CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.0 OVERVIEW
In this chapter we will presents all the results that we obtained for this project.
4.1 SIMULATION RESULTS
For this project, we are using Matlab Software to simulate the design of transfer function
block diagram DC drive.
4.1.1 Block Diagram
Figure 4 Simula!io" o# $lock %iagram #or DC mac&i"e
Figure is show the simulation of block diagram of the series! e"cited dc machine at the
stead# $state performance characteristics b# using Matlab software. %t the scope tor&ue, speed
and current above, the top first arrow is measure the tor&ue, the middle arrow is measure the
speed and the bottom arrow is measure the current.
Parame!er' gi(e"
'(hp, '() *, efficienc#+ ,)-, '))) rpm
.a + ).)/ 0, .f + ).)/ 0, , 1a + ).)'23, 1f + '.)(3, M + 4.)5/3, 64 + ).)''2 7m89rad8sec:
Figure ) Tor*ue ('. curre"!
6ased on the Figure 2, it showed that tor&ue is directl# proportional to current. 6ased on
the derivation and formula, it can be said that the electromagnetic tor&ue is proportional to
s&uare of the armature current. ;his is because when flu" increase, current also increase. It can
be seen that once the armature current increases, the tor&ue will increases slowl#.
Figure + Tor*ue ('. ',ee%
6ased on the Figure 5, the graph tor&ue versus speed above is inversel# proportional,
which is when the load tor&ue increase, the speed will decrease. 6ased on the e&uation related to
the result, it can conclude and proven that this series e"cited DC motor is capable of producing
large tor&ue at low speed and low tor&ue at high speed. %t ma"imum tor&ue, the shaft is not
rotating but when no tor&ue, the shaft rotate at the ma"imum output speed of the motor.
Figure - S,ee% ('. curre"!
From the Figure /, speed varies with the current. <hen speed is increasing, the current
will decrease drasticall#. Motor are devices that convert electrical energ# into mechanical
energ#. ;he DC motors have been dealing with here convert electrical energ# into rotational
energ#. ;hat rotational energ# is then used to turn things, propel things, lift things. <hen it
supplied with the specified voltage to a motor, it rotates the output shaft at certain speed. Current
flowing through the field windings and the amount of tor&ue produced in the series motors.
4.1.. Tra"'#er Fu"c!io"
Figure / Simula!io" o# !ra"'#er #u"c!io" #or DC mac&i"e
Figure / Tor*ue ('. curre"!
From the graph above, it showed that tor&ue is directl# proportional to current same like
Figure =. 6ased on the derivation and formula, it can be said that the electromagnetic tor&ue is
proportional to s&uare of the armature current. ;he graph is slightl# different with the figure / is
because during this transfer function block, in stead# date response, inductor here can be
canceled out because dl8dt e&ual to >ero. ;he graph did not start from origin point because
inductor is not included during this transfer function. So no inductive happened here. It can be
seen that once the armature current increases, the tor&ue will increases slowl#. In other words,
when flu" increase, current also increase.
Figure 0 Tor*ue ('. ',ee%
From the Figure ,, the graph tor&ue versus speed above is inversel# proportional, which
is when the load tor&ue increase, the speed will decrease. It is definitel# same as Figure ,. 6ased
on the e&uation related to the result, it can conclude and proven that this series e"cited DC motor
is capable of producing large tor&ue at low speed and low tor&ue at high speed. %t ma"imum
tor&ue, the shaft is not rotating but when no tor&ue, the shaft rotate at the ma"imum output speed
of the motor.
Figure 11 S,ee% ('. curre"!
From the Figure 4), speed varies with the current. <hen speed is increasing, the current
will decrease drasticall#. ;here is definitel# same with figure 4). %s heav# currents flow through
the ver# thick series field windings, large tor&ues are produced in series motors. ;his feature
makes series motors to be used as starter motors for industrial applications. Series motors
generall# operate for a ver# less duration, about onl# a few seconds, just for the starting purpose.
In a factor# series motors can help operate huge cranes b# carr#ing several thousands of
amperes. Series motors can move comparativel# heavier shaft loads.
6ased on the simulation, the stead# state performance characteristic data with regard to
tor&ue variation with the current and speed of series e"cited DC machine can be obtain. In the
case of a DC motor, when the armature rotates through the magnetic field, an induced voltage
opposite in polarit# to the applied voltage is created called counter ?MF. Speed regulation is
measure how the speed of DC motor decreases as more loads is applied. It is a function of the
armature resistance. During that function it is in fast transient response, so in order to make as
stead# state again, we need to combine to fast transient response positive and negative to neutral
graph. Speed $ tor&ue characteristic curve are graph that show the relationship between speeds,
as a percent of rated speed, and load tor&ue as a percent of full rating. ;hese are ver# helpful
because the# illustrate how applied load affects the speed and tor&ue of series DC machine.
Furthermore, student also now have the abilit# to understand the performance of DC drive based
on M%;1%6 simulation tools.
;hrough the scope and displa# block, the waveform and stead# state value of the speed
can be easil# measured in radian per second 9rad8s:, or the corresponding data can be written to
M%;1%6@s workspace using data bo" to make use of the graphical tools available in M%;1%6.
<hen the armature voltage is increased, the no load speed of the motor increases while the slope
of the tor&ue! speed curve remains unchanged since the flu" is kept constant. ;or&ue is rotational
force.
4.2 CALCULATIONS AND TABULATION OF DATA
4...1 Calcula!io" 2i!& E*ua!io"
Calculation and Equations
Since and
,
Therefore, and

Factorize the equation,
Rearrange the equation,
Substitute into and equations, the equation become

and

Since the fixed value of parameters are given as follows,
where
Since,
Gain =
Since,
The inertia, ! and densit", # are both given,
Current Speed ;or&ue
42 4')2.=' '.=(2
() 2,/.(22 44.(
2 (,.2('5 '2.242
5) ',(.4'4/ 2.(5
/2 '('.'/24 /).=/2
='., '),.)=42 =5.2,'(55
Ta$le 1 Calcula!io" To Form 3ra,& U'i"g 4icro'o#! E5cel
4.... 3ra,&ical Re'ul! U'i"g 4icro'o#! E5cel
Figure 44A ;or&ue versus current
Figure 4' A ;or&ue versus speed