GUSTAVSSON, Orthogonal-Polarization Multi-Pulse Sequences

Radio Science, Volume ???
, Number , Pages 113,

Orthogonal-polarization multi-pulse sequences
T. Grydeland
1,3
and B. Gustavsson,
2,4
It is well known that using orthogonal polarizations for sub-pulses in multi-pulse
sequences can be used to reduce clutter contributions in these modes. In this paper we
show that further improvements are achieved if the orthogonality is taken into account
already when constructing the codes. Using orthogonal polarizations one can use denser
transmission patterns, including elementary pulses without gaps between them, patterns
that have severe range ambiguities when only a single polarization is used. Furthermore,
correlations are computed separately for each combination of elementary pulse
polarizations. Consequently, it is possible to have longer multi-pulse sequences without
gaps in the lag sequence; it is possible to compute the odd lags as well as the even ones;
and it is permissible to have some lags multiply obtained without range ambiguity. This
means that using orthogonal polarizations when creating the multi-pulse transmission
pattern gives exibility well beyond the single-polarization case. This exibility can be
used to design patterns suited to particular experimental requirements. Furthermore, we
point out that the improvement in clutter might have a more dramatic impact than is
generally realized, particularly in high SNR situations where the improvement in speed is
up to a factor of 4. Examples are given of single- and multiple-frequency patterns that are
not usable if only one polarization is available. Although all IS radars in use today, except
Jicamarca, lack orthogonal polarization capabilities, designers of the next generation of
radars might nd the improvements described herein to be of interest.
1. Background and Introduction
The incoherent scatter technique has been suc-
cessfully used to study the Earths ionosphere for
almost 50 years, and has demonstrated its useful-
ness under widely varying conditions. As the tech-
nique has been applied to more demanding condi-
tions, huge advances in instrumentation and tech-
niques has improved the precision of the measure-
ments and the speed at which they can be made by
orders of magnitude. This has been achieved by inge-
nious manipulation of the radar pulses transmitted,
either by using multi-pulse sequences, dened below,
[Farley, 1972; Turunen and Silen, 1984], frequency
modulation [Sulzer, 1986] or phase coding [Lehtinen
and H aggstr om, 1987]. In Gustavsson and Gryde-
land [2009], from which parts of this introduction
have been adapted, it was shown that using orthogo-
1
Northern Research Institute, Troms, Norway.
2
Dept. of Physics, University of Southampton,
Southampton, United Kingdom
3
Previously at Dept. of Physics and Technology,
University of Troms, Troms, Norway
4
Previously at Dept. of Communications System,
Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union.
0048-6604/10/$11.00
1
2 GRYDELAND AND GUSTAVSSON: ORTHOGONAL-POLARIZATION MULTI-PULSES
nal polarizations in alternating codes allows the use
of shorter alternating codesets in addition to a re-
duction in self-clutter, which leads to improved mea-
surement statistics.
In this paper we show that transmission of orthog-
onal sub-pulses can also be utilized in multi-pulse
sequences, and that this makes it possible to obtain
a larger number of lag estimates; to have multiply
available lag estimates; and also to achieve improved
speed of the modulation through a reduction in the
variance of the auto-correlation function (ACF) esti-
mates.
In most cases, the experimenter is interested in the
physics embodied in the thermal or excited uctua-
tion spectrum of the ionospheric plasma, and then
the spectral properties of the scattered signal must
be measured. This is usually done by admitting a
band-limited signal into the radar receiver, and then
estimating its spectrum by one of a multitude of tech-
niques, depending on the operating parameters of the
radar and the properties of the plasma under obser-
vation.
When the correlation time of the plasma is short
enough that no correlations will remain between in-
dependently transmitted and received pulses, the
spectrum must be estimated from the scattering from
every transmitted pulse or pulse group. This is com-
monly done by estimating the spectrum by way of
the signals auto-correlation function whose Fourier
transform is an estimate of the scattered power spec-
tral density, or power spectrum [e.g. Peebles, 1993].
For the scattered spectrum to be accurately mea-
sured, the pulse must be longer than 1.5 to 3.5 times
the correlation time of the plasma, depending on con-
ditions, [Vallinkoski, 1988]. At the same time, the
pulse must be short enough that it does not average
over volumes with too dierent physical parameters
(e.g. it must be shorter than a typical ionospheric
scale height), and it must also be short enough that
it can be transmitted before the rst signal of in-
terest begins to arrive at the receiver. When these
requirements can all be met simultaneously, a long,
uncoded pulse can be used [e.g. Farley, 1969].
In many interesting situations, however, these re-
quirements cannot be satised simultaneously, and
some sort of sub-pulse technique is necessary. The
simplest of these, and the easiest to understand, is
the double-pulse technique [Farley, 1969]. To esti-
mate the ACF from range h at lag with a range res-
olution of h, two pulses, each of length t = 2h/c
are transmitted with an interval of between the
start of the two pulses. The receiver is then opened,
and (complex baseband) samples v
0
and v
1
are taken
at times 2h/c and 2h/c + . The experiment is re-
GRYDELAND AND GUSTAVSSON: ORTHOGONAL-POLARIZATION MULTI-PULSES 3
peated a number of times, and the quantity v
0
v
1
,
where signies average and v
is the complex con-

