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Chapter 5

Discrete Probability Distributions


Learning Objectives
1.

Understand the concepts of a random variable and a probability distribution.

2.

Be able to distinguish between discrete and continuous random variables.

3.

Be able to compute and interpret the expected value, variance, and standard deviation for a discrete
random variable.

4.

Be able to compute and work with probabilities involving a binomial probability distribution.

5.

Be able to compute and work with probabilities involving a Poisson probability distribution.

6.

Know when and how to use the hypergeometric probability distribution.

Solutions:

5-1

Chapter 5

1.

a.

Head, Head (H,H)


Head, Tail (H,T)
Tail, Head (T,H)
Tail, Tail (T,T)

b.

x = number of heads on two coin tosses

c.
Outcome
(H,H)
(H,T)
(T,H)
(T,T)

2.

Values of x
2
1
1
0

d.

Discrete. It may assume 3 values: 0, 1, and 2.

a.

Let x = time (in minutes) to assemble the product.

b.

It may assume any positive value: x > 0.

c.

Continuous

3.

Let Y = position is offered


N = position is not offered
a.

S = {(Y,Y,Y), (Y,Y,N), (Y,N,Y), (Y,N,N), (N,Y,Y), (N,Y,N), (N,N,Y), (N,N,N)}

b.

Let N = number of offers made; N is a discrete random variable.

c.
Experimental Outcome
Value of N
4.
5.

(Y,Y,Y) (Y,Y,N) (Y,N,Y) (Y,N,N) (N,Y,Y) (N,Y,N) (N,N,Y) (N,N,N)


3
2
2
1
2
1
1
0

x = 0, 1, 2, . . ., 12.
a.

S = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

b.
Experimental Outcome
Number of Steps Required
6.

a.

values: 0,1,2,...,20
discrete

b.

values: 0,1,2,...
discrete

c.

values: 0,1,2,...,50
discrete
values: 0 x 8
continuous

d.

e.

(1,1)
2

(1,2)
3

values: x > 0

5-2

(1,3)
4

(2,1)
3

(2,2)
4

(2,3)
5

Discrete Probability Distributions

continuous
7.

a.

f (x) 0 for all values of x.


f (x) = 1 Therefore, it is a proper probability distribution.

8.

b.

Probability x = 30 is f (30) = .25

c.

Probability x 25 is f (20) + f (25) = .20 + .15 = .35

d.

Probability x > 30 is f (35) = .40

a.
x
1
2
3
4

f (x)
3/20 = .15
5/20 = .25
8/20 = .40
4/20 = .20
Total 1.00

b.
f (x)
.4

.3

.2

.1

x
1
c.

f (x) 0 for x = 1,2,3,4.


f (x) = 1

9.

a.
Age
6
7
8
9

Number of Children
37,369
87,436
160,840
239,719

f(x)
0.018
0.043
0.080
0.119

5-3

Chapter 5

10
11
12
13
14

286,719
306,533
310,787
302,604
289,168
2,021,175

0.142
0.152
0.154
0.150
0.143
1.001

b.
f(x)
.16
.14
.12
.10
.08
.06
.04
.02
x
c.

6 7
f(x) 0 for every x

10 11 12 13 14

f(x) = 1
Note: f(x) = 1.001 in part (a); difference from 1 is due to rounding values of f(x).
10. a.
x
1
2
3
4
5

f(x)
0.05
0.09
0.03
0.42
0.41
1.00

x
1
2
3
4
5

f(x)
0.04
0.10
0.12
0.46
0.28
1.00

b.

5-4

Discrete Probability Distributions

c.

P(4 or 5) = f (4) + f (5) = 0.42 + 0.41 = 0.83

d.

Probability of very satisfied: 0.28

e.

Senior executives appear to be more satisfied than middle managers. 83% of senior executives have
a score of 4 or 5 with 41% reporting a 5. Only 28% of middle managers report being very satisfied.

11. a.
Duration of Call
x
1
2
3
4

f(x)
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
1.00

b.
f (x)
0.30

0.20

0.10

x
0

c.

f (x) 0 and f (1) + f (2) + f (3) + f (4) = 0.25 + 0.25 + 0.25 + 0.25 = 1.00

d.

f (3) = 0.25

e.

