ANIMALS

Animals are living things. They can't make their own food or energy by themselves.
Animals have to eat other living things (animals, plants, fungi, etc.) to get energy to live.
Many animals live in this world. Some are big and some are small and some are fat and
some are tall. Some live in water, others live on the ground and some animals can fly.
Being able to move from one place to another is another distinctive characteristic of an
animal.

Some animals eat only plants; they are called herbivores. Other animals eat only meat
and are called carnivores. Animals that eat both plants and meat are called omnivores.
Animals are divided into groups; see animalia. Their mode of nutrition is known as
heterotrophic nutrition because they eat other living organisms as food in order to
survive.

There are animals living in solitary and groups. Examples of animals living in solitary are
tigers, rhinoceros, cheetahs and more. Examples of animals living in groups are coyotes,
bees, monkeys and more. Animals living in solitary do not have to share food with each
other. Animals living in groups have better protection against becoming the prey of
others. Bees and ants are grouped in a special group called a colony. In a colony, the
animals work together in a special way and usually have a leader. The leader of the bees
is called the Queen Bee.

The animal kingdom is very diverse. There are many types of animals. But, the common
animals you know are only about 3% of the animal kingdom. There are many other
animals, such as insects and sponges! Animals can mainly be divided into two main
groups, the invertebrates, and the vertebrates. The vertebrates are animals with a
backbone, or spine, and the invertebrates without. Invertebrates include insects,
crustaceans, molluscs, corals, worms, and much more. The vertebrates are divided into 5
groups, fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. Animals breathe Oxygen to live.
Below are some common collective nouns for groups of animals:

A herd of horses, buffalo, cows (mainly for herbivores)

A pack of wolves, wild dogs (mainly for carnivorous animals living in groups)
A flock of birds
A colony of ants, bees
A smack of jellyfish
A swarm of locust (or other insects that fly together in large numbers)
A school or shoal of fish or other water dwelling creatures
A skulk of foxes
A murder of crows
  Herbivores
Herbivores are animals that only eat plants. We can also say that animals that eat
mostly plants are herbivorous animals.

Some people choose not to eat meat, but people who eat mostly plants are usually called
vegetarians, not herbivores.

Animals that are herbivorous cannot chew or digest meat. But some herbivorous animals
will eat eggs and occasionally other animal protein. Herbivores have broad, flat teeth.

Some herbivores can be classified as "frugivores", which eat mainly fruit; or "folivores",
which eat mostly leaves. Animals that eat mostly grass are "grazing" animals.

Many animals that eat mostly fruit and leaves also sometimes eat other parts of plants, for
example roots and seeds.

The diets of some herbivorous animals change with the seasons. In the temperate zones
of the Earth, some seasons are hot and some are cold, so different plant foods are most
available at different times of the year. Many herbivorous animals that live in the
temperate zones change their diet at different seasons of the year. In some places, some
seasons are very rainy and wet, and others are very dry. Animals that live in these places
may also change their diets at different seasons.

In some ways it is easier to be an herbivorous animal than a carnivorous (meat-eating)

animal. Carnivorous animals have to find and catch the animals that they eat, and
sometimes the animals that they want to eat fight them. Herbivorous animals have to find
the plants that they want to eat, but they do not have to catch them. And although some
plants have spines, toxins (poisons), or a bad taste, they do not really fight. Partly because
of reasons like this, most animals are herbivorous animals. There are many more
herbivorous animals living in the world than carnivorous animals.

Examples :

• Goat
• Cow
• Horse
• Zebra
• Rhinoceros
• Wildebeest (also called Gnu)
• Monkey
• Deer
• Sheep
• Iguana
• Rabbit
• Panda
 • Caribou
• Koala
• Camel

 Carnivores
A carnivore (pronounced /ˈkɑrnɪvɔər/), meaning 'meat eater' (Latin carne meaning
'flesh' and vorare meaning 'to devour'), is an animal that derives its energy and nutrient
requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of vertebrate and/or
invertebrate animal tissue, whether through predation or scavenging. Animals that depend
solely on animal flesh for their nutrient requirements are considered obligate carnivores
while those that also consume non-animal food are considered facultative carnivores.
Omnivores too consume both animal and non-animal food, and apart from the more
general definition, there is no clearly defined ratio of plant to animal material that would
distinguish a facultative carnivore from an omnivore, or an omnivore from a facultative
herbivore, for that matter. A carnivore that sits at the top of the foodchain is an apex
predator.

