S.

CAD/CAM (April/May-2012, Set-1) JNTU-Anantapur

Code No: 9A03602/R09
III B.Tech. II Semester Regular Examinations

April/May - 2012

Set-1
Solutions

CAD/CAM
( Mechanical Engineering )

Time: 3 Hours

Max. Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
---

1.

What is product cycle? Explain it with reference to a CAD/CAM application. (Unit-I, Topic No. 1.2)

2.

What are the various co-ordinate systems used in computer graphics? Explain their significance.

(Unit-II, Topic No. 2.1)

3.

Explain various curve representation methods used for geometric modeling. (Unit-III, Topic No. 3.2)

4.

What are NC elements? Explain the features of NC machining center. (Unit-IV, Topic No. 4.1)

5.

What is FMS? Discuss various components of FMS in detail. (Unit-VI, Topic No. 6.1)

6.

What do you understand by MRP-I? Explain. (Unit-VII, Topic No. 7.2)

7.

What is a part family? Explain various methods of part family formation. (Unit-V, Topic No. 5.1)

8.

What is quality control? Explain various contact inspection methods. (Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.1)

B.Tech. III-Year II-Sem.

( JNTU-Anantapur )

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

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SOLUTIONS TO APRIL/MAY-2012, SET-1, QP

Q1.

What is product cycle? Explain it with

reference to a CAD/CAM application.
April/May-12, Set-1, Q1

Answer :

For answer refer Unit-I, Q7.

Q2.

What are the various co-ordinate systems

used in computer graphics? Explain their
significance.

April/May-12, Set-1, Q2

Answer :
Co-ordinate Systems

The co-ordinate systems used in computer graphics

are as follows,
(i)

World Co-ordinate System (WCS)

(ii)

User Co-ordinate System (UCS)

Figure: Isometric View

(iii) Screen Co-ordinate System (SCS).

(i)

World Co-ordinate System (WCS)

The WCS is the reference space of the model with

respect to which all the inputs of geometrical data is stored.
It is an actual coordinate systems used directly as a master
for the component. Thus, it is also called as model coordinate
system.
The WCS is used when there is a difficulty in
identifying the desired plane (face). As shown in figure, the
WCS is associated with three non-collinear points. The first
indicates the origin and second indicates X-axis. The third
point indicates the xy plane of WCS. The cross product of
two unit vectors i.e., first and second point (X-axis) and first
and third point determines the Z-axis.

x
Figure: Front View

y
Figure: Right Side View
Significance
It is an only coordinate system in which software
identifies the storing or retrieving geometrical data
information.
(ii)

User Co-ordinate System (UCS)

If the complex geometry is to be modelled with respect

to an auxiliary coordinate system instead of WCS. Then, it is
termed as user coordinate systems.

x
Figure: Top View

B.Tech. III-Year II-Sem.

As shown in figure, if x', y', z' is user coordinate system

used for modelling the slot. The other UCS also can be
defined depending upon the geometry. Thus, this alternate
coordinate system reduces the modelling complexity.

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CAD/CAM (April/May-2012, Set-1) JNTU-Anantapur

(iii) The row is fixed first and the column increases

within that row.

x
y
z'

y
x
y'
Figure (1)
Figure (2)
Coordinate Origin at the Upper Left Screen Corner
Some systems particularly personal computers orient
the Cartesian reference frame as shown in figure (2), with the
origin at the upper left corner. In addition, it is possible in
some graphics package to select a position such as center
of the screen for the coordinate origin. For convenience of
internal processing, the origin at the top left corner is
designated as follows,
(i)
In text mode, as there is no zeroth row or zeroth
column, the origin is (1, 1)
(ii)
In graphic mode, the left most top most pixel is
designated (0, 0).
The computer counts from left to right horizontally, it
counts from top to bottom vertically. The numbering system
differs between character graphics and pixel graphics.
(b)

z
y

x'

Figure: User Coordinate System

Significance
The user coordinate system are oftenly used since it
can be positioned at any position with the orientation of
axes as per the user needs.

Q3.

Explain various curve representation

methods used for geometric modeling.
April/May-12, Set-1, Q3

Answer :
(iii)

Screen Coordinate System (SCS)

Graphics packages require the coordinate parameters

to be specified with respect to Cartesian reference frames.
There are two different types of Cartesian screen reference
system with respect to its orientation. They are,
(a)

(a)

Coordinate origin at the upper left screen corner.

Q4.

Coordinate Origin at the Lower Left Screen Corner

The standard coordinate orientation is as shown in

figure (1), with the coordinate origin in the lower left corner
of the screen. It is most commonly used reference frame.
Raster scan starts from the bottom left corner of the screen,
sweeps horizontally across and steps from bottom to top
until it reaches the top left corner i.e.,
(i)

The origin is at the bottom left of the screen.

