A NEW GRID-CONNECTED SYSTEM FOR

AXIAL FIELD FLUX-SWITCHING

PERMANENT MAGNET WIND POWER
GENERATOR
Yuzhuo Han
1
, Mingyao Lin
1
Li Hao
1
Hao Luo
1,2

1. School of Electrical Engineering , Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, China
2. Guodian Nanjing Automation Co., Ltd, Nanjing 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
E-mail: hanyuzhuo@sina.com
Abstract This paper presents a new grid-connected strategy
for axial field flux-switching permanent magnet (AFFSPM) wind
power generator with improved dynamic response and steady-
state performance. Non-controllable convertor and grid-
connected PWM rectifier are used as the structure of the main
circuit. Triple-state direct power control(DPC) strategy is used
on grid side to improve the accuracy of power decoupling. Both
simulation and experiment results are showed to demonstrate the
strategy is available and has advantages of simple structure and
high power factor.
Index Termsaxial field flux-switching permanent magnet
(AFFSPM) machine, wind power generation, direct power
control(DPC), grid-connected
I. INTRODUCTION
Because of the advantages of high reliability, high
conversion efficiency and flexibility of grid connection, direct
drive wind power generator, plus doubly-fed wind-driven
generator, has become the main research direction in the area
of wind power grid connection. AFFSPM wind power
generator has the simple rotor structure, the high power
density and the high operation reliability[2], its suitable for
direct drive wind power generator system applications.
Based on the development of power electronics and digital
signal processing technology, various grid-connected systems
using PWM technology are widely used in industrial field.
Voltage-soursed DC/AC converter has several advantages[1],
including the sinusoidal line current and the unit power factor
operation. A new strategy is presented in [5] which bring
instantaneous active and reactive power into the control
system of PWM converter, the direct power control(DPC)
system is proposed in [6]. The performance of traditional DPC
system is limited by the low decoupled control ability of
single look-up table in which many zero vectors are used.
Various improved DPC strategy and structure are presented in
[8]-[10], these methods focus on reducing sensors to enhance
robustness of system, rather than improve the core of DPC
look-up table. The double-table DPC system is designed in
[12], which alternately use instantaneous active power and
reactive power switch table to improve the dynamic property,
but the static performance is not good as well.
In this paper, a new DPC scheme is proposed, in which a
power state variable is added to subdivide the switch table,
and the developed strategy is used to control the grid-
connected converter. The results of simulation and experiment
show that the line currents are close to sinusoidal waveforms
and the decoupled regulation of instantaneous active and
reactive power is successfully achieved in static and transient
state operation.
II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
The configuration of grid-connected system is shown in
Fig.1. The structure is economically feasible for the AFFSPM
wind power generator. This is because, first, the AFFSPM
generator features the high power density, high torque density
and the good heat dissipation, and the additional copper loss
fever caused by I
d
could be overcame. Moreover, the
four quadrant operation and the power bi-directional flow are
not necessary in direct drive wind power grid-connected
system. Combined with the factor of reducing cost, the
configuration of non-controllable AC/DC and controllable
DC/AC is chosen to realize this new strategy.

Fig. 1. Grid-connected system of the AFFSPM wind power generator.
III. STRUCTURE AND MODEL OF AFFSPMG
Fig.2 shows the structure of the AFFSPM generator, the 12
coils on each stator is divided into three phases, 4 coils are in
series in each phase.

Fig. 2. Structure of AFFSPM generator.
Assuming that the AFFSPMG permanent magnetic flux is
sine, and the magnetic path saturation and higher harmonic of
the back-EMF are ignored. The equations of voltage and the
electromagnetic torque are given by

+ =
+ + + =
+ =
] ) ( [ 5 . 1
/
/
sq sd sq sd sq m e
m e sq sd sd sq sq sq
sd sq sq sd sd sd
i i L L i p T
Ri i L dt di L U
Ri i L dt di L U

(1)
Where L
sd
, L
sq
are the direct-axis and the quadrature-axis
inductance respectively,
e
is the electricity angular velocity,
m
is the amplitude of the stator flux-linkage, and P is the
pole-pair number.
IV. MODEL OF INVERTER AND INSTANTANEOUS POWER
CALCULATION
A. Model of inverter
The topology of three phase PWM inverter is shown in
Fig.3, where U
a
, U
b
, U
c
are the symmetrical three-phase
voltages, i
a
, i
b
, i
c
are the three phase line currents respectively,
R, L are resistance and the inductance of the filter inductor
respectively, U
ra
, U
rb
, U
rc
are the discrete voltage signals of
the inverter respectively, C is the filter capacitor, U
dc
is the dc-
link voltage, S
i
(i=a, b, c) is the state function of the switching
element.

