ME 352 - Machine Design I Name of Student:_____________________________

Summer Semester 2012 Lab Section Number:__________________________

Homework No. 12 (30 points). Due at the beginning of lecture on Tuesday, July 31st.

Consider the two-cylinder engine shown in Figure 1. The effective mass of each piston is
m 50 kg, = the length of each connecting rod is L 100 cm, = and the length of the throw of the
crankshaft R 10 cm. = The angular velocity of the crankshaft is a constant 100 rad/s = =

counterclockwise. Determine the X and Y components of the resultant of the first harmonic force, that
is, the primary shaking force.
How many correcting masses are required to balance the primary shaking force? Determine the
magnitudes and the locations (i.e., the angles) of the correcting forces created by the correcting masses.
For the position 60 ,
o
= show your answers on a figure of the two-cylinder engine.





Figure 1. A Two-Cylinder Engine.
2
Solution to Homework 12.

The X and Y components of the first harmonic force for cylinder 1 can be written as
1 1 1 1
cos( ) cos
X
S P = (1a)
and
1 1 1 1
cos( ) sin
Y
S P = (1b)

The X and Y components of the first harmonic force for cylinder 2 can be written as

2 2 2 2 2
cos( ) cos
X
S P = + (2a)
and
2 2 2 2 2
cos( )sin
Y
S P = + (2b)

From Figure 1, note that the angles
1
90 , = +
2
180 , = + and
2
180 . = Substituting these angles
and
2
1 2
= = = P P P mR into Equations (1a) and (2a), the X-component of the resultant of the first
harmonic forces can be written as

1 2
cos( 90 ) cos90 cos( 180 180) cos180 = + = + +
PX X X
S S S P P (3a)

Therefore, the X-component of the resultant of the first harmonic forces is

1.000 cos =
PX
S P (3b)

Also, substituting the angles into Equations (1b) and (2b), the Y-component of the resultant of the first
harmonic forces can be written as

1 2
cos( 90 ) sin90 cos( 180 180 ) sin180 = + = + +
PY Y Y
S S S P P (4a)

Therefore, the Y-component of the resultant of the first harmonic forces is

1.000 sin = +
PY
S P (4b)

The magnitude of the resultant of the first harmonic forces can be written as

2 2
= +
P PX PY
S S S (5a)

Substituting Equations (3b) and (4b) into this equation, the magnitude of the resultant of the first
harmonic forces is

2 2
( 1.000 cos ) ( 1.000 sin ) 1.000 = + + + = +
P
S P P P (5b)

The direction of the resultant of the first harmonic forces, measured from the X-axis, can be written as

tan =
PY
PX
S
S
(6a)


3
Substituting Equations (3b) and (4b) into this equation, the direction of the resultant of the first
harmonic forces is

1.000 sin
tan 1 tan
1.000 cos
+
= =

P
P

(6b)

Therefore, the direction of the resultant of the first harmonic force is

o
180 = (6c)

For the arbitrary crank position , the direction of the resultant of the first harmonic force
P
S is as
shown in Figure 2. For the crank position 60 = then the direction of the resultant of the first
harmonic force
P
S is 120 , =
o
as shown in Figure 3.
Recall that the X and Y components of the resultant of the first harmonic forces for any multi-
cylinder reciprocating engine (see page 651 in the Uicker, et al., text book) can be written in the form

cos sin = +
PX
S A B (7a)
and
cos sin = +
PY
S C D (7b)

The first harmonic forces can always be balanced by a pair of rotating masses, or in some special
cases a single mass, as shown in Figure 19.28, page 651, in the Uicker, et al., text book. The correcting
mass m
1
creates a correcting force F
1
at a location angle of
1
( ) + from the X-axis and the
correcting mass m
2
creates a correcting force F
2
at a location angle of
2
( ) + from the X-axis. For
balance, these two correcting forces plus the resultant of the first harmonic forces (or the primary
shaking force) must be equal to zero; i.e.,

1 1 2 2
cos sin cos ( ) cos [ ( ) ] 0 A B F F + + + + + = (8a)
and
1 1 2 2
cos sin sin ( ) sin [ ( ) ] 0 C D F F + + + + + = (8b)

Expanding these two equations, in terms of the angles of
1 2
, , and , and rearranging, gives

1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
( cos cos ) cos ( sin sin ) sin cos sin F F F F A B + + = (9a)

and

1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
( sin sin ) cos ( cos cos ) sin cos sin F F F F C D + = (9b)

To satisfy Equations (9), for all values of the crank angle , the necessary conditions are

1 1 2 2
cos cos F F A + = (10a)

1 1 2 2
sin sin + = + F F B (10b)

1 1 2 2
sin sin F F C = (10c)
and
1 1 2 2
cos cos F F D = (10d)

4
Solving Equations (10), the two correcting forces can be written as

( ) ( )
2 2
1
1
2
F A D B C = + + (11a)
and
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1
2
F A D B C = + + (11b)

Also, from Equations (10), the location angles of the two correcting forces can be written as
1
tan
( )

=
+
B C
A D
(12a)
and
2
tan
B C
D A

+
=

(12b)

Comparing Equation (3b) with Equation (6a) and comparing Equation (4b) with Equation (6b), the
coefficients are observed to be

1.000 , 0, 0, and 1.000 = = = = + A P B C D P (13)

Substituting Equation (13) into Equations (11), the two correcting forces are

( ) ( )
2 2
1
1
1.000 1.000 0 0 0
2
= + + = F P P (14a)
and
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1
1.000 1.000 0 0 1.000
2
= + + = F P P P (14b)

Note that for this two-cyclinder engine one of the correcting forces is zero. This means that this engine
is a special case (special geometry) where only one balancing mass is required. Noting that

2 2
50 0.1 100 50, 000 = = = P m R N (15)

then the non-zero correcting force is


2
2 2 2
50, 000 = = = F m R P N

(16)

Substituting Equation (13) into Equation (12a), the location angle for the first correcting mass is
1
0 0 0
tan
( 1.000 1.000 ) 0

= =
+ P P
(17)

This equation is indeterminate confirming that there is only one correcting mass.
Substituting Equation (13) into Equation (12b), the location angle for the non-zero correcting mass is
2
0 0 0
tan 0
( 1.000 ) ( 1.000 ) 2.000
+
= = + =
+ + P P P
(18a)

5
Since the denominator (or the cosine of the angle) is positive then the location angle of this correcting
mass is
2
0 =

(18b)

For the arbitrary crank position , the answers are shown on Figure 2. For the crank position 60 ,
o
=
the answers are shown on Figure 3.

Figure 2. The Magnitude and the Location of the Non-Zero Correcting Mass.
For the arbitrary crank position .
6










Figure 3. The Magnitude and the Location of the Non-Zero Correcting Mass.
For the crank position 60 .
o
=