jugate of v, is our estimate of the desired correla-
tion at this lag. The setup is illustrated in gure 1.
In this gure, range increases along the vertical axis
and time along the horizontal axis. This type of dia-
gram is called a range-time diagram, or a Farley dia-
gram. The diagonal lines rising with increasing time
(to the right) indicate how the bauds of the trans-
mitted pulse propagate outward with time, while the
diagonals which descend with increasing time indi-
cate what regions of range and time could potentially
inuence a measurement taken at a particular time,
i.e., the time when these lines reach the horizontal
axis.
Every sample contains scattered signal from both
elementary pulses, but the signal contributions from
the non-overlapping regions in the gure do not cor-
relate, and will instead contribute to an increased
noise oor in the measurement. This non-correlating
signal we call self-clutter. Even in the absence of
noise the variance of an auto-correlation functions
estimate is greater than the expected value for sin-
gle measurements. The variance for correlated prod-
ucts is reduced to tolerable levels through incoherent
integration, usually over a few hundred to several
thousand realizations (radar pulses). In practice, a
number of samples are taken to cover all ranges of in-
terest with every pulse, while the spacing is varied
to obtain a suciently densely sampled ACF such
that the scattered spectrum can be estimated.
A variation of the double-pulse technique of partic-
ular interest to the present study, currently possible
to use with the Jicamarca IS radar, is to transmit
the two elementary pulses with orthogonal polariza-
tions, and to sample both polarizations simultane-
ously in independent receivers. In this case, every
polarized sample contains signal from only the trans-
mitted pulse with that polarization [Farley, 1969],
and the variance of the lagged product is reduced by
as much as a factor of four, as explained below. A
requirement for this technique to work is that the or-
thogonality is preserved during the entire round-trip
from transmitter to scatterer to receiver. For this to
be full-lled for propagation through a magnetized
plasma the magneto-ionic eigenmodes, i.e. circular
polarization, can be used.
By using several short pulses with nonredundant
spacing (i.e., the spacing between any pair of short
pulses in the sequence appears only once, that is the
pulse sequence is equivalent to a Golomb ruler [e.g.
Sidon, 1932; Babcock, 1953] ) it is possible to measure
several lags with every set of pulses [Farley, 1972; Tu-
runen and Silen, 1984]. This dramatically reduces
the time necessary to obtain the spectral measure-
ment, at the price of an increase in self-clutter. For
a multi-pulse sequence with M short pulses one ob-
tains M(M1)/2 lagged products with a variance
proportional to M
2
.
A multi-pulse sequence can only have a single es-
timate of each lag at every range, and for M > 4
there will always be lags that are missing in the
lag sequence. Thus the longest multi-pulse sequence
giving even/regular spacing between lag estimates is
obtained e.g. with a four-pulse sequence with sub-
pulse transmitted at 0,2,8,12 giving lag estimates
for 2,4,6,8,10 and 12 . One possible improvement,
if the transmitter has sucient delity, is to make
a multi-pulse code by interleaving several multi-
pulse patterns at dierent frequencies. The EISCAT
radars were designed to have such capability from the
outset, and used this approach for many years [Tu-
runen and Silen, 1984]. While this approach keeps
the transmitter fully occupied, it is only possible to
form correlations between the signal from the ele-
mentary pulses at a single frequency.
Provided the requirement of nonredundant spac-
ing is met the estimates of the auto-correlation func-
tion are easily obtained from products between sam-
ples with corresponding lag time. As an example, we
look at the lagged product formed between samples
v
0
and v
2
shown in left panel of gure 2:
(v
0
)(v
2
)
= (S
h
+S
h2
+S
h8
)
(S
h+2
+S
h
+S
h6
)
. (1)
where S
h
is the signal from the volume centered at
range h, S
is the back-scatter at the appropriately