=
on is arm bridge down off, is arm bridge up ( 0
off) is arm bridge down on, is arm bridge up ( 1
) ( c b, a,
S
(2)
ra
U
rb
U
rc
U
a
S
b
S
c
S
a
U
b
U
c
U
R
R
R
L
L
L
dc
U
dc
i
a
i
b
i
c
i
N
O

Fig. 3. PWM inverter.
Kirchhoff's laws are used on the AC side

rc
rb
ra
c
b
a
c
b
a
c
b
a
U
U
U
i
i
i
R
U
U
U
i
i
i
dt
d
L (3)
ON
c
b
a
dc
rc
rb
ra
U
S
S
S
U
U
U
U
+

(4)
Equation (1) is simplified as follows
r
U Ri U
dt
di
L = (5)
Equations (3)-(5) are the mathematical model of PWM
inverter on the stationary abc reference frame.
B. Instantaneous power calculation
The instantaneous values of three phase voltages and
currents are defined as u
a
, u
b
, u
c
and i
a
, i
b
, i
c
, which are
represented as the rotating vector u and i respectively and is
the angle between vector u and i . The component of the
projecting i on u is the active power component i
p
, and the
component of the projecting i on normal direction of u is
reactive power component i
q
.

=
=

sin
cos
i i
i i
q
p
(6)
Based on the definitions above, the instantaneous active and
the reactive power can be calculated as follows

+ + = =
+ + = =
3 / ) (
c ab b ca a bc
c c b b a a
i u i u i u Q
i u i u i u P
i u
i u
(7)
V. PRINCIPLES OF TRIPLE-STATE DPC STRATEGY FOR
DC/AC INVETER
A. Triple-state DPC grid-connected strategy
The block diagram of triple-state DPC grid-connected
strategy is presented in Fig.4. On grid side, the Hall sensors
are used to detect the phase voltages and the line currents, and
the instantaneous active power P and reactive power Q are
calculated. The sector number S
r
(r=1~12) stands for the
position of the space voltage vector could be judged by Fig.5.
M
A B
ref dc ref
I U P * =
0 =
ref
Q
Switch
table
r
S
s
i
g
n
a
l
Calculate Sp Sq
Calculate
P Q
a
I
b
I
a
U
b
U
0 0.0017 0.0033 0.005 0.0067 0. 0083 0. 01 0.0117 0. 0133 0.015 0.0167 0.0183 0.02 -1
0
1
Sector select
L
AC/DC DC/AC
C
grid
Fig. 4. Block diagram of triple-state DPC grid-connected strategy.
0 0.0017 0.0033 0.005 0.0067 0.0083 0.01 0.0117 0.0133 0.015 0.0167 0.0183 0.02
-1
0
1
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
S
7
S
8
S
9
S
10
S
11
S
12
S
a
U
b
U
c
U

Fig. 5. Sector selection.
The active power reference Pref is given by multiplying the
dc-link voltage and the current reference Iref. In order to
realize unity power factor gridconnected, the reactive power
reference Qref is 0. Then the power state variables S
p
and S
q


can be calculated based on P, Q, Pref and Qref. Unlike the
definitions of traditional DPC strategy, S
p
and S
q
are redefined
triple states as follows

+ >
+ < <
<
=

+ >
+ < <
<
=
) ( 1
) ( 0
) ( 1
) ( 1
) ( 0
) ( 1
P ref
q ref q ref
q ref
q
p ref
p ref p ref
p ref
p
H Q Q
H Q Q H Q
H Q Q
S
H P P
H P P H P
H P P
S
(8)
Where H
p
, H
q
are the width of the boundary layer. Finally, S
p
,
S
q
and S
r
are set into switch table to get the PWM trigger
signal.
B. The constitution of switch table
On the basis of the analysis above, we can find the key of
triple-state DPC strategy is switch table. Both side of (4) are
made integral, neglecting the influence of resistance

+ =
t
dt
0
) (
r 0
U U I I (9)
The main goal of switch table is selecting appropriate U
r
to
regulate I close to the reference value. U
r
(r=0~7) is
correspondent with 8 switch states(S
a
S
b
S
c
=000~111) of
inverter, and they respectively are U
0
(000), U
1
(100), U
2
(110),
U
3
(010), U
4
(011), U
5
(001), U
6
(101), U
7
(111). The
corresponding space vector diagram is shown in Fig.6.
1
U
2
U
3
U
4
U
5
U
6
U
0
U
7
U
U
I
2
I
1
I
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
S
7
S
8
S
9
S
10
S
11
S
12
S

