History of the periodic table of chemical elements

The Periodic Table is an arrangement of the chemical elements arranged in

order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar
atomic structure (and hence similar chemical properties) appear in vertical
columns
440 BC Democritus and Leucippus propose the idea of the atom, an
indivisible particle that all matter is made of.
330 BC Aristotle proposes the four element theory: earth, air, fire
& water
360 BC Plato coins term elements (stoicheia)
1605 Sir Francis Bacon published "The Proficience and
Advancement of Learning" which contained a description of what
would later be known as the scientific method.
1661 Robert Boyle published "The Sceptical Chymist" which was
a treatise on the distinction between chemistry and alchemy. It also
contained some of the earliest ideas of atoms, molecules, and
chemical reaction marking the beginning of the history of modern
chemistry
In 1669 German merchant and amateur alchemist Hennig Brand
attempted to created a Philosophers Stone; an object that
supposedly could turn metals into pure gold. He heated residues
from boiled urine, and a liquid dropped out and burst into flames.
This was the first discovery of phosphorus.
In 1680 Robert Boyle also discovered phosphorus, and it became
public.
1754 Joseph Black isolated carbon dioxide, which he called "fixed
air".
1778 Antoine Lavoisier wrote the first extensive list of elements
containing 33 elements & distinguished between metals and non-
metals
1766 Henry Cavendish discovered hydrogen as a colorless,
odourless gas that burns and can form an explosive mixture with air
17731774 Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestly
independently isolated oxygen
1803 John Dalton proposed "Dalton's Law" describing the
relationship between the components in a mixture of gases.
In 1809 at least 47 elements were discovered, and scientists began
to see patterns in the characteristics.
1828 Jakob Berzelius developed a table of atomic weights &
introduced letters to symbolize elements
1828 Johann Dobereiner developed groups of 3 elements with
similar properties
In 1863 English chemist John Newlands divided the than discovered
56 elements into 11 groups, based on characteristics.
1864 John Newlands arranged the known elements in order of
atomic weights & observed similarities between some elements
1864 Lothar Meyer develops an early version of the periodic
table, with 28 elements organized by valence
1864 Dmitri Mendeleev produced a table based on atomic
weights but arranged 'periodically' with elements with similar
properties under each other. His Periodic Table included the 66
known elements organized by atomic weights.
In 1869 Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev started the
development of the periodic table, arranging chemical elements by
atomic mass. He predicted the discovery of other elements, and left
spaces open in his periodic table for them.
In 1886 French physicist Antoine Bequerel first discovered
radioactivity. Thomson student from New Zealand Ernest
Rutherford named three types of radiation; alpha, beta and gamma
rays. Marie and Pierre Curie started working on the radiation of
uranium and thorium, and subsequently discovered radium and
polonium. They discovered that beta particles were negatively
charged.
1894 William Ramsay discovered the Noble Gases.
In 1894 Sir William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh discovered the noble
gases, which were added to the periodic table as group 0.
In 1897 English physicist J. J. Thomson first discovered electrons;
small negatively charged particles in an atom. John Townsend and
Robert Millikan determined their exact charge and mass.
1898 Marie and Pierre Curie isolated radium and polonium from
pitchblende.
In 1900 Bequerel discovered that electrons and beta particles as
identified by the Curies are the same thing.
1900 Ernest Rutherford discovered the source of radioactivity as
decaying atoms
In 1903 Rutherford announced that radioactivity is caused by the
breakdown of atoms.
In 1911 Rutherford and German physicist Hans Geiger discovered
that electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom.
1913 Henry Moseley determined the atomic number of each of
the elements and modified the 'Periodic Law'.
In 1913 Bohr discovered that electrons move around a nucleus in
discrete energy called orbitals. Radiation is emitted during
movement from one orbital to another.
In 1914 Rutherford first identified protons in the atomic nucleus. He
also transmutated a nitrogen atom into an oxygen atom for the first
time. English physicist Henry Moseley provided atomic numbers,
based on the number of electrons in an atom, rather than based on
atomic mass.
In 1932 James Chadwick first discovered neutrons, and isotopes
were identified. This was the complete basis for the periodic table.
In that same year Englishman Cockroft and the Irishman Walton first
split an atom by bombarding lithium in a particle accelerator,
changing it to two helium nuclei.
1940 Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson identify neptunium,
the lightest and first synthesized transuranium element, found in
the products of uranium fission.
1940 Glenn Seaborg synthesised transuranic elements (the
elements after uranium in the periodic table)
In 1945 Glenn Seaborg identified lanthanides and actinides (atomic
number >92), which are usually placed below the periodic table.

