Static Routing -

Chapter 2

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 Objectives

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 Overview

ƒ Role of the Router

ƒ The router is a special-purpose computer that plays a key role in the
operation of any data network. Routers are primarily responsible for
interconnecting networks by:
ƒ Determining the best path to send packets
ƒ Forwarding packets toward their destination
ƒ a router has a DB-60 port that can support five different cabling standards.
Because five different cable types are supported with this port, the port is
sometimes called a five-in-one serial port.
2.1.3
PT 2.1.3

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 Examine Router Interfaces
2.2.1
ƒ R1#show interfaces fastethernet 0/0
ƒ FastEthernet0/0 is administratively down, line protocol is down
ƒ Notice that the interface is administratively down and the line protocol is down.
Administratively down means that the interface is currently in the shutdown mode,
or turned off. Line protocol is down means, in this case, that the interface is not
receiving a carrier signal from a switch or the hub. This condition may also be due
to the fact that the interface is in shutdown mode.
ƒ R1(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
ƒ R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0
ƒ R1(config-if)#no shutdown
ƒ The following message is returned from the IOS:
ƒ *Mar 1 01:16:08.212: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed
state to up
ƒ *Mar 1 01:16:09.214: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface
FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
ƒ Both of these messages are important. The first changed state to up message
indicates that, physically, the connection is good.

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 ƒ Unsolicited Message
ƒ As you can see in the figure, sometimes these messages will occur
when you are in the middle of typing a command, such as
configuring a description for the interface. The IOS message does
not affect the command, but it can cause you to lose your place
when typing.
ƒ In order to keep the unsolicited output separate from your input,
enter line configuration mode for the consoled port and add the
logging synchronous command

Routing Table-
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2.2.2 5
 Ethernet Interfaces Participate in ARP

PT-2.2.3
R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0 R1#show interfaces serial 0/0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.1 Serial0/0/0 is administratively down, line
255.255.255.0 protocol is down
R1(config-if)#no shutdown

The serial interface will be in the up state only after the other end of the serial link
has also been properly configured. we need to enter, the clock rate command, on
the router with the DCE cable. The clock rate command will set the clock signal for
the link..
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 Physically Connecting a WAN Interface
2.2.5

Observing Routes as They are Added to the Routing Table

The debug ip routing command will let us see any changes that the router
performs when adding or removing routes
2.3.1
R2#debug ip routing
PT 2.3.1 –3
IP routing debugging is on
2.3.2
R2#undebug all PT 2.3.2 -3
All possible
ITE 1 Chapter 6 debugging
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Inc. All rights reserved. turned off
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 Network discovery with CDP

ƒ CDP is an information-gathering tool used by network

administrators to get information about directly connected Cisco
devices.
ƒ By default, each Cisco device sends periodic messages, which are
known as CDP advertisements, to directly connected Cisco
devices.
ƒ These advertisements contain information such as the types of
devices that are connected, the router interfaces they are
connected to, the interfaces used to make the connections, and
the model numbers of the devices.
ƒ CDP operates at Layer 2 only. Therefore, CDP neighbors are
Cisco devices that are directly connected physically and share the
same data link.
2.3.3-1

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 ƒ CDP provides the following information about each CDP neighbor
device:
ƒ Device identifiers - For example, the configured host name of a
switch
ƒ Address list - Up to one Network layer address for each protocol
supported
ƒ Port identifier - The name of the local and remote port-in the form
of an ASCII character string such as ethernet0
ƒ Capabilities list - For example, whether this device is a router or a
switch
ƒ Platform - The hardware platform of the device; for example, a
Cisco 7200 series router

PT-2.3.3-3
2.3.4.-1
PT 2.3.4-1 9
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 Static routes
ƒ Static routes are
commonly used when
routing from a network to
a stub network. A stub
network is a network
accessed by a single
route.
ƒ Here we see that any
network attached to R1
would only have one
way to reach other
destinations, whether to
networks attached to R2
or to destinations beyond
R2. Therefore, network
172.16.3.0 is a stub
network and R1 is a stub
router.

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ƒ Verifying the Static Route
ƒ The output from debug ip routing
shows that this route has been
added to the routing table.
ƒ 00:20:15: RT: add 172.16.1.0/24
via 172.16.2.2, static metric [1/0]
ƒ Notice in the figure that entering
show ip route on R1 shows the
new routing table. The static route
entry is highlighted.
ƒ Let's examine this output:
ƒ S - Routing table code for static
route
ƒ 172.16.1.0 - Network address for
the route
ƒ /24 - Subnet mask for this route;
this is displayed in the line above,
known as the parent route, and
discussed in Chapter 8
ƒ [1/0] - Administrative distance and
metric for the static route
(explained in a later chapter)
2.4.2-1,2
ƒ via 172.16.2.2 - IP address of the
Routing Principals –2.4.3 –1,2
next-hop router, the IP address of
R2's Serial 0/0/0 interface
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 Recursive lookup
ƒ When the router has to
perform multiple lookups in
the routing table before
forwarding a packet, it is
performing a process
known as a recursive
lookup. In this example:
ƒ 1. The packet's destination
IP address is matched to
the static route
192.168.2.0/24 with the
next-hop IP address
172.16.2.2.
ƒ 2. The next-hop IP address
of the static route,
172.16.2.2, is matched to
the directly connected Exit Interface is Down 2.4.4
network 172.16.2.0/24 with
the exit interface of Serial
0/0/0.
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 ƒ Note: The static route displays the route as directly connected. It is important to
understand that this does not mean that this route is a directly connected network
or directly connected route. This route is still a static route.

2.5.3
2.5.4
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ƒ Creating smaller routing Summarizing Routes to
tables makes the routing
table lookup process Reduce the Size of the
more efficient, because
there are fewer routes to Routing Table
search. If one static
route can be used
instead of multiple static
routes, the size of the
routing table will be
reduced. In many cases,
a single static route can
be used to represent
dozens, hundreds, or
even thousands of
routes.
ƒ Route Summarization
ƒ Multiple static routes can
be summarized into a
single static route if:
ƒ The destination
networks can be
summarized into a single
network address, and
ƒ The multiple static Configuring Summary route 2.6.1-2
routes all use the same
exit-interface or next-hop
IP address
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 Default static route
ƒ A default static route is a route that will match all
packets. Default static routes are used:
ƒ When no other routes in the routing table match the
packet's destination IP address. In other words, when a
more specific match does not exist. A common use is
when connecting a company's edge router to the ISP
network.
ƒ When a router has only one other router to which it is
connected. This condition is known as a stub router.

Configuring a Default Static Route

The syntax for a default static route is similar to any other static route, except that the
network address is 0.0.0.0 and the subnet mask is 0.0.0.0:
Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [exit-interface | ip-address ]

R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/0/0

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 Default Static Route
ƒ Verify the change to the routing table with the show ip
route command, as shown in the Figure:
ƒ S* 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
ƒ Note the * or asterisk next to the S. As you can see
from the Codes table in the figure, the asterisk indicates
that this static route is a candidate default route. That is
why it is called a "default static" route. We will see in
later chapters that a "default" route does not always
have to be a "static" route.

2.6.2
PT 2.6.2
2.7.1

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 ƒ Troubleshooting a Missing Route
ƒ Networks are subject to many different forces that can cause their status
to change quite often:
ƒ An interface fails.
ƒ A service provider drops a connection.
ƒ There is an over-saturation of links.
ƒ An administrator enters a wrong configuration.

2.7.3 –Missing Routes

PT 2.7.3
PT 2.8.1
PT 2.8.2
PT 2.8.3

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