+0( with the
s9uare wave signal# (here is some changes had %een made for the circuits# <igure !#1! shows the
practical inverter circuit used in hardware development for inverter#
#.#.1 PC3 l1out de!ign
(he $roteus 6ID2 $rofessional is used to design a $30 layout# /t is an easy to used for
designing printed circuit %oards ,$30s.# /t consists of a schematic editor, layout editor and auto
router# <igure !#1& shows the flow of the process during using the $roteus 6ID2# <or a simple
circuit that has no complex li*e integrated circuit# /t will ma*e circuit more orderly during
fa%rication and soldering process#
<igure !#1&4 $30 layout with the component
<igure !#154 <low chart of process using $roteus software
<igure !#1:4 $30 layout
#.#.2 PC3 4*ricting proce!!
$30 fa%ricating process is done after the layout designing process# /n this process, the
photoetching process ta*es over %ased on the s*etch of the structure# (he flow of fa%rication
process is shown in <igure !#17#
<igure !#174 <low chart of $30 fa%rication
#.#.) Con!tructing the !ingle ph!e in"erter
6fter the $30 %oard is ready, all components on %read%oard are transfer to the $30 %oard# /t is
soldered on the $30 %oard to have the real design of the pro8ect# (hen the test on the pro8ect can
%e done# (he e9uipments that %een used in this process are 53 power supply and digital
oscilloscope# <igure !#19 shows the process of soldering and testing the receiver module# <igure
!#20 shows the product one the stages that are the /+0( circuit that has %een soldered properly#
<igure !#1C4 <low chart of testing on $30 %oard
<igure !#194 $ractical inverter hardware
<igure !#204 53 power supply ,0attery.
#.) S7itching *u! 7ith I83T
(he inverters use /nsulated +ate 0ipolar (ransistors ,/+0(s. to switch the 53 %us on
and off at specific intervals# (he inverter actually creates a varia%le 63 voltage and fre9uency
output# 6s shown in <igure !#21, the output of the drive doesnHt provide an exact replica of the
63 input sine waveform# /nstead, it provides voltage pulses that are at a constant magnitude#
<igure !#214 5rive -utput Waveform
(he driveHs control %oard signals the power deviceHs control circuits to turn GonG the waveform
positive half or negative half of the power device# (his alternating of positive and negative
switches recreates the ! phase output# (he longer the power device remains on, the higher the
output voltage# (he less time the power device is on, the lower the output voltage ,shown in
<igure !#22.# 3onversely, the longer the power device is off, the lower the output fre9uency#
<igure !#224 5rive -utput Waveform 3omponents
(he speed at which power devices switch on and off is the carrier fre9uency, also *nown
as the switch fre9uency# (he higher the switch fre9uency, the more resolution each $W1 pulse
contains# (ypical switch fre9uencies are !,000 to &,000 times per second ,! *=) to & *=).# ,With
an older, 23I ,2ilicon 3ontrolled Iectifier.%ased drive, switch fre9uencies are 250 to 500 times
per second.#
#.).1 Shrin>ing co!t nd !i?e
(he inverter circuit is importance to complete the designs, %ut the designs continue to
improve# 1ore features, %etter performance, and lower cost with successive generations# ?nli*e
computers, however, software drives have dramatically improved in their relia%ility and ease of
use#
5rives are increasingly %ecoming Gplug and play#G 6s electronic power components
improve in relia%ility and decrease in si)e, the cost and si)e of inverter circuit will continue to
decrease# While all that is going on, their performance and ease of use will only get %etter#
CHAPTER I0
RESU/T AND ANA/9SIS
).1 Introduction
(he result of this pro8ect is divided %y two parts# <irst is the result of simulation inverter
circuit using -r365 software and second is result of the constructing process using $roteus
software# (hese processes give the early results of the pro8ect# (he analysis and discussion are
%ased on the input and the output power of each circuit#
).2 Si+ultion re!ult
).2.1 De!igning o4 in"erter circuit u!ing OrCAD !o4t7re
2ingle phase inverter circuit for simulation is shown in <igure &#1# <igure &#1 shows the
single phase full %ridge inverter# 0ipolar $ulse Width 1odulation switching techni9ue has %een
used to generate using circuit#
<igure &#14 2chematic of single phase full %ridge inverter
6 sinusoidal output voltage waveform of varia%le fre9uency and amplitude is produced %y
