DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION REFERENCE BOOKS 1. A First CourseintheFiniteElement Method Daryl L. Logan 2. Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis Cook, Malkus, and Plesha 3. Fundamentalsof FiniteElementAnalysis DavidV. Hutton 4. FiniteElement ProceduresByBathe, 2ndEdition 4. FiniteElement ProceduresByBathe, 2ndEdition 5. Structural AnalysisByCoates, CoutieandKong. 6. The Finite Element Method: Volume-1 The Basis By Zienkiewicz and Taylor, 5thEdition 7. TheFiniteElement MethodusingMATLAB ByKwonandBang INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION COMMON ANALYSIS METHODS INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION THE PROCESS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS Example: A bracket Modeling a physical problem Physical Problem Mathematical Model Improve mathematical model Change physical problem Numerical model Does answer make sense? Refine analysis Happy J YES! No! Design improvements Structural optimization Example: A bracket Modeling a physical problem Verification and validation Physical Problem Mathematical Model Validation Numerical model Verification INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION q Many problems in engineering and applied science are governed by differential or integral equations. q The solutions to these equations would provide an exact, closed-form solutiontotheparticular problembeingstudied. q However, complexities in the geometry, properties and in the boundary FINITE ELEMENT METHOD q However, complexities in the geometry, properties and in the boundary conditions that areseeninmost real-worldproblems usually means that an exact solution cannot be obtained or obtained in a reasonable amount of time. q Current product designcycletimes imply that engineers must obtaindesign solutionsinashort amount of time. q They are content to obtain approximate solutions that can be readily obtainedinareasonabletimeframe, andwithreasonableeffort. TheFEM isonesuchapproximatesolutiontechnique. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION q THE FEM IS A NUMERICAL PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS TO MANY OF THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTEREDINENGINEERINGANALYSIS. q In the FEM, a complex region defining a continuum is discretized into simplegeometricshapescalledelements. FINITE ELEMENT METHOD INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION q The properties and the governing relationships are assumed over these elements and expressed mathematically in terms of unknown values at specificpointsintheelementscallednodes. q An assembly process is used to link the individual elements to the given system. Whentheeffectsof loadsandboundaryconditionsareconsidered, a set of linear or nonlinear algebraicequationsisusuallyobtained. FINITE ELEMENT METHOD set of linear or nonlinear algebraicequationsisusuallyobtained. q Solution of these equations gives the approximate behavior of the continuumor system. q Thecontinuumhas aninfinitenumber of degrees-of-freedom(DOF), while thediscretized model has afinitenumber of DOF. This is theorigin of the name, finiteelement method. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION q The number of equations is usually rather large for most real-world applications of the FEM, and requires the computational power of the digital computer. THE FEM HAS LITTLE PRACTICAL VALUE IF THE DIGITAL COMPUTER WERE NOT AVAILABLE. q Advances in and ready availability of computers and softwarehas brought FINITE ELEMENT METHOD q Advances in and ready availability of computers and softwarehas brought the FEM within reach of engineers working in small industries, and even students. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION q It is difficult to document the exact origin of the FEM, because the basic conceptshaveevolvedover aperiodof 150or moreyears. q The termfinite element was first coined by Clough in 1960. In the early 1960s, engineers used themethod for approximatesolution of problems in stressanalysis, fluidflow, heat transfer, andother areas. ORIGINS OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD stressanalysis, fluidflow, heat transfer, andother areas. q The first book on the FEM by Zienkiewicz and Chung was published in 1967. q Inthelate1960sandearly1970s, theFEM wasappliedtoawidevarietyof engineeringproblems. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION q The 1970s marked advances in mathematical treatments, including the developmentof newelements, andconvergencestudies. q Most commercial FEM software packages originated in the 1970s (ABAQUS, ADINA, ANSYS, MARK) and 1980s (FENRIS, LARSTRAN 80) ORIGINS OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD q The FEM is one of the most important developments in computational methods to occur in the 20th century. q Injust afewdecades, themethodhasevolvedfromonewithapplicationsin structural engineering to a widely utilized and richly varied computational approachfor manyscientificandtechnological areas. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Therangeof applicationsof finiteelementsistoolargetolist, but toprovide anideaof itsversatilitywelist thefollowing: q Stress and thermal analyses of industrial parts such as electronic chips, electric devices, valves, pipes, pressure vessels, automotive engines and aircraft; q Analysisof dams, power plantsandhigh-risebuildings; q Crashanalysisof cars, trainsandaircraft; APPLICATIONS OF FINITE ELEMENTS q Crashanalysisof cars, trainsandaircraft; q Fluid flow analysis of coolant ponds, contaminants, and air in ventilation systems; q Electromagneticanalysisof antennasandtransistors. q Analysis of surgical procedures such as plastic surgery, jawreconstruction, andmanyothers. This is a very short list that is just intended to give you an idea of the breadth of application areas for the method. New areas of application are constantly emerging. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION APPLICATIONS OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION APPLICATIONS OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION WHAT DOES A FINITE ELEMENT LOOK LIKE? INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION GENERAL STEPS OF THE FEM q Step-1 Obtain a basic understanding of the problem youareattemptingto solve. Are any classical solutions (closed-form) available? Experimental solutions are possible? Which modes of deformation do you expect to significantlycontributetothestructuresbehavior? q Step-2 Create model, select element types and discretize the problem domain. This entails dividingthecontinuous structureinto afinitenumber of elements or regions over which the unknowns (displacements, in this class) will beinterpolated. will beinterpolated. Some Basic Element Shapes INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION GENERAL STEPS OF THE FEM q Step-3 Select an approximate displacement function within each element. Linear, quadratic, or cubic polynomials are frequently used to interpolate displacement values, within each element, from the element nodes. The number of nodesincreaseswithorder. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION GENERAL STEPS OF THE FEM q Step-4 Describe the behavior of the physical quantities on each element. q Step-5 Connect (assemble) the elements at the nodes to form an approximate system of equations for the whole structure. q Step-6 Solve the system of equations involving unknown quantities at the nodes (e.g., displacements). q Step-7 Calculate desired quantities (e.g., strains and stresses) at selected q Step-7 Calculate desired quantities (e.g., strains and stresses) at selected elements FEM model for a gear tooth INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION ADVANTAGES OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD q Canreadilyhandlecomplexgeometry: Theheart andpower of theFEM. q Canhandlecomplexanalysistypes: Vibration Transients Nonlinear Heat transfer Fluids q Canhandlecomplexloading: Node-basedloading(point loads). Element-basedloading(pressure, thermal, inertial forces). Timeor frequencydependent loading. q Canhandlecomplexrestraints: Indeterminatestructurescanbeanalyzed. q Canhandlebodiescomprisedof non-homogeneousmaterials: Every element in themodel could beassigned adifferent set of material properties. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION ADVANTAGES OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD q Canhandlebodiescomprisedof non-isotropicmaterials: Orthotropic Anisotropic q Special material effectsarehandled: Temperaturedependent properties. Plasticity Creep Swelling q Special geometriceffectscanbemodeled: q Special geometriceffectscanbemodeled: Largedisplacements. Largerotations. Contact (gap) condition q Versatility the method can be applied to various problems with arbitraryproblemdomainshape, loadingconditions, andboundaryconditions. q Accuracy Control Solution can be as accurate as desired provided that the element formulation is proper. By increasing the number of elements (and thus nodes) in the problemdiscretization (mesh), the solution should converge to the exact or analytical solution. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION DISADVANTAGES OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD q A specific numerical result is obtainedfor aspecific problem. A general closed-form solution, which would permit one to examine systemresponse to changes in various parameters, isnot produced. q TheFEM isappliedtoan approximation of the mathematical model of asystem(the sourceof so-calledinheritederrors.) q Experience and judgment are needed in order to construct a good finite element model. q Input and output data may be large and tedious to prepare and interpret. q Numerical problems: Roundoff anderror accumulation. Can help thesituation by not attaching stiff (small) elements to flexible (large) elements. q Susceptible to user-introduced modeling errors: Poor choiceof element types. Distortedelements. Geometrynot adequatelymodeled. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION HOW CAN THE FEM HELP THE DESIGN ENGINEER? q The FEM offers many important advantages to the design engineer Easily applied to complex, irregular-shaped objects composed of several different materials and having complex boundary conditions. q Applicabletosteady-state, time dependent and eigenvalue problems. q Applicabletolinear and nonlinear problems. q One method can solve a wide variety of problems, including problems in solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, chemical reactions, electromagnetics, biomechanics, heat mechanics, fluid mechanics, chemical reactions, electromagnetics, biomechanics, heat transfer andacoustics, tonameafew. q General-purpose FEM software packages are available at reasonable cost, and can be readilyexecutedonmicrocomputers, includingworkstationsandPCs. q The FEM can be coupled to CAD programs to facilitate solid modeling and mesh generation. q Many FEM software packages feature GUI interfaces, auto-meshers, and sophisticated postprocessors and graphics to speed the analysis and make pre and post-processing more user-friendly. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION HOW CAN THE FEM HELP THE DESIGN ORGANIZATION? SimulationusingtheFEM alsooffersimportant business advantages to the design organization: q Reduced testing and redesign costs thereby shortening the product development time. q Identify issues in designs before tooling is committed. q Identify issues in designs before tooling is committed. q Refine components before dependencies to other components prohibit changes. q Optimize performance before prototyping. q Discover design problems before litigation. q Allow more time for designers to use engineering judgment, and less time turning the crank. Engineering Design Example: A bracket Questions: 1. What is the bending moment at section AA? 2. What is the deflection at the pin? Finite Element Procedures, K J Bathe Engineering design Example: A bracket Mathematical model 1: beam Moment at section AA cm 053 . 0 AG 6 5 ) r L ( W EI ) r L ( W 3 1 cm N 500 , 27 WL M N 3 N W load at = + + + = d = = Deflection at load How reliable is this model? How effective is this model? Engineering design Example: A bracket Mathematical model 2: plane stress Difficult to solve by hand! Engineering design Finite element analysis PREPROCESSING 1. Create a geometric model 2. Develop the finite element model Finite element model Solid model Engineering design ..General scenario.. Finite element analysis FEM analysis scheme Step 1: Divide the problem domain into non overlapping regions (elements) connected to each other through special points (nodes) Finite element model Element Node Engineering design ..General scenario.. Finite element analysis FEM analysis scheme Step 2: Describe the behavior of each element Step 3: Describe the behavior of the entire body by putting together the behavior of each of the elements (this is a process known as assembly) POSTPROCESSING Compute moment at section AA Engineering design Example: A bracket Mathematical model 2: plane stress FEM solution to mathematical model 2 (plane stress) Moment at section AA cm 064 . 0 cm N 500 , 27 M W load at = d = Deflection at load cm 064 . 0 W load at = d Conclusion: With respect to the questions we posed, the beam model is reliable if the required bending moment and deflection at the required points are within acceptable range. Here the beammodel is also highly effective since it can be solved easily (by hand). What if we asked: what is the maximum stress in the bracket? would the beam model be of any use?