Measurement Data

Consideration of Measurement
Data in WinProp

AWE Communications GmbH
Otto-Lilienthal-Strae 36
D-71034 Bblingen
mail@awe-communications.com

Issue Date Changes
V1.0 June 2011 First version of document

Consideration of Measurement Data June 2011
AWE Communications GmbH. All rights reserved 1
Content

1 Motivation..................................................................................................... 2
2 Import of Measurement Data ......................................................................... 3
3 Modification of Measurement Data.................................................................. 5
4 Comparison of Prediction and Measurement .................................................... 7
5 Calibration of Prediction Models with Measurement Data.................................. 9
6 Further Information ..................................................................................... 10
7 References.................................................................................................. 10

1 Motivation

The most important criterion to measure the performance of a wave propagation
model is the accuracy (in comparison to measurements). This accuracy can be
analyzed by comparing simulation results with corresponding measurement
campaigns. Therefore ProMan offers the possibility to import and compare
measurement data with prediction results.
Besides analyzing the accuracy of prediction models, measurement data can also be
used to calibrate wave propagation models [1] for specific environments.

Figure 1: Comparison of measurement and prediction along a trajectory

2 Import of Measurement Data

Measurement data can be imported from an ASCII file in two different ways.

The first option is to select New Measurement File... from the File menu of
the ProMan application. After choosing the corresponding database(s) to
describe the scenario a new dialog opens (see Figure 2). In this dialogue the
extension, the resolution as well as the height of the new measurement file
have to be specified.

Figure 2: Definition of measurement database

A second option is to load the measurement data into an existing prediction
result. Here the user should select File -> Import -> Import Data from the
File menu. In this case there is no need to define the extension, the resolution
and the height of the measurement file, as this data is taken from the
prediction result. The advantage of this second option is that the location and
all other settings of the transmitter (e.g. antenna pattern, antenna orientation,
etc.) are correctly defined and stored in the measurement file. The
disadvantage is that the user has to compute a prediction first (but very often
predictions are already available).

Afterwards, the ASCII file containing the measurement values has to be selected.
This procedure is identical for both import options listed above.

Figure 3: Measurement Import dialog

As the coordinates used in the ASCII file must match the ones of the selected
database, the user has the possibility to convert and adjust the coordinates of the
measurement data during the import process.

Optionally, measurement values can be imported along a line, which has to be drawn
with the mouse. In this case, the ASCII file contains only measurement values
without corresponding location coordinates.

The data contained in the currently active result view can be deleted automatically
before importing the new measurement data by checking the corresponding option in
the lower left part of the dialog box. This option should be selected if the
measurement data is imported into a prediction result (second import option
described above). In the right part of the dialogue, the type and the format of the
data contained in the ASCII file can be specified.

The measurement data to be imported has to be in a tabular format with longitude
(x), latitude (y) coordinates and a corresponding measurement value. Figure 4 gives
an example of the required file format. The order of the columns to be imported can
be specified within the import dialog (cf. Figure 3). In case the ASCII file contains
additional information, such as a header section, keywords indicating the data
section to be imported have to be entitled in the lower right part of the import
dialog. These keywords can be defined arbitrarily (cf. Figure 3). If only a header
section is contained, one keyword indicating the start of the measurement data is
sufficient. All data located before this keyword will be ignored. In case additional
data is also located after the measurement data, two keywords are required
indicating start and end position of the measurement values.

Figure 4: ASCII file with measurement data

Depending on the specified resolution of the measurement data contained in the
ASCII file, several measurement points might fit into a single raster point of the
created measurement database. In this case ProMan imports only the last
measurement point which fits the raster point, whereas all other values for this pixel
will be neglected.

3 Modification of Measurement Data

Sometimes it might be useful to modify the imported measurement data. For
example, if an additional attenuator was used during the measurement campaign or
if the measurement data contains errors. A further post-processing of imported
measurement data might be required if the coordinates of the measurement points
are not as accurate as required by the prediction models (e.g. in urban scenarios
measurement points close to buildings might now be inside the buildings due to
localization errors during the measurement). Here the location of the measurement
points should be modified after the import.
Sometimes a few measurement points should be deleted because they were
measured at locations which are not modelled correctly in the database of the
scenario (e.g. measurement route is under the crossing of railway lines or in
tunnels).
These modifications of measurement data can be done using ProMan's paint tools or
mathematical operations from the Edit menu.

In case measurement values are scattered along a measurement route for example,
ProMan offers the possibility to align those values along an arbitrary line, which can
be drawn with the mouse. The tool 'Align Data Along a Line' can be found in the Edit
menu ('Edit -> Align Data Along a Line'). After selecting the tool, the user has to
draw a polygonal line along which the data shall be aligned. As soon as the polygonal
line is finished with a right click, a dialog opens, where a measurement radius, i.e. a
catch radius for the values has to be specified. All values which are contained in the
matrix and which are located within this radius will be automatically moved onto the
specified line.

