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Table of Contents
1 E-CPOS Interface Configuration 1-1
Overview1-1
SONET 1-1
SDH1-1
E-CPOS1-5
Configuring an E-CPOS Interface1-6
Configuring an E-CPOS Interface1-6
Configuring the Operating Mode of an E-CPOS Interface/Channel1-7
Displaying and Maintaining E-CPOS Interfaces 1-8
E-CPOS Interface Configuration Example1-8
E-CPOS Interface Configuration Example1-8
Troubleshooting E-CPOS Interfaces1-9
Symptom1-9
Solution1-9


1-1
1 E-CPOS Interface Configuration
When configuring an E-CPOS interface, go to these sections for information you are interested in:
Overview
Configuring an E-CPOS Interface
Displaying and Maintaining E-CPOS Interfaces
E-CPOS Interface Configuration Example
Troubleshooting E-CPOS Interfaces
Overview
SONET
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), a synchronous transmission system defined by the ANSI, is an
international standard transmission protocol over fiber-optic. SONET transmission rates form a
sequence of OC-1 (51.84 Mbps), OC-3 (155 Mbps), OC-12 (622 Mbps), and OC-48 (2.5 Gbps).
Because signals are synchronous, SONET can multiplex signals conveniently.
SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), defined by the CCITT (todays ITU-T) uses a SONET rate subset.
As SDH adopts synchronous multiplexing and allows for flexible mapping, low-speed tributary signals
can be added to or dropped from SDH signals without a large amount of multiplexing/demultiplexing
devices. This reduces signal attenuation and investment in devices.
SDH frame structure
Low-speed tributary signals should distribute in a frame regularly and evenly for the convenience of
adding them to or dropping them from high-speed signals. The ITU-T stipulates that STM-N frames
adopt the structure of rectangle blocks in bytes, as shown in Figure 1-1:
Figure 1-1 STM-N frame structure
Regenerator
section
overhead
Payload
9N
1
9270N ( in bytes)
AU-PTR
Multiplex
section
overhead
261N
2
3
5
4
6
8
7
9


STM-N is a rectangle-block frame structure of 9 rows x 270 x N columns, where the N in STM-N equals
the N columns. N takes the value 1, 4, 16, and so on, indicating the number of STM-1 signals that form
SDH signal.

1-2
The STM-N frame structure consists of three parts: the section overhead (SOH), which includes the
regenerator section overhead (RSOH) and the multiplex section overhead (MSOH); the administration
unit pointer (AU-PTR); and payload. AU-PTR is the pointer that indicates the location of the first byte of
the payload in an STM-N frame so that the receiving end can correctly extract the payload.
Multiplexing STM frames
An STM-1 frame adopts the rectangular structure of 270 columns and 9 rows, with the first 10 columns
as the overhead and the rest 260 columns as the payload. An STM-N frame is formed by interleaving N
STM-1 frames.
Figure 1-2 STM-1 frame structure


SOH: The SDH section overhead. It is used for monitoring the entire STM-1 frame and does not
carry user data. The SOH consists of the regenerator section overhead (RSOH) and the multiplex
section overhead (MSOH). For example, B1 and B2 are used for bit error rate test (BERT) for the
frame; A1 and A2 are frame synchronization bytes.
AU-PTR: The administration unit pointer. It indicates the location of the payload in the STM-1
frame.
POH: Path overhead. It is used for monitoring the payload. For example, the C2 byte in the POH
indicates the payload type, and the G1 byte of the POH indicates whether a bit error is present in
the payload.
Payload: If channelization stops, the payload carries user data; if channelization continues, the
payload carries the data of multiplexed lower-order channels.
The following figure shows how four STM-1 frames are multiplexed into an STM-4 frame. In the same
way, four STM-4 frames can be multiplexed into an STM-16 frame.

1-3
Figure 1-3 Process of multiplexing four STM-1 frames into an STM-4 frame
D
Section overhead
payload AU pointer
Section overhead
P
O
H
C
Section overhead
payload AU pointer
Section overhead
P
O
H
B
Section overhead
payload
Section overhead
P
O
H AU pointer
A
Section overhead
payload AU pointer
Section overhead
P
O
H
A B C D A B C D


The recipient will demultiplex a received STM-4 frame into four STM-1 frames. During the multiplexing
process, the A1, A2, j0, Z0, B1, E1, F1, D1, D2, and D3 fields in the RSOH of the first frame are
multiplexed into the STM-4 frame while those of the rest three frames are treated as invalid. The other
fields of each frame are multiplexed into the STM-4 frame separately.
Figure 1-4 shows how an STM-16 frame in the SDH frame format is demultiplexed.
Figure 1-4 The process of demultiplexing an STM-16 frame in the SDH frame format