delayed time, and denotes complex conjugate as
explained previously. When the range indices in a
lagged product diers by two or more, the volumes
are disjoint, which means that the signals are uncor-
related,
S
i
S
j
_
= 0 when |i j| 2, (2)
so the product (1) averages to
v
0
v
2
=S
h
S
h
. (3)
When a multi-pulse sequence with redundant spac-
ing is transmitted, the complex conjugate products
will have correlated contributions from a range of
altitudes Lehtinen and Huuskonen [1996]. The ex-
pected value of the complex conjugate product be-
tween the samples v
0
and v
2
from the multi-pulse
sequence shown in the right panel of gure 2 becomes
v
0
v
2
=S
h
S
h
+
S
h
S
h1
_
+
S
h2
S
h1
_
+
S
h7
S
h6
_
(4)
Here, the lagged product v
0
v
2
has contributions
from three separate altitude regions, and other
lagged products will be aected similarly. This is
undesirable.
After K pulses of a multi-pulse sequence with non-
redundant spacing the desired estimate,

R, of the
auto-correlation function for a time lag of 2 is
R(2) =
1
K
K
i
v
0
v
2
= S. (5)
where S is the back-scattered power and is the
correlation. The variance of

R(2) is, by denition:
Var(
R) =E(|
R|
2
) |E(
R)|
2
=
1
K
2
_
K
i
v
i
v
i
K
j
v
j
v
j
_
S
2
2
(6)
where E(X) denotes the expected value of the ran-
dom variable X. The rst term can be rewritten as
1
K
2
_
K
i
v
i
v
i
K
j
v
j
v
j
_
=
1
K
K
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
+
K 1
K
K
i,j
v
i
v
i
v
j
v
j
_
i=j
(7)
These two terms can be expanded with help of the
fourth moment expansion [Reed, 1962] to
v
i
v
i
v
i
v
i
=
S
..
v
i
v
i