Single pixels or even whole areas with measurement data can be changed or deleted
easily by specifying a new value or Value not computed, respectively within the
paint tool options (see Figure 5).
Depending on the selected paint mode, the pixels specified with the mouse are
modified accordingly. Add Value to Pixel will add the specified value to the already
existing values in the measurement database which are selected with the mouse.
The drawing mode Cut and Move Pixels for example offers the possibility to shift
measurement data to a new location within the measurement database. The pixels to
be influenced can be selected using the mouse and one of the paint tools, which can
be chosen in the lower part of the dialog shown in Figure 5. The different drawing
tools offer the possibility to adjust measurement values along a user defined line or
within an arbitrary polygonal area for example.

Pixels which are undefined can be excluded from the drawing operations by un-
checking the option at the bottom of the dialog.
Please refer to the ProMan Manual [2] for more details about the drawing options.

Figure 5: Modification of measurement data in ProMan

4 Comparison of Prediction and Measurement

Predicted result values can be easily compared to measured data with ProMan. First
of all, the measurement data has to be imported into a measurement file for the
corresponding simulation project (cf. chapter 3).
In order to do a comparison between predicted results and the corresponding
measurement, measurement values can be subtracted from the predicted ones.
Therefore Subtract Data -> Value (File, linear) has to be selected from the Edit
menu after the prediction result has been opened. The file containing the values to
be subtracted from the predicted values, i.e. the imported measurement data has to
be selected afterwards. ProMan will show a new result file with the difference
between simulation and measurement then. Figure 6 gives an example for a
measurement comparison in an urban environment.

Figure 6: Prediction result (left), measurement data (centre) and resulting
difference (right) for an urban city

Measurement data and prediction results can be compared very easily using external
applications, too. WinProp's result data can be exported along an arbitrary polygonal
line via File menu File -> Export Data (Polyline). This makes it possible to export the
predicted results along the measurement route. The polygonal route can be defined
in ProMan with the mouse. The user can therefore either choose to export the
currently active result directly by selecting File -> Export -> Export Data (Polyline) -
> Export data along polyline from the File menu or to create a polygonal mask for
multiple exports using Export Polyline (Write to Polyline to File) in the same
submenu. For the second case the defined polyline is stored in an ASCII file which
can be applied for several results. To draw the polyline press the left mouse button
at the starting point and keep it pressed until the last point of the polyline is reached.
To insert further points in-between click the right mouse button. The resulting ASCII
file (*.epl) containing the specified polygonal track has the following format.

Figure 7: File format of polygonal measurement route
If the coordinates of the measurement route are already available in an ASCII file
which has the same format as the ProMan polyline (cf. Figure 7) the extension of the
file can be named to *.epl in order to use the available file directly to export the
predicted data along the given measurement route. Once both measurement data
and predicted data are available for the same coordinate positions along the
measurement track, the user can do comparisons with arbitrary applications. The
following figure depicts a graphical comparison of measurement and prediction data
using a two dimensional graph generated with Microsoft Excel
.

Figure 8: Comparison of measurement and prediction along a track with MS Excel

Further statistical information about the comparison can be obtained from the
Information Page by selecting Information from the Analysis menu.

Figure 9: Statistical information of measurement comparison
Additional graphical evaluations can be done in terms of histograms, probability
density functions (PDF) and cumulated probability density functions (CDF) by using
the Analysis menu of the ProMan application. An example showing the distribution of
the discrepancies is depicted in Figure 10.

Figure 10: Histogram (left), PDF (centre) and CDF (right) of the difference between
prediction and measurement data

Values of the graphical results depicted in Figure 10 can be exported to ASCII files by
selecting File -> Export -> Export Data (Area) -> Export ASCII (All) from the File
menu or by right clicking and choosing Save Values in ASCII-File from the context
menu. This offers the possibility to post-process the evaluation results with other
applications.

5 Calibration of Prediction Models with
Measurement Data

In order to achieve better prediction results, especially for empirical wave
propagation models, it is often required to calibrate the models. The equations of
empirical propagation models are based on the evaluation of numerous
measurement campaigns. Thus these models do, in contrast to deterministic
propagation models, not reflect physics but rely on empirical values, which have to
be calibrated for specific environments. This calibration can be done automatically
based on measurement data imported and stored in a measurement file. More details
about the automatic calibration of prediction models can be found in a separate
application note [1].

6 Further Information

For further information you are invited to visit AWE Communications website

http://www.awe-communications.com

or to send an e-mail to

support@awe-communications.com

7 References

[1] Application Note, Automatic Calibration in WinProp, AWE Communications
GmbH, November 2010.
[2] User Manual, ProMan Manual, AWE Communications GmbH, June 2011.

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