Incompressible Turbomachinery
Conservation of energy const H H H H H
f s v p tot
= + + + =
Pressure head
g
p p
H
p
1 2
=
Velocity head
g
v v
H
v
2
2
1
2
2
=
Static head
1 2
h h H
s
=
Friction head
f f
h H =
, where p static pressure, v velocity, h height coordinate, density, g gravitational constant
Note: indices 1 and 2 refer to two arbitrary points in an isoenergetic part of the system.
Bernoulli equation const gh
v p
= + +
2
2
Mass balance =
n
c A m
, where A cross section, c
n
velocity normal to this cross section, density
Momentum balance (axial)
2 2 1 1 2 1
) ( A p A p c c m F
x x x
+ =
, where A cross section (normal to axial), c
x
axial velocity, p static pressure, m mass flow rate
Momentum balance (circumferential) ) (
2 1
c c m F =
Euler turbomachine equation
1 1 2 2
c u c u g H
tot
=
Load line (speed regulation)
2
Q k H =
Affinity law (speed regulation)
2
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
N
N
H
H
,
2
1
2
1
N
N
Q
Q
= ,
3
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
N
N
P
P
, where H head, Q Volume flow rate, N pump speed, P pump power
Load line (trimming of radial pump) Q k H =
Affinity law (trimming of radial pump)
2
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
d
d
H
H
,
2
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
d
d
Q
Q
,
4
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
d
d
P
P
, where H head, Q Volume flow rate, d pump impeller outlet diameter, P pump power
Trigonometry
x
c
c
= tan
c
c
x
= cos
c
c
= sin
Algebra
Quadratic equation c Q b Q a H + + =
2
General solution (H=0)
a
c a b b
Q
=
2
4
2
2 , 1
c
c
x
c
Compressible Turbomachinery
Gas Equations
Polytropic relation . const pv
n
=
Polytropic coefficient n
Expansion process
1 1
=
p
n
n
Compression process
1 1 1
=
p
n
n
Note: for 1 =
p
= n isentropic (i.e. ideal)
Equivalent identities .
1
const T p
n
n
=
isentropic
1
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
p
p
T
T
. const p
n
=
pv cpT
1
=
1
02
01
02
01
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
s s
p
p
T
T
Enthalpy T c h
p
=
Enthalpy difference (polytropic, expansion)
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
1
01
02
01 02 01 02 01
1 ) (
p
p
p
cpT T T cp h
Enthalpy difference (isentropic)
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
01
02
01 02 01
1
p
p
cpT h
s
tt
Compressible Analysis
Mach number
2
1
1
0
1
1
2
(
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
p
p
M
Speed of sound RT a =
Velocity
2
1
1
0
1
1
2
(
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
p
p RT
a M c
Energy, Mass and Momentum Balance
Power
0
h m W =
s
J
W
,
(
s
kg
m ,
(
kg
J
h
0
Expressed by torque M W =
| | Nm M ,
(
s
rad
Rotational frequency
30
n
= | | rpm n
Mass balance u cn m = =
Euler equation
2 2 1 1 02 01
c u c u h h =
Stagnation enthalpy ( constant in stator)
2
0
2
1
c h h + =
Rothalpy ( constant in rotor)
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
u w h c u c h I + = + =
Turbomachinery Stages
Design Parameters
Assumption: normal repetition stage: turbine:
2 0
c c
= , const c c c
x x x
= = =
2 , 1 , 0 ,
,
2 1 0
u u u = =
compressor
3 1
c c
= , const c c c
x x x
= = =
3 , 2 , 1 ,
,
3 2 1
u u u = =
Parameter Turbine Compressor
Degree of reaction
stage
rotor
h
h
R
=
( )
1 , 2 ,
2
1
w w
u
R + = ( )
2 , 1 ,
2
1
w w
u
R + =
( )
1 2
tan tan
2 2
1
+ =
u
c
R
x
( )
2 1
tan tan
2 2
1
+ =
u
c
R
x
Loading coefficient
2
0
u
h
=
u
c c
2 , 1 ,
=
u
c c
1 , 2 ,
=
( )
2 1
tan tan 1 + =
u
c
x
( )
1 2
tan tan 1 + =
u
c
x
Flow coefficient
u
c
x
=
u
c
x
=
u
c
x
=
Multistage machine with z similar stages
= =
z
i
i i
u z u h
1
2 2
,
0
Engine Geometry
Radius ratio
h
s
r
r
Y =
Hub radius
1
2
+
=
Y
r
r
m
h
Blade length
h s
r r s = Shroud radius
1
2
+
=
Y
Yr
r
m
s
Mean radius
2
s h
m
r r
r
+
=
Cross section s r
m
= 2
0 1 2
stator rotor
Reference radius
1 2 3 rotor stator
Reference radius
Turbine Compressor
Radial compressors
Slip factor definition
'
2
2
c
c
=
Slip factor by Stodola
' tan 1
' cos
1
2 2
2
=
n
Slip factor by Stanitz
' tan 1
63 . 0
1
2 2
=
n
Velocity Triangles
Normalized velocity triangle turbine stage
Normalized velocity triangle compressor stage
W
2
C
2
W
1
C
1
U=1 U=1
R
2
1 , 2 ,
W W +
W
1
C
1
W
2
C
2
U=1
R