Plants that capture and digest insects are called carnivorous plants. Similarly fungi that
capture microscopic animals are often called carnivorous fungi.

Classification

Carnivores that eat insects and similar invertebrates primarily or exclusively are called
insectivores, while those that eat fish primarily or exclusively are called piscivores.

The word "carnivore" sometimes refers to the mammalian Order Carnivora, but this is
somewhat misleading. Although many Carnivora fit the definition of being exclusively
meat eaters, not all do. For example, most species of bears are omnivorous, with the
exception being the Giant Panda, which is almost exclusively herbivorous, and the
carnivorous Polar bear. In addition, many carnivorous species are not members of
Carnivora.

Outside of the animal kingdom, there are several genera containing carnivorous plants
and several phyla containing carnivorous fungi. The former are predominantly
insectivores, while the latter prey mostly on microscopic invertebrates such as
nematodes, amoeba and springtails.

Obligate carnivores

An obligate or true carnivore depends solely on the nutrients found in animal flesh for
their survival. While they may consume small amounts of plant material they lack the
physiology required for the efficient digestion of vegetable matter and in fact, some
carnivorous mammals eat vegetation specifically as an emetic. The domestic cat is a
prime example of an obligate carnivore, as are all of the other felids. The ability to
produce synthetic forms of nutrients such as taurine in the lab has allowed feed
manufacturers to formulate foods for carnivores (zoo animals and pets) with varying
amounts of plant material.

A hypercarnivore feeds exclusively on meat and presents specialized dentition for a meat-
only diet.

Characteristics of carnivores

Characteristics commonly 'associated' with carnivores include organs for capturing and
disarticulating prey (teeth and claws serve these functions in many vertebrates) and status
as a predator. In truth, these assumptions may be misleading, as some carnivores do not
hunt and are scavengers (though most hunting carnivores will scavenge when the
opportunity exists). Thus they do not have the characteristics associated with hunting
carnivores. Carnivores have comparatively short digestive systems as they are not
required to break down tough cellulose found in plants.

Plant material

In most cases, some plant material is essential for adequate nutrition, particularly with
regard to minerals, vitamins and fiber.[citation needed] Most wild carnivores consume this in the
digestive system of their prey.[citation needed] Many carnivores also eat herbivore dung,
presumably to obtain essential nutrients that they could not otherwise obtain, since their
dentition and digestive system do not permit efficient processing of vegetable matter.
[citation needed]

Prehistoric carnivores

Prehistoric mammals of the crown-clade Carnivoramorpha (Carnivora and Miacoidea

without Creodonta), along with the early Order Creodonta, and some mammals of the
even early Order Cimolesta, were true carnivores. The earliest carnivorous mammal is
considered to be the Cimolestes that existed during the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary
Periods in North America about 65 million years ago. Most species of Cimolestes were
mouse to rat-sized, but the Late Cretaceous Cimolestes magnus reached the size of a
marmot, making it one of the largest Mesozoic mammals known (20-60g). The cheek
teeth combined the functions of piercing, shearing and grinding, and the molars of
Palaeoryctes had extremely high and acute cusps that had little function other than
piercing. The dentition of Cimolestes foreshadows the same cutting structures seen in all
later carnivores. While the earlier smaller species were insectivores, the later marmot-
sized Cimolestes magnus probably took larger prey and were definitely a carnivore to
some degree. The cheek teeth of Hyracolestes ermineus (an ermine-like shrew - 40g) and
Sarcodon pygmaeus ("pygmy flesh tooth" - 75g), were common in the Latest Paleocene
of Mongolia and China and occupied the small predator niche. The cheek teeth show the
same characteristic notches that serve in today's carnivores to hold flesh in place to shear
apart with cutting ridges.
The theropod dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus rex that existed during the late Cretaceous
were "obligate carnivores".

