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Goa College of Architecture

APA (American Psychological Association) Style Citations Guide
This document provides guidelines for citing sources according to the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (6th edition), often referred to as "APA style". This guide is an
abbreviation of APA guidelines and is based on the document developed by University of California
Berkeley Library (2009). If the kind of work you wish to cite is not represented, or specifics about the
resource you need to cite are not addressed, see the American Psychological Association (6th
edition).

About APA
From its inception as a brief journal article in 1929, the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association has been designed to advance scholarship by setting sound and rigorous
standards for scientific communication. The creators of the 1929 manuscript included psychologists,
anthropologists, and business managers who convened under the sponsorship of the National
Research Council. They sought to establish a simple set of procedures, or style rules, which would
codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension. This
goal was subsequently embraced not only by psychologists but also by scholars in other social and
behavioral sciences who wished to enhance the dissemination of knowledge in their respective fields.

How Do I Cite? When you quote, refer to, or base your ideas on another person's work, you need to
cite it. APA style requires you place brief reference citations in your text, and then complete citations
for the works referenced at the end of your paper in an alphabetized reference list.

1) In-Text Reference Citations. At the point of reference, provide your reader with a brief
reference citation. When quoting, or referring to a specific part of a work, include information on the
specific page(s) or part of the work.

Direct Quotation of Sources
Reproduce word for word material directly quoted from another author's work or from your own
previously published work, material replicated from a test item, and verbatim instructions to
participants. When quoting, always provide the author and year (specific page citation or paragraph
number for non paginated material, if available) and include a complete reference in the reference list.

For short quotations (less than 40 words)
A quotation of less than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks like this and should
be incorporated into the sentence.

For long quotations (more than 40 words)
Longer quotations should be set apart from the surrounding text, without quotation marks, in block
format, indented five spaces from the left margin, and double spaced.

If the quotation is more than one paragraph, indent the first line of the second
paragraph about 1/2 inch (5 spaces, as illustrated in this para).

Quotations within a quotation:
In block quotations, use double quotation marks to indicate that a phrase is a direct quote. For shorter
quotations, use single quotation marks.

Material removed from a quotation:
Sometimes it is necessary, for brevity, to remove a portion of a paragraph.
Use an ellipsis to indicate that a portion of the quotation has been omitted: three periods with spaces
before and after ( ... ) when the words have been omitted in the middle of a sentence, four periods
(with spaces before and after) when the end of a sentence has been left out .

Material inserted into the quotation:
Sometimes it is necessary, for clarity, to insert a word into a direct quotation. Use square brackets
[like this] to highlight words that have been added to the quotation by someone other than the original
author. Remember that all quotations, as well as paraphrased text from your research materials, must
be properly cited.


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Citing a Work
Citing a work, one author:
As Rapoport (1969) stated, your text continues.
OR
Your text or quotation here (Rapoport, 1969).
Citing a work, two to five authors (or editors as authors)
Citing a work, two authors:
According to Chawla and Sondhi (2011), your text continues.
OR
Your text or quotation here (Chawla & Sondhi, 2011).
Citing a specific part of a work
Citing a work, two to five authors:
When a work has two authors, cite both names every time the reference occurs in text. When a work
has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent
citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not Italicized and with a period
after all and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph.
Example: Kisangau, Lyaruu, Hosea, and Joseph (2007) found [Use as first citation in text.]
Kisangau et al. (2007) found [Use as subsequent first citation per paragraph
thereafter.]
Kisangau et al. found [Omit year from subsequent citations after first nonparenthetical
citation within a paragraph. Include the year in subsequent citations if first citation
within a paragraph is parenthetical.]
Note: When a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et
al.(not Italicized and with a period after al) and the year for the first and subsequent citations.
Citing a specific part of a work:
According to Chawla and Sondhi (2011, p. 45), your text continues.
OR
Your text or quotation here (Chawla & Sondhi, 1999, p. 45).
Citing a specific part of an electronic source that does not have page numbers
Citing a specific part of an electronic work that does not have page numbers
As Frampton (2002, Conclusion section, para. 3) concluded, your text continues.
OR
Your text or quotation here (Frampton, 2002, Conclusion section, para. 3).

