), external rotation
(15e35
) (Escamilla, Yamashiro,
Paulos, & Andrews, 2009; Ludewig, Cook, & Nawoczenski, 1996).
To complete, 180
of scaption,
abduction, and exion, and then increases exponentially from 90
to 180
(Decker et al.,
1999; Ekstrom et al., 2003, 2005; Hardwick et al., 2006; Kibler,
1998). Representative exercises include the wall facing arm lift,
scapular plane shoulder elevation, and overhead arm raise (Decker
et al., 1999; Ekstrom et al., 2003; Hardwick et al., 2006; Townsend,
Jobe, Pink, & Perry, 1991). Hardwick et al. (2006) reported that SA
activity signicantly increased with increasing humeral elevation
angle (90
, 120
, and 140
than below
80
, and the overhead arm raise in line with LT muscle bers was
the highest level of LT muscle activity (97% MVIC). Oyama et al.
(2010) reported that LT activity (72% MVIC) was highest in 120
, and 145
).
2.4. Wall facing arm lift (WAL)
Hardwick et al. (2006) and Sahrmann (2002) described the wall
slide exercise. The subject was required to stand facing the wall and
contact it fromnose to knees with feet shoulder-width apart. In the
starting position, the ulnar border of the forearms and medial side
Table 1
Descriptive data for participants in this study (n 20).
Variable ALL Male (n 10) Female (n 10)
Age (y) 23.1 1.8 23.6 2.2 22.6 1.3
Height (cm) 168.5 6.3 173.7 4.2 163.2 2.5
Mass (kg) 58.4 6.8 64.0 4.5 52.8 2.6
Values are expressed as mean (SD).
S.-m. Ha et al. / Physical Therapy in Sport 13 (2012) 227e232 228
of the humerus were in contact with the wall, and shoulder
abducted 90
using
a goniometer. The subject was then instructed to lift the dominant
arm until the radial border of the wrist slightly touched without
pushing the target bar and maintained the armposition, which was
located in a predetermined position (Fig. 1C).
2.7. Backward rocking diagonal arm lift (BRDAL)
The subjects were placed in the quadruped position and
instructed to rock backward slowly, and the head was positioned as
in the BRAL exercise. The shoulder was abducted to 145
by the
principal investigator and the subject was instructed to lift the
dominant arm with the elbow extended until the radial border of
the wrist slightly touched without pushing the target bar and
maintained the arm position, which was located in the pre-
determined position (Fig. 1D).
Subjects were familiarized with the four arm-lifting SPT exer-
cises during a 30 min period prior to testing. During the familiar-
ization period, the principal investigator instructed the subjects to
move their dominant arm until the radial border of the wrist
touched the target bar, which was located in a predetermined
position for each exercise. The familiarization period was
completed when the subject was able to maintain the four exercise
positions for 5 s. All of the subjects were comfortable after the
familiarization period, and none reported fatigue. A 15 min rest
period was allowed after the familiarization period before data
collection began.
2.8. Data collection and processing
The order of testing was randomized using the random number
generator in Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA).
The EMGdatawere normalizedbycalculatingthe meanRMS of three
trials of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) for each
muscle. We used the manual muscle testing positions recommended
by Kendall and McCreary (2005) for measuring MVIC. LT muscle
activitywas testedintheproneposition; thesubjects armwas placed
diagonally overhead, in line with the lower bers of the trapezius
muscle during external rotation, while resistance was applied distal
to the elbow. The SA muscle was tested while the subject was seated
on a treatment table with no back support. The shoulder was inter-
nally rotated and abducted to 125
was the
most effective in activating the LT muscle. Prone external rotation
at 90
shoulder abduction in the present study. Unlike the WAL and PAL
exercises, the BRDAL exercise was performed with the neck and
trunk stabilized by the backward rocking position. Position of
Table 2
Mean (SD) EMG activation expressed as a percentage of maximal voluntary isometric contraction for each exercise.
Muscle Exercise F P
a
WAL
b
PAL
c
BRAL
d
BRDAL
Lower trapezius 25.88 21.23 53.71 18.43 47.99 20.87 63.50 23.92 26.46 0.000
Serratus anterior 43.33 25.09 38.21 21.88 60.04 28.04 43.38 22.36 10.39 0.000
Values are expressed as mean (SD).
a
WAL: Wall facing arm lift.
b
PAL: Prone arm lift.
c
BRAL: Backward rocking arm lift.
d
BRDAL: Backward rocking diagonal arm lift.
W
A
L
P
A
L
B
R
A
L
B
R
D
A
L
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
*
*
*
*
*
Exercise Type
%
M
V
I
C
Fig. 2. Comparison of the lower trapezius muscle activity among four different
exercises.
S.-m. Ha et al. / Physical Therapy in Sport 13 (2012) 227e232 230
thoracic spine could be a possible explanation why the LT muscle
activity was greater in BRDAL than in PAL. The thoracic spine will
ex more in the BRDAL position compared to PAL. A exed thoracic
spine may induce scapula anterior tilting. Kebaetse et al. (1999)
reported that a slouched posture decreased scapular posterior
tilting during arm movements. The BRDAL position will be a more
challenging position to tilt the scapular posteriorly. Therefore, it is
likely that LT muscle activity was greater in the BRDAL position,
compared to PAL.
The SA muscle activity elicited by exercise in the BRAL position
was signicantly greater than that elicited by the other positions.
For the SA, the BRAL exercise was performed with 180
shoulder
abduction, whereas the other exercises were performed with 145
to 150