List of extant carnivores

Mammals

• All feliforms, such as domestic cats, big cats, hyenas, mongooses, civets
• Most caniforms, such as the dogs, wolves, foxes, ferrets, seals and walruses
• All cetaceans, such as dolphins, whales and porpoises
• All bats (except fruitbats)
• The carnivorous marsupials, such as the tasmanian devil

Birds

• All birds of prey, such as hawks, eagles, falcons and owls

• All vultures, both old world and new
• Some waterfowl, such as gulls, penguins, pelicans, storks, and herons

Reptiles

• All crocodilians, such as alligators, crocodiles, gharials and caimans

• All snakes, such as cobras, vipers, pythons and boas
• Some lizards, such as most skinks and all monitor lizards
• Some turtles, including the snapping turtle and most sea turtles

Fish and amphibians

• Most anurans, such as frogs and toads

• All sharks, such as tiger, great white, nurse and reef sharks
• Many bony fish, such as tuna, marlin, salmon, and bass

Invertebrates

• Some molluscs, such as octopuses and squid, and some gastropods

• Most arachnids, such as spiders and scorpions
• Many insects, such as mantises, dragonflies and most wasps
• All jellyfish and sea stars

 Insectivores
 An insectivore is a type of carnivore with a diet that consists chiefly of insects and
similar small creatures.

Although individually small, insects exist in enormous numbers and make up a very large
part of the animal biomass in almost all non-marine environments. In Queensland
pastures, for example, it is normal to have a greater total weight of Scarabaeidae larvae
under the surface than of the beef cattle grazing above it.

A great many creatures depend on insects as their primary diet, and many that do not (and
are thus not technically insectivores) nevertheless use insects as a protein supplement,
particularly when they are breeding.

Examples :

• nightingales
• aardwolfs
• echidnas
• swallows
• anteaters
• carp
• frogs
• lizards
• bats,
• spiders.

 Omnivores
Omnivores (from Latin: omne all, everything; vorare to devour) are species that
eat both plants and animals as their primary food source. They are opportunistic, general
feeders not specifically adapted to eat and digest either meat or plant material
exclusively. Pigs are one well-known example of an omnivore. Crows are another
example of an omnivore that many people see every day. Humans are omnivores.

Although there are reported cases of herbivores eating meat matter as well as examples of
carnivores eating plants, the classification refers to the adaptations and main food source
of the species in general so these exceptions do not make either individual animals nor
the species as a whole omnivores.

Most bear species are considered omnivores, but individuals' diets can range from almost
exclusively herbivorous to almost exclusively carnivorous depending on what food
sources are available locally and seasonally. Polar bears can be classified as carnivores
while pandas almost exclusively eat bamboo and are therefore herbivores, although Giant
Pandas will eat some meat from time to time.

Species considered omnivorous

Various mammals are omnivorous by nature such as humans, pigs, bears, coatis,
hedgehogs, opossums, skunks, sloths, squirrels, raccoons, chipmunks, mice and rats Also
some primates are omnivorous including chimpanzees. Various birds are omnivorous,
whose diet varies from berries and nectar to insects, worms, fish, small rodents, and
snakes; examples include cassowarys, chickens, corvids/crows, magpies, ravens, rooks,
keas, rallidae and rheas. In addition some lizards, turtles, fish such as piranhas and
invertebrate are also omnivorous.

 Mammals
Mammals (formally Mammalia) are a class of vertebrate animals whose females
are characterized by the possession of mammary glands while both males and females are
characterized by sweat glands, hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a
neocortex region in the brain.

Mammals are divided into three main infraclass taxa depending how they are born. These
taxa are: monotremes, marsupials and placentals. Except for the five species of
monotremes (which lay eggs), all mammal species give birth to live young. Most
mammals also possess specialized teeth, and the largest group of mammals, the
placentals, use a placenta during gestation. The mammalian brain regulates endothermic
and circulatory systems, including a four-chambered heart.