S
..
v
i
v
i
+
PS
..
v
i
v
i

PS
..
v
i
v
i
+
0
..
v
i
v
0
..
v
i
v
i
(8)
and
v
i
v
i
v
j
v
j
_
=
S
..
v
i
v
i

S
..
j
v
j
_
+
0
..
v
i
v
j
_
0
..
i
v
j
_
+
0
..
v
i
v
j
_
0
..
i
v
j
_
(9)
where P is the number of sub-pulses transmitted in a
pulse, with P = 4 in this example. Thus the variance
of the ACF estimate becomes:
Var(
R) =
P
2
S
2
K
(10)
Here and in the following we have assumed that back-
scattered power is equal over the range of the pulse-
length, this simplies the algebra but does not eect
the general validity of the results.
2. Multi-Pulse with Orthogonal Polarization
= MPOP
When using orthogonal polarizations for a multi-
pulse sequence, the sub-pulses are transmitted on
one or the other polarization, and both polarizations
are received simultaneously and independently, as for
the polarized double-pulse experiment. We proceed
as if circular polarizations are used, and label one
L, the other R. The requirement that the pulse se-
quence intervals be nonreduntant now applies sepa-
rately to each combination of polarizations, e.g. for
the four cases L-R (rst sample L, second sample
R), L-L, R-L and R-R. This leads to improvements
over single-polarization multi-pulse sequences in ve
dierent ways:
1. Sequences can be denser, i.e. a higher portion of
the total transmission time can be spent transmitting
on one frequency.
2. All lags can be included in the sequence, not
just even lags.
3. Longer sequences can be created without gaps
in the lag sequence.
4. Lags can appear in several polarization combi-
nations.
5. Variances are reduced by up to a factor of four
over the single-polarization case in the high SNR
limit.
(The last of these improvements is well known
for the double-pulse case [Farley, 1972], but it was
explicitly ruled out for the multiple-pulse case. It
was, however, hinted at in an unpublished textbook
manuscript by Hagfors and Farley titled Berndraft,
August 1999, in Chapter 6, Measurement Tech-
niques). We will address each of these improvements
in turn, using a polarized version of the ambiguous
sequence shown in the right panel of gure 2. This
5-pulse sequence is shown in gure3. Using a pe-
riod character to indicate an interval where neither
polarization is transmitted, the complete transmit-
ted sequence is R.RL...LR for a complete length of
9 units of time. We label the samples l
i
and r
i
, for
measurements in polarizations L and R, respectively,
and the lagged product between samples r
0
and r
2
now becomes
(r
0
)(r
2
)
= (S
h
+S
h2
+S
h8
)
(S
h+2
+S
h
+S
h6
)
(11)
with the desired expected value:
r
0
r
2
= S
h
S
h
. (12)
In addition, the orthogonality makes it possible to
obtain ACF estimates for a lag of 1. In our example
pulse scheme, the lagged product between samples r
8
and l
7
is
(l
7
)(r
8
)
= (S
h
+S
h+4
)
(S
h
+S
h+6
+S
h+8
)
, (13)
with an expected value
l
7
r
8
=
(S
h
+S
h+4
)(S
h
+S
h+6
+S
h+8
)
_
= S
h
S
h
, (14)
A second estimate of the ACF for lag one is obtained
from samples r
2
and l
3
with clutter contributions
from h 4 (L-mode) and h +2 and h 6 (R-mode).
The L-L lagged product (between the two samples l
3
and l
7
) gives an ACF estimate of lag 4, the L-R lag
products give ACF estimates for lags 1, 3, 5, and 7,
the R-L lag products give estimates for lags 1 and 5,
and the R-R lag products give ACF estimates for lags
2, 6 and 8. The sequence is demonstrably denser than
any non-redundant multi-pulse sequence of the same
length, since the only 5-pulse sequence with single
polarization (say, R) of length 9 is R.R.R.R.R, which
is highly redundant, while the shortest nonredun-
dant single-polarization 4-pulse sequence is 13 bits
long (this proves point 1 above). All lags from 1 to
8 are covered in the MPOP sequence, while every
single-polarization 5-pulse sequence has gaps in its
lag sequence, and only gives even lags (this demon-
strates points 2 and 3 above). Lags 1 and 5 appears
both for L-R and R-L, without ambiguity. If parts
of the ACF are of particular importance, MPOP se-
quences can be selected with multiply-dened lags at
desirable points (this illustrates point 4 above). The
MPOP sequence giving the longest lled sequence of
lag products we have found (for sequences no longer
than 30 times the length of a unit pulse) is the 8-
pulse sequence of length 30 shown in gure 4 that
gives samples of all lags up to 19 , and in addition
lags for 24-29 .
Finally, using orthogonal polarizations, the self-
clutter is kept to a level corresponding to a multi-
pulse sequence of only half as many pulses. This
again reduces the variance of the ACF estimates, as
explained below.
For the polarized case the calculation of ACF esti-
mator variance is slightly more complicated than for
ordinary multi-pulse sequences. Let A
i
be samples of
process i with polarization a, likewise for B
i
. a and b
can be the same or orthogonal polarizations. In the
sequence there are P
a
elementary pulses with polar-
ization a, and P
b
with polarization b. For balanced
codes P
a
P
b
P/2, but this is not necessary for
the following.
The estimator for unnormalized ACF between
samples of polarization a and b:
R
ab
=
1
K
K
i
A
i
B
i
(15)
with expected value E(
R
ab
) = S, as before. We
also need
E(A
i
A
i
) = P
a
S (16)
and
E(|
R
ab
|
2
) =
1
K
2
K
i,j
E(A
i
B
i
A
j
B
j
)
=
1
K
K
i
E(A
i
B
i
A
i
B
i
) +
K 1
K
K
i,j
E(A
i
B
i
A
j
B
j
)
i=j
=
1
K
[
S
..
E(A
i
B
i
)
S
..
E(A
i
B
i
) +
PaS
..
E(A
i
A
i
)
P
b
S
..
E(B
i
B
i
) +
0
..
E(A
i
B
i
)
0
..
E(B
i
A
i
) ]
+
K 1
K
_
S
2
||
2
_
(17)
which gives us the variance
Var(
R
ab
) = E(|
R
ab
|
2
) |E(
R
ab
)|
2
=
P
a
P
b
S
2
K
. (18)
Here we see that when only one polarization is used
(a = b, and P
a
= P
b
= P) equation 18 is identical
to equation 10. When P
a
= P
b
= P/2 the variance
is reduced to 1/4 of the single polarization variance.
For the double-pulse experiment the variance for sin-
gle polarization is (a = b, P = 2)
Var(
R
2
) = 2
2
S
2
/K, (19)
while for the orthogonally polarized double pulse ex-
periment (a orthogonal to b; P
a
= 1, P
b
= 1)
Var(
R
2
) = 1
2
S
2
/K, (20)
which is a factor of 4 smaller than the single polar-
ized code. This relation holds for all pulse lengths,
provided that the number of elementary pulses in
either polarization is equal. When there is noise
(N) in the measurements (that is uncorrelated to
the back-scattered signal) the expression for the vari-
ance, equation 18, is modied to
Var(
R
ab
) = E(|
R
ab
|
2
) |E(
R
ab
)|
2
=
(P
a
P
b
S +N)
2
K
(21)
and the ratio of improvement is reduced. As for
single-polarization multi-pulse codes the correlation
between dierent lag-estimates should be low [Hu-
uskonen and Lehtinen, 1996], most likely even lower
since the number of pulses in each polarization will
be fewer.
3. Figure of Merit
To properly compare the eciency of dierent cod-
ing schemes both the number of ACF estimates and
their variances from one transmitted pulse should be
taken into account. This we do by applying a gure
of merit number for IS-radar codes:
FOM =
f
K
f
(S +C
f
+N)
2
(22)
where K
f
is the number of ACF samples obtainable
from a given modulation, that is K
f
= M
f
(M
f

