(2)
For an analog signal to be converted to a digital data, the
analog data should be periodic, or a function that repeats data
or values at regular intervals. If the combination of signals is
periodic, it would result to a Fourier series with discrete
frequencies. If it is a non-periodic function, however, the
resulting series would just be with continuous frequencies [1].
For composite analog signals to be periodic, discrete
frequency signals should have digital signals.
For discussion sake, consider the example of Cristian
Calude in his Modern Data Communications: Analog and
Digital Signals, Compression, Data Integrity. Given a specific
function, the Fourier series of that resulted to
()
()
(3)
for all i that is odd numbers. Comparing it to (1), the general
values of its amplitude, frequency, and phase is as follows:
(4)
(5)
(6)
The sum of its sine function can be seen as
()
(7)
In (7), the signal has amplitudes of
And frequencies of f, 3f, 5f, 7f, 9f, 11f, Next, Calude
graphed each term of (7) one by one using Mathlab to show
how Fourier series is transforming the analog signal into a
digital signal. In Fig. 7 shows the graph of the first term in (7),
Fig. 8 shows the graph of the first term plus the second term,
Fig. 9 shows the graph of the sum of the first five terms in (7),
and lastly, Fig. 10 shows the graph of the sum of the sine
functions of the first nineteenth terms. [6]
Fig. 7. Signal of the first term of the Fourier series in (7).
Fig. 8. Signal of the sum of the 1
st
and 2
nd
terms of the Fourier series in (7).
Fig. 9. Signal of the sum of the 1
st
, 2
nd
, 3
rd
, 4
th
, and 5
th
terms of the Fourier
series in (7).
Fig. 10. Signal of the sum of the 1
st
to 19
th
terms of the Fourier series in (7).
The distortions or the noise is what we call the Gibbs
phenomenon. These are the discontinuities seen in the signal.
But, it can be inferred that the higher the frequency or as the
frequency approaches to infinity, the signal become more and
more of a square wave or a digital signal and the noise
oscillation will might as well disappear.
Technically, digital signal is the Fourier transform of the
combination of many sine signals or composite analog signals
as seen in the analysis [1]. By adding the sine signals with
different amplitudes, frequencies, and phases, a square signal
can be constructed [5]. Enclosing it, the analog signal is now
converted into a digital signal. This process is called
demodulation, or the conversion of analog signals to digital
signals.
On the whole, this is what is happening inside the modem.
With the help of Fourier analysis, it converts the digital data
from the computer to an analog data for telephone lines and
from analog to digital.
V. CONCLUSION
Data transmission is a type of communication that occurs
in everyday situations. Individuals use this to conveniently
transmit data to one another through the use of e-mails, text
messaging, messengers, and many other forms of media. The
true form of data transmission, however, can only be seen in
the signals that are emitted, allowing a communication
between computers to happen.
Demodulation is a type of data transmission that converts
analog signals to digital signals. This is done through the use
of Fourier Series wherein sinusoidal waves are converted to
square waves. The amplitude, frequency and phase shift of the
functions in a sine wave, or the analog signal, are then added
together in order to form a square wave, which is also known
as the digital signal. This occurs when the phone line, which
carries an analog signal, transmit data to the internet modem,
and thus converts the signal to digital. The computer will then
be able to accept and process the digital data, thus ending the
digital communication process. Once data is sent again,
modulation, or the process of converting digital to analog
signals through a modem, will occur until it reaches the
second modem where demodulation will then take place.
In effect, modems help in making computer-to-computer
communications more convenient for computer users who use
the internet to send information to other individuals. Also,
modems allow data transmission to work effectively by
converting signals to those that can be read, accepted and
compatible with electronics and phone lines alike. This then
enables faster communication as hindrances such as different
signals are then solved and explained with the use of Fourier
Series.
REFERENCES
[1] B. Forouzan. (2007). Data Communications and Networking.
(4
th
edition). [Online]. Available:
http://iit.qau.edu.pk/books/Data%20Communications%20and%2
0Networking%20By%20Behrouz%20A.Forouzan.pdf [May 19,
2014].
[2] W. Stallings. Data Communications and Networking: Data
Transmission. (8
th
edition). [Online]. [May 19, 2014]. Available:
<http://memberfiles.freewebs.com/00/88/103568800/documents
/Data.And.Computer.Communications.8e.WilliamStallings.pdf>
[3] Circuits Today. Modulation. Internet:
http://www.circuitstoday.com/modulation, 2011, [May 20,
2014].
[4] S. Copley. Networking Hardware on IGCSE ICT. Internet:
http://www.igcseict.info/theory/4/hware/, [May 19, 2014].
[5] S. Copley. Analog and Digital Data on IGCSE ICT. Internet:
http://www.igcseict.info/theory/5/anadig/index.html, [May 20,
2014].
[6] C. Calude. Modern Data Communications:Analog and Digital
Signals, Compression, Data Integrity. [Online]. Available:
https://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~cristian/Compsci314/ADCompr
ession.pdf [May 19, 2014].
[7] M. Brain. How Modem Works. Internet:
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/modem1.htm, 1998-2014,
[May 20, 2014].
[8] E. Kryszig. Fourier series, integrals, and transforms, in
Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 8
th
ed.. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002, pp. 529-534.