There are approximately 5,400 species of mammals, distributed in about 1,200 genera,
153 families, and 29 orders[1] (though this varies by classification scheme). Mammals
range in size from the 30–40-millimetre (1.2–1.6 in) Bumblebee Bat to the 33-metre
(110 ft) Blue Whale.

Mammals are divided into two subclasses: the Prototheria, which includes the oviparous
monotremes, and the Theria, which includes the placentals and live-bearing marsupials.
Most mammals, including the six largest orders, belong to the placental group. The three
largest orders, in descending order, are Rodentia (mice, rats, and other small, gnawing
mammals), Chiroptera (bats), and Soricomorpha (shrews, moles and solenodons). The
next three largest orders include the Carnivora (dogs, cats, weasels, bears, seals, and their
relatives), the Cetartiodactyla (including the even-toed hoofed mammals and the whales)
and the Primates to which the human species belongs. The relative size of these latter
three orders differs according to the classification scheme and definitions used by various
authors.

Phylogenetically, Mammalia is defined as all descendants of the most recent common

ancestor of monotremes (e.g., echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials
and placentals). This means that some extinct groups of "mammals" are not members of
the crown group Mammalia, even though most of them have all the characteristics that
traditionally would have classified them as mammals. These "mammals" are now usually
placed in the unranked clade Mammaliaformes.
The mammalian line of descent diverged from an amniote line at the end of the
Carboniferous period. One line of amniotes would lead to reptiles, while the other would
lead to synapsids. According to cladistics, mammals are a sub-group of synapsids.
Although they were preceded by many diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids
(sometimes misleadingly referred to as mammal-like "reptiles"), the first true mammals
appeared in the Triassic period. Modern mammalian orders appeared in the Palaeocene
and Eocene epochs of the Palaeogene period.

Examples :

• Herbivores (plant eaters) - including beavers, cows, horses, pandas, sloths, and
others
• Carnivores (meat eaters) - including whales and dolphins, dogs, tigers, lions, and
others
• Omnivores (eat plants and meat) - people, some bears, and others
• Insectivores (eat insects) - aardvarks, anteaters, pangolins, and others

Mammal Extremes :

• Fastest mammal (also the fastest land animal): the cheetah (60-70 mph = 97-110
kph)
• Slowest mammal - the sloth (less than 1 mph, or 2 kph)
• Biggest mammal, biggest animal that ever lived on Earth - the blue whale
• Biggest land mammal- the African Elephant
• Tallest mammal - the giraffe
• Smallest mammals - the pygmy shrew (weighing 1.2-2.7 gm) and the bumblebee
bat (weighing about 2 gm)
• Loudest mammal - the Blue Whale. The second loudest is the Howler Monkey.
• Smallest newborns - marsupials (pouched mammals, like the kangaroo)
• Smelliest mammal - the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)
• The only venomous mammals - duckbilled platypus (males only), several species
of shrews, and the Solenodon
• Fat - The blue whale has the thickest layer of blubber, but ringed seal pups have
the greatest percentage of fat (about 50 %).

 Reptiles
Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia, are air-breathing, generally "cold-
blooded" (poikilothermic) amniotes that generally have skin covered in scales or
scutes. They are tetrapods (having or having descended from vertebrates with four
limbs) and lay amniote eggs, whose embryos are surrounded by the amnion
membrane. Modern reptiles inhabit every continent with the exception of Antarctica,
and four living orders are currently recognized:

• Crocodilia (crocodiles, gavials, caimans, and alligators): 23 species

• Sphenodontia (tuatara from New Zealand): 2 species
 • Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenids ["worm-lizards"]): approximately
7,900 species
• Testudines (turtles and tortoises): approximately 300 species

The majority of reptile species are oviparous (egg-laying) although certain species of
squamates are capable of giving live birth. This is achieved, either through ovoviviparity
(egg retention), or viviparity (offspring born without use of calcified eggs). Many of the
viviparous species feed their fetuses through various forms of placenta analogous to those
of mammals with some providing initial care for their hatchlings. Extant reptiles range in
size from a tiny gecko, Sphaerodactylus ariasae, that grows to only 1.6 cm (0.6 in), to the
saltwater crocodile that may reach 6 m in length and weigh over 1,000 kg. The science
dealing with reptiles is called herpetology.