Rate hierarchy of SONET/SDH
SDH frames at different rates are identified in the form of STM-N (N equals 1, 4, 16, 64, and so on,
indicating that the frame is formed through multiplexing and interleaving N STM-1 frames). SONET
frames at different rates are identified in the form of STS-N (N equals 1, 3, 12, 48, and so on, indicating
that the frame is formed through multiplexing and interleaving N STS-1 frames. The following table lists
the rate hierarchies of SONET and SDH.

1-4
Table 1-1 Rate hierarchy of SONET/SDH
SONET SDH Rate
STS-1 51.840 Mbps
STS-3 STM-1 155.52 Mbps
STS-12 STM-4 622.080 Mbps
STS-48 STM-16 2488.320 Mbps

Overhead bytes
SDH provides hierarchical monitoring and management functions. It provides section level monitoring
and path level monitoring. Section level monitoring is subdivided into regenerator section level
monitoring and multiplex section level monitoring, while the path level monitoring is subdivided into
higher-order path level monitoring and lower-order path level monitoring. These monitoring functions
are implemented using overhead bytes.


SDH provides a variety of overhead bytes, but only those involved in E-CPOS configuration are
discussed in this section.

SOH
The SOH consists of the RSOH and the MSOH.
The regeneration section trace message J 0 is included in the RSOH to send the section access point
identifier repeatedly. Based on the identifier, the receiver can make sure that it is in continuous
connection with the sender. This byte can be any character in the network of the same operator. If the
networks of two operators are involved, the sending and receiving devices at network borders must use
the same J 0 byte. With the J 0 byte, operators can detect and troubleshoot faults in advance or use less
time to recover networks.
POH
The payload of an STM-N frame includes the path overhead (POH), which monitors low-speed tributary
signals.
While the SOH monitors the section layer, the POH monitors the path layer. The POH is divided into the
higher-order path overhead and the lower-order path overhead.
The higher-order path overhead monitors lower-level paths.
Similar to the J 0 byte, the higher-order VC-N path trace byte J 1 is included in the higher-order path
overhead to send the higher-order path access point identifier repeatedly. Based on the identifier, the
receiving end of the path can make sure that it is in continuous connection with the specified sending
end. The sender and the recipient must use the same J 1 byte.
In addition, the path signal label byte C2 is included in the higher-order path overhead to indicate the
multiplexing structure of VC frames and the properties of payload such as whether the path is carrying
services, what type of services are carried, and how they are mapped. The sender and the recipient
must use the same C2 byte.

1-5
Terms
Multiplex unit: A basic SDH multiplex unit includes containers (C-n), virtual containers (VC-n),
tributary units (TU-n), tributary unit groups (TUG-n), administrative units (AU-n), and administrative
unit groups (AUG-n), where n is the unit level sequence number.
Container: Information structure unit that carries service signals at different rates. G.709 defines
the criteria for five standard containers: C-11, C-12, C-2, C-3 and C-4.
Virtual container (VC): Information structure unit supporting path level connection of SDH. It
terminates an SDH path. VCs are divided into lower-order and higher-order VCs. VC-3 in AU-3 and
VC-4 are higher-order VCs.
Tributary unit (TU) and tributary unit group (TUG): TU is the information structure that provides
adaptation between higher-order paths and lower-order paths. TUG is a set of one or more TUs
whose locations are fixed in higher-order VC payload.
Administrative unit (AU) and administrative unit group (AUG): AU is the information structure that
provides adaptation between the higher-order path layer and the multiplex section layer. AUG is a
set of one or more AUs whose locations are fixed in the STM-N payload.
Optical carrier (OC): OC is a series of physical protocols (including OC-1, OC-2, and so on) defined
for optical transmission over an SONET network. The number in an OC level corresponds to a rate
for STS frames. The base rate is 51.84 Mbps (OC-1), the rate of OC-3 is 155.52 Mbps, and so on.
E-CPOS
The low-speed tributary signals multiplexed to form an SDH signal are called channels. A channelized
POS (CPOS) interface makes full use of SDH to provide precise bandwidth division, reduce the number
of low-speed physical interfaces on devices, enhance their distribution capacity, and improve the
access capacity of dedicated lines.
The basic functions of enhanced CPOS (E-CPOS) interfaces and CPOS interfaces are the same but
their port rate hierarchies and channelization levels are different. For more information, refer to section
Configuring the Operating Mode of an E-CPOS Interface/Channel.
Channelized and unchannelized
A channelized POS interface uses the low-speed tributary signals of STM-N to transmit multiple
streams of data independent of one another over an optical fiber. Each data stream shares
separate bandwidth and has its own start point, end point, and monitoring policy. They are called
channels.
An unchannelized POS interface uses all STM-N signals to transmit a stream of data over an
optical fiber. The transmitted data has the same identifier, start point, and end point, and is
regulated by the same monitoring policy.
When multiple streams of low-speed signals are to be transmitted, channelization can make better use
of bandwidth. When a single high-speed stream of data is to be transmitted, the unchannelized mode is
recommended.
Operating modes of E-CPOS interfaces
An E-CPOS interface can operate in channelized mode or unchannelized mode:
In channelized mode, a higher-order STM-N frame is regarded as being formed by four lower-order
STM-N frames through time-division multiplexing. In this case, a higher-order STM-N frame will be
demultiplexed into multiple lower-order STM-N frames for processing.
In unchannelized mode, STM-N frames are processed without being demultiplexed.