comparing a sinusoidal reference signal which has a fre9uency with the triangular
waveform at switching fre9uency#
<igure &#24 2chematic of %ipolar $W1
(he switching fre9uency is assumed to %e very high, approaching infinity# (herefore, to filter
out the highswitchingfre9uency components in , the filter components @ and 3 are re9uired
in output side#
<igure &#!4 -utput circuit low pass filter
).2.2 Re!ult o4 !i+ulting in"erter circuit
(he $W1 control unit, /+0( %ased =%ridge inverter unit as well as the output @3 filter %e
constructed using -r365 to simulate and evaluate the proposed $W1 scheme on circuit level# (his %een
foundation for the design of real time hardware experiment# (he volume and the cost of @3 filter decrease
with the increase of cutoff fre9uency# 6s a result, for the consideration of volume and price for real
hardware setup, a higher fre9uency modulation ratio used to increase the re9uired cutoff fre9uency
for @3 filter in this simulation wor* as well as the experiments#
(his chapter discussed the result and analysis for this pro8ect# (he analysis %een ta*en
from hardware and software development# <igure &#5 shows the waveform of switching for
single phase inverter output voltage#
<igure &#&4 $W1 %ipolar switching scheme
<igure &#54 (he output %efore filter
<igure &#:4 (he output after filter
).2.# 3ipolr P$% nl1!i!
<igure 5#10 shows the <ourier series simulation waveform output voltage#
<igure &#7 (he <ourier series simulation waveform output voltage
).# Re!ult 4ro+ hrd7re de"elop+ent
).#.1 De!igning o4 in"erter circuit u!ing Proteu! !o4t7re
6fter all the data have %een simulated using the -r3ad 10#! software, the data for the
hardware circuit on the $30 %oard using $roteus# (hen the implementation results is o%tained
and compared to with the simulation results# (he implementation is test using two methods#
(he first method is the supply voltage will used the 53 power supply and switching
%efore /+0(# (hat means, the supply voltage is in ideal condition#(he second method to gain the
results after switching and the result after transformer# (hen the results are test on the system that
has %een connected together# (his gives the real results for this pro8ect# (hen all the results are
list in the ta%le to ma*e comparation %etween the simulation and measurement result#
=ardware for this experiment can %e divided into the following sections4 a single%oard
for switching, a single%oard after switching and after load configuration#
<igure &#C4 $ractical inverter hardware
<igure &#10 and <igure &#11 show the $W1 control output and load output waveform for
%ipolar $W1 approach# /n (race 1 waveform, there is no )ero states exist in this %ipolar scheme#
/n the load output waveform, the sinusoidal waveform output fre9uency is 9!#1 =)#
).#.2 Re!ult o4 hrd7re in"erter circuit
(he hardware inverter will %uilt after the simulation process done# (he hardware
construction design using the $roteus software
(a%le &#14 =ardware Iesult
/nput -utput
53 ;oltage O 12 ; 63 ;oltage O 200 ;
<re9uency O 50 =)
<igure &#94 (he output waveform %efore switching
<igure &#11 shows the output voltage waveform of practical inverter circuit measured %y
digital oscilloscope# (he input is 12 ;olts of direct current supplied %y 53 power supply
%atteries#
<igure &#104 (he output waveform after switching
<igure &#12 shows the output voltage waveform of inverter practical circuit measured %y digital
oscilloscope# (he input is 2& volts of direct current supplied after switching /+0(#
<igure &#124 (he output waveform after transformer
<igure &#1!4 (he output measurement waveform after transformer
6s a conclusion, the output voltage is achieved %ut the fre9uency is to high# (he fre9uency
output is 9!#77 =)# (hat %ecause the selected component is wrong# (he expected fre9uency must
50 =)#
).) The output current
/n practical circuit, the input current depends on the %attery# (his pro8ect used 12 ; with
&#5 6h of rechargea%le %attery as a supply# (he rechargea%le %attery showed in <igure &#1&#
<igure &#1&4 Iechargea%le 0attery
0asically, the output current of the practical inverter circuit depends on load# (his pro8ect
holds the non critical appliance which is the current rating is a%out 1 6 to 2 6# =owever the
maximum output current of the practical inverter circuit depends on transformers current rating
,1 6 to 2 6.#
)., Hrd7re nl1!i!
