Abstract

Air cooled heat exchanger is a device that is used for rejecting heat from fluid or gas directly
to ambient air without great ongoing cost. An air cooled heat exchanger can be small as car
radiator or large enough to cover severe acres of land as in case of power plant where water is
not available. They are used to cool gases and liquids when the outlet temps. Required is greater
than surrounding ambient air temp. Its applications are gas compressor packages, transmission
facilities, engine cooling, condensing of gases (propane, refrigerants), steam condenser (used
in power plant and process applications), refineries.
Governing factors in designing of air cooler are:
Tube diameter
Tube length
Fin height
No of tube rows
No of passes
Surface area
Pumping power
LMTD
Heat transfer rate
Relative cost
Fouling factor
Overall heat transfer coefficient (U)
Considering all the above factors ACHE is designed .for checking the design of heat exchanger
for optimum U with minimum cost for given ambient conditions. Now for sever conditions
i.e. for higher ambient temp. & humidity design or modification of heat exchanger accordingly
such as in coastal areas 2 considering all the new parameters after modifications the system is
checked for optimum performance (i.e. break even analysis) for maximum heat transfer
coefficient within permissible cost and validating the above design with the help of softwares
like HUDSON PRODUCTS (ACHE) & SF PRESSURE DROP.



Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Necessity of Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
The Air-cooled heat exchanger is a device for rejecting heat from a fluid or gas directly to
ambient air. When cooling both fluids and gases, there are two sources readily available, with
a relatively low cost, to transfer heat to air and water.
The obvious advantage of an air cooler is that it does not require water, which means that
equipment requiring cooling need not be near a supply of cooling water. In addition, the
problems associated with treatment and disposal of water have become more costly with
government regulations and environmental concerns. The air-cooled heat exchanger provides
a means of transferring the heat from the fluid or gas into ambient air, without environmental
concerns, or without great ongoing cost.
An air-cooled heat exchanger can be as small as your car radiator or large enough to cover
several acres of land, as is the case on air coolers for large power plants where water is not
available.
Uses of air cooled heat exchangers:
The applications for air cooled heat exchangers cover a wide range of industries and products,
however generally they are used to cooler gases and liquids when the outlet temperature
required is greater than the surrounding ambient air temperature.
The applications include:
Gas compressor packages
Gas transmission facilities
Engine cooling
Condensing of gases (propane, refrigerants, etc.)
Steam condensers (used in power plants & process applications)
Industrial uses Bakeries to preheat ovens and provide steam for other equipment.
Hospitals to provide steam for sterilization and for cooling high tech equipment that
produces heat.
Refineries
The only common thread among these users is the need to reject heat from a source into the
air. Some of these applications also use the discharge air from the air cooler to help heat
buildings or other equipment.
1.2 Objectives of Project:
Designing of heat exchanger for given conditions which are considered as normal one.
Examining the design for maximum effectiveness with help of manual and software results.
Modification of heat exchanger for severe conditions for which knowledge of validation
software is required.


















Chapter 2
Literature Survey
Heat exchangers in large scale industrial processes are usually custom made to suit the process,
depending on the type of fluid used, the phase, temperature, pressure, chemical composition
and other thermodynamic properties. (Kakac, S. 2002) Heat exchangers mostly can be found
in industries which produce a heat stream. In this case, heat exchangers usually circulate the
output heat to put it as input by heating a different stream in the process. The fact that it really
saves a lot of money because when the output heat no longer needed then it can be recycled
rather than to come from an external source as heat is basically recycled. When used in
industries and in the home, it can serve to lower energy costs as it helps recover wasted heat
and recycle it for heating in another process. Typically, most heat exchangers use fluid to store
heat and heat transfer can take the form of either absorption or dissipation.
For instance, heat exchangers are used as oil coolers, transmission and engine coolers, boiler
coolers, waste water heat recovery, condensers and evaporators in refrigeration systems. In
residential homes, heat exchangers are used for floor heating, pool heating, snow and ice
melting, domestic water heater, central, solar and geothermal heating. Of course, heat
exchangers have different designs which depend on the purpose it is intended for. Brazed heat
exchangers, a collection of plates which are brazed together, are used for hydronic systems like
swimming pools, floor heating, snow and ice melting. The shell and coil heat exchanger design
is best for areas with limited spaces as it can be installed vertically. Of course, for the highly
industrial process, the shell and tube heat exchanger is the perfect solution.










Chapter 3
Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
3.1 Basic Heat Transfer principles
The basic heat transfer relationships that exist for shell and tube exchangers also apply to the
design of an air-cooled heat exchanger. However, there are more parameters to be considered
in the design of an air-cooled exchanger.
Since the air-cooled heat exchanger is exposed to changing climatic conditions, problems of
control of the air cooler become relevant. A decision must be made as to what the actual
ambient air temperature to be used for the design.
Since there are many variables, normally there many solutions, however the designer attempts
to find the optimum economic design given these factors.
Basic heat Transfer Equation is:
Q = U A LMTD
Where,
Q = Heat load (W)
U = over-all heat transfer coefficient (W/mK)
A = Surface area (m)
LMTD = Log Mean Temperature Difference (K)
Normally, this equation is solved for the surface area or A, since the heat load is known, and
the over-all heat transfer coefficient and the MTD can be calculated, based on known
information.
There are two types of heat load; the sensible heat load or the heat to reduce the temperature
of a gas or liquid, and the latent heat, which is commonly called the condensing load. The latent
heat is heat generated by the change of phase and is defined as
Q = m hfg, where,
m = the flow of the fluid or gas in kg/s.
hfg = enthalpy difference between the liquid and vapor phases at the saturation temperature
considered.
To calculate the sensible heat load Q in Watts, the following equation must be followed:
Q = m Cp (Ti To)
Where
m = the flow of the fluid or gas in kg/s.
Cp = the average specific heat in KJ/kgK of the liquid or gas
Ti = inlet temperature of the liquid or gas
To = outlet temperature of the liquid or gas
The mean temperature difference is solved by the following equation
LMTD =
(

) (

)
LN((

)(

)

Where,

Is the process side inlet temperature

Is the process side outlet temperature

Is the air side inlet temperature

Is the air side outlet temperature

A correction factor is then added to the LMTD to account for different row/pass configurations.
The overall heat transfer rate can be calculated as follows:
U is the reciprocal of an overall resistance, R which may be defined as follows:
o o
i o
i
i f
i i
A h kL
D D
A
R
A h
R
1
2
) / ln( 1 ,