P(overtime) = f (3) + f (4) = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.50

12. a.
b.

Yes; f (x) 0 for all x and f (x) = .15 + .20 + .30 + .25 + .10 = 1
P(1200 or less) = f (1000) + f (1100) + f (1200)
= .15 + .20 + .30 = .65

13. a.

Yes, since f (x) 0 for x = 1,2,3 and f (x) = f (1) + f (2) + f (3) = 1/6 + 2/6 + 3/6 = 1

b.

f (2) = 2/6 = .333

c.

f (2) + f (3) = 2/6 + 3/6 = .833

14. a.

f (200) = 1 - f (-100) - f (0) - f (50) - f (100) - f (150)


= 1 - .95 = .05

5-5

Chapter 5

This is the probability MRA will have a $200,000 profit.


b.

P(Profit) = f (50) + f (100) + f (150) + f (200)


= .30 + .25 + .10 + .05 = .70

c.

P(at least 100) = f (100) + f (150) + f (200)


= .25 + .10 +.05 = .40

15. a.
x
3
6
9

f (x)
.25
.50
.25
1.00

x f (x)
.75
3.00
2.25
6.00

E (x) = = 6.00
b.

x-
-3
0
3

x
3
6
9

(x - )2
9
0
9

(x - )2 f (x)
2.25
0.00
2.25
4.50

f (x)
.25
.50
.25

Var (x) = 2 = 4.50


c.

4.50 = 2.12

16. a.
y
2
4
7
8

f (y)
.20
.30
.40
.10
1.00

E(y) = = 5.20

b.

y-
-3.20
-1.20
1.80
2.80

y
2
4
7
8

(y - )2
10.24
1.44
3.24
7.84

y f (y)
.40
1.20
2.80
.80
5.20

(y - )2 f (y)
2.048
.432
1.296
.784
4.560

f (y)
.20
.30
.40
.10

Var ( y ) = 4.56

= 4.56 = 2.14
17. a/b.
x
0
1

f (x)
.10
.15

x f (x)
.00
.15

x-
-2.45
-1.45

5-6

(x - )2
6.0025
2.1025

(x - )2 f (x)
.600250
.315375

Discrete Probability Distributions

2
3
4
5

.30
.20
.15
.10

.60
.60
.60
.50
2.45

- .45
.55
1.55
2.55

.2025
.3025
2.4025
6.5025

.060750
.060500
.360375
.650250
2.047500

E (x) = = 2.45
2 = 2.0475

= 1.4309
18. a/b.
x
0
1
2
3
4
Total

f (x)
0.04
0.34
0.41
0.18
0.04
1.00

xf (x)
0.00
0.34
0.82
0.53
0.15
1.84

E(x)

x-
-1.84
-0.84
0.16
1.16
2.16

(x - )2
3.39
0.71
0.02
1.34
4.66

(x - )2 f (x)
0.12
0.24
0.01
0.24
0.17
0.79

Var(x)

y
0
1
2
3
4
Total

f (y)
0.00
0.03
0.23
0.52
0.22
1.00

yf (y)
0.00
0.03
0.45
1.55
0.90
2.93

E(y)

y-
-2.93
-1.93
-0.93
0.07
1.07

(y - )2
8.58
3.72
0.86
0.01
1.15

(y - )2 f (y)
0.01
0.12
0.20
0.00
0.26
0.59

Var(y)

c/d.

e.

The number of bedrooms in owner-occupied houses is greater than in renter-occupied houses. The
expected number of bedrooms is 1.09 = 2.93 - 1.84 greater. And, the variability in the number of
bedrooms is less for the owner-occupied houses.

19. a.

E (x) = x f (x) = 0 (.50) + 2 (.50) = 1.00

b.

E (x) = x f (x) = 0 (.61) + 3 (.39) = 1.17

c.

The expected value of a 3 - point shot is higher. So, if these probabilities hold up, the team will
make more points in the long run with the 3 - point shot.