General Rules for an In-Text Reference Citation
Elements
- Note the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.
Include these elements within the text's narrative or in accompanying parentheses; include in
parentheses any element that does not already appear in the narrative.
- Separate elements in parentheses by a comma.
- Do not include suffixes such as Jr.
- Cite only the year; do not include months or days.
- Subsequent citations to the same work, within the same paragraph, do not require you re-cite
the year.

Citing a specific part of a work
- Always provide page numbers when quoting.
- Follow the year of publication with a comma and identify the page(s), chapter, table, etc.
- Use abbreviations p. and chap. for page or chapter.
- For electronic sources without page numbers, if the source referenced provides paragraph
numbers, use them (precede with symbol para. ). If it does not, but has section headings, cite
the relevant heading for the section, followed by a comma and the number of the paragraph in
that section.

Citations within Quotations
- Do not omit citations embedded within the original material you are quoting. The works cited
need not be included in the list of references (unless you happen to cite them as primary
sources elsewhere in your paper).

Works by more than one author
- For a work by two authors, provide the last names of both each time the cited work is
referenced.

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- For a work by three to five authors, provide the last names of all authors the first time the
work is cited; in any subsequent references cite the last name of the first author followed by et
al.
- For a work by more than five authors, provide the last name of the first author followed by et
al.
- Include the year of publication in the first citation and omit year from subsequent citations
after first nonparenthetical citation within a paragraph. Include the year in subsequent
citations if first citation within a paragraph is parenthetical.
- When citing within parentheses, join multiple authors with &.
- When citing within the text's narrative, join authors with the conjunction and.

Author is a group, no author, and anonymous author
- Group author. For a work authored by a group, spell out the group name. When it is long,
and has a readily understandable abbreviation, it may be abbreviated in subsequent
references.
Initial citation of group author Subsequent citation(s)
(The National Organization for Women [NOW], 1999) (NOW, 1999)

- No author provided. For a work with no author, instead cite the first few words of the work's
entry as given in the "reference list" (see order of entries in the section of this guide
describing the reference list).
o Usually it will be the title. If it is a title of an article or book chapter, put it in "quotes". If
it is a title of a book, periodical, or report, italicize it.
No author listed
As was noted ("The Disability Gulag," 2003) at the time, your text continues.
Note: Capitalization of title words differs from their treatment in the reference list

- Anonymous work. For a work designated as anonymous, cite the author as Anonymous.

Undated work
- For undated works, note n.d.
Undated work
As Winton (n.d.) stated, your text continues.
OR
Your text or quotation here (Winton, n.d.).



2) Reference List. The reference list provides the full citations for the works you cite. Below are
examples and the general guidelines to follow when citing.

BOOKS / BROCHURES
General format: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year).Title of book. Location: Publisher.

Examples:
1. Book with single author
LaRue, F. (1992). My fabulous life: Parisian flings and other things. Paris: LaPlume.

2. Book with two authors
Dactyl, T.A., & Saurus, B.T. (1994).The jurys still out on Jurassic Park. Raptor, PA: Altamira Press.

3. Book with three to five authors
Evans, P., Jones, M., West, H., Cooper, B., & Williams, M. (2002).The astronomical timetable. New York:
Preston Press.

4. Book with more than six authors
Mercer, E., White, J. R., Brent, C., Moore, M., Zygler, J. E., et al. (2003). My fabulous life: Parisian flings and
other things. Paris: LaPlume.

5. Edited book
Anklet, T. M. (Ed.).(1976). Big bruisers. Montreal: Strange Brew Press.


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6. Edited book, two editors
Gilbert, H. S., & Hart, L. N. (Eds.). (2000). Racism and mapmaking: Never a straight line?. New York:
Preston Press.

7. Book, third edition, Jr. in name
Massey, W. R., & Jameson, W. M., Jr. (2001).Organizational behavior and the new internet logic (3rd ed.).
New York: McGraw-Hill.