Where
h
o
= effective outside film coefficient
hi = effective inside coefficient
fo = outside fouling factor (resistance)
fi = inside fouling factor (resistance) if R
t = resistance to heat passing through the tube wall
k = tube wall conductivity factor
U = 1/R 12
The effective outside film coefficient, in terms of tube surface, is the true air film coefficient
multiplied by the ratio of total surface to tube surface and by fin efficiency. The inside film
coefficient depends on tube size, velocity of the liquid or gas in the tubes and various physical
properties of the fluid, such as the viscosity. The inside fouling factor is dependent on the dirt
or scale characteristics of the liquid or gas in the tubes. The outside fouling factor, based on
tube surface, must be divided by the surface ratio, (bare to finned) which results in a very small
figure, negligible in most cases. The thickness of the tube is normally small enough with
sufficiently high conductivity that this factor is almost negligible.
3.2 Air Cooler Components
The Air Cooled Heat exchangers consist of the following components:
One or more coil with heat transfer surface
Air moving device, normally a fan
A driver and speed reduction device
Plenum between the coil and the fan to direct air across the surface area
Supporting structure
Guards for rotating equipment & protection of the coil area
Optional louvers for outlet process temperature control
The components of a typical air cooler are indicated below:

Fig. 3.1 Components of air cooler
3.3 Types of Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
Air Cooled Heat Exchangers can be built in several configurations, normally controlled by the
power available, the installation and customer preferences.
Diagrams of the various types of air coolers are indicated on the following pages. There are
many similar configurations by different manufacturers; however most of these are a derivative
of one of these types.
The most common type of air cooler is the horizontal coil with horizontal fan and vertical air
flow. This type is typically driven by an electric motor drive attached to the fan through v-belts
to allow for speed reduction between the motor and the fan. This model can also be driven by
hydraulic motors, air motors and even from an engine with special right angle gear drive
arrangements.
The normal application for these models are in plants or refineries where electric power is
available, and where the cooler is installed away from other equipment to allow adequate air
flow around the air cooler.
This model is built in both induced draft and forced draft configurations. Depending on the
application, and the installation site, there are advantages and disadvantages to both models.
Some of the advantages and disadvantages of each model are listing below:

Fig. 3.2 Comparison of forced & induced draft
3.3.1 Forced draft:
3.3.1.1 Advantages:
Lower HP requirement due to lower inlet air temperature
Better accessibility of fans and bearings
Better accessibility of bundles for replacement
Accommodates higher process inlet temperature
3.3.1.2 Disadvantages:
Less uniform distribution of air over the bundle
Increased possibility of air recirculation
Low natural draft capability on fan failure
Exposer of coils to sun, rain, etc.