<or hardware circuit, the input current depends on the %attery# (his pro8ect used 12 ; of
rechargea%le %attery as a supply# 6fter run the circuit the current has loss and smaller after
transformer#
(he output voltage after transformer has achieved# 0ut the fre9uency is not achieved# /t
%ecause the design hardware pro%lem and the output waveform not %een a%le to get#
0asically, the output current of the practical inverter circuit depends on load# =owever
the maximum output current of the practical inverter circuit usually depends on transformers
current rating#
(a%le &#24 Iesult comparison %etween simulation and hardware
2imulation result =ardware result
0efore switching O 15 ;
6fter switching O 11#! ;
6fter filter O 11#! ;
<re9uency O 50 =)
0efore switching O 5 ;
6fter switching O 11 ;
6fter transformerO 1C7 ;
<re9uency O 9!#77 =)
).. Conclu!ion
/n this pro8ect, the result from practical circuit is different from simulation circuit# (hese
pro%lems occur %ecause the integrated circuit ,/3 &0:9?0. that uses in the practical circuit is not
in the -rcad software li%rary#
5uring finishing this pro8ect, many things should %e concerned in order to ensure that the
53 to 63 converter can %e developed smoothly, in term of its progress# (he most important
things need to %e concerned in this pro8ect are to understand the characteristics and the critical
parameters of 53 to 63 converter in order to produce the product that follow the specifications
re9uired# 2oftwares and components selection are also important to ensure the product is
achieving its o%8ectives#
CHAPTER 0
CONC/USION AND RECO%ENDATION
,.1 Conclu!ion
<or the conclusion, the inverter is a%le to operate as expected and easy to understand# (hese
directly show that switching is a%le to generate the output voltage is done %ut the pro%lem is to
generate the output fre9uency# Dven though this pro8ect still needs to %e upgrade to get a %etter
result and get it perfect#
(he o%8ective of this pro8ect is to design and simulate a single phase power inverter using
%ipolar switching scheme is done %ut still on repair the pro%lem circuit# (he input inverter is 12
; the output inverter is 200 ; and the fre9uency is 9!#77 =)#
(he most important things need to %e concerned in this pro8ect are to understand the
characteristics and the critical parameters of 53 to 63 converter in order to produce the product
that follow the specifications re9uired#
,.2 Reco++endtion
/n this pro8ect, sinusoidal %ipolar $W1 techni9ue for simulation circuit has %een used#
=owever, the other techni9ue can %e used such as optimi)ed $W1# $W1 waveform is
constructed %ased on performance criteria such as (=5 in optimi)ed $W1 and it is constructed
to eliminate some undesira%le harmonic from the output waveform#
0esides that, for the designing hardware circuit, it recommended to design the power inverter
that can produce a high output power such as 500 watt and a%ove# (herefore, more appliances
can use with this inverter#
(his pro8ect report performs a systematic analysis of $W1 control schemes for singlephase
full%ridge 5363 converter topology, which is a twolevel 5363 converter# /n order to
further reduce harmonic content of the output voltage and current, various multilevels 5363
converter topologies are proposed and analy)ed in recent years [15 17"#
(hese level topologies are %asically derivations from the twolevel topology %y adding
additional /+0( power switches to the %ridge circuit# $W1 control techni9ues are still the most
popular and efficient method for multilevel power conversion# (heoretical and simulation
approaches used in this thesis can %e extended for $W1 scheme studies for multilevel
applications#
<uture research wor*s are recommended to explore advanced solutions with increased
performance, relia%ility and ro%ustness, while reducing the control complexity and cost#
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APPENDICES
APPENDI@ A1
8ntt Chrt 4or PS% 1
APPENDI@ A2
8ntt Chrt 4or PS% II
APPENDI@ A#
CO%PARISON 3ET$EEN UNIPO/AR AND 3IPO/AR SIN8/E PHASE 8RID
CONNECTED
APPENDI@ A)
A DC-AC I!olted 3tter1 In"erter
APPENDI@ A,
INSU/ATED 8ATE 3IPO/AR TRANSISTOR $ITH U/TRA6AST SO6T RECO0ER9
DIODE
APPENDI@ A.
Dt Sheet Se+iconductor IC )AA1