8. Book, group author (government agency) as publisher
Aguidar Bureau of Statistics. (2001). Rural and urban birthrate statistics (No.53.9877). Iswari, Asina-Waall
Province: Author.

9. Book, no author or editor (place the title in the place of the author / editor)
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary. (10th ed.). (1998). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

10. Book, revised edition
Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

11. Several volumes in a multivolume edited work, publication over period of more than 1 year
Anderson, J. B. (Ed.). (1989-1999). A history of mythology and culture (Vols. 1-10). New York: Preston
Press.

12. Encyclopedia or dictionary
Sanborn, W. B. (Ed.). (2001). Dictionary of tribal mythologies (4th ed., Vols.1-14). New York: Preston Press.

13. English translation of a book
Freud, S. (1914). The psychopathology of everyday life. (A. A. Brill, Trans.). London: T. Fisher Unwin.
(Original work published 1901).

14. Brochure, corporate author
Winslow-Ames Consulting Group. (2003). Caring for the elderly: An intensive workshop (3rd ed.) [Brochure].
New York: Author.

15. Article or chapter in an edited book, two editors
Gardener, E. D. (1988). Heretics. In S. Nevins & L. Bointer (Eds.), 16th Century England (pp. 327-384).
London: Methaneon.

16. Chapter in a volume in a series
Aarnsworth, E. (2002). Magnesotic irregularities in rock formations. In A. Beales & P. M. Jessing (Eds.),
Handbook of Geology. Vol. 4: Southwestern US (5th ed.,pp. 97-121). New York: Preston

17. Entry in an encyclopedia
Marchant, E. (2003). Gypsy oak. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 42, pp. 304-305). Chicago:
Encyclopedia Britannica.

18. Report available from the government Printing Office (GPO), government institute as author
National Institute of Mental Health. (1999). Psychodiagnosis: A bibliography (DHHS Publication No. 12-
9022). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

19. Report from a university
Griggs, J. R., & Williams, H. M. (2001).Prevalence of land entitlement certificate forgeries (Tech. Rep. No.
17). Niederlanden, Eastern Isaawi: University of Guernsey, Crime Research Centre.

BOOK REVIEW
General format: Author, A. A. (Year / Year, Month day).Title of book review [Review of the book Title
of Magazine]. Title of Magazine, volume if any, page-number/s.



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Examples
1. Review of a book
Landower, A. (2002). Reading the ropes of the new reality [Review of the book Under glass ties: The new
media fantasy of realism]. Contemporary Culture, 42, 533-567.

2. Review of a film or motion picture
Reiner, E. J. (2001, May 20). Breaking away: A tradition of rebellion [Review of the motion picture Bernice's
sandals] (dir. Anthony Peters). New Media, p. 45.


THESIS AND DISSERTATIONS
General format: Author, A. A. (Year).Title of the dissertation. Unpublished doctoral / masters
dissertation / thesis, College, Name of the University.

Examples
1. Unpublished doctoral dissertation
Roberts, M. B. (2001). Land use and the law. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois.

2. Unpublished master's thesis
Sanchez, E. (2001). Druidic dreams: Paluo's letters from the isle of Skye. Unpublished master's thesis,
University of Agal.

3. Unpublished bachelors thesis
Murphy, G. J. (2000). Multiwavelength analyses of classical carbon-oxygen novae. Unpublished bachelors
dissertation, Arizona State University.



JOURNALS/ PERIODICALS / MAGAZINES
General format: Author, A. A. (2004, Month day).Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume if any,
page-number/s.

Examples
1. Journal article, one author, journal paginated consecutively throughout the volume
Wolf, E. (1990). Distinguished lecture: Facing power. American Anthropologist, 92, 586-596.

2. Journal article, two authors
Heilbrun, C., & Resnik, J. (1990). Convergences: Law, literature, and feminism. Yale Law Journal, 99, 1913-
1950.

3. Journal article, more than five authors
Mercer, E., Faria, R., White, J. R., Brent, C., Moore, M., Zygler, J. E., et al. (2003). The myth of depression.
Health Culture, 9, 221-229.