3.3.2 Induced draft:
3.3.2.1 Advantages:
Better distribution of air across the bundle
Less possibility of hot air recirculation
Better process controls, since plenum cover 60 % of bundle face area, blocking it from
sun and rain
Increased capacity with fan off due to natural draft stack effect
3.3.2.2 Disadvantages:
Higher HP since fan is in outlet air stream.
Mechanical equipments subjected to higher temperature
Fans are less accessible to temperature.
Plenum must be removed to replace bundles.
3.4 Tube bundle or Coil components
The tube bundle or coil is designed and manufactured as an assembly of tubes, headers, tube
supports, and side frames that assembled allowed the entry and exit of the fluid or gas into a
series of tubes for cooling purposes. Usually, the tube surface has aluminum fins to added
extended surface area to compensate for the low heat transfer rate of air at atmospheric
pressure.
3.5 Coil or Bundle design and construction:
The coil or bundle in the air-cooled heat exchanger is an assembly of tubes, headers, side frames
and tube supports. Usually the tube surface exposed to the passage of air has extended surface
in the form of aluminum fins to compensate for the low heat transfer rate of air.
The box header is normally fabricated from plate, and consists of a tube sheet, plug sheet, top
and bottom wrappers, and end plates. In a standard box header configuration, holes must be
drilled and tapped in the plug sheet opposite each tube to allow maintenance of the tubes. A
plug, normally a shoulder plug with a gasket, is threaded into each hole to seal under pressure,
but allow access when required.
Partitions, or pass plates are welded into the headers to establish the tube side flow pattern. The
tube side flow pattern is determined by maximizing the inside tube velocities; within the
pressure drop limits imposed. Pass plates can also be used as structural stays of the tube and
plug sheets, in some configurations.
Within practical limits, the longer the tubes and the greater the number of rows, the less the
surface area cost per square foot. One or more bundles can be combined on a common structure,
assuming all bundles have the same airside static pressure loss.
The bundles must be designed with at least one floating header to allow for thermal expansion
of the tubes. Failure to provide for thermal expansion could result in problems with the tube-
to-tube sheet joint, since the thermal expansion will attempt to push the tube into the header
box, loosening the expanded tube-to-tube sheet joint.
Tubes are generally expanded into the holes in the tube sheet of the header box. The expansion
process can be done utilizing a grooved tube sheet hole or a smooth inside tube sheet hole. In
high pressure or high temperature applications, the grooved tube sheet hole is preferred due to
the additional strength provided. The expanded tube-to-tube sheet joint has been utilized in
services up to 15,000 psi design pressures. In some cases, welded tube-to-tube sheet joints may
be required.
Once installed in the bundle, the tubes must be supported to prohibit intermeshing of the fins,
and bunching of the tubes, which allows for openings in the tube that allow channeling of
the airflow. Several means of tube support are utilized dependent on manufacture.
The most common tube support is provided by a wiggle strip that is place between each row,
and runs between each tube. This method allows for support of the tube from the fin tip and is
susceptible to movement in the bundle during transportation.
Another common method, utilized by some manufacturers, is to wrap aluminum strips around
the perimeter of the tube at designated spots along the length. These strips are stapled to
prohibit them from loosening. Again, this provides support from the tip of the fin.
A third method is the scalloped channel. This method provides a strip, normally fabricated
from aluminum that cradles each tube and runs the entire width of the bundle.
The scalloped channel is formed to provide both supports from the fin tip, and to the tube wall.
Based on the configuration, it is not able to move after inserted, and also provides a means of
keeping the tubes spaced properly.
Tube support can also be provided by cast zinc collars. This method requires a zinc collar to
be poured at each support spot on the tube. This method, while providing excellent support, is
normally cost prohibitive.
3.6 Fans and Air Movers
The displayed figure shows the air-moving device for an ACHE which is commonly an axial
flow, propeller-type fan that either forces the air across the bundles (forced draft) or pulls it
across (induced draft). To provide redundancy in case a mechanical unit fails and to provide
the basic control achievable by running one fan or two, a bundle or set of bundles is usually
provided with two fans.
Even distribution of the air across the tube bundle is critical for predictable, uniform heat
transfer. This is achieved by adequate fan coverage and static pressure loss across the bundle.
Good practice is to keep the fan projected area to a minimum of 40% of the projected face area
of the tube bundle, and the bundle static pressure loss at least 3.5 times the velocity pressure
loss through the fan ring. For a two-fan unit, this is generally assured if the ratio of tube length
to bundle width is in the range of 3 to 3.5 and the number of tube rows is held to 4 rows
minimum with the net free area for air flow at about 50% of the face area of the bundle.
Fans can vary in size from 3 to 60 feet in diameter and can have from 2 to 20 blades. Blades
can be made of wood, steel, aluminum, or fiberglass-reinforced plastic, and can be solid or
hollow. Hollow plastic blades are by far the most popular. Blades can have straight sides or
be contoured. The more efficient type has a wide chord near the center and tapers to a narrow
chord at the tip, with a slight twist. The twist and taper compensate for the slower velocity of
the blade nearer the center to produce a uniform, efficient air velocity profile.
Fans may have fixed or adjustable pitch blades. Except for small diameters (less than 5 feet),
most ACHEs have adjustable pitch blades. Adjustable pitch fans are manufactured in two
types. One is manually adjustable (with the fans off) and the other is automatically adjustable
(while running). Most automatically adjustable pitch fans change their pitch by means of a
pneumatically-actuated diaphragm working against large springs inside the hub.
The air-cooled heat exchanger is controlled by two factors, the tube bundle size and
configuration, and the ability to move air across the surface area that the bundle provides.
Therefore, a major consideration of air cooler manufactures is not only the selection of the
proper fan, but also the design of plenums to force the air across the surface area.
The common means of moving air across the air cooler bundle is an axial flow, propeller type
fan that either pushes (forced draft) the air across the bundle or pulls (induced draft) it across.
Even distribution of the air across the tube bundle is critical for uniform heat transfer. This is
normally achieved by adequate fan to bundle coverage and controlling the static pressure loss
across the bundle. A good design practice is to maintain a forty percent (40%) coverage of the
face area of the tube bundle to the area of the fan. Coverages of less than this will allow for
lower airflows on the outer surfaces of the tube bundle, and can result in poor performance.
In addition, the distance from the fan to the coil can be critical. Again, good design practice
requires an air dispersion angle of forty five percent (45%). The angle is measured from the
outlet side of the fan ring to the center of the depth of the coil.
This distance will allow the air to disperse, rather than channel directly through the bundle in
front of the fan. In horizontal configurations, the face coverage and air dispersion angle control
the plenum size. On vertical configurations, many times the forty five percent dispersion angle
is more difficult, since the overall size of the cooler is affected. Therefore, the designer must
compensate for this design flaw by other means. This can be accomplished by additional air
flow from the fan, resulting is more air flow than required directly in front of the fan, with the
outside surfaces at the design velocity. It can also be accomplished by adding additional surface
area to the coils affected.
On vertical coolers with vertical air discharge, the designer also has to deal with the problem
of discharging the air from the cooler, without causing additional pressure losses to the fan.
Careful design of the size of the discharge plenum must be undertaken to assure the air can
discharge the cooler.
Fan ring design varies among manufacturers. The common configurations for fan rings are
indicated on the following page. Due to the cost of manufacture, the eased or taper fan rings
are generally not utilized in standard products, however are available when required for special
applications.
3.7 Tapered or Eased Rings
The tapered inlet and eased rings both allow for a more uniform exit of the air from the fan
ring. Most fan design programs will indicate slightly less horsepower required for this
configuration. In addition, these fan rings allow for better air dispersion since the air is directed
when it leaves the ring.
In most air-cooled heat exchangers, the cost of producing this configuration outweighs the
increased savings in horsepower, or in airflow efficiency.
3.8 Straight, Flanged Inlet or Channel Rings
These are the most common fan rings utilized by manufacturers. This ring is easily produced,
and provides good air movement if close tip clearance between the ring and the fan are
maintained. The depth of this ring will vary with the fan selected.
Fans can vary in size from 2 to 20 feet in diameter, and can have from 2 to 16 blades. Common
sizes are in one-foot increments, but can be supplied in any diameter desired. Generally the
blades are aluminum, but other materials are available, including steel, fiberglass, reinforced
plastic and wood.
Normally the blades of the air cooler have a profile that allows an even distribution of air across
the length of the blade. This can be accommodated for by a blade that has a wide chord width
at the tip, and tapers to a narrow chord at the tip. In addition, most blades have a twist that
compensates for the slower velocity at the portion of the blade closer to the center of the fan.
This helps produce a more uniform, efficient air velocity pressure.
The necessity for uniform flow and pressure is easily explained:
If certain portions of the blade are not able to develop the pressure necessarily being carried by
other portions of the blade, back flow of air at these points will occur. This would be the case
around the hub if a typical propeller were used as an axial flow fan.
The number of blades in a fan is not important, but the area of the total blade surface at each
radius is vital. Blade widths are generally limited by physical conditions in order to keep the
fan from becoming too deep.
Fans may have fixed or adjustable pitch blades. Normally smaller blades (four feet and less)
are provided with fixed pitch, while larger diameters are generally adjustable pitch.

3.9 Fan Laws
3.9.1 Horsepower
Horsepower of a given fan in a given installation, with increase or decrease in RPM,
will vary approximately as the cube of the RPM.
The static pressure will increase as the square of the CFM.
The velocity pressure will increase as the square of the CFM.
Since the velocity pressure and static pressure are additive, the total pressure increases
as the square of the RPM.
The volume will increase directly as the speed.
As a result, the horsepower will increase as the cube of the speed, the horsepower being the
product of the CFM and the total pressure. With changes in air density, horsepower for a given
volume will increase or decrease in direct proportion to the air density, provided that the static
pressure also varies directly with the air density, as is the case in most practical applications.