(ii)

The positive direction of the vertical axis will

points upwards.

B.Tech. III-Year II-Sem.

What are NC elements? Explain the features

of NC machining center.
April/May-12, Set-1, Q4

Answer :

For answer refer Unit-IV, Q1, Q17.

Coordinate origin at the lower left screen corner

(b)

For answer refer Unit-III, Q14.

Q5.

What is FMS? Discuss various components

of FMS in detail.
April/May-12, Set-1, Q5

Answer :
Flexible Manufacturing System
For answer refer Unit-VI, Q7.
Components of FMS

The various components of FMS equipment are as

follows,
1.

Work stations

2.

Automated material handling and storage system.

3.

Computer control system.

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Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

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1.

(i)

Work Stations

Visual Inspection

(i)

Machining centers

This method is the least sophisticated and least

expensive method. It involves the classification of parts into
families by looking at either the physical parts or photographs
and arranging them into similar groups. This method is generally
considered to be the least accurate of the three.

(ii)

Load and unload stations

(ii)

Now-a-days, the workstations are operated by CNC

machine tool to achieve greater efficiency in the field of
production. The various workstations,

(iii) Assembly work stations

(iv) Inspection stations
(v)

Forging stations

(vi) Sheet metal processing etc.

2.

Automated Material Handling and Storage System

Material handling and storage system are very

important for the system flexibility. Material handling systems
are used to transport work parts between the two processing
stations.
The function of automated material handling and
storage system are as follows,
(i)

Handling of workparts

This method is the method of identifying part families

and associated machine tool groupings by analyzing the
routes sheets for parts produced in a given shop. The
disadvantage of production flow analysis (PFA) is that it
accepts the validity of existing route sheets, with number of
consideration given, to whether these process plans are
logical or consistent.
(iii)

Q8.

Compatible with computer control.

Computer Control System

For answer refer Unit-VI, Q8, Topic: Function of FMS

Computer Control System.
Q6.

For answer refer Unit-VIII, Q1.

Contact Inspection Methods
Contact type inspection methods are classified into
two types. They are,
1.

April/May-12, Set-1, Q6

1.

For answer refer Unit-VII, Q10, Q8.

Q7.

What is a part family? Explain various

methods of part family formation.
April/May-12, Set-1, Q7

Answer :

Coordinate measuring machines

2.

What do you understand by MRP-I? Explain.

Answer :

April/May-12, Set-1, Q8

Quality Control

(iv) Loading and unloading of workparts

3.

What is quality control? Explain various

contact inspection methods.

Answer :

(iii) Temporary storage

(v)

Parts Classification and Coding System

This method is the most time consuming and

complicated of the three methods. However, it is the most
frequently applied method and is generally recognized to be
the most powerful of the three methods.

Transfer of workparts between workstations

(ii)

Production Flow Analysis (PFA)

Mechanical probes or profilometer.

Coordinate Measuring Machines

For answer refer Unit-VIII, Q10.

2.

Mechanical Probes or Profilometer

Profilometer is an instrument used to inspect various

components during inspection process.
Construction

Part Family
For answer refer Unit-V, Q5.
Methods of Part Family Formation
There are generally three methods for grouping and
all the three methods are time consuming and involve analysis
of much data by properly trained personnel. The three
methods are,
(i)

Visual inspection

(ii)

Production Flow Analysis (PFA)

(iii) Parts classification and coding system.

B.Tech. III-Year II-Sem.

It consists of a mechanical probe/stylus, magnetic

coil, galvanometer and amplifier. Mechanical probe known
as tracer has a diamond shaped pointed tip of radius 12
microns and it is suspended on a spring. A magnetic coil is
located in the magnetic field and is linked to the upper portion of tracer. Amplifier is used to amplify the current produced by the coil in magnetic field. The pressure of the
tracer point on surface is from 0.5 to 2.5 gms. Galvanometer
shows the readings as the tracer is moved over the surface
of workpiece.

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S.5

CAD/CAM (April/May-2012, Set-1) JNTU-Anantapur

Magnet

Springs

Induction coil

Probe or stylus
Surface to be tested

Figure: Profilometer
Working
Initially the tracer is moved over the surface of workpiece. As the tracer moves, the irregularities present over
workpiece surface cause the tracer to vibrate. The vibration of tracer is transmitted to the coil, which is responsible to induce
current. The current induced is amplified and measured using galvanometer. But, if the surface is uniform, the galvanometer
shows steady readings without any deflection. Hence, the surface roughness of workpiece may be checked or measured
directly by tracing the mechanical probe on the workpiece.

B.Tech. III-Year II-Sem.

( JNTU-Anantapur )