Huawei CW Test and Propagation Model Tuning Training

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
CONFIDENTIAL
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www.huawei.com
CW Test and
Propagation Model
Tuning
ISSUE 4.0
RNP Staff Training Dept.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
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Page 3
CW test (Continuous Wave test) is
an important step of Propagation
Model Tuning. According to the CW
test data (including latitude /
longitude and received signal level)
and corresponding Digital maps, we
can get the accurate Propagation
Model through tuning.
Foreword
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After this course, you will
Know principle of propagation model
tuning
Know the procedure of CW test
Know the procedure of tuning
propagation model
Objectives
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1 Principle of Model Tuning
2 CW Test Flow
3 Pre-processing of CW Test Data
4 Propagation Model Tuning
Contents
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Radio Propagation Model
Propagation model is used to predict the effect of
terrain, obstacle and artificial environment on the
path loss.

WCDMA common propagation models
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Common Radio Propagation Models
Okumura/Hata model
For: 900M1500MHz
COST231-Hata model
For: 1500-2000MHz
COST231 Walfish-Ikegami model
For: 800M-2000MHz
Keenan-Motley model
For indoor propagation
SPM model in U-Net
For macro cell on 300M2000M
Based on Statistics
Ray Tracing model
Volcano model
WaveSight model
WinProp model
Based on theory analyses
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Radio Propagation Model in U-Net
SPM model (Standard Propagation Model):
PathLoss = K1 + K2log(d) + K3log(H
Txeff
) + K4*Diffraction loss +
K5log(d)log(H
Txeff
) + K6*(H
Rxeff
) + K
clutter
*f(clutter)
K1: constant (dB)
K2: multiplier factor of log(d)
d: distance between Tx antenna and Rx antenna (m)
K3: multiplier factor of log(HTxeff)
H
Txeff
: effective height of Tx antenna (m)
K4: multiplier factor of diffraction loss, which must be a positive number
Diffraction loss: diffraction loss through the path with barriers (dB)
K5: multiplier factor of log(HTxeff)log(d)
K6: multiplier factor of HRxeff
H
Rxeff
: effective height of Rx antenna (m)
K
clutter
: multiplier factor of for f(clutter)
f(clutter): average weighted loss caused by clutter
With a set of K parameter, we can make prediction for the planning area.
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Typical Radio Propagation Environment
Name Description
Dense Urban
There are dense buildings in the city, normally most of the
buildings are more than 10 floors high.
Urban
Normal area in cities. Buildings are not so dense. Normally
there are streets or planting areas between them. And few
buildings are more than 10 floors high.
Sub-Urban Buildings are sparsely distributed, and mainly low buildings.
Country
Village. Buildings are distributed very sparsely, and mainly
houses.
Special
Including mountain area, sea surface, highway, indoor,
tunnel, etc.
Different radio scenario adopts different propagation model.
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Principle of Propagation Model Tuning
Huawei take GENEX U-Net to
perform propagation model tuning.
Y
Target Propagation
Environment
Setup a Model
Collect data
from field test
Actual PathLoss
Set the model
Parameter
Prediction PathLoss
Compare

End
N
Meet the precision request?
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Propagation Model Tuning working flow
1. Decide the propagation environment
2. Acquire site, setup the simulation site,
transmitting continuous wave (CW)
signal
3. Drive test on the pre-planned route,
collecting enough data
4. Post process the data, compare test
results with prediction results, and then
tune the propagation parameters (K1,
K2, Kclutter)
GPS Satellite
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Basic Principle of CW Test
Typification
The CW test data must represent the characteristic of
electromagnetic wave in this area.