1)/2, where M
f
is the number of sub-pulses trans-
mitted at frequency f. For an alternating code [e.g.
Lehtinen and H aggstr om, 1987] where all bauds are
transmitted at the same frequency, M
f
is the same
as the number of bauds; while for codes comprising
multi-pulse sequences interlaced at several frequen-
cies the summation is to be taken over the number of
pulses transmitted at each frequency. For a single po-
larization code the clutter term, C
f
is approximately
S(M
f
1), and for a code using two orthogonal po-
larizations C
f
S(M
f
/2 1) - if there is an equal
number of sub-pulses transmitted in each polariza-
tion. Thus, the eciency of dierent coding schemes
can be compared.
The number of lag estimates that can be obtained
from a code with four interlaced four-pulse sequences
is equal to 4 4 (4 1)/2 = 24 ACF samples,
and a hypothetical code with two interlaced 8-pulse
sequences would give 2 8 (8 1)/2 = 56 ACF
samples.
The number of MPOP sequences for a given num-
ber of sub-pulses (or length, l(MPOP)), is bigger
than the corresponding number of ordinary multi-
pulse sequences, as shown in table 1. In table 1 there
are three facts that warrant mentioning: l(MPOP)
is far shorter than l(MP) with the l(MPOP)/l(MP)
decreasing with increasing number of sub-pulses at
least for N < 10. For N > 4, l(MP) > N(N1) with
l(MP) N(N 1) growing, i.e. an increasing num-
ber of lags are missing for increasing length of ordi-
nary MP sequences. On the other hand l(MPOP) <
N(N 1)/2, at least for N < 10, with the conse-
quence that the shortest MPOP sequences, for each
number of sub-pulses N, will produce a larger num-
ber of lag samples than the length of the sequence
- which will produce multiple ACF estimates of at
least some lags, and possibly give a full coverage of
all lags between 1 and l(MPOP). This gives the
experimenter a larger degree of freedom to design
MPOP-sequences with tailored distribution of the
ACF samples. In gures 5 and 6 are shown two
examples of MPOP-codes with three interlaced or-
thogonally polarized multi-pulse sequences with 6,
6, and 4 sub-pulses transmitted at three frequencies.
The two codes have dierent lag distribution of the
ACF samples. For example the MPOP code in g-
ure 5, in addition to a large number of samples of
short lags, also gives a sample of the 0-lag, or power
prole, while the MPOP-code shown in gure 6 has
a large number of samples for lags of 3 to 5- which
could potentially be better in some situations.
These modulations with two 6-pulse sequences and
one 4-pulse sequence give a total of 36 ACF samples,
as well as a power prole in one of the examples.
By comparison, a 16-bit alternating code gives 120
ACF samples, albeit with higher variances and cycle
length constraints.
As can be seen in gure 7, the (6,6,4)-pulse
code is better than an ordinary 16-bit alternating
code for signal-to-noise ratios above 0.08, and better
than a 16-bit orthogonally polarized alternating code
for signal-to-noise ratios above approximately 0.33.
Note also that orthogonal-polarization modulations
are superior to their single-polarization counterparts
in all cases.
4. Summary and discussion
In this paper we have presented an improved
principle of coding multi-pulse codes for incoher-
ent scatter use, utilizing orthogonal polarization for
the sub-pulses. This principle can be employed un-
der the same conditions as for the well-known dual-
polarization double-pulse experiment, that is, when-
ever polarization of the signal is preserved during the
entire round-trip from transmitter to scatterer to re-
ceiver. For a monostatic conguration and typical
incoherent scatter frequencies, this is a reasonable
approximation, but it might be less ideal in other
congurations.
To use this principle, a radar must have a trans-
mitter capable of switching from one polarization to
the other with minimal delay. A large aperture array
radar (LAAR) with separately controlled linear po-
larizations at every crossed dipole in the array will be
capable of switching from one circular polarization to
the other by simply reversing the phase of one of the
linear polarizations. The planned EISCAT 3D ar-
ray [Johansson et al., 2010] will have this capability.
A transmit receive antenna designed for one circu-
lar polarization can achieve separation between the
transmit and receive side using techniques not avail-
able for a dual-polarization system. The increased
complexity (and power rating) means an increase in
system noise [Wannberg private communication]. At
VHF frequencies and below the increase is moder-
ate but at higher frequencies or higher power levels
the increase can become signicant. Another possi-
bility, used in the Jicamarca radar, is to have two
separate transmitters, one at each polarization. In
this case, the total transmitter power is divided be-
tween the two polarizations, and the signal to noise
level is reduced accordingly. The cost involved is
a marginal increase in transmitter complexity for a
LAAR or phased-array radar, but such a capability
might be very hard to implement on other types of
radars. For the receiver, the antenna must be sen-