3.9.2 Air Cooled Heat Exchanger Noise
Environmental noise is becoming an increasing factor in the design and operation of air-cooled
heat exchangers. Due to this, the design of a noise efficient air-cooled heat exchanger is a
growing concern.
Noise from the air coolers comes from several sources:
Fans are the largest contributor to the overall noise levels in the air cooler. There are
many factors in the fan design and the selection of the proper fan for low noise
applications that affect the noise level, however the fan speed has the greatest effect on
the overall noise.
The method of speed reduction is probably the second most significant source of noise
in the air cooler. Many methods of speed reduction are available, however due to the
constraints of the low noise requirements, many of these do not lend themselves to low
noise applications.
The electric motor is generally much less of a factor in the overall noise than the fan or
the drive, however there are steps that can be taken to minimize the noise source.
Fans should be run at slow tip speeds, utilizing wide chord with blades to achieve
adequate airflow. Normally this will require reducing the static pressure through the
coils, due to the fact that most fans will not overcome high static pressures at low tips
speed.
Premium efficiency motors are generally quieter than a standard efficiency motors. The
motor is very seldom responsible for noise problems, however in the case of extreme
noise level requirement, the motor may play a factor.
The use of thicker panels, and elimination of any members interfering with the inlet
airflow should be carefully studied. These two factors, though minor, should reduce
low-frequency noise, usually generated by the air cooler structure.
3.10 General Air Cooler design practices
1. Static pressures through the coils should be limited to a reasonable number.
2. Normally, this would range from 0.4 to 0.7 static pressure.
3. A general rule of thumb for the airside face velocity through the coils is as follows:
row coil 800 to 850 FPM
row coil 500 to 700 FPM
row coil 450 to 600 FPM
row coil 350 to 500 FPM
4. On new construction, good design practice would normally restrict the number of tube
rows to four. This allows for some modification, if need later, to allow for higher heat
load applications. Normally, on gas compressor applications, the air is at such a high
temperature after the four rows, that additional cooling from additional rows in
minimal.
5. A minimum fan to coil face area of forty percent.
6. Air dispersion angle of forty five percent should not be exceeded, without compensating
for this in the design.
7. Fans should be operated in the mid-range of the fan performance, this should be applied
to tip speed, ability to handle the static pressure, and blade angle.
8. More surface area is always better than more airflow.
3.11 Components - Structure
The structure consists of the columns, braces, and cross beams that support the exchanger at a
sufficient elevation above grade to allow the necessary volume of air to enter below at an
approach velocity low enough to allow unimpeded fan performance and to prevent unwanted
recirculation of hot air. To conserve ground space in oil refineries and chemical plants, ACHEs
are usually mounted above, and supported by, pipe racks, with other equipment occupying the
space underneath the pipe rack. ACHE structures are designed for appropriate wind, snow,
seismic, piping, dead, and live loads.
ASME code, Section VIII, Division 1
API661 standard for air-cooled heat exchangers
TEMA (Tubular Exchangers Manufacturing Association)
3.12 Ache for laminar
Film coefficients for laminar flow inside tubes are very low and of the same order of magnitude
as film coefficients for air flowing over the outside of bare tubes. Therefore, there is generally
no advantage in using fins on the air side to increase the overall heat transfer rate since the
inside laminar flow coefficient will be controlling. Bare tube bundles with a large number of
rows are usual. For process fluids with outlet viscosities up to 20 centipoises, it is possible by
using large diameter tubes and high velocities (up to 10 ft/sec) to achieve a Reynolds number
at the outlet above the 2,000 critical Reynolds number and to keep the flow in the transition
region. However, this usually results in a pressure drop of 30 to 100 psi. In view of the
disadvantages of designing for laminar flow, this increased pressure drop is normally
economically justifiable because the increase in the operating and capital cost of the pump is
small compared with the decrease in the cost of the turbulent exchanger.
The biggest problem with laminar flow in tubes is that the flow is inherently unstable. The
reasons for this can be demonstrated by a comparison of pressure drops and heat transfer
coefficients for turbulent versus laminar flow, as functions of viscosity and mass velocity. This
is shown in the displayed figure. In an air-cooled heat exchanger, because of imperfect air-side
flow distribution due to wind, or because of multiple tube rows per pass, it is likely that the
flow through some of the tubes in a given pass is cooled more than that through other tubes.
With turbulent flow, pressure drop is such a weak function of viscosity (0.2 power) and such a
strong function of mass velocity (1.8 power) that the flow in the colder tubes must decrease
only slightly in order for the pressure drop to be the same as that in the hotter tubes. Also, as
the flow slows and the viscosity increases, the heat transfer coefficient drops significantly (-
0.47 power of viscosity, 0.8 power of G), so the over-cooling is self-correcting.
With laminar flow, pressure drop is a much stronger function of viscosity (1.0 power) and a
much weaker function of mass velocity (1.0 power), so the flow in the colder tubes must
decrease much more to compensate for the higher viscosity. Viscosity of heavy hydrocarbons
is usually a very strong function of temperature, but with laminar flow, the heat transfer
coefficient is independent of viscosity and only a weak function of mass velocity (0.33 power),
so the self- correction of turbulent flow is absent.
The result is that many of the tubes become virtually plugged, and a few tubes carry most of
the flow. Stability is ultimately achieved in the high flow tubes as a result of high mass velocity
and increased turbulence, but because so many tubes carry little flow and contribute little
cooling, concurrent results are high pressure drop and low performance. The point at which
stability is reached depends on the steepness of the viscosity versus temperature curve. Fluids
with high pour points may completely plug most of an exchanger.
This problem can sometimes be avoided by designing deep bundles to improve air flow
distribution. Bundles should have no more than one row per pass and should preferably have
at least two passes per row, so that the fluid will be mixed between passes.
When a fluid has both a high viscosity and a high pour point, long cooling ranges should be
separated into stages. The first exchanger should be designed for turbulent flow, with the outlet
temperature high enough to ensure an outlet Reynolds number above 2,000 even with reduced
flow. The lower cooling range can be accomplished in a serpentine coil (a coil consisting of
tubes or pipes connected by 180 return bends, with a single tube per pass). The low temperature
serpentine coil should, of course, be protected from freezing by external warm air recirculation
ducts.
Closed loop tempered water systems are often more economical and are just as effective as a
serpentine coil. A shell-and-tube heat exchanger cools the viscous liquid over its low
temperature range on the shell side. Inhibited water is recirculated between the tube side of
the shell-and-tube and an ACHE, where the heat is exhausted to the atmosphere.
For viscous fluids which are reasonably clean, such as lube oil, it is possible to increase the
tube-side coefficient between four and tenfold, with no increase in pressure drop, by inserting
turbulence promoters and designing for a lower velocity. It is then advantageous to use external
fins to increase the air-side coefficient also. In addition to the increase in heat transfer
coefficient, turbulence promoters have the great advantage that the pressure drop is
proportional to the 1.3 power of mass velocity, and only to the 0.5 power of viscosity, so that
non-isothermal flows are much more stable. The simplest and probably the most cost-effective
promoters are the swirl strips, a flat strip twisted into a helix.














