D e s i g n Blasting Principles When you put things into motion, and you want to maintain control, you need to have the energy in the right place at the right time. 4 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Powder Factor 5 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Powder Factor 6 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Blasting Terminology 7 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Blasting Terminology Face Bench Top Plan View Energy Force Vector Distribution 8 Blasting Terminology Holes too far apart! 9 Blasting Terminology Holes too close together! 10 Blasting Terminology Spacing just right! 11 Blasting Terminology Staggered rows with proper spacing and timing help energy distribution within the rock mass! 12 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Hole spacing with respect to joints Bench Top Face Un-broken Ground Segments Holes spread too far apart ! 13 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Hole spacing with respect to joints Holes spaced to land within fracture blocks Face Un-broken Ground Segments Un-broken Ground Segments Bench Top 14 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Fragmentation vs. Hole Diameter Big Holes Little Holes 15 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Bench Heights as a function of Hole Diameter Hole Diameter (mm) B e n c h
H e i g h t
( M e t e r s ) Not Recommended Not Recommended Recommended 16 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Bench Heights as a function of Hole Diameter Hole Diameter (inches) B e n c h
H e i g h t
( f e e t ) 1.5 2 2.5 3.5 3 4.5 4 5 6 5.5 6.5 1 7 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 90 80 100 110 Not Recommended Not Recommended Recommended 17 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Efficient Blasting 18 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Group Approach to Achieving Optimum Blast Performance 19 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n The Three Keys to Achieving Optimum Explosive Performance 20 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Geological Effects on Blast Performance Physical Rock Properties Physical Rock Properties Compressive Strength Tensile Strength Poissons Ratio Youngs Modulus Density Longitudinal Wave Velocity 21 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Geological Effects on Blast Performance Typical Rock Properties 22 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Geological Effects on Blast Performance Rock Structure Massive Rock 23 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Geological Effects on Blast Performance Rock Structure Adverse Bedding Planes 24 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Geological Effects on Blast Performance Rock Structure Deck Loading 25 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Geological Effects on Blast Performance Rock Structure Blocky Jointed Rock 26 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Geological Effects on Blast Performance Rock Structure Adverse Effects of Bedding and Jointing on Wall Control 27 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Geological Effects on Blast Performance Rock Structure Deck Loading Floaters 28 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Geological Effects on Blast Performance Rock Structure Field Evaluation of Rock Hardness 29 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Geological Effects on Blast Performance Rock Structure Cavities 30 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Geological Effects on Blast Performance Rock Structure Cavity Loading Techniques 31 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Rock Fragmentation by Blasting Basic Rock Breakage Theory 32 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Rock Fragmentation by Blasting Breakage Process 1. Explosive detonates and expands 1000 times its original volume. 2. High gas pressures crush the rock in compression for 2 to 3 times charge diameters. 3. Stress within the rock causes tensile failure for 20 to 30 charge diameters. 4. Gas expands into existing and newly formed cracks. 5. Cracks are extended. 6. Rockmass is displaced along the path of least resistance. 7. Gas pressure vents and the muckpile is formed by gravity. 33 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Efficient Blast Design Blast Parameters 1. Bench height. 2. Charge diameter. 3. Burden. 4. Burden stiffness ratio. 5. Spacing. 6. Pattern layout. 7. Subdrilling. 8. Stemming. 9. Decking. 34 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Bench Height vs. Hole Diameter Efficient Blast Design Blast Parameters 35 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Decoupling Efficient Blast Design Blast Parameters 36 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Loading Density Efficient Blast Design Blast Parameters 37 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Burden Orientation Efficient Blast Design Blast Parameters 38 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Stiffness Ratio Efficient Blast Design Blast Parameters 39 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Relationship Between Stiffness Ratio and Energy Distribution Efficient Blast Design Blast Parameters 40 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Spacing Orientation Efficient Blast Design Blast Parameters 41 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Reduced Spacing for Ore Control Efficient Blast Design Blast Parameters 42 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Pattern Configurations Efficient Blast Design Blast Parameters 43 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Relationship Between Burden and Desired Displacement Efficient Blast Design Blast Parameters 44 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Pattern Layout and Energy Distribution Efficient Blast Design Blast Parameters 45 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Influence of Dipping Structures on Subdrill Efficient Blast Design Blast Parameters 46 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Stemming Confinement Factors for ANFO (Relative Bulk Strength 1.0) Efficient Blast Design Blast Parameters 47 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Stemming Confinement Factors for HANFO (Relative Bulk Strength 1.0) Efficient Blast Design Blast Parameters 48 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Decking Efficient Blast Design Blast Parameters 49 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Angle Drilling Considerations 1. Advantages. a) Better energy distribution b) Reduced overbreak c) Better floor control d) Improved highwall stability e) Increased initial trajectory 2. Disadvantages. a) Requires attention b) Drill orientation to the free face must be at 90 c) Shorter bit life d) Greater hole deviation e) Higher cost f) Requires expert drillers and wider benches 50 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Angle Drilling Considerations Drilling 30-angled Blastholes 51 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Angle Drilling Considerations Face Angles vs. Slope 52 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Average Design Parameters 53 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Initial Blast Design Guide - Example 54 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Initial Blast Design Cost Evaluation 55 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Current Blast Design Evaluation 56 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Current Blast Design Cost Evaluation 57 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Ground Vibration Crater and Elastic Zones 58 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Ground Vibration Elastic Waves The blast energy beyond the crater zone takes the form of elastic ground vibrations: P wave Compressional wave 6000-20000 ft/sec S wave Shear wave 3/5 the velocity of the P wave R waves Surface waves lowest frequency and greatest displacement. The speed of the vibration waves through the ground is known as the wave propagation velocity. 59 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Ground Vibration Wave Propagation 60 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Ground Vibration Vibration Time History 61 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Ground Vibration Components of ground vibration Amplitude It can represent velocity, acceleration, or displacement. Typically represents velocity. Velocity The speed the particles are moving back and forth. The maximum rate that the particles are moving is known as peak particle velocity (PPV) and it is recorded in in/sec. 62 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Ground Vibration Relationship Between Velocity, Frequency, Acceleration, and Displacement 63 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Ground Vibration Relative Ground Motion 64 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Ground Vibration Frequency considerations Resonant or natural frequency According to its physical characteristics any structure will vibrate at a natural frequency (3-18 Hz). The maximum response of a building to ground vibrations occurs when the frequency of the ground motion matches the natural frequency of the building. Geological modification of vibration frequency Blast induced modification of vibration frequency 65 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Ground Vibration Residential Criteria and Effects (from Oriard) 66 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Office of Surface Mining Vibration Regulations for Surface Coal Mining 67 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n USBM Vibration Regulations 68 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Ground Vibration Scaled Distance Equation 69 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Ground Vibration Maximum Charge Weight 70 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Ground Vibration Maximum Charge Weight Calculation 71 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Ground Vibration Limit vibrations using scaled distance 0 300 ft away: minimum allowable SD is 50 301 5000 ft away: minimum allowable SD is 55 Over 5000 ft away: minimum allowable SD is 65 72 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Expected Vibration Based on Scaled Distance 73 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Peak Particle Velocity Prediction Formula 74 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Typical Vibration Attenuation Curves 75 S u r f a c e
M i n e
D e s i g n Typical Vibration Regression Analysis 76 S u r f a c e