History of an Atom

Alchemists - searched for the Philosopher's Stone, which had the
ability to transform base materials like copper or lead, into valuable
substances, like gold. They also searched for the Elixir of Life, which
when drunk by a particular person, would grant him immortality.
460 Democritus, Greece - stated that all matter is made up of atoms.
He also stated that atoms are eternal and invisible and so small that
they cant be divided, and they entirely fill up the space theyre in.
330 Aristotle, Greece - provided the method of gathering scientific
facts, which proved as the basis for all scientific work.
Lavoisier (1777), France - provided the formula for the conservation
of matter in chemical reactions, and also distinguished between an
element and a compound.
Couloumb (1780's), France - formulated the Coulomb's law, which
states that that the force between two electrical charges is
proportional to the product of the charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them, one of
the main forces involved in atomic reactions.
1799 Joseph Louis Proust - Formulated his law of definite
proportions. He generalized that all compounds contain elements
in certain definite proportions.
John Dalton (1803), England - formed the atomic theory, which
states that all matter is composed of tiny, indestructible particles
called atoms that are all alike and have the same atomic weight.
Crookes (1870), England - created the Crookes tube and
demonstrated that cathode rays travel in straight lines and produce
phosphorescence and heat when they strike certain materials.
W.K. Roentgen (1895), Germany - discovered x-rays while
experimenting with cathode-ray tubes.
Becquerel (1896), France - discovered radioactivity when he
investigated uranium and other radioactive substances.
The Curies (1898), France - discovered radium and polonium when
they started to investigate radioactive substances
J.J Thomson (1898), England - discovered the electron and
developed the plum-pudding model of the atom. An original study
of cathode rays culminating in the discovery of the electron. He also
stated that the atom looks like plum pudding; he invented the plum
pudding model.
Max Planck (1900), Germany - originated the quantum theory
Albert Einstein (1905), Germany - postulated that light was made
up of different particles that, in addition to wavelike behavior,
demonstrate certain properties unique to particles. He also brought
forth the theory of relativity.
Robert Millikan (1908), USA - found out the electric charge of the
electron.
Ernest Rutherford (1909), England - used the results of his gold-foil
experiment to state that all the mass of an atom were in a small
positively-charged ball at the center of the atom.
Neils Bohr (1913), Denmark - stated that the electrons moved
around the nucleus in successively large orbits. He also presented
the Bohr atomic model which stated that atoms absorb or emit
radiation only when the electrons abruptly jump between allowed,
or stationary, states.
Geiger (1925), Germany - introduced the first detector of alpha
particles and other radiations.
Erwin Shroedinger (1926), Austria - introduced the Shroedinger
Equation, a wave equation that describes the form of the
probability waves that govern the motion of small particles and how
these waves are altered by external influences.
Chadwick (1931), England - discovered the neutrally-charged
neutron. Chadwick made a fundamental discovery in the domain of
nuclear science: he proved the existence of neutrons.
1931 Antoine Lavoiser - He came up with the phlogiston theory
which involved a weightless or nearly weightless substance known
as phlogiston.
Otto Hahn (1938), Germany - discovered nuclear fission, in which
the nucleus of an atom breaks up into two separate nuclei, while
experimenting with uranium.
Lise Meitner (1938), Vienna - worked with Otto Hahn to discover
uranium fission.
Glen T. Seaborg (1951), USA - isolated and identified elements
heavier than uranium, and in the process, added elements number
94 - 102, and 106.
Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig (1964), USA - brought forth
the idea of "quarks", little bits of matter which when used kind of
like building blocks, serve to explain some complex chemical
substances.