20. a.
x
0
400
1000
2000
4000
6000

f (x)
.90
.04
.03
.01
.01
.01
1.00

5-7

x f (x)
0.00
16.00
30.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
166.00

Chapter 5

E (x) = 166. If the company charged a premium of $166.00 they would break even.
b.
Gain to Policy Holder
-260.00
140.00
740.00
1,740.00
3,740.00
5,740.00

f (Gain)
.90
.04
.03
.01
.01
.01

(Gain) f (Gain)
-234.00
5.60
22.20
17.40
37.40
57.40
-94.00

E (gain) = -94.00. The policy holder is more concerned that the big accident will break him than
with the expected annual loss of $94.00.
21. a.

E (x) = x f (x) = 0.05(1) + 0.09(2) + 0.03(3) + 0.42(4) + 0.41(5) = 4.05

b.

E (x) = x f (x) = 0.04(1) + 0.10(2) + 0.12(3) + 0.46(4) + 0.28(5) = 3.84

c.

Executives:

2 = (x - )2 f(x) = 1.2475

Middle Managers: 2 = (x - )2 f(x) = 1.1344


d.

Executives:

= 1.1169

Middle Managers: = 1.0651


e.

22. a.

The senior executives have a higher average score: 4.05 vs. 3.84 for the middle managers. The
executives also have a slightly higher standard deviation.
E (x) = x f (x) = 300 (.20) + 400 (.30) + 500 (.35) + 600 (.15) = 445
The monthly order quantity should be 445 units.

b.
23. a.

Cost:
445 @ $50 = $22,250
Revenue: 300 @ $70 = 21,000
$ 1,250 Loss
Laptop: E (x) = .47(0) + .45(1) + .06(2) + .02(3) = .63
Desktop: E (x) = .06(0) + .56(1) + .28(2) + .10(3) = 1.42

b.

Laptop: Var (x) = .47(-.63)2 + .45(.37)2 + .06(1.37)2 + .02(2.37)2 = .4731


Desktop: Var (x) = .06(-1.42)2 + .56(-.42)2 + .28(.58)2 + .10(1.58)2 = .5636

c.

24. a.

From the expected values in part (a), it is clear that the typical subscriber has more desktop
computers than laptops. There is not much difference in the variances for the two types of
computers.
Medium E (x) = x f (x)
= 50 (.20) + 150 (.50) + 200 (.30) = 145
Large: E (x) = x f (x)
= 0 (.20) + 100 (.50) + 300 (.30) = 140

5-8

Discrete Probability Distributions

Medium preferred.
b.

Medium
x
50
150
200

f (x)
.20
.50
.30

Large
y
0
100
300

f (y)
.20
.50
.30

x-
-95
5
55

(x - )2
9025
25
3025

y-
-140
-40
160

(x - )2 f (x)
1805.0
12.5
907.5
2 = 2725.0

(y - )2
19600
1600
25600

(y - )2 f (y)
3920
800
7680
2 = 12,400

Medium preferred due to less variance.


25. a.
S
F

F
S
F

b.

2
2!
f (1) = (.4)1 (.6)1 =
(.4)(.6) = .48
1!1!
1

c.

2
2!
f (0) = (.4)0 (.6) 2 =
(1)(.36) = .36
0
0!2!

d.

2
2!
f (2) = (.4) 2 (.6) 0 =
(.16)(1) = .16
2!0!
2

e.

P (x 1) = f (1) + f (2) = .48 + .16 = .64

f.

E (x) = n p = 2 (.4) = .8
Var (x) = n p (1 - p) = 2 (.4) (.6) = .48

.48 = .6928

26. a.

f (0) = .3487

b.

f (2) = .1937

5-9

Chapter 5

c.

P(x 2) = f (0) + f (1) + f (2) = .3487 + .3874 + .1937 = .9298

d.

P(x 1) = 1 - f (0) = 1 - .3487 = .6513

e.

E (x) = n p = 10 (.1) = 1

f.

Var (x) = n p (1 - p) = 10 (.1) (.9) = .9

.9 = .9487

27. a.

f (12) = .1144

b.

f (16) = .1304

c.

P (x 16) = f (16) + f (17) + f (18) + f (19) + f (20)


= .1304 + .0716 + .0278 + .0068 + .0008 = .2374

d.

P (x 15) = 1 - P (x 16) = 1 - .2374 = .7626

e.

E (x) = n p = 20(.7) = 14

f.

Var (x) = n p (1 - p) = 20 (.7) (.3) = 4.2

28. a.
b.

