Categorizing materials

1) What do you know about braking systems? discuss the following

questions.
1. Generally speaking, what do brakes do and how do they work?
Drum brakes: which is a fairly old system, and is commonly used in cars to lower
costs and only the rear wheels. Latest technology and fastest cars are
discontinuing it. This system operates with a drum (cylinder width) which rotates
with the wheel. Pressing the pedal a system of springs that make some metal
touching the drum moves, this produces a high friction that slows the car.
Disc brakes work with a disc (hence its name). Wrap the disk in a small part,
tablets (usually two) are those that rub the disc. These are driven by a series of
pistons moving with the brake fluid pressure. The album, in street cars are steel (in
the race are carbon fiber). This system is more efficient than the above, plus some
discs are ventilated (are cooled while rotating). This brake system is that, mostly,
allows the existence of ABS system.
The ABS (Anti-lock Brake System or DLD) work with a computer that receives the
signal from the brake pedal, and the sensors in the wheels. So when you press the
brake pedal the computer constantly reviews wheel sensors and checks that are
not blocked, if one wheel were to lock the computer releases the brake pressure
and prevents wheel continue jam. That is the reason that when you see a car with
ABS braking on all wheels tend to lock and unlock constantly (yes is almost
imperceptible). Thanks to ABS braking is possible without bending the car tends to
go straight. The ABS also allows the antiskid sitema work, because when other
sensors detect the car is skidding, applied through the ABS, the brakes on the
wheels necessary.
Mechanical brakes
It is driven by the application of a force which is mechanically transmitted by levers,
cables or other mechanisms to various points of braking. Used only for low power
braking and often requires frequent adjustments to meet their action on the wheels.






2 What kinds of material are used in brake pads and brake discs in different
vehicles?
Pills:
Ceramics: Such pills are composed of ceramic and copper fiber, allowing the pads
of this type control the tendency of the brakes lose power at higher temperatures
and recover more quickly after stopping the vehicle or mobile . disk.
Organic: They are composed of common materials and some with graphite, resins
and fibers, these are of excellent quality and adherence to the curb, generate less
heat than metal and this kind of pills need a shooting in the first kilometers
Semi metallic or metal: you are composed of friction materials such as iron,
friction in dry and wet conditions do not vary too much, so you have better braking
in wet conditions than other types of pill. The length is very high, reaching 15,000
miles. The heat released is much higher than the other types.
Discs:
There are different types of brake discs. Some are solid steel while others are
scratched on the surface or have holes running through them. The latter, called
vented discs, help dissipate heat.
2) a) Read the article on braking systems. In the title of the article, what do the
colors green and red refer to?

b) Answer the following questions.

1 Why do most braking systems waste energy?
2 What are regenerative braking systems, and how do they save energy?
3 What characteristics are required of materials used for the brakes on racing
cars?
4 What is meant by heat soak, and why is it a problem in racing cars?








c) Match the materials from the text (1-7) to the descriptions (a-g)

1 compounds a) materials that are not metal
2 exotic b) iron and steel
3 ferrous c) combinations of materials
4 ceramics d) mixture of metals
5 alloy e) plastic materials
6 non-metallic f) minerals transformed by heat
7 polymers g) rare or complex

d) In pairs, take turns to describe an object using the words from Exercise 5c
and the phrases in the box. Ask your partner to guess what it is.
c) Margit, a sales engineer, is describing a high-voltage cable. Before you
listen, label the cross-section with the parts (a-e).

a) insulation

b) waterproof membrane
c)outer jacket

d) armored protection

e) conductor

insulation
waterproof membrane





outer jacket
Armored
protection
4.- Imagine you are presenting a product or appliance you know well to a
potential client. Describe the categories of material used to make the
different parts.


The computer portable
In this chapter we will introduce the concepts basic approach to understanding
technology laptops. We will tour notebook for the architecture team to perform the
recognition of the fundamental components in together, they achieve their proper
functioning.
Conceptos bsicos
Un sinnimo comn del trmino
computadora es PC (Personal Computer).
En la actualidad, las computadoras tienen
una alta demanda en el mercado, a causa
de que la mayora de estos equipos ofrecen
no solo un bajo costo, sino tambin la
posibilidad de solucionar problemas que
van desde lo ms sencillo hasta lo ms
complejo. Anteriormente, las computadoras
eran demasiado grandes, ocupaban
espacios considerables y su mantenimiento
era muy caro; lamentablemente, estos
equipos no estaban ideados para
particulares. El transcurso del tiempo ha dado paso a la miniaturizacin, pues
gracias a este avance, hoy en da es posible contar con computadoras de diversas
gamas y tamaos. A principios de los aos 80, la firma IBM lanz al mercado la
primera computadora de escritorio o desktop (estndar PC), un equipo no portable
pensado para oficinas y generalmente usado por las empresas. Aos ms tarde,
apareci una nueva computadora personal (PC) cuya arquitectura era ms
reducida en comparacin con los equipos desktop que se comercializaban hasta
ese momento; se la llamaba, simplemente, laptop. Figura 1. La laptop, conocida
tambin como notebook




Operating Systems: 32 or 64 bit?
As we know, when you purchase a laptop, we consider the number of bits with
working. Talk of 32 or 64 bits refers to the width of the bus in which data is
transmitted in a microprocessor. Of course this involves working operating system.
If the chosen team is for domestic use, it is recommended is a 32-bit system.

Features of portable
We have mentioned so far incompatible hardware between a laptop and a desktop,
and the wide availability of software for both models of personal computers. Let's
talk about the features that have a laptop, which allow us, later, to analyze the
differences has a laptop compared to a desktop. Detailed Guide visual see the
most common physical features of notebooks

Another physical feature that should be mentioned is the way of these equipment,
due to miniaturization of its external and internal components. This is the reason
for its portability and ergonomics.

How does a laptop work?
The principle of operation of a laptop is in binary logic, ie not far from operation of a
desktop computer. However, it is necessary noted that the standard laptop is
designed with the purpose of offering more power for everyday jobs and lower
energy consumption. The PC, as already mentioned, are composed of buses
system and four elements that allow them to fulfill various functions. However,
none of this could happen without the presence chips that enable the process of
sending and receiving data issued by the various internal and external components
notebook. These integrated circuit chips are accommodated on the motherboard.
Together, they work commanded by two circuits main: the north bridge or north
bridge, known as GMCH
Software Configuration System
Operating systems are a clear example of software system. Configuring S.O.
current is easy, although it is need to have basic knowledge of computer and
installation application, which will facilitate the understanding of the working
environment. Portable computers or laptops have a DVD drive CD or DVD,
allowing reading, configuration and installation of a OS. We consider that when a
team does not has a floppy drive or the disk is damaged, there several alternatives
to solve this problem. One of the options is the use of USB external optical drives.
The other is to use bootable USB drives, which allow us to perform configuration
and installation of an operating system.
Abstract
Through history, the laptops have evolved, giving way to more compact equipment
and increasingly superior characteristics even with benefits that make them today's
applicants. So far we did recognize the overall architecture, both external and
internal, Laptop. We saw major parts and understood its basic functions. in
following chapters, we will enter for diagnostic procedures, installing components,
assemblies and repair parts that make up these teams.