Introduction:

The word micrometer is a neoclassical coinage from Greek micros, meaning

"small", and metron, meaning "measure". The Merriam-Webster Collegiate \ says
that English got it from French and that its first known appearance in English
writing was in 1670. Neither the metre nor the micrometer nor the micrometer
(device) as we know them today existed at that time. However, the people of that
time did have much need for, and interest in, the ability to measure small things
and small differences. The word was no doubt coined in reference to this endeavor,
even if it did not refer specifically to its present-day senses.
The first ever micrometric screw was invented by William Gascoigne in the 17th
century, as an enhancement of the vernier; it was used in a telescope to measure
angular distances between stars and the relative sizes of celestial objects.
Henry Maudslay built a bench micrometer in the early 19th century that was
jocularly nicknamed "the Lord Chancellor" among his staff because it was the final
judge on measurement accuracy and precision in the firm's work.
Theory:
A micrometer sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a
device incorporating a calibrated screw widely used for precise
measurement of components
[1]
in mechanical engineering and machining
as well as most mechanical trades, along with other metrological
instruments such as dial, vernier, and digital calipers. Micrometers are
usually, but not always, in the form of calipers (opposing ends joined by
a frame), which is why micrometer caliper is another common name.
The spindle is a very accurately machined screw and the object to be
measured is placed between the spindle and the anvil. The spindle is
moved by turning the ratchet knob or thimble until the object to be
measured is lightly touched by both the spindle and the anvil.


Construction:
Micrometers use the principle of nail and nut and the distance it moves with one
complete turn (360). Is called pitch.
It consists of:
1-Fixed anvil
2-Movable anvil
3-Frame
4-Sleeve, it is the round part with the main scale on it
5-Thimble
6-Ratchet, which control the measuring force
7-Locking nut / Fixation bolt: that one can tighten to hold the spindle stationary,
used for holding a measurement so we can get the dimensions without error

Specifications:
1- Zero error : it consists of 3 types
a- the mark is exactly on zero (accurate)
b- or less with 1mm for example
c- or we can get block gauge and add it on measurement readings
2- Scale value of main scale
3- Scale division of main scale
4- Scale value of thimble scale
5- Scale division of thimble scale
6- Measuring capacity
7- Equipment capacity

1- External micrometer :
Specification:
Scale value of main scale = 0.5mm
Scale division of main scale =0.5mm
Scale value of thimble scale =0.5/50=0.02mm
Scale division of thimble scale
Measuring capacity from 0 to 25 mm
Equipment capacity 0 to 25 mm


















2-External micrometer with index (different in frame
shape)
Specifications
Scale value =1mm
Scale division=1mm
Measuring capacity= from 0 to 15
Measuring equipment=from 0 to 15
Scale value of index =1/100
Scale division of index=2 R/100












3-Depth micrometer
Specifications:
1-Scale value of thimble =0.5/50=0.02mm
2-Measuring capacity =from 0 to 25
3-Measuring equipment of anvils=
From 0 to 25
From 25 to 50
From 50 to 75
From 75 to 100
So for example if reading equal 16 and we used 25 anvils then
reading equal 16+25








Internal cantilever micrometer
Specifications:
1- Scale value =0.5 mm
2- Scale division=0.5mm
3- Measuring capacity from 5 to 30 mm
4- Measuring equipment from 5 to 30 mm
The internal cantilever is characterized that it has a wheel
to check zero error so if the reading was 5.39 the error
equal 0.39 because it must be 5 the reading

















Rod type micrometer:
Specifications:
1- Measuring capacity =from 0 to 25
2- Measuring equipment of anvils =
From 5o to 75
From 75 to 100
.
.
.
.
From 275 till 300
So we add 50 on any reading if we used the 50 anvil










Error of measurements:
1- The zero error is important to be added or reduced
2- Adding the anvils amount on the readings
3- Not using the right micrometer in measuring depth or
internal or external measurements

Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
1- a micrometer is a very
accurate measurement tool,
good advantage for precise
1- A micrometer has no
particular disadvantages -it
does exactly what it is
designed to do. I suppose you
could say that you have to be
taught how to read a
micrometer is a
'disadvantage', but this is
true for most analogue
instruments However, there
are digital micrometers which
overcome this difficulty.
2- work-0.01mm
increments. they are limited
in range IE 0-25mm, 25-
50mm, 50-75mm etc
3- so selecting correct size
range and screwing up to
size adjustment can be time

Experimental section:
Tools needed: 1- External micrometer
2- External micrometer with index
(Different in frame shape)
3-Internal cantilever micrometer
4-depth micrometer
5-rod micrometer
Precautions: 1- be sure there is no zero error
2-dont drop the work piece
3-measuement must be on a flat plate
Experiment:













Conclusion:
1- The micrometer is an extremely precise measuring
instrument; the reading error is 1/200 mm = 0.005
mm.
2- Use the rachet to close the jaws lightly on the object
to be measured.
3-The micrometer may not be calibrated to read exactly
zero when the jaws are completely closed. Compensate
for this by closing the jaws with the rachet until it clicks.
Then read the micrometer and subtract this offset from
all measurements taken. (The offset can be positive or
negative.)