Chapter 4
Problem Description
4.1 Given Data for Normal Condition
4.1.1 Gas Lift Compressor Inlet Cooler

Service
Gas Lift Compressor Inlet
Cooler
Heat Duty (Kw) 150
Forced Draft
No. Of Units 2
Tube Side
Fluid Circulated(Kg/Hr) 12446.76
Vapour(Kg/Hr) 12336.03
Hc Liquid(Kg/Hr) 35.64
Water 75.1
Mass Density (Kg/M) 721.59
Viscosity(Cp) 0.4657
Thermal Conductivity(W/Mc) 0.1042
Heat Capacity(KJ/Kgc) 2.079
Temp In. (c) 58.68
Temp Out (c) 45
Pressure (Kpag) 1040
Air Properties
Total Air Flow(m/s) 201.09
Density Of Air(kg/m) 1.1455
Molecular Weight Of Air 28.97
R Universal 8314
Temp In(C) 35
Heat Capacity(KJ/kgC) 1.007
Thermal Conductivity(W/mC) 0.02625
Viscosity(Pa.s) 1.895 * 10

4.1.2 Gas Lift Compressor 1
st
Stage after Cooler
Service
Gas Lift Compressor 1
st

Stage After Cooler
Heat Duty (KW) 702
Forced Draft
No. Of Units 2
Tube Side
Fluid Circulated(kg/hr) 11302.61
Vapour(kg/hr) 11157.73
Hc Liquid 95.26
Water 59.62
Mass Density (kg/m) 682.63
Viscosity(cP) 0.3165
Thermal
Conductivity(W/mC)
0.099
Heat Capacity(KJ/kgC) 2.1522
Tube Properties
O.D(mm) 25.4
Thickness(mm) 3
Length(m) 15.24
Material Steel
Thermal Conductivity(W/mC) 7833
Fouling Factor Inside Tube(m C/W) 0.0008
Fouling Factor Outside Tube(m C/W) 0.0004
Areas(m) Area Fraction
Lube Cooler 25.7556 0.11
Inlet Cooler 57.6072 0.25
1st Stage Ac. 74.9808 0.33
2nd Stage Ac 70.104 0.31
Total 228.4476 1
Temp In. (C) 135.73
Temp Out (C) 45
Pressure (kPag) 2640
Air Properties
Total Air Flow(m/s) 201.09
Density Of Air(kg/m) 1.1455
Molecular Weight Of Air 28.97
R Universal 8314
Temp In(C) 35
Heat Capacity(KJ/kgC) 1.007
Thermal
Conductivity(W/mC)
0.02625
Viscosity(Pas) 1.895 * 10
Tube Properties
O.D(mm) 25.4
Thickness(mm) 3
Length(m) 15.24
Material Steel
Thermal
Conductivity(W/mC)
7833
Fouling Factor Inside Tube(m
C/W)
0.0008
Fouling Factor Outside
Tube(m C/W)
0.0004
Areas(m) Area Fraction
Lube Cooler 25.7556 0.11
Inlet Cooler 57.6072 0.25
1st Stage Ac. 74.9808 0.33
2nd Stage Ac 70.104 0.31
Total 228.4476 1


4.1.3 Gas Lift Compressor 2
nd
Stage after cooler
Service
Gas Lift Compressor 2
nd

Stage after cooler
Heat Duty (KW) 628
Forced Draft
No. Of Units 2
Tube Side
Fluid Circulated(kg/hr) 8285.34
Vapour(kg/hr) 12336.03
Hc Liquid 0
Water 0
Mass Density
(Vapour)(kg/m)
68.18
Viscosity(Vapour)(cP) 0.0154
Thermal Conductivity
(Vapour)(W/mC)
0.045
Heat
Capacity(Vapour)(KJ/kgC)
2.6282
Temp In. (C) 178.56
Temp Out (C) 75
Pressure (kPag) 8440
Air Properties
Total Air Flow(m/s) 201.09
Density Of Air(kg/m) 1.1455
Molecular Weight Of Air 28.97
R Universal 8314
Temp In(C) 35
Heat Capacity(KJ/kgC) 1.007
Thermal
Conductivity(W/mC)
0.02625
Viscosity(Pa.s) 1.895 * 10
Tube Properties
O.D(mm) 25.4
Thickness(mm) 3
Length(m) 15.24
Material Steel
Thermal
Conductivity(W/mC)
7833
Fouling Factor Inside
Tube(m C/W)
0.0008
Fouling Factor Outside
Tube(m C/W)
0.0004

Areas(m) Area Fraction
Lube Cooler 25.7556 0.11
Inlet Cooler 57.6072 0.25
1st Stage Ac. 74.9808 0.33
2nd Stage Ac 70.104 0.31
Total 228.4476 1
4.1.4 Given Data for Severe Condition
Properties Of Air
Temp In(C) 43
Density(kg/m) 1.1162
Thermal Conductivity(W/mC) 0.026842
Viscosity(Pa.s) 1.9318*10
Total Air Flow(m/s) 201.09
Molecular Weight Of Air 28.97
R Universal 8314
Heat Capacity(KJ/kgC) 1.007
Tube Properties
O.D(mm) 25.4
Thickness(mm) 3
Length(m) 15.24
Material Steel
Thermal Conductivity(W/mC) 7833
Fouling Factor Inside Tube(m C/W) 0.0008
Fouling Factor Outside Tube(m C/W 0.0004

Areas(m) Area Fraction
Lube Cooler 25.7556 0.11
Inlet Cooler 57.6072 0.25
1st Stage Ac. 74.9808 0.33
2nd Stage Ac 70.104 0.31
Total 228.4476 1
4.2 Design Formulae
4.2.1 Heat Balance Equation
Q = ma* Cp (To Ti)
Where, Q = Heat Duty (kW)
ma = mass of air circulated (kg)
Cp = Specific Heat of air (kJ/kgK)
To = Outlet Temperature of air (K)
Ti = Inlet Temperature of air (K)
4.2.2 Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
1 = Thi Tco
2= Tho Tci
Where, Thi = Inlet Temperature of Hot Fluid
T
co
= Outlet Temperature of Cold Fluid
Tho = Outlet Temperature of Hot Fluid
Tci = Inlet Temperature of Cold Fluid
LMTD,