4.2 = 2.0494

6
f (2) = (.33)2 (.67) 4 = .3292
2
P(at least 2) = 1 - f(0) - f(1)
6
6
0
6
1
5
= 1 (.33) (.67) (.33) (.67)
0
1
=

c.
29.

1 - .0905 - .2673 = .6422

10
f (0) = (.33)0 (.67)10 = .0182
0
P(At Least 5) = 1 - f (0) - f (1) - f (2) - f (3) - f (4)
= 1 - .0000 - .0005 - .0031 - .0123 - .0350 = .9491

30. a.
b.

Probability of a defective part being produced must be .03 for each part selected; parts must be
selected independently.
Let: D = defective

5 - 10

Discrete Probability Distributions

G = not defective
1st part

2nd part

Experimental
Outcome

Number
Defective

(D, D)

(D, G)

(G, D)

(G, G)

c.

2 outcomes result in exactly one defect.

d.

P (no defects) = (.97) (.97) = .9409


P (1 defect) = 2 (.03) (.97) = .0582
P (2 defects) = (.03) (.03) = .0009

31.

Binomial n = 10 and p = .09


f ( x) =

10!
(.09) x (.91)10 x
x !(10 x)!

a.

Yes. Since they are selected randomly, p is the same from trial to trial and the trials are
independent.

b.
c.

f (2) = .1714
f (0) = .3894

d.

1 - f (0) - f (1) - f (2) = 1 - (.3894 + .3851 + .1714) = .0541

32. a.
b.

.90
P (at least 1) = f (1) + f (2)
f (1) =

2! (.9)1 (.1)1
1! 1!

= 2 (.9) (.1) = .18


f (2) =

2! (.9)2 (.1)0
2! 0!

= 1 (.81) (1) = .81


P (at least 1) = .18 + .81 = .99
Alternatively

5 - 11

Chapter 5

P (at least 1) = 1 - f (0)


f (0) =

2! (.9)0 (.1)2 = .01


0! 2!

Therefore, P (at least 1) = 1 - .01 = .99


c.

P (at least 1) = 1 - f (0)


f (0) =

3! (.9)0 (.1)3 = .001


0! 3!

Therefore, P (at least 1) = 1 - .001 = .999


d.

33. a.

Yes; P (at least 1) becomes very close to 1 with multiple systems and the inability to detect an
attack would be catastrophic.
f(12) =

20!
(.5)12 (.5)8
12!8!

Using the binomial tables, f(12) = .0708


b.

f(0) + f(1) + f(2) + f(3) + f(4) + f(5)


.0000 + .0000 + .0002 + .0011 + .0046 + .0148 = .0207

c.

E(x) = np = 20(.5) = 10

d.

Var (x) = 2 = np(1 - p) = 20(.5)(.5) = 5

= 5 = 2.24

34. a.

f (3) = .0634 (from tables)

b.

The answer here is the same as part (a). The probability of 12 failures with p = .60 is the same as
the probability of 3 successes with p = .40.

c.

f (3) + f (4) + + f (15) = 1 - f (0) - f (1) - f (2)


= 1 - .0005 - .0047 - .0219
= .9729

35. a.

f (0) + f (1) + f (2) = .0115 + .0576 + .1369 = .2060

b.

f (4) = .2182

c.

1 - [ f (0) + f (1) + f (2) + f (3) ]= 1 - .2060 - .2054 = .5886

d.

= n p = 20 (.20) = 4

36.
x
0
1
2
3

f (x)
.343
.441
.189
.027

x-
-.9
.1
1.1
2.1

(x - )2
.81
.01
1.21
4.41

5 - 12

(x - )2 f (x)
.27783
.00441
.22869
.11907

Discrete Probability Distributions

2 = .63000

1.000
37.

E(x) = n p = 30(.49) = 14.7


Var(x) = n p (1 - p) = 30(.49) (.51) = 7.497

7.497 = 2.738

38. a.

f ( x) =

3x e 3
x!

b.

f (2) =

32 e 3 9(.0498)
=
= .2241
2!
2

c.

f (1) =

31 e 3
= 3(.0498) = .1494
1!

d.
39. a.
b.

P (x 2) = 1 - f (0) - f (1) = 1 - .0498 - .1494 = .8008


f ( x) =

2 x e 2
x!