1-6
Configuring an E-CPOS Interface
Before transmitting data over SONET/SDH optical interfaces and using low-speed ports for accessing,
configure the E-CPOS interface first.
Complete the following tasks to configure an E-CPOS interface:
Configuring an E-CPOS Interface
Configuring the Operating Mode of an E-CPOS Interface/Channel
Configuring an E-CPOS Interface
Follow these steps to configure an E-CPOS interface:
To do Use the command Remarks
Enter system view system-view
On a
centralized
device
card-mode slot slot-number
e-cpos
Configure the
working mode
of an interface
card On a distributed
device
card-mode slot slot-number
subslot subslot-number e-cpos
Optional
To make the newly configured
working mode take effect, you
need to restart the interface card.
For more information about
configuring the working mode of an
interface card, refer to Device
Management in the System
Volume.
Enter E-CPOS interface view
controller e-cpos
interface-number

Set the framing format frame-format {sdh | sonet }
Optional
SDH by default
Configure the clocking mode clock {master | slave }
Optional
Slave clocking mode by default
Configure the loopback mode loopback {local | remote }
Optional
Disabled by default
Configure the J 0 byte
flag j0 {sdh j0-string | sonet
j0-value }
Optional
The value ranges and the defaults
for the arguments vary with
devices.
Configure the signal degrade (SD)
threshold and signal fail (SF)
threshold
threshold {sd | sf }value
Optional
By default, the SD threshold is
10e-6 and the SF threshold is
10e-3.
Shut down the E-CPOS interface shutdown
Optional
Up by default


1-7

If no cable is connected to a physical interface, shut down the interface with the shutdown
command to avoid anomalies resulting from interference.
As the shutdown command can disable an interface, use it with caution.

Configuring the Operating Mode of an E-CPOS Interface/Channel
As mentioned earlier, E-CPOS interfaces are different from CPOS interfaces in rate hierarchy and
channelization hierarchy. Currently, the device supports STM-16 E-CPOS interfaces (at 2488 Mbps)
and 622 Mbps/155 Mbps POS channels.
Under each E-CPOS interface, you can create four 622 Mbps channels; under each 622 Mbps channel,
you can create four 155 Mbps channels. You can use the using command to configure the operating
mode of a channel. After you configure the operating mode of a channel as unchannelized, a POS
interface of the corresponding rate will be created automatically.
Follow these steps to create a 622 Mbps POS channel and configure its operating mode on a 2.5 Gbps
E-CPOS interface:
To do Use the command Remarks
Enter system view system-view
Enter E-CPOS interface view
controller e-cpos
interface-number

Create a 622 Mbps channel and
enter its view
oc-12 oc-12-number Required
Configure the 622 Mbps channel to
operate in unchannelized mode
using oc-12c
Required
The default is the channelized
mode.

Follow these steps to create a 155 Mbps POS channel and configure its operating mode on a 2.5 Gbps
E-CPOS interface:
To do Use the command Remarks
Enter system view system-view
Enter E-CPOS interface view
controller e-cpos
interface-number

Create a 622 Mbps channel and
enter its view
oc-12 oc-12-number
Create a 155 Mbps channel and
enter its view
oc-3 oc-3-number
Configure the 155 Mbps channel to
operate in unchannelized mode
using oc-3
Required
The default is the channelized mode.