1

2
ln

2


4.2.3 Relation between Prandtl Number, Nusselt Number and Reynolds Number
For Internal Tube Condition
Prandtl Number, Pr =
Cp

Where, = Dynamic Viscosity of Fluid (Ns/m)
Cp = Specific Heat of Fluid (kJ/kgK)
k = Conductivity of Fluid (W/mK)
Reynolds Number, Re =
4

Where, = Mass Flow Rate of Fluid (kg)

= Internal Diameter of Tube (m)
= Dynamic Viscosity of Fluid (Ns/m)
Nusselt Number, Nu =

Where, hi = Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient of Fluid inside Tube
Nu = 0.023 (Re)
0.8
* (Pr)
0.3
For External Tube Condition
Prandtl Number, Pr =
Cp

Reynolds Number, Re =
4

Where,

= External Diameter of Tube (m)

= Dynamic Viscosity of Fluid (Ns/m)
Nusselt Number, Nu =

Where, ho = Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient of Fluid Outside of Tube
Nu = 0.023 (Re)
0.8
* (Pr)
0.4
Calculation of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U) -

1

=
1

+
ln

+
1

Where,

= Inlet Area of Tube (m

2
)

= Outlet Area of Tube (m

2
)

= Fouling Factor inside Tube (m
2
K/W)

= Fouling Factor outside Tube (m
2
K/W)
Ks = Conductivity of Steel (W/m
2
K)
L = Length of Tube (m)
Calculation of Number of Tubes
Q = Ui*Ai*

= Uo*Ao*

Where, Ai = *Di*L*N
Ao = *Do*L*N
Ui = Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Based on Inside Area
Uo = Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Based on Outside Area
4.3 Design requirements
The various designing softwares required to validate the results obtained by manual designing
are:
4.3.1 SF Pressure Drop
This software calculates pressure drops of flowing liquids and gases in pipes (laminar and
turbulent flow). It's also possible to calculate pressure changes caused by vertical difference of
pipe and caused by changes of kinetic energy (dynamic pressure change).SF Pressure Drop
calculates also pressure drops in pipe elements (example: changes of direction) and in diverse
fittings (valves, bellows etc.). A list of the calculable elements see below. It's possible to
combine diverse elements and so you will get total pressure drop. To calculate pressure drop
you need data of pipes (roughness) and data of flow medium (density, viscosity). These data
are available in several databases. An additional possibility to save your own data is the user-
defined database.
4.3.2 HUDSON Product Corporation
HUDSON Product Corporation has been designing heat transfer products for over 50 years.
HUDSON designs and manufactures axial flow fans & heat transfer products. These products
are used worldwide in commercial, utility and industrial installation serving the petroleum,
chemical, gas processing, pulp and paper, and electric utility industries. Our products include
air cooled heat exchangers, air cooled vacuum steam condensers, air preheaters, axial flow
fans, and fan control systems. Their main office is in Sugar Land, Texas, where designers,
engineers, draftsmen, and computer specialists combine their efforts to design the best heat
transfer equipment available in the world today. Production miles are 25 miles south way of
Sugar Land where over 90 percent of all components in Hudsons products are manufactured.
This software is designed to familiarize users with the types, components, and features of Air-
Cooled Heat Exchangers (ACHEs) by means of simplified explanations and procedures. It
discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each type to help designers become more
discriminating, competent, and confident as users of this equipment. The software also provides
a method for estimating ACHE size, weight, price, and power consumption in the planning
stage but is not intended to provide information sufficient for detailed and final design.





















Chapter 5
Calculations
5.1 For Normal Condition
5.1.1 Inlet Cooler
Calculation for Number of Tubes -
Total Air flow rate (m) = 201.09*1.1455
= 30.3485 kg/s
Air flow rate for Inlet Cooler (

) = 230.3485*0.25
= 57.58 kg/s
(0.25=Fraction of Area for Inlet Cooler)
Calculation of Outlet Temperature of Air
=

)
150 * 10
3
= 57.58 * 1.007 * 10
3
(Tout 35)
Tout = 37.58
0
C
Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
Fig. 5.1 Temperature Distribution for Counter Flow Heat Exchanger
Where,
tpi =58.68
0
C
tpo =45
0
C
tsi =35
0
C
tso =37.58
0
C

1
= 21.09
0
C

2
= 10
0
C

1

2
ln

=
21.09 10
ln
21.09
10

=
11.09
0.74

= 14.86
0
C
Calculation of Face Velocity
= 230.34 /
A = 25.22*1 ft
2
= 25.22*0.029 m
2
= 2.343 m
2

=
V =

=
230.34
2.3431.1455

= 85.82 m/s
Outside of the tube
1. Calculation for Nusselt Number
Re =

Re =
1.145585.8225.410
3
0.00001845

Re = 135338.37
As Reynolds number is less than 5*10
5
, the flow is Laminar
Pr =

Pr =
1.8510
5
1.00710
3
0.02625

= 0.7058
Nu= 0.023*

0.8
*

0.4

= 0.023 (135338.37)
0.8
*(0.7058)
0.4

0
25.410
3
0.02625
= 254.88
h0 = 264 W/m
2 0
C

We have from Newtons Heat balance equations
Q = h*A*

A = *D*L*Nt
Q = h0*A0*

150*10
3
= 264* *25.4*10
-3
*15.24*Nt* 14.86
Nt = 31.44 ~ 40
2. Calculation for Pressure Drop
For Flow across the tube
=

2
2

Nr = Number of rows = 1
f = Friction Factor = 0.7 (From f Vs Re chart)
X= Correction factor (From f Vs Re chart)
V = Velocity of Air = 3*85.82 = 257.46 m/s
=
1 0.7 1 1.1455 257.46
2
2

= 26575.57 Pa
For Inside the tube
1. Calculation of inside fluid velocity
We have from continuity equation
=

f
= Mass flow rate of Fluid (kg/hr)
= 35.64
Ai = Cross-sectional Area of tube (m
2
)
=

2

=

4
(19.4 10
3
)
2
= 2.95*10
-4

= (kg/m
3
)
= 721.59
35.64
3600
= 2.95*10
-4
* V * 721.59
V = 0.0465 m/s


2. Reynolds number
Re =
4m
D
i

=
435.64
0.465710
3
19.410
3

= 1395.2
As Reynolds Number is less than 2000, so Flow is Laminar inside the tube
By using Darcy law
f = friction factor