= 6 for 3 time periods

c.

f ( x) =

6 x e 6
x!

d.

f (2) =

22 e 2 4(.1353)
=
= .2706
2!
2

e.

f (6) =

66 e 6
= .1606
6!

f.

f (5) =

45 e4
= .1563
5!

40. a.

= 48 (5/60) = 4
3

-4

f (3) = 4 e
3!
b.

= (64) (.0183) = .1952


6

= 48 (15 / 60) = 12
10

-12

f (10) = 12 e
10 !
c.

= .1048

= 48 (5 / 60) = 4 I expect 4 callers to be waiting after 5 minutes.


0

-4

f (0) = 4 e
0!

= .0183

5 - 13

Chapter 5

The probability none will be waiting after 5 minutes is .0183.


d.

= 48 (3 / 60) = 2.4
0

f (0) = 2.4 e
0!

-2.4

= .0907

The probability of no interruptions in 3 minutes is .0907.


41. a.
b.

30 per hour

= 1 (5/2) = 5/2
f (3) =

(5 / 2)3 e (5 / 2)
= .2138
3!

c.

f (0) =

(5 / 2)0 e (5 / 2)
= e (5 / 2) = .0821
0!

42. a.

f (0) =

7 0 e7
= e 7 = .0009
0!

b.

probability = 1 - [f(0) + f(1)]


f (1) =

71 e 7
= 7e 7 = .0064
1!

probability = 1 - [.0009 + .0064] = .9927


c.

= 3.5
f (0) =

3.50 e 3.5
= e3.5 = .0302
0!

probability = 1 - f(0) = 1 - .0302 = .9698


d.

probability = 1 - [f(0) + f(1) + f(2) + f(3) + f(4)]


= 1 - [.0009 + .0064 + .0223 + .0521 + .0912] = .8271
Note: The Poisson tables were used to compute the Poisson probabilities f(0), f(1), f(2), f(3) and f(4)
in part (d).

43. a.

f (0) =

100 e 10
= e 10 = .000045
0!

5 - 14

Discrete Probability Distributions

b.

f (0) + f (1) + f (2) + f (3)


f (0) = .000045 (part a)
f (1) =

101 e10
= .00045
1!

Similarly, f (2) = .00225, f (3) = .0075


and f (0) + f (1) + f (2) + f (3) = .010245
c.

2.5 arrivals / 15 sec. period Use = 2.5


f (0) =

d.
44.

2.50 e 2.5
= .0821
0!

1 - f (0) = 1 - .0821 = .9179


Poisson distribution applies

a.
b.
c.
d.
45. a.

b.
c.

= 1.25 per month


1.250 e 1.25
= 0.2865
0!
1.251 e 1.25
f (1) =
= 0.3581
1!
f (0) =

P (More than 1) = 1 - f (0) - f (1) = 1 - 0.2865 - 0.3581 = 0.3554


average per month =

f (0) =

18
= 1.5
12

1.50 e 1.5
= e 1.5 = .2231
0!

probability = 1 - [f(0) + f(1)]


= 1 - [.2231 + .3347] = .4422

46. a.

b.

3 10 3

1 4 1
f (1) =
=
10

4

3! 7!

1!2! 3!4! = (3)(35) = .50


10!
210
4!6!

3 10 3

2 2 2 (3)(1)
f (2) =
=
= .067
45
10

2

5 - 15

Chapter 5

c.

3 10 3

0 2 0 (1)(21)
f (0) =
=
= .4667
45
10

2

d.

3 10 3

2 4 2 (3)(21)
f (2) =
=
= .30
210
10

4

47.

4 15 4

3 10 3 (4)(330)
f (3) =
=
= .4396
3003
15

10

48.

Hypergeometric with N = 10 and r = 6

a.

b.

6 4

2 1
(15)(4)
f (2) = =
= .50
120
10

3
Must be 0 or 1 prefer Coke Classic.
6 4

1 2
(6)(6)
f (1) = =
= .30
10
120


3
6 4

0 3
(1)(4)
f (0) = =
= .0333
10
120


3
P (Majority Pepsi) = f (1) + f (0) = .3333

49.