Balance
The CW test data must represent the characteristic of
electromagnetic wave by the proportion of different clutters in
this area.
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2 CW Test Flow
Contents
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2 CW Test Flow
2.1 Decide the Propagation
Environment
2.2 Site Selection
2.3 Setup Test Platform
2.4 Plan the Drive Test Route
2.5 Drive Test
Contents
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2.1 Decide the Propagation Environment
Firstly, decide if its necessary to separate the planning area to
several propagation environments, such as Dense Urban,
Urban, Sub-Urban or Rural Area, etc.
Then for each environment, set proper initial propagation model
parameter, and perform dedicate CW test and propagation
model tuning.
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2.2 Site Selection Principles
Number of sites: It is usually agreed that a minimum of 5 sites should be
tested in large and dense city, and one site is enough for normal city, which
mainly depends on antenna height and EIRP.
Representation: Site selection should aim to cover all types of clutter
(from the digital map) in the coverage zone.
Multiple models: Define the corresponding zone of each model if the test
environment requires multiple models to describe its propagation
characteristics.
Overlap: Increase measurement overlap area between each site as much
as possible. But reasonable inter-site distance should be ensured.
Obstacle: The data should be filtered in the subsequent processing if
obvious obstacle exists.
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2.2 Site Selection Standards
1. Antenna height of the CW transmitter should be greater than 20m.
2. Antenna of the CW transmitter should be at least 5m higher than the
obstacle objects nearby within 50m far.
Note: Here the obstacle mainly refers to the highest building on the
rooftop where the antenna is installed. The building where the site is
located should be higher than average height of surrounding buildings.
5
m
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2.3 Setup Test Platform (1)
CW Transmitter: Tx antenna, feeder, RF signal source and
antenna pole
CW Receiver: test receiver, GPS receiver, test software and laptop
CW Transmitter
RF
Signal
Source
Power
Booster
Power
supply
Tx antenna
RF cable 1 RF cable 2
Drive test
tool
(GPS Build-in)
Laptop
Rx antenna
CW Receiver
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Mobility
Power
Supplier
CW
Transmitter
TX
Antenna
CW
Receiver
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Record the gain or loss of all the RF parts:
a) TX power of the CW transmitter
b) Loss of the RF cables
c) Gain of TX antenna
d) Loss of the connectors
e) Gain of Rx antenna
Then with a, b, c and d, we can get the EIRP.
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2.4 Plan the Drive Test route (1)
Rules to plan the route
Landform: The route must cover all main landforms in the area.
Height: The test route must cover landforms with different height in
this area if the landforms are up-and-down.
Distance: The route must cover near and far to the site. But
normally no need to test in areas more than 2R far away to the site.
R: Future cell radius in this area.
Direction: The route must be consistent on the horizontal and
vertical route.
Length: The total distance of one CW test route should be longer
than 60km.
Number of test samples: The more, the better. (At least 10,000
samples, and at least 4 hours test time)
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2.4 Plan the Drive Test route (2)
Rules to plan the route
Overlap: Overlap the test route in different sites as much as
possible to enhance the reliability of models.
Obstacle: Shadow areas behind walls should be avoided when
antenna signals are obstructed by the wall.
Such areas as under viaducts or in tunnels should be avoided. If
have to pass through such areas, data should be filtered after test.
If a directional antenna is adopted for a CW transmitter, the test
route should be planned within the main lobe coverage area of the
antenna (dont plan route in area behind the antenna).
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2.5 CW Drive Test Limitation of the speed
CW drive test data contains results affected by slow fading
(shadow fading) and fast fading (Raileigh Fading).
To tune a model, only the effect by slow fading will be accept,
but not fast fading.
To get rid of the effect caused by fast fading, enough samples
are need in a certain distance.
Lee criteria says the request for sampling:
At least 50 samples on 40 range, then the difference between
mean value of test data and actual value can be less than 1dB
: wavelength of the RF signal
Then the maximum vehicle speed: V
max
= 0.8*f
f: samples per second of the receiver
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2.5 CW Drive Test - Equipment
Scanner DTI (GPS build in
GPS antenna
RF antenna of scanner
Cables for data and power
Laptop
Probe and Dongle
Huawei GENEX Probe has
the function for CW test.
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2 CW Test Flow
Contents
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2.1 Data Filtering
3.2 Data Dispersion
3.3 Data Binning
3.4 Format Conversion
Contents
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3.1 Data Filtering
Six kinds of data should be filtered:
1. Data tested in places where GPS is unable to
locate accurately (such as under the viaduct,
in the tunnel)
2. Data obtained when the distance to antenna
is too near or too far
3. Data obtained with too weak signals
4. Error data caused by inexact antenna pattern
5. Data with a loss exceed over 15~30 dB but
no reasonable reason
6. Other data inconsistent with the requirements
during the route planning of CW test
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....

