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A t-test is a statistical examination of two population means. A two-sample t test examines whether two samples are different. The t distribution can also be used to construct confidence intervals.
A t-test is a statistical examination of two population means. A two-sample t test examines whether two samples are different. The t distribution can also be used to construct confidence intervals.
A t-test is a statistical examination of two population means. A two-sample t test examines whether two samples are different. The t distribution can also be used to construct confidence intervals.
Group 4 Sahil Gupta (221122) Sakshi Kabra (221125) Sayani Mukherjee (221131) Shruti Pal(221140) Srishti Narang(221149) Vipul Sachdeva (221170) Contents CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 2 t-test .................................................................................................................................................... 2 A t-test is a statistical examination of two population means. A two-sample t-test examines whether two samples are different and is commonly used when the variances of two normal distributions are unknown and when an experiment uses a small sample size. For example, a t-test could be used to compare the average floor routine score of the U.S. women's Olympic gymnastic team to the average floor routine score of China's women's team. ......................................................................................... 2 A second application of the t distribution tests the hypothesis that two independent random samples have the same mean. The t distribution can also be used to construct confidence intervals for the true mean of a population (the first application) or for the difference between two sample means (the second application). ................................................................................................................................ 4 Paired Sample t-test ............................................................................................................................ 4 Application .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Purpose of study ................................................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2 : METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 6 2.1-Universe of Study .......................................................................................................................... 6 2.2- Locale of Study ............................................................................................................................. 6 2.3-Sampling Techniques .................................................................................................................... 6 2.4-Sample Size ................................................................................................................................... 7 2.5- Data Collection ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.6-Data Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 7 2.7-Field Experience ............................................................................................................................ 7 CHAPTER 3 : ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................................... 19 APPENDIX .............................................................................................................................................. 20 Questionnaire ................................................................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION t-test A t-test is a statistical examination of two population means. A two-sample t-test examines whether two samples are different and is commonly used when the variances of two normal distributions are unknown and when an experiment uses a small sample size. For example, a t-test could be used to compare the average floor routine score of the U.S. women's Olympic gymnastic team to the average floor routine score of China's women's team.
Students t-test, in statistics, a method of testing hypotheses about the mean of a small sample drawn from a normally distributed population when the population standard deviation is unknown. In 1908 William Sealy Gosset, an Englishman publishing under the pseudonym Student, developed the t-test and t distribution. The t distribution is a family of curves in which the number of degrees of freedom (the number of independent observations in the sample minus one) specifies a particular curve. As the sample size (and thus the degrees of freedom) increases, the t distribution approaches the bell shape of the standard normal distribution. In practice, for tests involving the mean of a sample of size greater than 30, the normal distribution is usually applied. It is usual first to formulate a null hypothesis, which states that there is no effective difference between the observed sample mean and the hypothesized or stated population meani.e., that any measured difference is due only to chance. In an agricultural study, for example, the null hypothesis could be that an application of fertilizer has had no effect on crop yield, and an experiment would be performed to test whether it has increased the harvest. In general, a t- test may be either two-sided (also termed two-tailed), stating simply that the means are not equivalent, or one-sided, specifying whether the observed mean is larger or smaller than the hypothesized mean. The test statistic t is then calculated. If the observed t-statistic is more extreme than the critical value determined by the appropriate reference distribution, the null hypothesis is rejected. The appropriate reference distribution for the t-statistic is the t distribution. The critical value depends on the significance level of the test (the probability of erroneously rejecting the null hypothesis). For example, suppose a researcher wishes to test the hypothesis that a sample of size n = 25 with mean x = 79 and standard deviation s = 10 was drawn at random from a population with mean = 75 and unknown standard deviation. Using the formula for the t-statistic, the calculated t equals 2. For a two-sided test at a common level of significance = 0.05, the critical values from the t distribution on 24 degrees of freedom are 2.064 and 2.064. The calculated t does not exceed these values, hence the null hypothesis cannot be rejected with 95 percent confidence. (The confidence level is 1 .) A second application of the t distribution tests the hypothesis that two independent random samples have the same mean. The t distribution can also be used to construct confidence intervals for the true mean of a population (the first application) or for the difference between two sample means (the second application).
