Lesson 2

Edi B. Setyobudi
Prodi Tekni k Geol ogi
Uni versi tas Di ponegoro
Introduction to Petroleum
Geochemistry
Further Readings
Horsfield, B. and J. Rullktter, 1994, Diagenesis,
Catagenesis and Metagenesis of Organic Matter, in
The Petroleum System From Source to Trap, AAPG
Memoir 60
Chilingar, G.V. et al, 2005, Geology and
Geochemistry of Oil and Gas. Chapter 9
Verweij, J.M. 1993, Hydrocarbon Migration Systems
Analysis, Chapters 3, 4 and 5
Wenger,L.M., C.L. Davis and G.H. Isaksen, 2002,
Multiple Controls on Petroleum Biodegradation and
Impact on Oil Quality, SPE Paper
Objectives
Principles of hydrocarbon
generation, migration, accumulation
and alteration
Basics of oil to oil and oil to source
rock correlations
Problems with Source Rock Evaluation
Most of drilling depths above mature windows
Penetrated sections may be of different facies
Often extrapolation necessary assisted by
modeling

Geochemical Log
Source Rock Mapping
Large area
with no data
Modeling
may add
some more
controls
Extrapolation
from existing
data

Example of Basin Modeling
Input - stratigraphy, geochemistry and
heat flow
Output maturation window, amount of
HC generated and timing of maturation
Primary
Migration
expulsion
of HC out
of source
rock

Secondary
Migration
HC
movement
along carier
bed
Primary Migration Controversy
Primary migration is
least understood
Oil generated at great
depth
Shale porosity very low
at that depth
How would HC move in
such low porosity
Some ideas have been
proposed
Primary Migration
Video - Migration
After expulsion
Bouyancy
Seal /
impermeable
layer

Secondary Migration
Trap Filling
Migration
Pathway Map

The map must be
datumed at a
horizon as close
as possible to the
timing of
maturation
Predicting Migration Pathways
Section datumed at a horizon close to the timing
of HC expulsion
Differential Entrapment
Differential Entrapment
HC Alterations
HC Alterations
Water Washing soluble components removed
due to contact with water
Phase Separation gas and lighter components
escape from the trap due to partial leakage (faults
or incompetent seals)
Gas De-Asphalting asphalt precipitation due to
gas entering an oil reservoir
Thermal Cracking reservoir exposed to higher
temperature due to deep burial makes heavier
components to crack into lighter HC
Biodegradation bacteria eating some HC
components causing oil degradation
Biodegradation
Meteoric water influx brings oxygen and
bacteria into reservoir
Aerobic and Anaerobic bacteria
H2S may be generated due to sulfate-
reducing bacteria
Temperature below 80
o
C (175
o
F) and
heavy biodegradation occurs below
50
o
C (120
o
F)
Gas Chromatograms of
Biodegraded Oils
UCM Unresolved Complex Mixture

Questions & Answers