sitive to both polarizations, while separate and in-
dependent receivers must be used to receive the two
polarizations simultaneously. Compared to a system
designed to work at a single polarization, this can
reasonably be expected to cost about twice as much
and produce twice as much data. Given that the im-
provement in experiment speed can be as high as a
factor of four, this appears to be a cost-eective way
of increasing the capabilities of systems, both during
design and (in some cases) as an added capability.
Compared to the alternating code case [Gustavs-
son and Grydeland, 2009], the changes wrought
by introducing orthogonal polarizations in multi-
pulse modulations are more diverse, and more sub-
tle. Codes can be made denser, and lags can be
formed and combined in ways not possible using a
single polarization. This makes it possible to ob-
tain larger number of ACF estimates, both for odd
and even lags, than what is achievable with a single-
polarization multi-pulse sequence. Further, the self-
clutter is kept at the same level as single polariza-
tion multi-pulse sequences with half the number of
pulses. The combined eect of the self-clutter reduc-
tion and the more rapid collection of ACF samples
means that statistics can be collected at more than
four times the rate possible using only a single po-
larization. The multi-pulse orthogonal polarization
coding can be combined with other coding schemes,
e.g. sub-coding of bauds with Barker codes. Com-
pared to alternating codes, multi-pulse sequences has
the benet that the scattering from every pulse is
ambiguity-free, which can be of prime importance
when making observations of strongly scattering phe-
nomena with rapidly developing dynamics.
Acknowledgments. The authors thank the referees
and the topical editor for their helpful comments.
References
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polarization alternating codes, Radio Sci., 2009, sub-
mitted, MS number: 2008RS004132.
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T. Grydeland, Northern Research Instute (Norut
AS), P.O. Box 6434, NO-9294 Troms, Norway,
(tom.grydeland@norut.no)
B. Gustavsson, Space Environment Physics Group,
School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southamp-
ton, Higheld, Southampton, Hampshire, SO17 1BJ, UK
(bjorn.gustavsson@irf.se)
(Received .)
Figure 1. Range-time, or Farley, diagram showing a
double pulse, and a pair of samples giving one estimate
of the ACF from range h together with self-clutter con-
tributions from regions above and below the desired alti-
tude.
Figure 2. Range-time diagrams of a non-redundant ordinary multi-pulse sequence in the left
panel, showing the contributions to the samples v0 and v2 forming the rst lagged product. A
multi-pulse sequence with redundant spacing is shown in the right panel, where the lag samples
will have severe range ambiguities.
Figure 3. Range-time diagrams showing the contributions to the samples r0 and r2 (left panel)
and l7 and r8 (right panel) used to calculate the lagged product for estimating the ACF for = 2
and = 1, respectively, in an orthogonal polarization multi-pulse sequence with matched (integer)
sampling.
Figure 4. Transmission sequence for a 30-baud long 8-
sub-pulse sequence giving all lag product estimates from
1-19, and 24-29 .
Table 1. Comparison of pulse sequence lengths.
#sub- length #seqs
pulses MP MPOP MP MPOP MPOP sequence
1 1 1 1 1 L
2 3 2 1 1 LR
3 7 3 1 1 LRL
4 13 5 1 1 LR.RL
5 23 9 2 3 LRL..R..L
6 35 15 4 22 L...LR.....RL.L
7 51 19 5 2 LR.R..L...L......RL
8 69 27 1 6 LR....L..R...R.........RL.L
9 89 35 1 16? LR..L.....L........R.R....L......RL
Table 1. Lengths of the shortest ordinary and orthogonally
polarized multi-pulse sequences with 1 to 9 sub-pulses, with
one example from the shortest orthogonally polarized se-
quences.
Figure 5. The transmission sequence for one pulse with
three interlaced orthogonally polarized multi-pulse se-
quences. One of the two sequences with 6 sub-pulses is
balanced in that the same number of bits is transmitted in
each polarization, while the other transmits 4 sub-pulses
in one polarization and 2 in the other. Worth to note is
that the unbalanced 4 sub-pulse sequence in addition to
the lag samples also contribute to a power prole.
Figure 6. Another transmission sequence for one pulse
with three interlaced orthogonally polarized multi-pulse
sequences. Here the ACF samples will be clustered
around lags 3 to 5 .
Figure 7. Comparison of gure of merit, code-eciency
for an ordinary 16 bit alternating code, a 16-bit OPAC
code [Gustavsson and Grydeland, 2009], and two MPOP
codes, one with two interlaced 8-pulse sequences and one
with three interlaced sequences with 6,6, and 4 pulses;
and one ordinary multi-pulse code with four 4-pulse se-
quences.
h
t 2h/c 2h/c+
Time
Range
Figure 1. Range-time, or Farley, diagram showing a
double pulse, and a pair of samples giving one estimate
of the ACF from range h together with self-clutter con-
tributions from regions above and below the desired alti-
tude.
R R R
r
0
l
0
r
1
l
1
r
2
l
2
r
3
l
3
r
4
l
4
r
5
l
5
r
6
l
6
r
7
l
7
r
8
l
8
time (d)
r
a
n
g
e