Paired Sample t-test Paired-Sample T-Test is also known as dependent T-Test, repeated-measures T-test or within-subjects T-test. A Paired-sample t-test is used to analyse paired scores, specifically, we want to see if there is difference between paired scores. The Paired-Samples T Test procedure compares the means of two variables for a single group. The procedure computes the differences between values of the two variables for each case and tests whether the average differs from 0. A paired sample t-test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the average values of the same measurement made under two different conditions. Both measurements are made on each unit in a sample, and the test is based on the paired differences between these two values. The usual null hypothesis is that the difference in the mean values is zero. For example, the yield of two strains of barley is measured in successive years in twenty different plots of agricultural land (the units) to investigate whether one crop gives a significantly greater yield than the other, on average. Example. In a study on high blood pressure, all patients are measured at the beginning of the study, given a treatment, and measured again. Thus, each subject has two measures, often called before and after measures. An alternative design for which this test is used is a matched-pairs or case-control study, in which each record in the data file contains the response for the patient and also for his or her matched control subject. In a blood pressure study, patients and controls might be matched by age (a 75-year-old patient with a 75-year- old control group member).
The null hypothesis for the paired sample t-test is H0: d = 1 - 2 = 0 where d is the mean value of the difference. This null hypothesis is tested against one of the following alternative hypotheses, depending on the question posed: H1: d = 0 H1: d > 0 H1: d < 0 The paired sample t-test is a more powerful alternative to a two sample procedure, such as the two sample t-test, but can only be used when we have matched samples.
Application
A one-sample location test of whether the mean of a population has a value specified in a null hypothesis. A two-sample location test of the null hypothesis that the means of two populations are equal. All such tests are usually called Student's t-tests, though strictly speaking that name should only be used if the variances of the two populations are also assumed to be equal; the form of the test used when this assumption is dropped is sometimes called Welch's t-test. These tests are often referred to as "unpaired" or "independent samples" t-tests, as they are typically applied when the statistical units underlying the two samples being compared are non-overlapping. A test of the null hypothesis that the difference between two responses measured on the same statistical unit has a mean value of zero. For example, suppose we measure the size of a cancer patient's tumor before and after a treatment. If the treatment is effective, we expect the tumor size for many of the patients to be smaller following the treatment. This is often referred to as the "paired" or "repeated measures" t-test. A test of whether the slope of a regression line differs significantly from 0.
Purpose of study
1. To identify the parameters on which the food available at dhaba has an edge over the mess food using a paired sample t-test.
2. Recommend changes based on the results obtained.
CHAPTER 2 : METHODOLOGY
This chapter outlines the various tools utilised to carry out the required research. 2.1-Universe of Study All the dhabhas in India. 2.2- Locale of Study This study has been limited to understanding the food quality at Secular House Dhaba and the FORE Mess. The locale of the study has been mainly the Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi. 2.3-Sampling Techniques The research has been carried out with the help of a questionnaire and responses of the employees have been analysed for deriving conclusions regarding the effectiveness of communication. 2.4-Sample Size Due to time constraints, the questionnaire has been floated .to the frequent visitors of dhabhas and the FORE Mess. 2.5- Data Collection The study was conducted by utilising information from both, primary and secondary sources. PRIMARY SOURCE For the purpose of collecting information from the company an in depth questionnaire was designed .It covered all the aspects of food quality and the satisfaction derived thereof, as required for the analysis. It comprised of both open end and closed end questions. *(A copy of the questionnaire has been enclosed) The questionnaire was floated to various frequent visitors of the dhabhas and FORE Mess. SECONDARY SOURCE A wide array of journals, research papers, articles, and news reports contributed as the secondary sources.. which aided in carrying out the test. 2.6-Data Analysis Data collected from the respondents have been codified and analysed both qualitatively & quantitatively. 2.7-Field Experience The research work for this project was initiated in February 2014. The initial step was drafting a questionnaire covering all the aspects required for the study. Framing open end questions and ensuring that the responses are direct and precise was a daunting task in itself. However, visiting the dhabas was exhaustive yet an enriching experience.