4. Magazine article
Miller, J. H. (2001, April). The next interpretation of nothing. Cultural Trends, 8+.

5. Newsletter article
Broca, J. R. (2001, Fall). Artistic training as therapy. Art and Psychology Bulletin, 21, 83-87.

6. Newsletter article, no author
Understanding the new regulations.(2002, May). Scioto Valley Newsletter, 9, 3-4.

7. Daily newspaper article, no author
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15).
The Washington Post, p. A12.

8. Daily newspaper article, discontinuous pages
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1,
A4.

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9. Monthly newspaper article, letter to the editor
Mays, E. S. (2001, 11 June). The business of business [Letter to the editor].Wall Street Journal, p. 3.

10. Monograph with issue number and serial (or whole) number
Wisener, A., & Jameson, M. L. (2002).Parental understanding of pretense. Monographs of the Society for
Research in Parenting, 78(3, Serial No. 422).

11. Periodical published annually
Swidler, A., & Arditi, J. (1994).The new sociology of knowledge. Annual Review of Sociology, 20, 305-329.

12. English translation of a journal article, journal paginated by issue
Von der Luhe, I. (1982). I without guarantees: Ingeborg Bachmann's Frankfurt lectures on Poetics (M. T.
Kraus, Trans.). New German Critique, 8(27), 31-56


ONLINE SOURCES
General format: Author, A. A. (Year / Year, Month day).Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume if
any, page-number/s. Retrieved Month day, Year, from http://www.xyz.com/eee.html

Examples
1. Government report available on govt. agency website
U.S. National Park Service. (2002). Decorating the White House: Tips from Dolly Madison and other first
ladies. Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http://www.nps.gov/tips.html

2. Stand-alone document, no author identified, no date
TechNo's adolescent quotient questionnaire. (n.d.). Retrieved August 5, 2002, from http://www.asnu.edu/
TechNo/AQQ.htm.

3. Report from a university, available on private organization web site
University of Manne, Center for Medical Education. (2001, December). Patients as effective educators in
chronic conditions. Retrieved Aug. 2, 2002, from the Milbrook Memorial Fund Web site: http://www.mmf.org/
reports/patients.html/.

4. US government report available on government agency web site, no publication date indicated
United States Sentencing Commission.(n.d.).Federal sentencing statistics by state. Retrieved Aug 2, 2002,
from http://www.ussc.gov/JUDPACK/JP2000.htm.

5. Paper presented at a symposium, abstract retrieved from university web site
Dietrich, E. (2002, January 16). The left hand meets the right brain. Paper presented at the 2002 Symposium
on Neurocentric Art. Abstract retrieved May 3, 2003, from http://www.nacouncil.org/ 2002Symposium/
dietrich.htm.

6. Electronic copy of a journal article, three to five authors, retrieved from database
Jameson, M. M., Wilson, A. E., & Myers, B. R. (2003). Managing managers in the changing workplace.
Journal of Management and Culture, 43, 423-450. Retrieved April 15, 2003, from ala JOURNALS database.

7. Daily newspaper article, electronic version available by search
Nottingham, B. (2003, March 3). Toying with industrial restraints. New Amsterdam Beacon..Retrieved April 4,
2003, from http://www.nabeacon.com.


MULTIMEDIA
General format: Last Name, A. A. (Producer) & Last Name, A. A. (Director). (Year). Title of Movie
[Motion picture]. Place of production: Production name.

Examples
1. Motion picture
Fudd, E. (Producer) & Leghorn, F. (Director). (2006). Nothing to crow about: Chicken exploitation in America
[Motion Picture]. Albuquerque, NM: Looney Productions.

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2. Audiovisual media, film or motion picture
Mendelson, I. (Producer) & Axelson, E. (Writer/director). (2001). One for the money [Motion picture]. United
States: Siren Screens.