 Cat Family
Members of the cat family are quite easy to identify. They differ widely in size,
color, and markings, but all look "catlike." They have long, rather slender but powerfully
built bodies.

The head seems quite large and the legs short when compared with the body size. All
parts of the body fit together smoothly to give overall balance and structural smoothness.

Some animals called cats are not. The polecat is a member of the weasel family, and in
the United States the name polecat is also used for the skunk. The bashful cat of Asia is
really a loris--one of the primates. The tiger cat of Australia is a marsupial, and its proper
name is dasyure.

Although the members of the cat family are reasonably easy to identify by outward
appearance, they share much more than this apparent likeness. They may live in vastly
different surroundings: open grassy plains, dense jungles, thick swamplands, or dry
deserts. Most seem to like warm climates, but some live in the Far North and others in the
severe cold of Central Asia. Wherever they are found, however, they have basic
characteristics in common that mark them as cats.

All cats move in the same way. They walk on the tips of their toes, not on the soles of
their feet as do humans and many other kinds of animals. At a medium speed they trot,
much as a horse does. But when they are trying to hunt down prey or escape a human
hunter, they really want speed, and so they move in great, bounding leaps that cover
ground rapidly. The cheetah is the fastest of all land mammals and has been clocked at
speeds of up to 70 miles per hour. But all cats, even the domestic cat, are capable of very
rapid acceleration from a standing start.

All cats can swim, and many are excellent fishermen. The ancient Egyptians used cats not
only as hunters of mice but as catchers of fish as well. Some cats can and do swim for
pleasure, and some--especially the tiger--can swim for long distances. Many cats,
however, avoid water and will take to it only as a last resort when there is no other means
of escape from a threatening enemy.

All cats except the tiger and cheetah can climb. Lions climb poorly, but they often like to
climb out on the low limbs of trees to stretch out with feet dangling. On this perch they
can sun themselves, catnap, and survey a small part of their territory. All cats have
extremely acute and accurate vision, and their senses of hearing and smell are
exceptionally keen.

Members of the cat family, including the domestic cat, are among the most highly
specialized of all the meat-eating animals for hunting game. Cats are solitary animals and
usually hunt alone. A notable exception is the lion, which lives in a group called a pride
and may cooperate with others while hunting. A cat pursues its game with noiseless
stealth, moving across the ground on padded feet that make no sound. It is a superb
stalker and can wait absolutely motionless for long periods until the moment comes to
strike. When that moment comes, it gathers all its forces for the spring to attack. These
forces are, of course, its muscles, which have enormous power and bulk in proportion to
the animal's size. They are attached to the skeleton, in which each bone is adjusted to
others in such a way that they form an extraordinary system of springs and levers that can
propel the body in the final spring. At the attack, the claws--which are sharper and more
strongly curved than those of any other mammal--are unsheathed, and the great canines
and scissorslike carnassials are bared. In the face of the swiftness, fury, and power of
such an attack, the surprised prey has little chance for escape or for survival. Every cat
works in this same way, whether it is a domestic cat attacking a mouse or a wild cat
attacking a deer.

The furs of cats have long been prized for their beauty and warmth. Coats may be striped,
spotted, barred, or solid. Many solid-color cats may be born with markings that fade as
they mature. Extensive hunting of exotic striped and spotted cats has caused them to
become rare. In recent years laws to protect them from extinction have been enacted.

The illustrations in this article give much information about wild cats. The drawings,
done especially for Compton's Encyclopedia, show all the known wild cats except Felis
minuta, an extremely rare cat of the Philippines, which few persons have seen.

The illustrations also exclude the great cats--lion, tiger, leopard, and jaguar. For
information about these cats, see the entries for lion, tiger, leopard, and jaguar. The
section "The Cat in Literature" at the end of this article lists many fine books of fact and
fiction about cats.
TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

DI SUSUN OLEH :

Nama : Fara Anggarani

Kelas : XI IA 4