. .
3.2 Data Dispersion (1)
Principle:
Sampling speed of the receiver is much more higher than that of the
GPS. So there are many receiver samples stored together on each
GPS sample. Actually these receiver samples should be distributed
one by one in time sequence between every two GPS samples.
Between two GPS sample, vehicle speed is regarded uniform, so the
time intervals between every two adjacent receiver samples are same.
1 GPS Sample and
n Receiver Samples
Receiver
Samples
Many Receiver samples
share one geography data
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3.2 Data Dispersion (2)
Data Process:
Equally distribute the receiver samples to the route section between
two GPS points in time sequence so that there will be sufficient
points in every 40 range on test route.

. .
1 GPS Sample and
n Receiver Samples
Each receiver sample has
its own geography data

. .
Original GPS
sample
Fitting
GPS data
Disperse
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3.3 Data Binning (1)
Objective:
Keep the impact of slow fading but eliminate the fast fading
According to Lee criteria: At least 50 samples on 40 range, then
the error between the mean value of the data on this 40 range
and the actual value can be less than 1dB.
Methods:
Method 1 (Grid Binning): Divide the whole area into 40*40
grids, take the average value for data located in each grid, and
take the center of each grid as the new location.
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.

.
.

.

.

.

.

.
3.3 Data Binning (2)
Methods:
Method 1 (Grid Binning): Divide the whole area into 40*40 grids,
take the average value for data located in each grid, and take the
center of each grid as the new location.
Method 2 (Distance Binning): Divide the drive test route into
sections with 40 length, take the average value for data located
on each section, and take the center of each section as the new
location.
Before Binning
After Binning
40
Tool: Huawei Genex Probe, or CW Data Editor
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3.4 Format Conversion
The data exported by Genex Probe is a .txt file with format:
X (Longitude) Y (Latitude) Power (dBm)
Data imported to U-Net is a .dat file
Format conversion can be implemented manually (save as .dat
file)
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2 CW Test Flow
Contents
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4.1 Basic Knowledge
4.2 Model Tuning by U-Net
Contents
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Procedure of
Model Tuning
YES
YES
NO
NO
YES
Perform Appropriate
Filtering
Error
Satisfactorily
Low?
Goto Next
Parameter
Is Filtering
Necessary
Analysis Results
SPM Calibration
CW data SPM
Model
Set Model
Parameter
Original Data is
Unreasonable.
Need to retest.
All Parameters
finished
Calibration?
End
NO
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] [ ] [ ] [
) (
dBm
predicted
dBm
measured
dB
P
P i E
=
Criteria to evaluate the model (1)
The main idea to evaluate the model is to compare the
predicted value to the actual test value for a certain area,
then get a statistics result of the errors.
Suppose the error of sample i is:
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Mean Deviation
| |
( )
| |
=
=
n
i
dB
i E
n dB
E
1
1
| |
( )
| | | |
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
i
E
dB
E
dB
i E
n dB
1
2
1
1 o
Correlation
Coefficient

=
2
Pr
2
Pr
) ) ( ( . ) ) ( (
)) ) ( ).( ) ( ((
. .
predicted
edecited
measured
measured
predicted
edecited
measured
measured
P i P P i P
P i P P i P
Coeff Corr
Standard Deviation
| |
( )
| |
=
=
n
i
RMS
dB
i E
n dB
E
1
2
1
RMS Deviation
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Standard Deviation
dB E dB 2 2 s s