Parts a, b & c involve the hypergeometric distribution with N = 52 and n = 2


a.

r = 20, x = 2
20 32

2
0
(190)(1)
f (2) = =
= .1433
52
1326


2

b.

r = 4, x = 2

5 - 16

Discrete Probability Distributions

4 48

2 0
(6)(1)
f (2) = =
= .0045
1326
52

2
c.

r = 16, x = 2
16 36

2
0
(120)(1)
f (2) = =
= .0905
52
1326


2

d.

Part (a) provides the probability of blackjack plus the probability of 2 aces plus the probability of
two 10s. To find the probability of blackjack we subtract the probabilities in (b) and (c) from the
probability in (a).
P (blackjack) = .1433 - .0045 - .0905 = .0483
N = 60 n = 10

50.
a.

r = 20 x = 0

f (0)

20IF
40I
F
40! I
G
J b1gF
G
J
10K H
H0 JKG
H
10!50!I
10!30!K F 40! IF
=
=G
60!
H10!30!JKG
H60! JK
60I
F
G
J
10!50!
10K
H

40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31
60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51

.01
b.

r = 20 x = 1

f (1)

20IF
40I
F
G
H1 JKG
H9 JK= 20F
40! IF
10!50!I
G
H9!31!JKG
H60! JK
60I
F
G
J
10K
H

.07
c.

1 - f (0) - f (1) = 1 - .08 = .92

d.

Same as the probability one will be from Hawaii. In part b that was found to equal approximately .
07.

51. a.

11 14

2 3
(55)(364)
f (2) = =
= .3768
53,130
25

5

5 - 17

Chapter 5

b.

14 11

2 3
(91)(165)
f (2) = =
= .2826
53,130
25

5

c.

14 11

5 0
(2002)(1)
f (5) = =
= .0377
53,130
25

5

d.

14 11

0 5
(1)(462)
f (0) = =
= .0087
53,130
25

5

5 - 18

Discrete Probability Distributions

52.

Hypergeometric with N = 10 and r = 2.


Focus on the probability of 0 defectives, then the probability of rejecting the shipment is 1 - f (0).
a.

n = 3, x = 0
28

0 3
56
f (0) = =
= .4667
120
10

3
P (Reject) = 1 - .4667 = .5333

b.

n = 4, x = 0
28

0 4
70
f (0) = =
= .3333
210
10

4
P (Reject) = 1 - .3333 = .6667

c.

n = 5, x = 0
28

0 5
56
f (0) = =
= .2222
252
10

5
P (Reject) = 1 - .2222 = .7778

d.

Continue the process. n = 7 would be required with the probability of rejecting = .9333

53. a/b/c.
x
1
2
3
4
5
Total

f (x)
0.07
0.21
0.29
0.39
0.04
1.00

xf (x)
0.07
0.42
0.87
1.56
0.20
3.12

E(x)

x-
-2.12
-1.12
-0.12
0.88
1.88

(x - )2
4.49
1.25
0.01
0.77
3.53

(x - )2 f (x)
0.31
0.26
0.00
0.30
0.14
1.03

Var(x)

= 1.03 = 1.01
d.

The expected level of optimism is 3.12. This is a bit above neutral and indicates that investment
managers are somewhat optimistic. Their attitudes are centered between neutral and bullish with the
consensus being closer to neutral.

54. a/b.
x

f (x)

x-

xf (x)

5 - 19

(x - )2

(x - )2 f (x)

Chapter 5

1
2
3
4
5
Total

c.

0.24
0.21
0.10
0.21
0.24
1.00

0.24
0.41
0.31
0.83
1.21
3.00

E(x)

-2.00
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00

For the bond fund categories: E (x) = 1.36


For the stock fund categories: E (x) = 4

4.00
1.00
0.00
1.00
4.00

0.97
0.21
0.00
0.21
0.97
2.34

Var(x)

Var (x) = .23

Var (x) = 1.00

The total risk of the stock funds is much higher than for the bond funds. It makes sense to analyze
these separately. When you do the variances for both groups (stocks and bonds), they are reduced.
55. a.
x
9
10
11
12
13
b.

E (x)

f (x)
.30
.20
.25
.05
.20

= x f (x)
= 9 (.30) + 10 (.20) + 11 (.25) + 12 (.05) + 13 (.20) = 10.65

Expected value of expenses: $10.65 million


c.