CHAPTER 3 : ANALYSIS
This chapter focuses majorly on in-depth analysis of the study carried out. The previous chapters have been mainly introductory in nature: Introduction to research plan, Methodology adopted. Now the analysis is being done on the basis of the data collected from primary and secondary sources.
FOR PAIR 1: NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant difference between the taste of the food of dhabhas and FORE Mess. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: The dhaba food tastes better than FORE Mess food.
FOR PAIR 2: NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant difference between the kind of variety in the food items provided by both dhabhas and FORE Mess. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: The dhaba food has more variety than FORE Mess food.
FOR PAIR 3: NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant difference between of cost dhabhas and FORE Mess. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: The dhaba food is less costlier than FORE Mess food. FOR PAIR 4: NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant difference between the quality of ingredients used by dhabhas and FORE Mess. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: The dhaba uses better quality ingredients than FORE Mess food.
FOR PAIR 5: NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant difference between the hygiene maintained by dhabhas and FORE Mess. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: The dhaba maintains better hygiene than FORE Mess.
FOR PAIR 6: NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant difference between the service provided by dhabhas and FORE Mess. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: The dhaba service quality is better than FORE Mess food.
FOR PAIR 7: NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant difference between the ambience of dhabhas and FORE Mess ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: The dhaba ambience is better than FORE Mess food.
FOR PAIR 8: NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant difference between the nutritional value of the food of dhabhas and FORE Mess. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: The dhaba food is more nutritious than FORE Mess food.
FOR PAIR 9: NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant difference between the delivery time of dhabhas and FORE Mess. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: The dhaba delievery time is faster than FORE Mess food.
FOR PAIR 10: NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant difference between the opening time of dhabhas and FORE Mess. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: The dhaba opens at a more convenient time than FORE mess .
RESPONSE TO QUESTIONNAIRE
DATA ENTERED IN SPSS
OUTPUT
Paired Samples Statistics Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Pair 1 Food taste for mess 3.50 30 .682 .125 Food taste for dhaba 2.60 30 .894 .163 Pair 2 Food vareity for mess 3.07 30 .828 .151 Food vareity for dhaba 1.87 30 .681 .124 Pair 3 Food cost for mess 3.20 30 .610 .111 Food cost for dhaba 2.70 30 .794 .145 Pair 4 Quality of ingredients for mess 1.90 30 .759 .139 Quality of ingredients for dhaba 2.80 30 .714 .130 Pair 5 Hygine for mess 1.93 30 .691 .126 Hygine for dhaba 3.37 30 .490 .089 Pair 6 Service quality for mess 1.67 30 .606 .111 Service quality for dhaba 3.10 30 .607 .111 Pair 7 Ambience for mess 2.53 30 .776 .142 Ambience for dhaba 2.80 30 .551 .101 Pair 8 Food nuitrition for mess 1.53 30 .507 .093 Food nuitrition for dhaba 2.80 30 .551 .101 Pair 9 Food delivery time for mess 1.67 30 .479 .088 Food delivery time for dhaba 3.03 30 .414 .076 Pair 10 Opening Time for mess 3.43 30 .568 .104 Opening Time for dhaba 2.33 30 .606 .111