Fig. 6. Space vector diagram.
As assuming in Fig.6, U is in the sector S
1
. In order to
realize unity power factor control, I should be in-phase with U,
and the output of dc-link voltage loop decides the amplitude of
current vector. Based on the definitions of S
p
and S
q
, the actual
position of I could be divided into nine possible conditions as
in Fig.6. If I is in the middle area(S
p
=S
q
=0), viz., the current
vector follows the reference value tightly. The active and
reactive power are unnecessary to regulate under the operation
condition. Now we use the position of I
1
and I
2
as the
examples to illustrate the principle of selecting U
r
. I
1
(S
p
=1,
S
q
=0) stands for the condition when S
p
and S
q
are not equal to
1 simultaneously. We need to regulate the active power and
keep the reactive power almost unaffected, and U
4
is desirable
which can be found in Fig.6. Through the process of
regulation, I
1
will be adjusted close to I along the direction of
U-U
4
. I
2
(S
p
= -1, S
q
= -1) stands for the condition when S
p
and
S
q
are neither equal to 0. We need to regulate the active power
and the reactive power simultaneously, and U
6
is desirable.
Through the process of regulation, I
2
will be adjusted close to I
along the direction of U-U
6.
The similar analysis is neglected,
and switch table is given in table I.

TABLE I
MODIFIED SWITCH TABLE

VI. THE SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENT OF TRIPLE-STATE
DPC GRID-CONNECTED STRATEGY
A. Simulation calculation
We build the model as the configuration shown in Fig.4 in
MATLAB/Simulink. The main electrical parameters of power
circuit and control data, used in simulation and experiment,
are given as follows: filter inductance L=7 mH, dc-link
capacitor C=3000 F , the max switch frequency f=20k,
S
p
=S
q
=2.5W, I
ref
steps from -1A to -1.2A at the point of 1.5s.
Figs.7 to 9 show the simulated waveforms.
From these figures given, it can be seen that the current of
phase A is sinusoidal and antiphase to the voltage of phase A.
The active power P and reactive Q are controlled decoupled,
and Q is almost equal to 0. The unity power factor control is
realized. After step of I
ref
, the system can quickly achieve
steady state stable without large overshoot.
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
t (500ms/)
I

(
0
.
5
A
/

)
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

Fig. 6. Transient characteristics of current in phase A.

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
P
,
Q

(
1
0
W
/

)

Fig. 6. Transient characteristics of active power P and reactive power Q.
1.6 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.7
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
t (10ms/m)
I
a
(
5
A
/
m
)

U
a
(
5
V
/
m
)
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
1.7 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.6
Ua
Ia

Fig. 6. Static property of current and voltage of phase A.
B. Experimental results and analysis
An experimental prototype (Fig.7 and Fig.8) has been
developed. MOSFET IRF360 is used to constitute the main
circuit, while DSP is used as main controller. The system
parameters are same as simulation, and the corresponding
experimental results are shown in Fig.9 to Fig.11. From these
figures, it can be seen that experimental results are close to the
simulation results. Notice that three-phase three-wire isolation
transformer is used on grid side, Fig.11 shows the current of
phase A and the line voltage of phase BC.

Fig. 7. Experimental prototype(1. power circuit, 2. DSP control board, 3.
three-phase isolation transformer).

Fig. 8. AFFSPM generator set(1. AFFSPM wind power generator, 2. DC
motor).

Fig. 9. Dynamic current of phase A.
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
50
P
,
Q

(
1
0
W
/
m
)

Fig. 10. Dynamic active power P and reactive power Q.


Fig. 11. Static current of phase A and line voltage of phase BC.
VII. CONCLUSION
This paper proposed a new triple-state DPC strategy used
for AFFSPM wind power generator grid connecting control.
The power state variables are redefined, and the switch table is
subdivided. The accuracy of the power decoupling is
improved, and the reactive power uncontrollable area is
effectually eliminated. The simulation and the experiment of
prototype are done to validate the strategy. The results show
that the grid connecting currents are close to sine and the unit
power factor operation is achieved successfully. The grid-
connected strategy has good static and dynamic
performancewhich makes it may be widely used in the areas
of the small wind power generation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is supported by National Natural Science
Foundation of China under Project 50977010 and Natural
Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Project
BK2008306.
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