3. Television broadcast
Lott, B., & Frank, S. H. (Prod.). (2001, Sept. 10). The News Hour with Jim Lehrer [Television broadcast].
New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

4. Television series
Michaels, D. A. (Producer). (2002). The heart [Television series]. New York: WNET.


UNPUBLISHED WORKS
Examples
1. Unpublished contribution to a symposium (presentation title available)
Beales, J. (2001, May). Beyond seeing: Cultural blindness and lettering [Fieldnote data summary and slide
presentation]. In M. Wilkes (Chair), Textual perspectives. Symposium conducted at the 50th Annual Meeting
of the Archaeological Society, New York.

2. Unpublished contribution to a symposium (presentation title not available)
Miller, A. S. (2003, May). Slide presentation and field note summary. In M. L. Irons, (Chair), Storytelling in
rural gatherings. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the RGS, Marseilles, France.

3. Unpublished paper presented at a meeting
Shimahara, N. K. (1983, November 18). Mobility and education of Buraku: The case of a Japanese minority.
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago.

4. Unpublished manuscript not submitted for publication
Myers, B. (1992). The regimental rituals .Unpublished manuscript.

5. Unpublished manuscript of a university
Nomiya, D. (1988). Urbanization and income inequality: A cross-national study. Unpublished manuscript,
Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.

6. Manuscript in progress or submitted for publication but not yet accepted
Anderson, M. J. (2001). War and journalism: A brief history of history. Manuscript submitted for publication
(copy on file with author).

General Rules for Reference Lists (see additional rules for electronic publications, below)
Abbreviation Book or publication part
ed. edition
Rev. ed. Revised edition
2nd ed. second edition
Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors)
Trans. Translator(s)
n.d. no date
p. (pp.) page (pages)
Vol. Volume (as in Vol. 4)
Vols. Volumes (as in Vols. 1-4)
No. Number
Pt. Part
Tech. Rep. Technical Report
Suppl. Supplement


Titling and spacing
- Start the list on a new page. Title it References (Reference if citing only one work) and centre
the title.
- Double-space entries.
- Individual entries should have a hanging indent (i.e. first line of entry is flush with the left
margin, subsequent lines indented) or bulleted .

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Order of entries
- Entries are alphabetized by author's last name.
- For works with multiple authors, alphabetise by the last name of the first listed author.
- Multiple works by the same author(s) are alphabetised by the first authors last name and
ordered amongst themselves by year of publication (earliest first).
- Multiple works by the same first author, but different subsequent authors, are alphabetised
within the list by the last name of the first author, and then alphabetized amongst themselves
by the first unique last name.
- When the author is a group, alphabetise by the first significant word in the group's name.
- Works signed Anonymous should be alphabetised as if that is the author's name.
- Works with no author should move the title to the author position (before the date of
publication) and alphabetise by the first significant title word.

Elements of an entry
- Each entry usually contains the following four elements: a) author b) publication date c) title
and d) publishing data.
- Commas generally separate items within an element.
- Periods are generally used to end an element.
- Author
Invert authors' names -- e.g., Last name, A. A., Last name, B. B., & Last name, C. C.
Use commas between an author's last name and initials, between initials and
suffixes, and between multiple authors.
- When there are multiple authors, precede the last named author by &
Provide author last names and initials for works by one to six authors. For seven or
more, follow the sixth author by a comma and the abbreviation et al.
If the author is a group, its name should be written in full, capitalizing the first letter of
significant words. A parent body precedes a subdivision of an organization -- e.g.,
University of Somewhere, Department of Something
If the work has no author, move the work's title to the author position of the entry
Edited books generally treat the editor as the author. Follow editor name with (Ed.) or
(Eds.) as appropriate
- However: If a book has only one author and also an editor, the editors name is given in
parentheses, after the title - in the manner a translator would be treated. In this case, the
editor name is not inverted e.g., Title of book (A. A. Last name, Ed.).
- For a chapter in a book, the chapter author is the author listed for the entry. Editor
information, if any, precedes the book title and is not inverted. See book chapter example for
a sample citation.
Multiple editors are separated with a comma; use & between the last two named
editors.
If there are only two editors, use & without a comma between the editor names
Follow editor name(s) with (Ed.), or (Eds.).
- Reviews treat the reviewer as the author for the entry.
- Publication date
The year of publication is enclosed in parentheses. It usually follows the author name
and precedes the title.
For magazines, newsletters, and newspapers, provide the year followed by the exact
date as given on the publication i.e. month, month and day, or season of the issue
e.g., (YYYY, Month dd) or (YYYY, Season).
If there is no date available, enter (n.d.).
- Title
Capitalisation & italics
For published periodicals, capitalise the first letter of all significant title words.
For nonperiodicals, book chapters, and articles, capitalise only the first word, and
proper nouns, of titles and subtitles.
Italicise titles of whole works for both periodicals and nonperiodicals. Also italicize the
volume number, if any, for periodicals. Do not italicize the titles of parts of a larger
work e.g., chapters in books, articles in journals, etc.
- Title is a chapter in a book
After the author, cite the chapter title and add a period. Enter in and give the name of
the book's editor(s), if any, the title of the book, and, in parentheses, the page
numbers cited (use abbreviation p. or pp. as appropriate).See book chapter example,
for a sample citation.