Paired Samples Correlations N Correlation Sig. Pair 1 Food taste for mess & Food taste for dhaba 30 -.170 .371 Pair 2 Food vareity for mess & Food vareity for dhaba 30 -.106 .577 Pair 3 Food cost for mess & Food cost for dhaba 30 .057 .765 Pair 4 Quality of ingredients for mess & Quality of ingredients for dhaba 30 .089 .640 Pair 5 Hygine for mess & Hygine for dhaba 30 -.027 .887 Pair 6 Service quality for mess & Service quality for dhaba 30 .094 .623 Pair 7 Ambience for mess & Ambience for dhaba 30 .016 .933 Pair 8 Food nuitrition for mess & Food nuitrition for dhaba 30 -.345 .062 Pair 9 Food delivery time for mess & Food delivery time for dhaba 30 .058 .761 Pair 10 Opening Time for mess & Opening Time for dhaba 30 .367 .046
Paired Samples Test Paired Differences t df Sig. (2- tailed) Mea n Std. Deviatio n Std. Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Pa ir 1 Food taste for mess - Food taste for dhaba .900 1.213 .222 .447 1.353 4.06 2 29 .000 Pa ir 2 Food vareity for mess - Food vareity for dhaba 1.20 0 1.126 .206 .779 1.621 5.83 5 29 .000 Pa ir 3 Food cost for mess - Food cost for dhaba .500 .974 .178 .136 .864 2.81 2 29 .009 Pa ir 4 Quality of ingredients for mess - Quality of ingredients for dhaba - .900 .995 .182 -1.271 -.529 - 4.95 5 29 .000 Pa ir 5 Hygine for mess - Hygine for dhaba - 1.43 3 .858 .157 -1.754 -1.113 - 9.14 6 29 .000 Pa ir 6 Service quality for mess - Service quality for dhaba - 1.43 3 .817 .149 -1.738 -1.128 - 9.60 7 29 .000 Pa ir 7 Ambience for mess - Ambience for dhaba - .267 .944 .172 -.619 .086 - 1.54 7 29 .133 Pa ir 8 Food nuitrition for mess - Food nuitrition for dhaba - 1.26 7 .868 .159 -1.591 -.942 - 7.99 0 29 .000 Pa ir 9 Food delivery time for mess - Food delivery time for dhaba - 1.36 7 .615 .112 -1.596 -1.137 - 12.1 73 29 .000 Pa ir 10 Opening Time for mess - Opening Time for dhaba 1.10 0 .662 .121 .853 1.347 9.10 4 29 .000
FINDINGS & CONCLUSION PAIR 1 Since the output table states that t test is significant, thus we reject the null hypothesis. The taste of food of dhabhas is better than FORE Mess. PAIR 2 Since the output table states that t test is significant, thus we reject the null hypothesis. Variety of food provided by dhabhas is more than FORE Mess. PAIR 3 Since the output table states that t test is not significant, thus we do not reject the null hypothesis. There is no significant difference between cost of dhabhas and FORE Mess. PAIR 4 Since the output table states that t test is significant, thus we reject the null hypothesis. The quality of ingredients used by dhabhas is better than FORE Mess. There is no significant difference between ambience of dhabhas and FORE Mess PAIR 5 Since the output table states that t test is significant, thus we reject the null hypothesis Hygiene maintained by dhabhas is better. PAIR 6 Since the output table states that t test is significant, thus we reject the null hypothesis. The service quality maintained by dhabhas is superior. PAIR 7 Since the output table states that t test is not significant, thus we do not reject the null hypothesis. PAIR 8 Since the output table states that t test is significant, thus we do reject the null hypothesis Dhabha food is more nutritious. PAIR 9 Since the output table states that t test is significant, thus we reject the null hypothesis d. Delivery time of dhabhas is quicker. PAIR 10 FOR PAIR 10: Since the output table states that t test is significant, thus we reject the null hypothesis Opening time of dhabhas is more convenient.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the test conducted on the responses of the respondents on the questionnaire ,following recommendations can be made: DHABAS 1. If the Dhabas could improve the ambience that they offer to their customers, it could greatly benefit. 2. If the Dhabas can improve the quality of ingredients that they put into their food, customers would prefer Dhaba food FORE MESS 1. Taste being a very important factor among customers who want to eat, should be worked upon by the FORE mess to attract customers.
"This is purely an academic exercise and all information provided including personal details and views would be treated in strict confidence. The Survey is a part of our assignment / FMG22 Section A/C. Purpose of the study is to identify the parameters on which the dhaba food has an edge over the mess food."