1-8
Displaying and Maintaining E-CPOS Interfaces
To do Use the command Remarks
Display information about all channels of the
specified E-CPOS interface
display controller e-cpos
interface-number
Available in any view
Display information about the POS channels of
the specified E-CPOS interface
display interface pos
interface-number
Available in any view
Clear the controller counter of the specified
E-CPOS interface
reset counters controller
e-cpos interface-number
Available in user view

E-CPOS Interface Configuration Example
E-CPOS Interface Configuration Example
Network requirements
Configure a 2.5 Gbps E-CPOS interface to carry traffic via 155 Mbps POS channels, as shown in
Figure 1-5.
Figure 1-5 Network diagram for E-CPOS configuration


Configuration procedure
1) Configuration on Router A
#Configure the clock mode of interface E-CPOS 1/0.
<Rout er A> syst em- vi ew
[ Rout er A] cont r ol l er e- cpos 1/ 0
[ Rout er A- E- Cpos1/ 0] cl ock mast er
#Create a 155 Mbps POS interface on interface E-CPOS 1/0.
[ Rout er A- E- Cpos1/ 0] oc- 12 4
[ Rout er A- E- Cpos1/ 0- oc- 12- 4] oc- 3 4
[ Rout er A- E- Cpos1/ 0- oc- 12- 4- oc- 3- 4] usi ng oc- 3c
#Configure channelized interface POS1/0/4/4:0.
[ Rout er A- E- Cpos1/ 0- oc- 12- 4- oc- 3- 4] i nt er f ace pos 1/ 0/ 4/ 4: 0
[ Rout er A- pos1/ 0/ 4/ 4: 0] i p addr ess 10. 110. 4. 1 255. 255. 255. 0
2) Configuration on Router B
#Create a 155 Mbps POS interface on interface E-CPOS 1/0.
<Rout er B> syst em- vi ew
[ Rout er B] cont r ol l er e- cpos 1/ 0
[ Rout er B- E- Cpos1/ 0] oc- 12 4
[ Rout er B- E- Cpos1/ 0- oc- 12- 4] oc- 3 4
[ Rout er B- E- Cpos1/ 0- oc- 12- 4- oc- 3- 4] usi ng oc- 3c
#Configure channelized interface POS1/0/4/4:0.
[ Rout er B- E- Cpos1/ 0- oc- 12- 4- oc- 3- 4] i nt er f ace pos 1/ 0/ 4/ 4: 0
[ Rout er B- pos1/ 0/ 4/ 4: 0] i p addr ess 10. 110. 4. 2 255. 255. 255. 0
After the connection is established, Router A can successfully ping Router B.

1-9
Troubleshooting E-CPOS Interfaces
Symptom
An E-CPOS interface is physically up, so are the channelized POS interfaces on it, but the link layer is
down.
Solution
The physical parameter settings (such as clock source and scrambling) on the E-CPOS interface
do not match those on the remote E-CPOS interface.
The link layer protocol of the POS channel does match that of the remote POS channel.
No IP address is configured for a local POS interface or its peer.
The bandwidth of POS interfaces channelized from the local E-CPOS interface is not the same as
that of POS interfaces channelized from the remote E-CPOS interface.
POS interfaces channelized from the local E-CPOS interface are not the same as POS interfaces
channelized from the remote E-CPOS interface in POS interface number.
PPP authentication fails on the virtual POS interface. PPP authentication maybe fails due to
incorrect PPP authentication parameters.
You can use the display interface pos interface-number command to display the multiplexing path and
PPP link negotiation information of the specified POS interface.
An interface may be in one of the following four states:
Pos1/ 0/ 1: 0 cur r ent st at e: Admi ni st r at i vel y DOWN, Li ne pr ot ocol cur r ent st at e: DOWN,
indicating that the interface is administratively shut down.
Pos1/ 0/ 1: 0 cur r ent st at e: DOWN, Li ne pr ot ocol cur r ent st at e: DOWN, indicating that the
interface is not enabled or has not gone up on the physical layer.
Pos1/ 0/ 1: 0 cur r ent st at e: UP, Li ne pr ot ocol cur r ent st at e: UP, indicating that the interface
has passed LCP negotiation.
Pos1/ 0/ 1: 0 cur r ent st at e: UP, Li ne pr ot ocol cur r ent st at e: DOWN, indicating that the interface
has been activated but has not passed LCP negotiation.