(
c
0
d
/
2
)
r
2
r
0 R R R R R
r
0
l
0
r
1
l
1
r
2
l
2
r
3
l
3
r
4
l
4
r
5
l
5
r
6
l
6
r
7
l
7
r
8
l
8
time (d)
r
0
r
2
Figure 2. Range-time diagrams of a non-redundant or-
dinary multi-pulse sequence in the left panel, showing the
contributions to the samples v0 and v2 forming the rst
lagged product. A multi-pulse sequence with redundant
spacing is shown in the right panel, where the lag samples
will have severe range ambiguities.
R R L L R
r
0
l
0
r
1
l
1
r
2
l
2
r
3
l
3
r
4
l
4
r
5
l
5
r
6
l
6
r
7
l
7
r
8
l
8
time (d)
r
a
n
g
e

(
c
0
d
/
2
)
r
0
r
2 R R L L R
r
0
l
0
r
1
l
1
r
2
l
2
r
3
l
3
r
4
l
4
r
5
l
5
r
6
l
6
r
7
l
7
r
8
l
8
time (d) l
7
r
8
Figure 3. Range-time diagrams showing the contribu-
tions to the samples r0 and r2 (left panel) and l7 and
r8 (right panel) used to calculate the lagged product for
estimating the ACF for = 2 and = 1, respectively,
in an orthogonal polarization multi-pulse sequence with
matched (integer) sampling.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
R
L
time ()
P
o
l
a
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Figure 4. Transmission sequence for a 30-baud long 8-
sub-pulse sequence giving all lag product estimates from
1-19, and 24-29 .
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
f2
f1
f0
Time ()
Transmission scheme
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
n
r