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- Edition, report number, volume information (for nonperiodicals & book chapters)
With a book, enclose any of the above in parentheses after the title -- e.g., Title of
book: Subtitle (3rd ed.).
For a chapter in a book, provide this information prior to, and in the same
parentheses as, the relevant page numbers, separated by a comma -- e.g., Title of
chapter. In Title of book (3rd. ed., pp. 6-12).
Use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.) to indicate volume numbers
- Other descriptive information
Any non-standard descriptive information regarding the form, or type of source cited,
that is important for the identification of the material, is placed in brackets
For descriptive information regarding articles & chapters in a book, place brackets
after the article or chapter title --e.g., Title of article [Letter to the editor or Special
issue, etc.].
For descriptive information regarding books and other nonperiodicals, place brackets
after the title and after any parenthetical information as regards edition, volume, etc. -
-e.g., Title of nonperiodical (parenthetical information, if any) [Motion picture or
Bibliography, etc.].
For reviews, place brackets after the review title, identify it as a review, identify the
medium reviewed and the title of the work reviewed e.g., Title of review [Review of
the book/motion picture/television program/etc..
- Periodical
Provide the title of the periodical, the volume number, if any, and inclusive page
numbers
Do not use abbreviation vol. before the number; use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.) to
indicate volume numbers
If a periodical does not use volume numbers, include the month, season, or other
designation following the year of publication e.g., Author, A. A. (1991, July).
If a journal paginates each issue separately (i.e. each issue starts its numbering with
page 1), provide the issue number, in parentheses, immediately after the volume
number e.g., 38(2), 12-17.
When noting page number(s) in an entry for a newspaper article, precede number(s)
with p. or pp.
See article examples for sample citations
- Place of publication and publisher (non-periodicals)
Provide the city, state (or province where applicable) and country (if outside the
United States.).
Place a colon after the place of publication and provide the name of the publisher.
Use 2-letter abbreviations for states
If two or more publisher locations are listed, give the first or the home office (if known)
If the publisher is a university and the university name includes the state or province,
do not repeat that information in
- Publisher
Write, in full, the name of associations, corporations & university presses. Omit terms
like Publishers, Co., or Inc., not required to identify the publisher. Keep the words Books
and Press.

Additional Rules for Electronic Publications
The rules for citing electronic publications build upon those of their print counterparts. In general, you
include the same elements, in the same order, as you would for a print copy of the material. Then you
add a retrieval statement that provides details about electronic access to your source. APA guidelines
for resource types are given above, guidelines for the electronic retrieval statement are outlined
below.

Note: What you include in a citation will depend partly on the information the source makes available.
Sometimes a judgement call, as to what information to include, is required. When this is the case,
keep in mind that the overall goal of the citations to make a source findable to your readers.

Retrieval statement. A retrieval statement is provided at the end of a citation's entry. It may include
the date and/or source location.