Var (x) = (x - )2 f (x)


= (9 - 10.65)2 (.30) + (10 - 10.65)2 (.20) + (11 - 10.65)2 (.25)
+ (12 - 10.65)2 (.05) + (13 - 10.65)2 (.20) = 2.1275

d.

Looks Good: E (Profit) = 12 - 10.65 = 1.35 million


However, there is a .20 probability that expenses will equal $13 million and the college will run a
deficit.

56. a.

n = 20

and

x = 3

20
f (3) = (0.04)3 (0.04)17 = 0.0364
3
b.

n = 20

and

x = 0

20
f (0) = (0.04)0 (0.96) 20 = 0.4420
0
c.

E (x) = n p = 1200 (0.04) = 48


The expected number of appeals is 48.

5 - 20

Discrete Probability Distributions

d.

2 = np (1 - p) = 1200 (0.04)(0.96) = 46.08


=

57. a.

46.08 = 6.7882

We must have E(x) = np 10


With p = .61, this leads to:
n(.61) 10
n 16.4
So, we must contact 17 people in this age group to have an expected number of Internet users of at
least 10.

b.

With p = .03, this leads to:


n(.03) 10
n 333.34
So, we must contact 334 people in this age group to have an expected number of Internet users of at
least 10.

c.

= 17(.61)(.39) = 2.01

d.

= 334(.03)(.97) =3.12

58.

Since the shipment is large we can assume that the probabilities do not change from trial to trial and
use the binomial probability distribution.
a.

n = 5
5
f (0) = (0.01)0 (0.99) 5 = 0.9510
0

b.

5
f (1) = (0.01)1 (0.99) 4 = 0.0480
1

c.

1 - f (0) = 1 - .9510 = .0490

d.

No, the probability of finding one or more items in the sample defective when only 1% of the items
in the population are defective is small (only .0490). I would consider it likely that more than 1%
of the items are defective.

5 - 21

Chapter 5

59. a.
b.

E(x) = np = 100 (.0499) = 4.99


Var (x) = np(1 - p) = 100 (.0499) (.9501) = 4.741

= 4.741 = 2.177
60. a.
b.
c.

E(x) = 800(.41) = 328

= np(1 p) = 800(.41)(.59) = 13.91


For this one p = .59 and (1-p) = .41, but the answer is the same as in part (b). For a binomial
probability distribution, the variance for the number of successes is the same as the variance for the
number of failures. Of course, this also holds true for the standard deviation.
= 15

61.

prob of 20 or more arrivals = f (20) + f (21) +


= .0418 + .0299 + .0204 + .0133 + .0083 + .0050 + .0029
+ .0016 + .0009 + .0004 + .0002 + .0001 + .0001 = .1249

= 1.5

62.

prob of 3 or more breakdowns is 1 - [ f (0) + f (1) + f (2) ].


1 - [ f (0) + f (1) + f (2) ]
= 1 - [ .2231 + .3347 + .2510]
= 1 - .8088 = .1912

= 10 f (4) = .0189

63.
64. a.
b.

f (3) =

33 e 3
= 0.2240
3!

f (3) + f (4) + = 1 - [ f (0) + f (1) + f (2) ]


0

f (0) = 3 e
0!

-3

= e

-3

= .0498

Similarly, f (1) = .1494, f (2) = .2240


1 - [ .0498 + .1494 + .2241 ] = .5767
65.

Hypergeometric N = 52, n = 5 and r = 4.

a.

4IF
48I
F
G
J
G
2K
H
H3 JK= 6(17296) =.0399
52I
2,598,960
F
G
H5 JK

5 - 22

Discrete Probability Distributions

b.

c.

d.

66. a.

4IF
48I
F
G
J
G
1K
H
H4 JK= 4(194580) =.2995
52I
2,598,960
F
G
J
H5 K
4IF
48I
F
G
J
G
0
HKH5 JK= 1,712,304 =.6588
52I
2,598,960
F
G
J
H5 K
1 - f (0) = 1 - .6588 = .3412
7 3

1 1
(7)(3)
f (1) = =
= .4667
45
10

2

b.

7 3

2 0
(21)(1)
f (2) = =
= .4667
45
10

2

c.

7 3

0 2
(1)(3)
f (0) = =
= .0667
45
10

2

5 - 23

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