=
64
1395.2

= 0.0458
=
f L V
2
2 D
i

=
0.045815.24721.590.0465
2
219.410
3

= 28.068 Pa
= 0.00028 bar
5.1.2 1
st
stage after Cooler
Calculation for Number of Tubes -
Total Air flow rate (m) = 201.09*1.1455
= 30.3485 kg/s
Air flow rate for Inlet Cooler (

) = 230.3485*0.33
= 76.01 kg/s
(0.33=Fraction of Area for Inlet Cooler)
Calculation of Outlet Temperature of Air
=

)
702 * 10
3
= 76.01 * 1.007 * 10
3
(Tout 35)
Tout = 44.17
0
C





Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
Fig. 5.2 Temperature Distribution for Counter Flow Heat Exchanger
Where,
tpi=135.76
0
C
tpo=45
0
C
tsi =35
0
C
tso=44.17
0
C

1
= 91.56
0
C

2
= 10
0
C
Now, LMTD is given as,

1

2
ln

=
91.56 10
ln
91.56
10

=
81.56
2.21

= 36.83
0
C
Calculation of Face Velocity
= 230.34 /
A = 32.82*1 ft
2
= 32.82*0.029 m
2

= 3.048 m
2

=
V =

=
230.34
3.0481.1455

= 66 m/s
Outside of the tube
Re =

Re =
1.14556625.410
3
0.00001845

Re = 104365.01
As Reynolds number is greater than 2000, the flow is turbulent
Pr =

Pr =
1.8510
5
1.00710
3
0.02625

= 0.7058
Nu= 0.023*

0.8
*

0.4

= 0.023 (104365.01)
0.8
*(0.7058)
0.4

0
25.410
3
0.02625
= 207.035
h0 = 214 W/m
2 0
C
We have from Newtons Heat balance equations
Q = h*A*

A = *D*L*Nt
Q = h0*A0*

702*10
3
= 214* *25.4*10
-3
*15.24*Nt*36.83
Nt = 72.24 ~ 75
Calculation for Pressure Drop
1. For Flow across the tube
=

2
2

Nr = Number of rows = 1
f = Friction Factor = 0.7 (From f Vs Re chart)
X= Correction factor (From f Vs Re chart)
V = Velocity of Air = 3*66 = 198 m/s
=
1 0.7 1 1.1455 198
2
2

= 15711 Pa
Calculation of inside fluid velocity
We have from continuity equation
=

f
= Mass flow rate of Fluid (kg/hr)
= 95.26
Ai = Cross-sectional Area of tube (m
2
)
=

2

=

4
(19.4 10
3
)
2
= 2.95*10
-4

= (kg/m
3
)
= 682.63
95.26
3600
= 2.95*10
-4
* V * 682.63
V = 0.131 m/s
Reynolds number
Re =
4m
D
i

=
495.26
0.316510
3
19.4360010
3

= 5487.098
As Reynolds Number is greater than 2000, so Flow is turbulent inside the tube
By using Darcy law
f = friction factor

f = 0.0032 +
0.221

0.237

= 0.0319
=
f L V
2
2 D
i

=
0.031915.24682.830.131
2
219.410
3

= 146.86 Pa
= 0.00146 bar



5.1.3 2
nd
stage after Cooler
Calculation for Number of Tubes -
Total Air flow rate (m) = 201.09*1.1455
= 230.3485 kg/s
Air flow rate for Inlet Cooler (

) = 230.3485*0.31
= 71.41 kg/s
(0.31=Fraction of Area for 1
st
stage after Cooler)
Calculation of Outlet Temperature of Air
=

)
628 * 10
3
= 71.41 * 1.007 * 10
3
(Tout 35)
Tout = 43.73
0
C
Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
Fig. 5.3 Temperature Distribution for Counter Flow Heat Exchanger
Where,
tpi=178.56
0
C
tpo=75.0
0
C
tsi =35
0
C
tso=43.73
0
C

1
= 134.83
0
C

2
= 40
0
C

1

2
ln

=
134.83 40
ln
134.83
40

=
94.83
1.215

= 78.04
0
C
Calculation of Face Velocity
= 230.34

A = 30.69*1 ft
2
= 30.69*0.0929 m
2
= 2.85 m
2

=
V =

=
230.34
2.851.1455

= 70.53 m/s
Reynoldss no. outside of the tube
Re =

Re =
1.145570.5325.410
3
0.00001845

Re = 111222.87
As Reynolds number is less than 5*10
5
, the flow is laminar
Pr =

Pr =
1.8510
5
1.00710
3
0.02625

= 0.7058
Nu= 0.023*

0.8
*

0.4

= 0.023 (111222.87)
0.8
*(0.7058)
0.4

0
25.410
3
0.02625
= 217.85
h0 = 225.14 W/m
2 0
C

We have from Newtons Heat balance equations
Q = h*A*

A = *D*L*Nt
Q = h0*A0*

628*10
3
= 225.14* *25.4*10
-3
*15.24*Nt*78.04
Nt = 30 ~ 32
Calculation for Pressure Drop
1. For Flow across the tube
=

2
2

Nr = Number of rows = 1
f = Friction Factor = 0.7 (From f Vs Re chart)
X= Correction factor (From f Vs Re chart)
V = Velocity of Air = 3*70.53 = 211.6 m/s
=
1 0.7 1 1.1455 211.6
2
2

= 17951.24 Pa
Calculation of inside fluid velocity
We have from continuity equation
=

f
= Mass flow rate of Fluid (kg/hr)
= 8285.34
Ai = Cross-sectional Area of tube (m
2
)
=

2

=

4
(19.4 10
3
)
2
= 2.95*10
-4

= (kg/m
3
)
= 68.18
12336.03
3600
= 2.95*10
-4
* V * 68.18
V = 170.37 m/s
Reynolds number
Re =
4m
D
i

=
412336.
0.015410
3
19.4360010
3

= 14603622.03
As Reynolds Number is greater than 10000, so Flow is turbulent inside the tube
By using Darcy law
f = friction factor

f = 0.0032 +
0.221

0.237

= 7.63*10
-3
=
f L V
2
2 D
i

=
7.6310315.2468.18170.37
2
219.410
3

= 5930905.757 Pa
= 59.31 bar
5.2 Calculations for severe conditions
5.2.1 Inlet cooler
Calculations for overall heat transfer coefficient
1. Calculation of outlet temperature of air.
We Know that, Heat Balance Equation
Q = ma* Cp (To Ti)
150*10
3
= 57.58*1.007*10
3
(To 43 )
To = 45.58
0
C
2. Calculation of LMTD