Retrieval date. When the source content is likely to change, or is retrieved from the "open" web,
include the date of access,


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e.g., Retrieved month day, year, from source/location.
- When the cited work has no fixed publication date, edition, or version, a retrieval date
documents the moment you referred to a changeable source.
- A retrieval date is not needed when the content is not likely to change e.g., the published
version of a journal article or book.
- When in doubt about whether a retrieval date is needed, providing the date is acceptable
style.

Location of a source. A decision will need to be made between the provision of a URL, or a
database name, and, for nonperiodicals, what publisher information needs to be included.

URL- Give the full URL to the material cited when the source is freely available. If the material cited
was accessed via a subscription based resource (such as a library licensed database), give the URL
to the home page of that resource. Also give the URL to the home page of reference resources (such
as online dictionaries or encyclopedias).
Your reader may not have access to a given subscription database, and/or the database may
generate URLs that are not permanent. In both cases, providing the home page avoids the likelihood
of a non-working URL.
However: URLs for subscription resources can be complex and may not easily reduce to a
homepage. Should this prove the case, providing the name of the database, in lieu of a URL, is
acceptable see next entry.
- Copy URLs exactly and do not place a
period at the end of the entry.
- If you need to break a URL across
several lines of text, break it before a
point of punctuation -- do not break it
after http:// and do not use a hyphen
to break it.
- When the URL leads to a page on how to obtain/purchase the material (for example, a vendor
like Amazon), state Available from instead of Retrieved from.

Database name
- For subscription-based resources (when the URL does not reduce to an identifiable
homepage) provide the database name -- e.g., Retrieved from database name.
- Provide the name of a database used to access documents of limited circulation (hard to find
books, etc.).

Geographic location & publisher (non-periodicals)
- The geographic location of a publisher is not generally needed.
- The name of the publisher is needed if it is not evident elsewhere in an entry (e.g., via the
author's name for self published works, via the URL if it includes the publisher name, etc.).
- When you need to cite a publisher, you generally do so in the retrieval statement -- e.g.,
Retrieved from Publisher at source location.
- However, when the material was not retrieved from the publisher, include any publisher
location/name information available as you would for a print copy, and then add a retrieval
statement according to the guidelines noted above. This will provide your reader with the
information they need to locate the source, either online or in print format. See online book
citations for examples.

Permission to Quote, Reprint, or Adapt
You may need written permission from the owner of copyrighted work if you include lengthy
quotations or if you include reprinted or adapted tables or figures. Reprinting indicates that the
material is reproduced exactly as it appeared originally, without modifications, in the way in which it
was intended. Adaptation refers to the modification of material so that it is suitable for a new purpose
(e.g., paraphrasing or presenting an original theory or idea discussed in a long passage in a published
article in a new way that suits your study; using part of a table or figure in a new table or figure in your
manuscript).
Requirements for obtaining permission to quote copyrighted material vary from one copyright owner to
another; for example, APA policy permits authors to use, with some exceptions, a maximum of three
figures or tables from a journal article or book chapter, single text extracts of fewer than 400 words, or
a series of text extracts that total fewer than 800 words without requesting formal permission from
APA.
It is important to check with the publisher or copyright owner regarding specific requirements
Reading a URL

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for permission to quote from or adapt copyrighted material. It is the author's responsibility to find out
whether permission is required from the copyright owner and to obtain it for both print and electronic
reuse.

Need More Help??
For complete information regarding the structure of individual citations, order of entries, citing
materials not represented, etc., consult the following APA guides:

A.P.A. (2010). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed. Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association.

An official update to the APA print manual as regards the citation of electronic references is
available at http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

Bibliographic management software/programmes like End Note, RefWorks, and Zotero, can help
automate the citation process. One can also use the features provided by MS Word under -
References> Citations & Bibliography. Similarly, there are many databases and websites
(www.bibme.org , www.easybib.com & www.gobiblio.com ) that allow the export of the citation in APA
style.

It is advisable to run your entire research document on the Anti-plagiarism software (free Anti-
plagairism software e.g. Viper). If you find certain section not cited, kindly cite it as per the APA style.
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Prepared by- Rohit Nadkarni.
Dt- 06/09/2012