dB 8 s o
8 . 0 . . > Coeff Corr
A model is reasonable if the statistics of the error between the
predicted results and the actual results meet the following
requests:
Mean Deviation
Correlation
Coefficient
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4.1 Basic Knowledge
4.2 Model Tuning by U-Net
4.2.1 Establish a Project
4.2.2 Establish a Propagation Model
4.2.3 Create the Transmitter
4.2.4 Import the CW test data &
Digital Map correction
4.2.5 CW data Filtering
4.2.6 Implement the Tuning
4.2.7 Evaluate the Turned Model
Contents
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Model Tuning Operation flow on U-Net
Establish a Project
Establish a Model
Create Transmitter
Import CW data &
Map correction
Implement Tuning
Evaluate the Model
CW data Filtering
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4.2.1 Establish a Project for Model Tuning
Create a new project
Select UMTS in the dialog of Project type selection
Set the coordinate system
Set the coordinate system according to the digital map.
WGS84 UTM Zones is widely used.
Import digital map
Import antenna pattern data
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4.2.2 Establish a Model to be turned (1)
Create a new SPM model by duplicate
Create a new copy of standard propagation model by
duplicating on a exist standard propagation model. Then
rename is if necessary.
Set initial parameters for the new model
General Parameter
Common Parameter
Select the effective antenna height.
Select calculation method of diffraction loss
Clutter Parameter
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4.2.2 Establish a Model to be turned (2)
Initial K parameters of SPM model in normal Urban city
Frequency (MHz)
450 900 935 1805 2110
K1 4.3 12.1 12.6 22 24.3
K2 44.9
K3 5.83
K4 0.5
K5 -6.55
K6 0
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4.2.3 Create the CW Transmitter
Two way to create CW transmitter:
By head file Suitable for batch importing the transmitters
Head file is a text file with extension name .hd, it contains basic
information for a CW transmitter
e.g.test.dat DATE test 741790 32 54 0 0 0 23.04499751 113.7509966 Survey 0
GPS 0 0 0 0 hard
Be aware to import the antenna before the head file
Be aware to import the CW data manually after the head file
Manually create It is more flexible for single CW transmitter
As normal U-Net project, one by one set the antenna, site and
transmitter, etc. Pay attention to the latitude and longitude, EIRP, all
the feeder loss and connecter loss.
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4.2.4 Import the CW data
Pre-process on the CW test data
For model tuning, U-Net only need latitude, longitude ant the
corresponding measurement power. Combine all data for one transmitter
to one .txt file, then import to U-Net or by copy and paste
Import the CW data
Method 1: Right click on the CW measurements in Explorerthen
select New, then paste the CW data into the sheet. (By this method
there should not any blank tail in each row, otherwise U-Net will give a fail
result.)
Method 2: Similar to method 1, select Import from the context menu,
then browse to the CW data file. By this method, we can import several
files simultaneously.
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4.2.4 Digital Map correction
Reason:
GPS locating in CW test usually adopts WGS-84 and UTM projection.
However, some digital maps in some country (e.g. China) do not use
such projections. Correct digital maps if CW test data does not
correspond to them.
Correction method:
Correct four parameters on rectangular coordinates in a digital map to
realize the optimal match with the test data.
The four rectangular coordinates parameters are stored in files
index.txt
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4.2.5 CW data Filtering (1)
Data filtering:
By distance:
Recommendeddelete data in range r<0.1r or r>2r ( typically r = 1500m)
By signal strength:
Recommended: delete data with Signal>-40dBmSignal<-110dBm
By Clutter:
Recommended: delete clutters with number of samples less than 300
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Select Filtering Assistant... on properties of the data.
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In the clutter list, the un-checked clutter will be deleted.
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4.2.6 Implement Tuning (1.1)
U-Net 2.1 (Build 2050)
Right click on the model, select Automatic Calibration
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4.2.6 Implement Tuning (1.2)
U-Net 2.2.1Build2613
Right click on the model, select Calibration, then select
Automatic Calibration
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Select the parameters to be tuned. Normally only tune K1 and K2
must be tuned.
4.2.6 Implement Tuning (2)

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Check if the Standard Deviation less than 8dB
4.2.6 Implement Tuning (result)
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4.2.6 Implement Tuning (an example)
K Parameter Reference
K1 23.2
K2 44.90
K3 5.83
K4 0.5
K5 -6.55
K6 0
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4.2.7 Evaluate the model (1)
Check if any K parameter exceed out of the scope.
Parameter Minimal Typical Maximum
K2 20 44.9 70
K3 -20 5.83 20
K4 0 0.5 0.8
K5 -10 -6.55 0
K6 -1 0 0
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Calculate
prediction with
the tuned model
Compare the test results
to the prediction ones.
Red is test value, blue
one is prediction value.
U-Net 2.1
Bulid 2050
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CW
CW
Calculate
prediction with
the tuned model
U-Net
2.2.1 Bulid
2613
Compare the test results
to the prediction ones.
Red is test value, blue
one is prediction value.
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1. Create a link budget project by RND to estimate
the cell radius
2. Compare the result to radius in similar cities
3. If they are quite different, it means something is
wrong with the tuned model, we must find the
reason.
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Summary
Principle of model tuning
Procedure of CW test
Procedure of model tuning by U-Net
Thank you
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