1
= 58.68-45.58 = 13.1

2
= 45 43 = 2

1

2
ln

=
13.1 2
ln
13.1
2

= 5.90
We have
Q = Ui*Ai*

= Uo*Ao*

Where, Ai = *Di*L*N
Ao = *Do*L*N
150*10
3
= U
0
* *25.4*10
-3
*15.24*40*5.9
U0 = 522.65 W/m
2 0
C
Calculation for pressure drop over the tube :
1. Calculation of Face Velocity
= 230.34 /
A = 25.22*1 ft
2
= 25.22*0.0929 m
2

= 2.343 m
2

=
V =

=
230.34
2.3431.1162

= 88.07 m/s
=

2
2

Nr = Number of rows = 1
f = Friction Factor = 0.7 (From f Vs Re chart)
X= Correction factor = 1 (From f Vs Re chart)
V = Velocity of Air = 3*88.07 = 264.23 m/s
=
0.7 1 1.1162 1 264.23
2
2

= 27274.87 Pa
5.2.2 1
st
stage after cooler:
Calculations for overall heat transfer coefficient
1. Calculation of outlet temperature of air.
We Know that, Heat Balance Equation
Q = ma* Cp (To Ti)
702*10
3
= 76.013*1.007*10
3
(To 43 )
To = 52.17
0
C
2. Calculation of LMTD

1
= 135.7-52.17 = 83.53

2
= 45 43 = 2

1

2
ln

=
83.53 2
ln
83.53
2

= 21.85
We have
Q = Ui*Ai*

= Uo*Ao*

Where, Ai = *Di*L*N
Ao = *Do*L*N
702*10
3
= U0* *25.4*10
-3
*15.24*75*21.85
U0 = 352.25 W/m
2 0
C
Calculation for pressure drop over the tube :
1. Calculation of Face Velocity
= 230.34 /
A = 32.82*1 ft
2
= 25.22*0.0929 m
2
= 3.05 m
2

=
V =

=
230.34
3.051.1162

= 67.68 m/s
=

2
2

Nr = Number of rows = 1
f = Friction Factor = 0.7 (From f Vs Re chart)
X= Correction factor = 1 (From f Vs Re chart)
V = Velocity of Air = 3*67.68 = 203.04 m/s
=
0.7 1 1.1162 1 203.04
2
2

= 16105.46 Pa
5.2.3 2
nd
stage after cooler:
Calculations for overall heat transfer coefficient
1. Calculation of outlet temperature of air.
We Know that, Heat Balance Equation
Q = ma* Cp (To Ti)
628*10
3
= 71.41*1.007*10
3
(To 43)
T
o
= 51.73
0
C
2. Calculation of LMTD

1
= 178.56-51.73 = 126.83

2
= 45 43 = 2

1

2
ln

=
126.83 2
ln
126.83
2

= 30.08
We have
Q = Ui*Ai*

= Uo*Ao*

Where, Ai = *Di*L*N
Ao = *Do*L*N
628*10
3
= U0* *25.4*10
-3
*15.24*30*30.08
U0 = 572.26 W/m
2 0
C
Calculation for pressure drop over the tube :
1. Calculation of Face Velocity
= 230.34 /
A = 30.69*1 ft
2
= 30.69*0.0929 m
2
= 2.85 m
2

=
V =

=
230.34
2.851.1162

= 72.38 m/s
=

2
2

Nr = Number of rows = 1
f = Friction Factor = 0.7 (From f Vs Re chart)
X= Correction factor = 1 (From f Vs Re chart)
V = Velocity of Air = 3*72.38 = 217.14 m/s
=
0.7 1 1.1162 1 217.14
2
2

= 18420.00 Pa
Chapter 6
Validation
6.1 Normal condition
Inlet cooler
A snapshot of results given by the Hudson Products Corporation for inlet cooler at
normal condition is as shown below:






The snapshot of the results given by the Sf Pressure Drop for inlet cooler at normal
conditions is as shown below:


1
st
stage after cooler:
The results given by the Hudson Products Corporation for 1
st
stage after cooler at normal
conditions is as follows:






The results given by the Sf Pressure Drop for 1
st
stage after cooler are as shown below:


2
nd
stage after cooler
The results given by Hudson Products Corporation for 2
nd
stage after cooler are as shown
below:







The results given by the Sf Pressure Drop for 2
nd
stage after cooler are as follows:


6.2 Severe Condition
Inlet cooler
The results given by the Hudson Products Corporation for inlet cooler at severe conditions
are as follows:






1
st
stage after cooler
The results given by the Hudson Products Corporation for 1
st
stage after cooler at severe
conditions are as follows:






2
nd
stage after cooler
The results given by the Hudson Products Corporation for 2
nd
stage after cooler at severe
conditions are as follows:







Chapter 7
Conclusion































Chapter 8
References

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[2] C.F. McDonald, Recuperator consideration for future higher efficiency
microturbines, Appl. Therm. Eng. 23 (12) (2003) 14631487.
[3] B. Tsai, Y.L. Wang, A novel Swiss-roll recuperator for the microturbine engine,
Appl. Therm. Eng. 29 (23) (2009) 216223.
[4] H. Shih, Y. Juany, Thermal design and model analysis of the Swiss-roll
recuperator for an innovative micro gas turbine, Appl. Therm. Eng. 29 (89)
(2009) 14931499.
[5] C.F. McDonald, Heat recovery exchanger technology for very small gas
turbines, Int. J. Turbo Jet Eng. 13 (4) (1996) 239261.
[6] B. Treese, P. Vessa, R. McKeirman, Microturbine recuperator manufacturing
and operating experience, ASME Paper GT-2002-30404, 2001.
[7] J.I. Oswald, D.A. Dawson, L.A. Clwaley, A New Durable Gas Turbine
Recuperator, ASME 99-GT-369, 1999.
[8] C.F. McDonald, Low-cost compact primary surface recuperator concept for
microturbines, Appl. Therm. Eng. 20 (5) (2000) 472497.
[9] D.G. Wilson, Low-leakage and high-flow regenerators for gas turbine engines,
Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. 207 (1993) 195202.
[10] J. Jeong, Ch.N. Kim, B. Youn, A study on the thermal contact conductance in fin
tube heat exchangers with 7 mm tube, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 49 (78)
(2006) 15471555.
[11] M. Elyyan, A. Rozati, D. Tafti, Investigation of dimpled fins for heat transfer
enhancement in compact heat exchangers, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 51 (11
12) (2008) 29502966.
[12] M.S. Soylemez, On the optimum heat exchanger sizing for heat recovery,
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