o
f

s
a
m
p
l
e
s
Distribution of ACF samples
Figure 5. The transmission sequence for one pulse with
three interlaced orthogonally polarized multi-pulse se-
quences. One of the two sequences with 6 sub-pulses is
balanced in that the same number of bits is transmitted in
each polarization, while the other transmits 4 sub-pulses
in one polarization and 2 in the other. Worth to note is
that the unbalanced 4 sub-pulse sequence in addition to
the lag samples also contribute to a power prole.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
f2
f1
f0
Time ()
Transmission scheme
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
n
r

o
f

s
a
m
p
l
e
s
Distribution of ACF samples
Figure 6. Another transmission sequence for one pulse
with three interlaced orthogonally polarized multi-pulse
sequences. Here the ACF samples will be clustered
around lags 3 to 5 .
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
F
i
g
u
r
e

o
f

M
e
r
i
t

(
a
r
b
)

AC16
OPAC16
MP4,4,4,4
MPOP8,8
MPOP6,6,4
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
F
i
g
u
r
e

o
f

M
e
r
i
t

r
a
t
i
o
S/N

OPAC16/AC16
MPOP8,8/AC16
MPOP6,6,4/AC16
MP4,4,4,4/AC16
MPOP6,6,4/MP4,4,4,4
Figure 7. Comparison of gure of merit, code-eciency
for an ordinary 16 bit alternating code, a 16-bit OPAC
code [Gustavsson and Grydeland, 2009], and two MPOP
codes, one with two interlaced 8-pulse sequences and one
with three interlaced sequences with 6,6, and 4 pulses;
and one ordinary multi-pulse code with four 4-pulse se-
quences.

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